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Begagić E, Pugonja R, Bečulić H, Čeliković A, Tandir Lihić L, Kadić Vukas S, Čejvan L, Skomorac R, Selimović E, Jaganjac B, Juković-Bihorac F, Jusić A, Pojskić M. Molecular Targeted Therapies in Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Systematic Overview of Global Trends and Findings. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1602. [PMID: 38002561 PMCID: PMC10669565 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review assesses current molecular targeted therapies for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a challenging condition with limited treatment options. Using PRISMA methodology, 166 eligible studies, involving 2526 patients (61.49% male, 38.51% female, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.59/1), were analyzed. In laboratory studies, 52.52% primarily used human glioblastoma cell cultures (HCC), and 43.17% employed animal samples (mainly mice). Clinical participants ranged from 18 to 100 years, with 60.2% using combined therapies and 39.8% monotherapies. Mechanistic categories included Protein Kinase Phosphorylation (41.6%), Cell Cycle-Related Mechanisms (18.1%), Microenvironmental Targets (19.9%), Immunological Targets (4.2%), and Other Mechanisms (16.3%). Key molecular targets included Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) (10.8%), Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) (7.2%), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) (6.6%), and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MEK) (5.4%). This review provides a comprehensive assessment of molecular therapies for GBM, highlighting their varied efficacy in clinical and laboratory settings, ultimately impacting overall and progression-free survival in GBM management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Begagić
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Unversity of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (E.B.)
| | - Ragib Pugonja
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- Department of General Medicine, Primary Health Care Center, Nikole Šubića Zrinjskog bb., 72260 Busovača, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Hakija Bečulić
- Department of General Medicine, Primary Health Care Center, Nikole Šubića Zrinjskog bb., 72260 Busovača, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Crkvice 76, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amila Čeliković
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Unversity of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (E.B.)
| | - Lejla Tandir Lihić
- Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Crkvice 76, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Samra Kadić Vukas
- Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Crkvice 76, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lejla Čejvan
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Unversity of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (E.B.)
| | - Rasim Skomorac
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Crkvice 76, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Edin Selimović
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Belma Jaganjac
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (B.J.)
| | - Fatima Juković-Bihorac
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (B.J.)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Crkvice 76, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aldin Jusić
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Crkvice 76, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mirza Pojskić
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 Marburg, Germany
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Muzyka L, Goff NK, Choudhary N, Koltz MT. Systematic Review of Molecular Targeted Therapies for Adult-Type Diffuse Glioma: An Analysis of Clinical and Laboratory Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10456. [PMID: 37445633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common brain tumor in adults, and molecularly targeted therapies to treat gliomas are becoming a frequent topic of investigation. The current state of molecular targeted therapy research for adult-type diffuse gliomas has yet to be characterized, particularly following the 2021 WHO guideline changes for classifying gliomas using molecular subtypes. This systematic review sought to characterize the current state of molecular target therapy research for adult-type diffuse glioma to better inform scientific progress and guide next steps in this field of study. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were queried for study design, subject (patients, human cell lines, mice, etc.), type of tumor studied, molecular target, respective molecular pathway, and details pertaining to the molecular targeted therapy-namely the modality, dose, and duration of treatment. A total of 350 studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 52 of these were clinical studies, 190 were laboratory studies investigating existing molecular therapies, and 108 were laboratory studies investigating new molecular targets. Further, a total of 119 ongoing clinical trials are also underway, per a detailed query on clinicaltrials.gov. GBM was the predominant tumor studied in both ongoing and published clinical studies as well as in laboratory analyses. A few studies mentioned IDH-mutant astrocytomas or oligodendrogliomas. The most common molecular targets in published clinical studies and clinical trials were protein kinase pathways, followed by microenvironmental targets, immunotherapy, and cell cycle/apoptosis pathways. The most common molecular targets in laboratory studies were also protein kinase pathways; however, cell cycle/apoptosis pathways were the next most frequent target, followed by microenvironmental targets, then immunotherapy pathways, with the wnt/β-catenin pathway arising in the cohort of novel targets. In this systematic review, we examined the current evidence on molecular targeted therapy for adult-type diffuse glioma and discussed its implications for clinical practice and future research. Ultimately, published research falls broadly into three categories-clinical studies, laboratory testing of existing therapies, and laboratory identification of novel targets-and heavily centers on GBM rather than IDH-mutant astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma. Ongoing clinical trials are numerous in this area of research as well and follow a similar pattern in tumor type and targeted pathways as published clinical studies. The most common molecular targets in all study types were protein kinase pathways. Microenvironmental targets were more numerous in clinical studies, whereas cell cycle/apoptosis were more numerous in laboratory studies. Immunotherapy pathways are on the rise in all study types, and the wnt/β-catenin pathway is increasingly identified as a novel target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Muzyka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1501 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicolas K Goff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1501 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nikita Choudhary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1501 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael T Koltz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1501 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Yang H, Ma Y, Zhang H, Ma J. PI3K/mTOR Dual Inhibitor Pictilisib Stably Binds to Site I of Human Serum Albumin as Observed by Computer Simulation, Multispectroscopic, and Microscopic Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:5071. [PMID: 36014303 PMCID: PMC9413508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pictilisib (GDC-0941) is a well-known dual inhibitor of class I PI3K and mTOR and is presently undergoing phase 2 clinical trials for cancer treatment. The present work investigated the dynamic behaviors and interaction mechanism between GDC-0941 and human serum albumin (HSA). Molecular docking and MD trajectory analyses revealed that GDC-0941 bound to HSA and that the binding site was positioned in subdomain IIA at Sudlow’s site I of HSA. The fluorescence intensity of HSA was strongly quenched by GDC-0941, and results showed that the HSA–GDC-0941 interaction was a static process caused by ground-state complex formation. The association constant of the HSA–GDC-0941 complex was approximately 105 M−1, reflecting moderate affinity. Thermodynamic analysis conclusions were identical with MD simulation results, which revealed that van der Waals interactions were the vital forces involved in the binding process. CD, synchronous, and 3D fluorescence spectroscopic results revealed that GDC-0941 induced the structural change in HSA. Moreover, the conformational change of HSA affected its molecular sizes, as evidenced by AFM. This work provides a useful research strategy for exploring the interaction of GDC-0941 with HSA, thus helping in the understanding of the transport and delivery of dual inhibitors in the blood circulation system.
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Rathi S, Griffith JI, Zhang W, Zhang W, Oh JH, Talele S, Sarkaria JN, Elmquist WF. The influence of the blood-brain barrier in the treatment of brain tumours. J Intern Med 2022; 292:3-30. [PMID: 35040235 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumours have a poor prognosis and lack effective treatments. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a major hurdle to drug delivery to brain tumours. In some locations in the tumour, the BBB may be disrupted to form the blood-brain tumour barrier (BBTB). This leaky BBTB enables diagnosis of brain tumours by contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; however, this disruption is heterogeneous throughout the tumour. Thus, relying on the disrupted BBTB for achieving effective drug concentrations in brain tumours has met with little clinical success. Because of this, it would be beneficial to design drugs and drug delivery strategies to overcome the 'normal' BBB to effectively treat the brain tumours. In this review, we discuss the role of BBB/BBTB in brain tumour diagnosis and treatment highlighting the heterogeneity of the BBTB. We also discuss various strategies to improve drug delivery across the BBB/BBTB to treat both primary and metastatic brain tumours. Recognizing that the BBB represents a critical determinant of drug efficacy in central nervous system tumours will allow a more rapid translation from basic science to clinical application. A more complete understanding of the factors, such as BBB-limited drug delivery, that have hindered progress in treating both primary and metastatic brain tumours, is necessary to develop more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jessica I Griffith
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wenqiu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ju-Hee Oh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Surabhi Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William F Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Tehranian C, Fankhauser L, Harter PN, Ratcliffe CDH, Zeiner PS, Messmer JM, Hoffmann DC, Frey K, Westphal D, Ronellenfitsch MW, Sahai E, Wick W, Karreman MA, Winkler F. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as a preventive target in melanoma brain metastasis. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24:213-225. [PMID: 34216217 PMCID: PMC8804893 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastases (BM) are a frequent complication of malignant melanoma (MM), with limited treatment options and poor survival. Prevention of BM could be more effective and better tolerated than treating established BM in various conditions. METHODS To investigate the temporospatial dynamics of PI3K/Akt/mTOR (PAM) pathway activation during BM formation and the preventive potential of its inhibition, in vivo molecular imaging with an Akt biosensor was performed, and long-term intravital multiphoton microscopy through a chronic cranial window in mice. RESULTS In vivo molecular imaging revealed invariable PAM pathway activation during the earliest steps of brain colonization. In order to perform a long-term intravascular arrest and to extravasate, circulating MM cells needed to activate their PAM pathway during this process. However, the PAM pathway was quite heterogeneously activated in established human brain metastases, and its inhibition with the brain-penetrant PAM inhibitor GNE-317 resulted in only modest therapeutic effects in mice. In contrast, giving GNE-317 in preventive schedules that included very low doses effectively reduced the growth rate and number of BM in two MM mouse models over time, and led to an overall survival benefit. Longitudinal intravital multiphoton microscopy found that the first, rate-limiting steps of BM formation-permanent intravascular arrest, extravasation, and initial perivascular growth-are most vulnerable to dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition. CONCLUSION These findings establish a key role of PAM pathway activation for critical steps of early metastatic brain colonization and reveal its pharmacological inhibition as a potent avenue to prevent the formation of clinically relevant BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Tehranian
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Fankhauser
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ Heidelberg, Germany and German Cancer Consortium DKTK partner site, Frankfurt/Mainz Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Pia S Zeiner
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia M Messmer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk C Hoffmann
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Frey
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dana Westphal
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael W Ronellenfitsch
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Erik Sahai
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthia A Karreman
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Winkler
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Liu H, Qiu W, Sun T, Wang L, Du C, Hu Y, Liu W, Feng F, Chen Y, Sun H. Therapeutic strtegies of glioblastoma (GBM): The current advances in the molecular targets and bioactive small molecule compounds. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 12:1781-1804. [PMID: 35847506 PMCID: PMC9279645 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common aggressive malignant tumor in brain neuroepithelial tumors and remains incurable. A variety of treatment options are currently being explored to improve patient survival, including small molecule inhibitors, viral therapies, cancer vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies. Among them, the unique advantages of small molecule inhibitors have made them a focus of attention in the drug discovery of glioblastoma. Currently, the most used chemotherapeutic agents are small molecule inhibitors that target key dysregulated signaling pathways in glioblastoma, including receptor tyrosine kinase, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, DNA damage response, TP53 and cell cycle inhibitors. This review analyzes the therapeutic benefit and clinical development of novel small molecule inhibitors discovered as promising anti-glioblastoma agents by the related targets of these major pathways. Meanwhile, the recent advances in temozolomide resistance and drug combination are also reviewed. In the last part, due to the constant clinical failure of targeted therapies, this paper reviewed the research progress of other therapeutic methods for glioblastoma, to provide patients and readers with a more comprehensive understanding of the treatment landscape of glioblastoma.
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Griffith JI, Rathi S, Zhang W, Zhang W, Drewes LR, Sarkaria JN, Elmquist WF. Addressing BBB Heterogeneity: A New Paradigm for Drug Delivery to Brain Tumors. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1205. [PMID: 33322488 PMCID: PMC7763839 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatments for brain tumors remain one of the most urgent and unmet needs in modern oncology. This is due not only to the presence of the neurovascular unit/blood-brain barrier (NVU/BBB) but also to the heterogeneity of barrier alteration in the case of brain tumors, which results in what is referred to as the blood-tumor barrier (BTB). Herein, we discuss this heterogeneity, how it contributes to the failure of novel pharmaceutical treatment strategies, and why a "whole brain" approach to the treatment of brain tumors might be beneficial. We discuss various methods by which these obstacles might be overcome and assess how these strategies are progressing in the clinic. We believe that by approaching brain tumor treatment from this perspective, a new paradigm for drug delivery to brain tumors might be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I. Griffith
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.R.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Sneha Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.R.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenqiu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.R.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.R.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Lester R. Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School—Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA;
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA;
| | - William F. Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.R.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.)
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Kang T, Erbay TG, Xu KL, Gallego GM, Burtea A, Nair SK, Patman RL, Zhou R, Sutton SC, McAlpine IJ, Liu P, Engle KM. Multifaceted Substrate-Ligand Interactions Promote the Copper-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Benzylidenecyclobutanes and Related Compounds. ACS Catal 2020; 10:13075-13083. [PMID: 33791144 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A unified synthetic strategy to access tertiary four-membered carbo/heterocyclic boronic esters is reported. Use of a Cu(I) catalyst in combination with a modified dppbz ligand enables regioselective hydroboration of various trisubstituted benzylidenecyclobutanes and carbo/heterocyclic analogs. The reaction conditions are mild, and the method tolerates a wide range of medicinally relevant heteroarenes. The protocol can be conveniently conducted on gram-scale, and the tertiary boronic ester products undergo facile diversification into valuable targets. Reaction kinetics and computational studies indicate that the migratory insertion step is turnover-limiting and accelerated by electron-withdrawing groups on the dppbz ligand. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) calculations reveal that electron-deficient P-aryl groups on the dppbz ligand enhance the T-shaped π/π interactions with the substrate and stabilize the migratory insertion transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeho Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tuğçe G. Erbay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kane L. Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gary M. Gallego
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alexander Burtea
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sajiv K. Nair
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ryan L. Patman
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ru Zhou
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Scott C. Sutton
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Indrawan J. McAlpine
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Ellingson BM, Yao J, Raymond C, Nathanson DA, Chakhoyan A, Simpson J, Garner JS, Olivero AG, Mueller LU, Rodon J, Gerstner E, Cloughesy TF, Wen PY. Multiparametric MR-PET Imaging Predicts Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Response to GDC-0084 in Patients with Recurrent High-Grade Glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3135-3144. [PMID: 32269051 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE GDC-0084 is an oral, brain-penetrant small-molecule inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR. Because these two targets alter tumor vascularity and metabolism, respectively, we hypothesized multiparametric MR-PET could be used to quantify the response, estimate pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, and predict progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS Multiparametric advanced MR-PET imaging was performed to evaluate physiologic response in a first-in-man, multicenter, phase I, dose-escalation study of GDC-0084 (NCT01547546) in 47 patients with recurrent malignant glioma. RESULTS Measured maximum concentration (C max) was associated with a decrease in enhancing tumor volume (P = 0.0287) and an increase in fractional anisotropy (FA; P = 0.0418). Posttreatment tumor volume, 18F-FDG uptake, Ktrans, and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) were all correlated with C max. A linear combination of change in 18F-FDG PET uptake, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), FA, Ktrans, vp, and rCBV was able to estimate both C max (R2 = 0.4113; P < 0.0001) and drug exposure (AUC; R2 = 0.3481; P < 0.0001). Using this composite multiparametric MR-PET imaging response biomarker to predict PK, patients with an estimated C max > 0.1 μmol/L and AUC > 1.25 μmol/L*hour demonstrated significantly longer PFS compared with patients with a lower estimated concentration and exposure (P = 0.0039 and P = 0.0296, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Results from this study suggest composite biomarkers created from multiparametric MR-PET imaging targeting metabolic and/or physiologic processes specific to the drug mechanism of action may be useful for subsequent evaluation of treatment efficacy for larger phase II-III studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Ellingson
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. .,Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jingwen Yao
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catalina Raymond
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ararat Chakhoyan
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeremy Simpson
- Kazia Therapeutics Limited, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James S Garner
- Kazia Therapeutics Limited, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Jordi Rodon
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Gerstner
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Narayan RS, Molenaar P, Teng J, Cornelissen FMG, Roelofs I, Menezes R, Dik R, Lagerweij T, Broersma Y, Petersen N, Marin Soto JA, Brands E, van Kuiken P, Lecca MC, Lenos KJ, In 't Veld SGJG, van Wieringen W, Lang FF, Sulman E, Verhaak R, Baumert BG, Stalpers LJA, Vermeulen L, Watts C, Bailey D, Slotman BJ, Versteeg R, Noske D, Sminia P, Tannous BA, Wurdinger T, Koster J, Westerman BA. A cancer drug atlas enables synergistic targeting of independent drug vulnerabilities. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2935. [PMID: 32523045 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized cancer treatments using combinations of drugs with a synergistic effect is attractive but proves to be highly challenging. Here we present an approach to uncover the efficacy of drug combinations based on the analysis of mono-drug effects. For this we used dose-response data from pharmacogenomic encyclopedias and represent these as a drug atlas. The drug atlas represents the relations between drug effects and allows to identify independent processes for which the tumor might be particularly vulnerable when attacked by two drugs. Our approach enables the prediction of combination-therapy which can be linked to tumor-driving mutations. By using this strategy, we can uncover potential effective drug combinations on a pan-cancer scale. Predicted synergies are provided and have been validated in glioblastoma, breast cancer, melanoma and leukemia mouse-models, resulting in therapeutic synergy in 75% of the tested models. This indicates that we can accurately predict effective drug combinations with translational value.
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11
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Gomez-Zepeda D, Taghi M, Scherrmann JM, Decleves X, Menet MC. ABC Transporters at the Blood-Brain Interfaces, Their Study Models, and Drug Delivery Implications in Gliomas. Pharmaceutics 2019; 12:pharmaceutics12010020. [PMID: 31878061 PMCID: PMC7022905 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery into the brain is regulated by the blood-brain interfaces. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and the blood-arachnoid barrier (BAB) regulate the exchange of substances between the blood and brain parenchyma. These selective barriers present a high impermeability to most substances, with the selective transport of nutrients and transporters preventing the entry and accumulation of possibly toxic molecules, comprising many therapeutic drugs. Transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily have an important role in drug delivery, because they extrude a broad molecular diversity of xenobiotics, including several anticancer drugs, preventing their entry into the brain. Gliomas are the most common primary tumors diagnosed in adults, which are often characterized by a poor prognosis, notably in the case of high-grade gliomas. Therapeutic treatments frequently fail due to the difficulty of delivering drugs through the brain barriers, adding to diverse mechanisms developed by the cancer, including the overexpression or expression de novo of ABC transporters in tumoral cells and/or in the endothelial cells forming the blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB). Many models have been developed to study the phenotype, molecular characteristics, and function of the blood-brain interfaces as well as to evaluate drug permeability into the brain. These include in vitro, in vivo, and in silico models, which together can help us to better understand their implication in drug resistance and to develop new therapeutics or delivery strategies to improve the treatment of pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we present the principal characteristics of the blood-brain interfaces; then, we focus on the ABC transporters present on them and their implication in drug delivery; next, we present some of the most important models used for the study of drug transport; finally, we summarize the implication of ABC transporters in glioma and the BBTB in drug resistance and the strategies to improve the delivery of CNS anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gomez-Zepeda
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.G.-Z.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Méryam Taghi
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Decleves
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- UF Biologie du médicament et toxicologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP HP, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Menet
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- UF Hormonologie adulte, Hôpital Cochin, AP HP, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.G.-Z.); (M.-C.M.)
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12
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Abstract
Molecular targeted therapies have significantly improved the treatment outcome of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring driver gene mutations such as receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). However, the brain is a frequent site of recurrence, and it significantly deteriorates the prognosis of these patients. Treatment strategies include surgical resection, whole-brain radiation therapy, stereotactic radiotherapy, and drug therapy depending on patient condition. First-generation EGFR/ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) demonstrates only limited efficacy for intracranial lesions probably because of low penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, newly developed TKIs with improved penetration such as osimertinib for EGFR and alectinib, ceritinib, brigatinib, or lorlatinib for ALK have demonstrated significant intracranial activity that should contribute to improved overall survival. Whole-brain radiation therapy used to be a standard of care that confers alleviation of symptom and modest survival benefit. However, it potentially causes neurological and cognitive deficits as a chronic toxicity. With the prolonged survival owing to newer generation drugs, this toxicity is becoming more relevant. Stereotactic radiotherapy is considered when there are three or fewer lesions, and the lesions are <3 cm as local control of tumor is excellent, and neurotoxicity is less. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of brain metastases occurring in NSCLC patients with driver gene mutations. We also propose a treatment algorithm for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nishino
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keiyu Hospital, 3-7-3 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenzo Soejima
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mitsudomi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Zhao H, Chen G, Liang H. Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor, XL765, suppresses glioblastoma growth by inducing ER stress-dependent apoptosis. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:5415-5424. [PMID: 31360067 PMCID: PMC6625605 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s210128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Deregulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mTOR signaling commonly exists in glioblastoma (GBM), making this axis an attractive target for therapeutic manipulation. A recent dual inhibitor of PI3K/mTOR pathway, XL765, exhibited an attractive suppression effect on GBM tumor growth. However, the exact functional mechanisms of tumor suppression mediated by XL765 have not yet been fully characterized. Purpose: In this study, we took efforts to assess the effects of PI3K/mTOR blockade by XL765 on GBM growth in vitro and in vivo. Methods: We analyzed the cytotoxicity of XL765 in three different GBM cell lines, A172, U87MG, and T98G, by using Hoechst 33258 (Invitrogen), Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI), as well as Cell Counting Kit -8 (CCK‐8) assay. We also used A172 xenograft model to study the effect of XL765 in vivo. Results: We found that XL765 inhibits GBM viability with a wide range of potencies. Importantly, XL765 suppressed GBM cell growth by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress dependent apoptosis. The activation of CHOP/DR5 pathway by XL765 induced ER stress is responsible for the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, the inhibition of mTOR signal by XL765 is the major source of ER stress, rather than inhibition of PI3K. At last, we demonstrated that combination of XL765 with GMB chemotherapeutic drug, temozolomide (TMZ), can achieved better therapy effect in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: Overall, our data show that targeting PI3K/mTOR by XL765 is a promising therapeutic strategy to relieve tumor burden in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaxin Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
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14
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FANG GUOLIANG, ZHANG DACHUAN, ZHANG LI, ZHAO JIEXIU, LI LIANG, LI PENGFEI. LONG-TERM AEROBIC EXERCISE REDUCES TAU PHOSPHORYLATION BY ACTIVATING THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF APP/PS1 MICE. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418400262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many studies suggest that regular physical activity can reduce the opportunity of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and slow its onset and progression. However, the exact mechanism is still unclear. Clinically, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the two characterizations of AD, which are associated with amyloid-[Formula: see text] and tau hyperphosphorylation, respectively. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway regulates tau phosphorylation and has a pivotal role in the development of pathology in AD. Therefore, we try to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on tau phosphorylation and examine whether these effects were mediated by the PI3K/Akt pathway in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 and C57BL/6J mice. 40 male APP/PS1 mice and 40 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups respectively: sedentary group, exercise group, sedentary with GNE-317 treatment group and exercise with GNE-317 treatment group. The mice in the exercise group and exercise with GNE-317 treatment group were given exercise training on a treadmill for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of treadmill exercise, the morris water maze, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were performed. We found out that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise enhanced PI3K expression and increased p-Akt[Formula: see text], p-Akt[Formula: see text] and p-GSK3[Formula: see text]. Furthermore, 8 weeks of aerobic exercise reduced tau phosphorylation at multiple sites including Ser202, Thr231 and Ser396. In the morris water maze, the exercise group showed a reduced escape time and distance compared with those of the sedentary group, suggesting that aerobic exercise improved the cognitive ability in mouse. While the above-mentioned results were attenuated in the PI3K/Akt inhibitor GNE-317 treatment groups. Our study demonstrated that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise could reduce tau phosphorylation and improve cognitive functions by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 and C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- GUOLIANG FANG
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
| | | | - LI ZHANG
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
| | - JIEXIU ZHAO
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
| | - LIANG LI
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
| | - PENGFEI LI
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
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15
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de Gooijer MC, Zhang P, Buil LCM, Çitirikkaya CH, Thota N, Beijnen JH, van Tellingen O. Buparlisib is a brain penetrable pan-PI3K inhibitor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10784. [PMID: 30018387 PMCID: PMC6050274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29062-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the genomic landscapes of intracranial tumours has revealed a clear role for the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway in tumorigenesis and tumour maintenance of these malignancies, making phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition a promising therapeutic strategy for these tumours. Buparlisib is a novel pan-PI3K inhibitor that is currently in clinical development for various cancers, including primary and secondary brain tumours. Importantly however, earlier studies have revealed that sufficient brain penetration is a prerequisite for antitumor efficacy against intracranial tumours. We therefore investigated the brain penetration of buparlisib using a comprehensive set of in vitro and in vivo mouse models. We demonstrate that buparlisib has an excellent brain penetration that is unaffected by efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier, complete oral bioavailability and efficient intracranial target inhibition at clinically achievable plasma concentrations. Together, these characteristics make buparlisib the ideal candidate for intracranially-targeted therapeutic strategies that involve PI3K inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C de Gooijer
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mouse Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ping Zhang
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mouse Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road 107, 250012, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Levi C M Buil
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mouse Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ceren H Çitirikkaya
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mouse Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nishita Thota
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mouse Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute / MC Slotervaart Hospital, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf van Tellingen
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Mouse Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Preusser M, Winkler F, Valiente M, Manegold C, Moyal E, Widhalm G, Tonn JC, Zielinski C. Recent advances in the biology and treatment of brain metastases of non-small cell lung cancer: summary of a multidisciplinary roundtable discussion. ESMO Open 2018; 3:e000262. [PMID: 29387475 PMCID: PMC5786916 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is the result of a round table discussion held at the European Lung Cancer Conference (ELCC) in Geneva in May 2017. Its purpose is to explore and discuss the advances in the knowledge about the biology and treatment of brain metastases originating from non-small cell lung cancer. The authors propose a series of recommendations for research and treatment within the discussed context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Preusser
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University Vienna - General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Manegold
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Moyal
- Radiation Oncology Department, Radiobiology team 11, UMR1037 INSERM, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Centre de Recherche contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Georg Widhalm
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna (MUV), Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumours Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University Vienna (MUV), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg-Christian Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich-Grosshadern, Germany and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) at the German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Zielinski
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University Vienna - General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Abstract
The delivery of cancer chemotherapy to treat brain tumors remains a challenge, in part, because of the inherent biological barrier, the blood-brain barrier. While its presence and role as a protector of the normal brain parenchyma has been acknowledged for decades, it is only recently that the important transporter components, expressed in the tightly knit capillary endothelial cells, have been deciphered. These transporters are ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and, so far, the major clinically important ones that functionally contribute to the blood-brain barrier are ABCG2 and ABCB1. A further limitation to cancer therapy of brain tumors or brain metastases is the blood-tumor barrier, where tumors erect a barrier of transporters that further impede drug entry. The expression and regulation of these two transporters at these barriers, as well as tumor derived alteration in expression and/or mutation, are likely obstacles to effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwina Wijaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
| | - Yu Fukuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
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18
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Tarantelli C, Gaudio E, Arribas AJ, Kwee I, Hillmann P, Rinaldi A, Cascione L, Spriano F, Bernasconi E, Guidetti F, Carrassa L, Pittau RB, Beaufils F, Ritschard R, Rageot D, Sele A, Dossena B, Rossi FM, Zucchetto A, Taborelli M, Gattei V, Rossi D, Stathis A, Stussi G, Broggini M, Wymann MP, Wicki A, Zucca E, Cmiljanovic V, Fabbro D, Bertoni F. PQR309 Is a Novel Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor with Preclinical Antitumor Activity in Lymphomas as a Single Agent and in Combination Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:120-129. [PMID: 29066507 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Activation of the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway is recurrent in different lymphoma types, and pharmacologic inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR pathway has shown activity in lymphoma patients. Here, we extensively characterized the in vitro and in vivo activity and the mechanism of action of PQR309 (bimiralisib), a novel oral selective dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor under clinical evaluation, in preclinical lymphoma models.Experimental Design: This study included preclinical in vitro activity screening on a large panel of cell lines, both as single agent and in combination, validation experiments on in vivo models and primary cells, proteomics and gene-expression profiling, and comparison with other signaling inhibitors.Results: PQR309 had in vitro antilymphoma activity as single agent and in combination with venetoclax, panobinostat, ibrutinib, lenalidomide, ARV-825, marizomib, and rituximab. Sensitivity to PQR309 was associated with specific baseline gene-expression features, such as high expression of transcripts coding for the BCR pathway. Combining proteomics and RNA profiling, we identified the different contribution of PQR309-induced protein phosphorylation and gene expression changes to the drug mechanism of action. Gene-expression signatures induced by PQR309 and by other signaling inhibitors largely overlapped. PQR309 showed activity in cells with primary or secondary resistance to idelalisib.Conclusions: On the basis of these results, PQR309 appeared as a novel and promising compound that is worth developing in the lymphoma setting. Clin Cancer Res; 24(1); 120-9. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tarantelli
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alberto J Arribas
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Kwee
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA), Manno, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luciano Cascione
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Spriano
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elena Bernasconi
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Guidetti
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Laura Carrassa
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Florent Beaufils
- PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Ritschard
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise Rageot
- PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Sele
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Dossena
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Maria Rossi
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, IRCCS-Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Antonella Zucchetto
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, IRCCS-Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Monica Taborelli
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Valter Gattei
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, IRCCS-Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Davide Rossi
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Anastasios Stathis
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Georg Stussi
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Broggini
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andreas Wicki
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Zucca
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Francesco Bertoni
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland. .,Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
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19
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Koul D, Wang S, Wu S, Saito N, Zheng S, Gao F, Kaul I, Setoguchi M, Nakayama K, Koyama K, Shiose Y, Sulman EP, Hirota Y, Yung WKA. Preclinical therapeutic efficacy of a novel blood-brain barrier-penetrant dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor with preferential response in PI3K/PTEN mutant glioma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21741-53. [PMID: 28423515 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an ideal candidate disease for signal transduction targeted therapy because the majority of these tumors harbor genetic alterations that result in aberrant activation of growth factor signaling pathways. Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 10, mutations in the tumor suppressor gene PTEN, and PI3K mutations are molecular hallmarks of GBM and indicate poor prognostic outcomes in many cancers. Consequently, inhibiting the PI3K pathway may provide therapeutic benefit in these cancers. PI3K inhibitors generally block proliferation rather than induce apoptosis. To restore the sensitivity of GBM to apoptosis induction, targeted agents have been combined with conventional therapy. However, the molecular heterogeneity and infiltrative nature of GBM make it resistant to traditional single agent therapy. Our objectives were to test a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor that may cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and provide the rationale for using this inhibitor in combination regimens to chemotherapy-induced synergism in GBM. Here we report the preclinical potential of a novel, orally bioavailable PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor, DS7423 (hereafter DS), in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. DS was tested in mice, and DS plasma and brain concentrations were determined. DS crossed the BBB and led to potent suppression of PI3K pathway biomarkers in the brain. The physiologically relevant concentration of DS was tested in 9 glioma cell lines and 22 glioma-initiating cell (GIC) lines. DS inhibited the growth of glioma tumor cell lines and GICs at mean 50% inhibitory concentration values of less than 250 nmol/L. We found that PI3K mutations and PTEN alterations were associated with cellular response to DS treatment; with preferential inhibition of cell growth in PI3KCA-mutant and PTEN altered cell lines. DS showed efficacy and survival benefit in the U87 and GSC11 orthotopic models of GBM. Furthermore, administration of DS enhanced the antitumor efficacy of temozolomide against GBM in U87 glioma models, which shows that PI3K/mTOR inhibitors may enhance alkylating agent-mediated cytotoxicity, providing a novel regimen for the treatment of GBM. Our present findings establish that DS can specifically be used in patients who have PI3K pathway activation and/or loss of PTEN function. Further studies are warranted to determine the potential of DS for glioma treatment.
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Han D, Sasaki M, Yoshino H, Kofuji S, Sasaki AT, Steckl AJ. In-vitro evaluation of MPA-loaded electrospun coaxial fiber membranes for local treatment of glioblastoma tumor cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017; 40:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Melanoma has a high propensity to metastasize to the brain, and patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBM) have an extremely poor prognosis. The recent approval of several molecularly-targeted agents (e.g., BRAF, MEK inhibitors) and biologics (anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies) has brought new hope to patients suffering from this formerly untreatable and lethal disease. Importantly, there have been recent reports of success in some clinical studies examining the efficacy of both targeted agents and immunotherapies that show similar response rates in both brain metastases and extracranial disease. While these studies are encouraging, there remains significant room for improvement in the treatment of MBM, given the lack of durable response and the development of resistance to current therapies. Critical questions remain regarding mechanisms that lead to this lack of durable response and development of resistance, and how those mechanisms may differ in systemic sites versus brain metastases. One issue that may not be fully appreciated is that the delivery of several small molecule molecularly-targeted therapies to the brain is often restricted due to active efflux at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) interface. Inadequate local drug concentrations may be partially responsible for the development of unique patterns of resistance at metastatic sites in the brain. It is clear that there can be local, heterogeneous BBB breakdown in MBM, as exemplified by contrast-enhancement on T1-weighted MR imaging. However, it is possible that the successful treatment of MBM with small molecule targeted therapies will depend, in part, on the ability of these therapies to penetrate an intact BBB and reach the protected micro-metastases (so called "sub-clinical" disease) that escape early detection by contrast-enhanced MRI, as well as regions of tumor within MRI-detectable metastases that may have a less compromised BBB. The emergence of resistance in MBM may be related to several diverse, yet interrelated, factors including the distinct microenvironment of the brain and inadequate brain penetration of targeted therapies to specific regions of tumor. The tumor microenvironment has been ascribed to play a key role in steering the course of disease progression, by dictating changes in expression of tumor drivers and resistance-related signaling mechanisms. Therefore, a key issue to consider is how changes in drug delivery, and hence local drug concentrations within a metastatic microenvironment, will influence the development of resistance. Herein we discuss our perspective on several critical questions that focus on many aspects relevant to the treatment of melanoma brain metastases; the answers to which may lead to important advances in the treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautham Gampa
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shruthi Vaidhyanathan
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - William F Elmquist
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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van Hoppe S, Schinkel AH. What next? Preferably development of drugs that are no longer transported by the ABCB1 and ABCG2 efflux transporters. Pharmacol Res 2017; 123:144. [PMID: 28578203 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie van Hoppe
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lewis Phillips GD, Nishimura MC, Lacap JA, Kharbanda S, Mai E, Tien J, Malesky K, Williams SP, Marik J, Phillips HS. Trastuzumab uptake and its relation to efficacy in an animal model of HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastasis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 164:581-591. [PMID: 28493046 PMCID: PMC5495871 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The extent to which efficacy of the HER2 antibody Trastuzumab in brain metastases is limited by access of antibody to brain lesions remains a question of significant clinical importance. We investigated the uptake and distribution of trastuzumab in brain and mammary fat pad grafts of HER2-positive breast cancer to evaluate the relationship of these parameters to the anti-tumor activity of trastuzumab and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). Methods Mouse transgenic breast tumor cells expressing human HER2 (Fo2-1282 or Fo5) were used to establish intracranial and orthotopic tumors. Tumor uptake and tissue distribution of systemically administered 89Zr-trastuzumab or muMAb 4D5 (murine parent of trastuzumab) were measured by PET and ELISA. Efficacy of muMAb 4D5, the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor GNE-317, and T-DM1 was also assessed. Results 89Zr-trastuzumab and muMAb 4D5 exhibited robust uptake into Fo2-1282 brain tumors, but not normal brains. Uptake into brain grafts was similar to mammary grafts. Despite this, muMAb 4D5 was less efficacious in brain grafts. Co-administration of muMAb 4D5 and GNE-317, a brain-penetrant PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, provided longer survival in mice with brain lesions than either agent alone. Moreover, T-DM1 increased survival in the Fo5 brain metastasis model. Conclusions In models of HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastasis, trastuzumab efficacy does not appear to be limited by access to intracranial tumors. Anti-tumor activity improved with the addition of a brain-penetrant PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, suggesting that combining targeted therapies is a more effective strategy for treating HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases. Survival was also extended in mice with Fo5 brain lesions treated with T-DM1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10549-017-4279-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samir Kharbanda
- Calico Labs, 1170 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Elaine Mai
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Janet Tien
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kimberly Malesky
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Jan Marik
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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Monaco I, Camorani S, Colecchia D, Locatelli E, Calandro P, Oudin A, Niclou S, Arra C, Chiariello M, Cerchia L, Comes Franchini M. Aptamer Functionalization of Nanosystems for Glioblastoma Targeting through the Blood-Brain Barrier. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4510-4516. [PMID: 28471660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) may efficiently deliver in vivo therapeutics to tumors when conjugated to specific targeting agents. Gint4.T aptamer specifically recognizes platelet-derived growth factor receptor β and can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We synthesized Gint4.T-conjugated PNPs able of high uptake into U87MG glioblastoma (GBM) cells and with astonishing EC50 value (38 pM) when loaded with a PI3K-mTOR inhibitor. We also demonstrated in vivo BBB passage and tumor accumulation in a GBM orthotopic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Monaco
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Camorani
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - David Colecchia
- Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT), Core Research Laboratory and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Erica Locatelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Calandro
- Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT), Core Research Laboratory and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Anais Oudin
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health , 84 Val Fleuri, Luxembourg L-1586, Luxembourg
| | - Simone Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health , 84 Val Fleuri, Luxembourg L-1586, Luxembourg
| | - Claudio Arra
- Animal Facility Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS , via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Chiariello
- Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT), Core Research Laboratory and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Cerchia
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Comes Franchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Broccatelli F, Salphati L, Plise E, Cheong J, Gobbi A, Lee ML, Aliagas I. Predicting Passive Permeability of Drug-like Molecules from Chemical Structure: Where Are We? Mol Pharm 2016; 13:4199-4208. [PMID: 27806577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal absorption in human is routinely predicted in drug discovery using in vitro assays such as permeability in the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line. In silico models trained on these data are used in drug discovery efforts to prioritize novel chemical targets for synthesis; however, their proprietary nature and the limited validation available, which is usually restricted to predicting in vitro permeability, are barriers to widespread adoption. Because of the categorical nature of the in vitro permeability assay, intrinsic assay variability, and the challenges often encountered when translating in vitro data to an in vivo drug property, validation based solely on in vitro data might not be a good characterization of the usefulness of the in silico tool. In this work, we analyze the performance of three different in silico models in predicting the in vitro and in vivo permeability of 300 marketed drugs and 86 discovery compounds. The models differ in their approach (mechanistic vs quantitative structure-activity relationship) and the degree of complexity; one of them is a linear equation based on seven simple physicochemical descriptors and is presented for the first time in this work. Results show that in silico models can be successfully used to complement the discovery toolbox for characterizing in vivo intestinal permeability, defined using fraction of dose absorbed in human (Fa) and human jejunal permeability (Peff). While the in vitro permeability models outperformed the in silico approach at predicting each of the in vivo end points explored, the gap in predictivity between the in vitro and the in vivo data was generally comparable to the gap between in silico and in vitro data. The in vitro and in silico approaches shared many of the same outliers, which can often be explained by the route of drug absorption (paracellular vs transcellular, active vs passive). Data suggest that the discovery process can greatly benefit from an early adoption of in silico models for predicting permeability as well as from a careful analysis of the in silico to in vivo disconnects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Broccatelli
- Genentech USA, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - L Salphati
- Genentech USA, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - E Plise
- Genentech USA, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - J Cheong
- Genentech USA, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - A Gobbi
- Genentech USA, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - M-L Lee
- Genentech USA, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - I Aliagas
- Genentech USA, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
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Salphati L, Alicke B, Heffron TP, Shahidi-Latham S, Nishimura M, Cao T, Carano RA, Cheong J, Greve J, Koeppen H, Lau S, Lee LB, Nannini-Pepe M, Pang J, Plise EG, Quiason C, Rangell L, Zhang X, Gould SE, Phillips HS, Olivero AG. Brain Distribution and Efficacy of the Brain Penetrant PI3K Inhibitor GDC-0084 in Orthotopic Mouse Models of Human Glioblastoma. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1881-1889. [PMID: 27638506 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Limited treatment options have only marginally impacted patient survival over the past decades. The phophatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, frequently altered in GBM, represents a potential target for the treatment of this glioma. 5-(6,6-Dimethyl-4-morpholino-8,9-dihydro-6H-[1,4]oxazino[4,3-e]purin-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine (GDC-0084) is a PI3K inhibitor that was specifically optimized to cross the blood-brain barrier. The goals of our studies were to characterize the brain distribution, pharmacodynamic (PD) effect, and efficacy of GDC-0084 in orthotopic xenograft models of GBM. GDC-0084 was tested in vitro to assess its sensitivity to the efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and in vivo in mice to evaluate its effects on the PI3K pathway in intact brain. Mice bearing U87 or GS2 intracranial tumors were treated with GDC-0084 to assess its brain distribution by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging and measure its PD effects and efficacy in GBM orthotopic models. Studies in transfected cells indicated that GDC-0084 was not a substrate of P-gp or BCRP. GDC-0084 markedly inhibited the PI3K pathway in mouse brain, causing up to 90% suppression of the pAkt signal. MALDI imaging showed GDC-0084 distributed evenly in brain and intracranial U87 and GS2 tumors. GDC-0084 achieved significant tumor growth inhibition of 70% and 40% against the U87 and GS2 orthotopic models, respectively. GDC-0084 distribution throughout the brain and intracranial tumors led to potent inhibition of the PI3K pathway. Its efficacy in orthotopic models of GBM suggests that it could be effective in the treatment of GBM. GDC-0084 is currently in phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Salphati
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Bruno Alicke
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Timothy P Heffron
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Sheerin Shahidi-Latham
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Merry Nishimura
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Tim Cao
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Richard A Carano
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jonathan Cheong
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Joan Greve
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Shari Lau
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Leslie B Lee
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Michelle Nannini-Pepe
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jodie Pang
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Emile G Plise
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Cristine Quiason
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Linda Rangell
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen E Gould
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Heidi S Phillips
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Alan G Olivero
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.S., S.S.-L., J.C., J.P., E.G.P., C.Q., X.Z.), Discovery Chemistry (T.P.H., A.G.O.), Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology (B.A., M.N., M.N.-P., L.B.L., S.E.G., H.S.P.), Biomedical Imaging (T.C., R.A.C., J.G.), and Pathology (H.K., S.L., L.R.), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
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27
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Osswald M, Blaes J, Liao Y, Solecki G, Gömmel M, Berghoff AS, Salphati L, Wallin JJ, Phillips HS, Wick W, Winkler F. Impact of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity on Tumor Growth and Therapy Response in Brain Metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:6078-6087. [PMID: 27521448 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity for brain tumor biology and therapy is a matter of debate. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed a new experimental approach using in vivo two-photon imaging of mouse brain metastases originating from a melanoma cell line to investigate the growth kinetics of individual tumor cells in response to systemic delivery of two PI3K/mTOR inhibitors over time, and to study the impact of microregional vascular permeability. The two drugs are closely related but differ regarding a minor chemical modification that greatly increases brain penetration of one drug. RESULTS Both inhibitors demonstrated a comparable inhibition of downstream targets and melanoma growth in vitro In vivo, increased BBB permeability to sodium fluorescein was associated with accelerated growth of individual brain metastases. Melanoma metastases with permeable microvessels responded similarly to equivalent doses of both inhibitors. In contrast, metastases with an intact BBB showed an exclusive response to the brain-penetrating inhibitor. The latter was true for macro- and micrometastases, and even single dormant melanoma cells. Nuclear morphology changes and single-cell regression patterns implied that both inhibitors, if extravasated, target not only perivascular melanoma cells but also those distant to blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first direct evidence that nonpermeable brain micro- and macrometastases can effectively be targeted by a drug designed to cross the BBB. Small-molecule inhibitors with these optimized properties are promising agents in preventing or treating brain metastases in patients. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6078-87. ©2016 AACRSee related commentary by Steeg et al., p. 5953.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Osswald
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Blaes
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yunxiang Liao
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gergely Solecki
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Gömmel
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna S Berghoff
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey J Wallin
- Department of Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Heidi S Phillips
- Department of Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Heffron
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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29
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Levin VA, Tonge PJ, Gallo JM, Birtwistle MR, Dar AC, Iavarone A, Paddison PJ, Heffron TP, Elmquist WF, Lachowicz JE, Johnson TW, White FM, Sul J, Smith QR, Shen W, Sarkaria JN, Samala R, Wen PY, Berry DA, Petter RC. CNS Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development Conference White Paper. Neuro Oncol 2016; 17 Suppl 6:vi1-26. [PMID: 26403167 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the first CNS Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development Conference, the speakers from the first 4 sessions and organizers of the conference created this White Paper hoping to stimulate more and better CNS anticancer drug discovery and development. The first part of the White Paper reviews, comments, and, in some cases, expands on the 4 session areas critical to new drug development: pharmacological challenges, recent drug approaches, drug targets and discovery, and clinical paths. Following this concise review of the science and clinical aspects of new CNS anticancer drug discovery and development, we discuss, under the rubric "Accelerating Drug Discovery and Development for Brain Tumors," further reasons why the pharmaceutical industry and academia have failed to develop new anticancer drugs for CNS malignancies and what it will take to change the current status quo and develop the drugs so desperately needed by our patients with malignant CNS tumors. While this White Paper is not a formal roadmap to that end, it should be an educational guide to clinicians and scientists to help move a stagnant field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Levin
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - James M Gallo
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Marc R Birtwistle
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Arvin C Dar
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Patrick J Paddison
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Timothy P Heffron
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - William F Elmquist
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Jean E Lachowicz
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Ted W Johnson
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Forest M White
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Joohee Sul
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Quentin R Smith
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Wang Shen
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Ramakrishna Samala
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Donald A Berry
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
| | - Russell C Petter
- Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California, USA (V.A.L.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (V.A.L.); University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (V.A.L.); SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA (P.J.T.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (J.M.G., M.R.B., A.C.D.); Columbia University Institute for Cancer Genetics, New York, NY, USA (A.I.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (P.J.P.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA (T.P.H.); University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA (W.F.E.); Angiochem, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.E.L.); Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA (T.W.J.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA (F.M.W.); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA (J.S.); Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA (Q.R.S., R.S.); NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA (W.S.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (J.N.S.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (P.Y.W.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (D.A.B.); Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, USA (R.C.P.)
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Chen Y, Wang X, Xiang W, He L, Tang M, Wang F, Wang T, Yang Z, Yi Y, Wang H, Niu T, Zheng L, Lei L, Li X, Song H, Chen L. Development of Purine-Based Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives: Potent Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Marked in Vitro and in Vivo Antitumor Activities. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5488-504. [PMID: 27186676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a series of novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors using the morpholinopurine as the capping group were designed and synthesized. Several compounds demonstrated significant HDAC inhibitory activities and antiproliferative effects against diverse human tumor cell lines. Among them, compound 10o was identified as a potent class I and class IIb HDAC inhibitor with good pharmaceutical profile and druglike properties. Western blot analysis further confirmed that 10o more effectively increased acetylated histone H3 than panobinostat (LBH-589) and vorinostat (SAHA) at the same concentration in vitro. In in vivo efficacy evaluations of HCT116, MV4-11, Ramos, and MM1S xenograft models, 10o showed higher efficacy than SAHA or LBH-589 without causing significant loss of body weight and toxicity. All the results indicated that 10o could be a suitable candidate for treatment of both solid and hematological cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China.,School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lin He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Minghai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Taijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuyao Yi
- Department of Hematology and Research Laboratory of Hematology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hairong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ting Niu
- Department of Hematology and Research Laboratory of Hematology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
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31
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Heffron TP, Ndubaku CO, Salphati L, Alicke B, Cheong J, Drobnick J, Edgar K, Gould SE, Lee LB, Lesnick JD, Lewis C, Nonomiya J, Pang J, Plise EG, Sideris S, Wallin J, Wang L, Zhang X, Olivero AG. Discovery of Clinical Development Candidate GDC-0084, a Brain Penetrant Inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:351-6. [PMID: 27096040 PMCID: PMC4834666 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase
(PI3K) signaling is an appealing approach to treat brain tumors, especially
glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). We previously disclosed our successful
approach to prospectively design potent and blood–brain barrier
(BBB) penetrating PI3K inhibitors. The previously disclosed molecules
were ultimately deemed not suitable for clinical development due to
projected poor metabolic stability in humans. We, therefore, extended
our studies to identify a BBB penetrating inhibitor of PI3K that was
also projected to be metabolically stable in human. These efforts
required identification of a distinct scaffold for PI3K inhibitors
relative to our previous efforts and ultimately resulted in the identification
of GDC-0084 (16). The discovery and preclinical characterization
of this molecule are described within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Heffron
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chudi O. Ndubaku
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bruno Alicke
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan Cheong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joy Drobnick
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kyle Edgar
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Stephen E. Gould
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leslie B. Lee
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John D. Lesnick
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cristina Lewis
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jim Nonomiya
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jodie Pang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emile G. Plise
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steve Sideris
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey Wallin
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lan Wang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alan G. Olivero
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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32
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Jacus MO, Daryani VM, Harstead KE, Patel YT, Throm SL, Stewart CF. Pharmacokinetic Properties of Anticancer Agents for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Tumors: Update of the Literature. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:297-311. [PMID: 26293618 PMCID: PMC4761278 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant improvement in outcomes for patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors over the past 10 years, patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors continue to have a poor prognosis. A primary reason for this is the inability of many chemotherapeutic drugs to penetrate into the brain and brain tumors at concentrations high enough to exert an antitumor effect because of unique barriers and efflux transporters. Several studies have been published recently examining the central nervous system pharmacokinetics of various anticancer drugs in patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors. To summarize recent advances in the field, this review critically presents studies published within the last 9 years examining brain and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of clinically available anticancer agents for patients with central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O Jacus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Vinay M Daryani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - K Elaine Harstead
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yogesh T Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Stacy L Throm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Clinton F Stewart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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33
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Radoul M, Chaumeil MM, Eriksson P, Wang AS, Phillips JJ, Ronen SM. MR Studies of Glioblastoma Models Treated with Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor and Temozolomide:Metabolic Changes Are Associated with Enhanced Survival. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1113-22. [PMID: 26883274 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The current standard of care for glioblastoma (GBM) is surgical resection, radiotherapy, and treatment with temozolomide (TMZ). However, resistance to current therapies and recurrence are common. To improve survival, agents that target the PI3K signaling pathway, which is activated in approximately 88% of GBM, are currently in clinical trials. A challenge with such therapies is that tumor shrinkage is not always observed. New imaging methods are therefore needed to monitor response to therapy and predict survival. The goal of this study was to determine whether hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can be used to monitor response to the second-generation dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor voxtalisib (XL765, SAR245409), alone or in combination with TMZ. We investigated GS-2 and U87-MG GBM orthotopic tumors in mice, and used MRI, hyperpolarized (13)C MRSI, and (1)H MRS to monitor the effects of treatment. In our study, (1)H MRS could not predict tumor response to therapy. However, in both our models, we observed a significantly lower hyperpolarized lactate-to-pyruvate ratio in animals treated with voxtalisib, TMZ, or combination therapy, when compared with controls. This metabolic alteration was observed prior to MRI-detectable changes in tumor size, was consistent with drug action, and was associated with enhanced animal survival. Our findings confirm the potential translational value of the hyperpolarized lactate-to-pyruvate ratio as a biomarker for noninvasively assessing the effects of emerging therapies for patients with GBM. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 1113-22. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Radoul
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pia Eriksson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alan S Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, UCSF School of Medicine, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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34
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Heffron TP, McClory A, Stumpf A. The Discovery and Process Chemistry Development of GDC-0084, a Brain Penetrating Inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR. Comprehensive Accounts of Pharmaceutical Research and Development: From Discovery to Late-Stage Process Development Volume 1 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1239.ch006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Heffron
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andrew McClory
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andreas Stumpf
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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35
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Abstract
Much like cancer cells, activated T cells undergo various metabolic changes that allow them to grow and proliferate rapidly. By adopting aerobic glycolysis upon activation, T cells effectively prioritize efficiency in biosynthesis over energy generation. There are distinct differences in the way CD4+ and CD8+ T cells process activation signals. CD8+ effector T cells are less dependent on Glut1 and oxygen levels compared to their CD4+ counterparts. Similarly the downstream signaling by TCR also differs in both effector T cell types. Recent studies have explored PI3K/Akt, mTORC, HIF1α, p70S6K and Bcl-6 signaling in depth providing definition of the crucial roles of these regulators in glucose metabolism. These new insights may allow improved therapeutic manipulation against inflammatory conditions that are associated with dysfunctional T-cell metabolism such as autoimmune disorders, metabolic syndrome, HIV, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis S Palmer
- a Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute , Melbourne , Australia.,b Department of Infectious Diseases , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Tabinda Hussain
- a Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Gabriel Duette
- c Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Thomas J Weller
- d Department of Immunology , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Matias Ostrowski
- c Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Isabel Sada-Ovalle
- e Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael CosÃ-o Villegas , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Suzanne M Crowe
- a Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute , Melbourne , Australia.,b Department of Infectious Diseases , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,f Infectious Diseases Department , The Alfred Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
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36
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Ehrhardt M, Craveiro RB, Holst MI, Pietsch T, Dilloo D. The PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 displays promising in vitro and in vivo efficacy for targeted medulloblastoma therapy. Oncotarget 2015; 6:802-13. [PMID: 25596739 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signalling network is a hallmark of oncogenesis. Also medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in children, is characterized by high levels of AKT phosphorylation and activated PI3K signalling in medulloblastoma is associated with enhanced cellular motility, survival and chemoresistency underscoring its role of as a potential therapeutic target. Here we demonstrate that GDC-0941, a highly specific PI3K inhibitor with good clinical tolerability and promising anti-neoplastic activity in adult cancer, also displays anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in pediatric human medulloblastoma cell lines. Loss in cell viability is accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of AKT, a downstream target of PI3K. Furthermore, we show that GDC-0941 attenuates the migratory capacity of medulloblastoma cells and targets subpopulations expressing the stem cell marker CD133. GDC-0941 also synergizes with the standard medulloblastoma chemotherapeutic etoposide. In an orthotopic xenograft model of the most aggressive human medulloblastoma variant we document that oral adminstration of GDC-0941 impairs tumor growth and significantly prolongs survival. These findings provide a rational to further investigate GDC-0941 alone and in combination with standard chemotherapeutics for medulloblastoma treatment.
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37
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Zhang I, Zaorsky NG, Palmer JD, Mehra R, Lu B. Targeting brain metastases in ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16:e510-21. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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38
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Raub TJ, Wishart GN, Kulanthaivel P, Staton BA, Ajamie RT, Sawada GA, Gelbert LM, Shannon HE, Sanchez-Martinez C, De Dios A. Brain Exposure of Two Selective Dual CDK4 and CDK6 Inhibitors and the Antitumor Activity of CDK4 and CDK6 Inhibition in Combination with Temozolomide in an Intracranial Glioblastoma Xenograft. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1360-71. [PMID: 26149830 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatments for primary brain tumors and brain metastases represent a major unmet medical need. Targeting the CDK4/CDK6-cyclin D1-Rb-p16/ink4a pathway using a potent CDK4 and CDK6 kinase inhibitor has potential for treating primary central nervous system tumors such as glioblastoma and some peripheral tumors with high incidence of brain metastases. We compared central nervous system exposures of two orally bioavailable CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitors: abemaciclib, which is currently in advanced clinical development, and palbociclib (IBRANCE; Pfizer), which was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Abemaciclib antitumor activity was assessed in subcutaneous and orthotopic glioma models alone and in combination with standard of care temozolomide (TMZ). Both inhibitors were substrates for xenobiotic efflux transporters P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistant protein expressed at the blood-brain barrier. Brain Kp,uu values were less than 0.2 after an equimolar intravenous dose indicative of active efflux but were approximately 10-fold greater for abemaciclib than palbociclib. Kp,uu increased 2.8- and 21-fold, respectively, when similarly dosed in P-gp-deficient mice. Abemaciclib had brain area under the curve (0-24 hours) Kp,uu values of 0.03 in mice and 0.11 in rats after a 30 mg/kg p.o. dose. Orally dosed abemaciclib significantly increased survival in a rat orthotopic U87MG xenograft model compared with vehicle-treated animals, and efficacy coincided with a dose-dependent increase in unbound plasma and brain exposures in excess of the CDK4 and CDK6 Ki values. Abemaciclib increased survival time of intracranial U87MG tumor-bearing rats similar to TMZ, and the combination of abemaciclib and TMZ was additive or greater than additive. These data show that abemaciclib crosses the blood-brain barrier and confirm that both CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitors reach unbound brain levels in rodents that are expected to produce enzyme inhibition; however, abemaciclib brain levels are reached more efficiently at presumably lower doses than palbociclib and are potentially on target for a longer period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Raub
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories (T.J.R., G.N.W., P.K., B.A.S., R.T.A., G.A.S.), Division of Cancer Research (L.M.G., H.E.S.), and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies (A.D.D.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain (C.S.-M.); and Covance Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana (H.E.S.)
| | - Graham N Wishart
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories (T.J.R., G.N.W., P.K., B.A.S., R.T.A., G.A.S.), Division of Cancer Research (L.M.G., H.E.S.), and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies (A.D.D.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain (C.S.-M.); and Covance Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana (H.E.S.)
| | - Palaniappan Kulanthaivel
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories (T.J.R., G.N.W., P.K., B.A.S., R.T.A., G.A.S.), Division of Cancer Research (L.M.G., H.E.S.), and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies (A.D.D.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain (C.S.-M.); and Covance Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana (H.E.S.)
| | - Brian A Staton
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories (T.J.R., G.N.W., P.K., B.A.S., R.T.A., G.A.S.), Division of Cancer Research (L.M.G., H.E.S.), and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies (A.D.D.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain (C.S.-M.); and Covance Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana (H.E.S.)
| | - Rose T Ajamie
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories (T.J.R., G.N.W., P.K., B.A.S., R.T.A., G.A.S.), Division of Cancer Research (L.M.G., H.E.S.), and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies (A.D.D.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain (C.S.-M.); and Covance Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana (H.E.S.)
| | - Geri A Sawada
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories (T.J.R., G.N.W., P.K., B.A.S., R.T.A., G.A.S.), Division of Cancer Research (L.M.G., H.E.S.), and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies (A.D.D.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain (C.S.-M.); and Covance Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana (H.E.S.)
| | - Lawrence M Gelbert
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories (T.J.R., G.N.W., P.K., B.A.S., R.T.A., G.A.S.), Division of Cancer Research (L.M.G., H.E.S.), and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies (A.D.D.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain (C.S.-M.); and Covance Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana (H.E.S.)
| | - Harlan E Shannon
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories (T.J.R., G.N.W., P.K., B.A.S., R.T.A., G.A.S.), Division of Cancer Research (L.M.G., H.E.S.), and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies (A.D.D.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain (C.S.-M.); and Covance Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana (H.E.S.)
| | - Concepcion Sanchez-Martinez
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories (T.J.R., G.N.W., P.K., B.A.S., R.T.A., G.A.S.), Division of Cancer Research (L.M.G., H.E.S.), and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies (A.D.D.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain (C.S.-M.); and Covance Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana (H.E.S.)
| | - Alfonso De Dios
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories (T.J.R., G.N.W., P.K., B.A.S., R.T.A., G.A.S.), Division of Cancer Research (L.M.G., H.E.S.), and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies (A.D.D.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain (C.S.-M.); and Covance Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana (H.E.S.)
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Becker CM, Oberoi RK, McFarren SJ, Muldoon DM, Pafundi DH, Pokorny JL, Brinkmann DH, Ohlfest JR, Sarkaria JN, Largaespada DA, Elmquist WF. Decreased affinity for efflux transporters increases brain penetrance and molecular targeting of a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor in a mouse model of glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1210-9. [PMID: 25972455 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting drug delivery to invasive glioma cells is a particularly difficult challenge because these cells lie behind an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) that can be observed using multimodality imaging. BBB-associated efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) influence drug distribution to these cells and may negatively impact efficacy. To test the hypothesis that efflux transporters influence brain pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of molecularly targeted agents in glioma treatment, we assessed region-specific penetrance and molecular-targeting capacity for a PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor that has high substrate affinity for efflux transporters (GDC-0980) and an analog (GNE-317) that was purposely designed to have reduced efflux. METHODS Brain tumor penetrance of GDC-0980 and GNE-317 was compared between FVB/n wild-type mice and Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp(-/-) triple-knockout mice lacking P-gp and BCRP. C57B6/J mice bearing intracranial GL261 tumors were treated with GDC-0980, GNE-317, or vehicle to assess the targeted pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic effects in a glioblastoma model. RESULTS Animals treated with GNE-317 demonstrated 3-fold greater penetrance in tumor core, rim, and normal brain compared with animals dosed with GDC-0980. Increased brain penetrance correlated with decreased staining of activated p-Akt, p-S6, and p-4EBP1 effector proteins downstream of PI3K and mTOR. CONCLUSIONS GDC-0980 is subject to active efflux by P-gp and BCRP at the BBB, while brain penetrance of GNE-317 is independent of efflux, which translates into enhanced inhibition of PI3K/mTOR signaling. These data show that BBB efflux by P-gp and BCRP is therefore an important determinant in both brain penetrance and molecular targeting efficacy in the treatment of invasive glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chani M Becker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., W.F.E); Brain Tumor Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., R.K.O., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., D.A.L., W.F.E); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (R.K.O., W.F.E); Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.R.O., D.A.L); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (D.H.P., J.L.P., D.H.B., J.N.S); Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rajneet K Oberoi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., W.F.E); Brain Tumor Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., R.K.O., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., D.A.L., W.F.E); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (R.K.O., W.F.E); Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.R.O., D.A.L); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (D.H.P., J.L.P., D.H.B., J.N.S); Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephan J McFarren
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., W.F.E); Brain Tumor Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., R.K.O., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., D.A.L., W.F.E); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (R.K.O., W.F.E); Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.R.O., D.A.L); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (D.H.P., J.L.P., D.H.B., J.N.S); Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel M Muldoon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., W.F.E); Brain Tumor Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., R.K.O., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., D.A.L., W.F.E); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (R.K.O., W.F.E); Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.R.O., D.A.L); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (D.H.P., J.L.P., D.H.B., J.N.S); Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Deanna H Pafundi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., W.F.E); Brain Tumor Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., R.K.O., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., D.A.L., W.F.E); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (R.K.O., W.F.E); Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.R.O., D.A.L); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (D.H.P., J.L.P., D.H.B., J.N.S); Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jenny L Pokorny
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., W.F.E); Brain Tumor Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., R.K.O., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., D.A.L., W.F.E); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (R.K.O., W.F.E); Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.R.O., D.A.L); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (D.H.P., J.L.P., D.H.B., J.N.S); Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Debra H Brinkmann
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., W.F.E); Brain Tumor Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., R.K.O., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., D.A.L., W.F.E); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (R.K.O., W.F.E); Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.R.O., D.A.L); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (D.H.P., J.L.P., D.H.B., J.N.S); Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John R Ohlfest
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., W.F.E); Brain Tumor Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., R.K.O., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., D.A.L., W.F.E); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (R.K.O., W.F.E); Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.R.O., D.A.L); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (D.H.P., J.L.P., D.H.B., J.N.S); Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., W.F.E); Brain Tumor Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., R.K.O., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., D.A.L., W.F.E); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (R.K.O., W.F.E); Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.R.O., D.A.L); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (D.H.P., J.L.P., D.H.B., J.N.S); Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David A Largaespada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., W.F.E); Brain Tumor Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., R.K.O., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., D.A.L., W.F.E); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (R.K.O., W.F.E); Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.R.O., D.A.L); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (D.H.P., J.L.P., D.H.B., J.N.S); Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William F Elmquist
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., W.F.E); Brain Tumor Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.M.B., R.K.O., S.J.M., D.M.M., J.R.O., D.A.L., W.F.E); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (R.K.O., W.F.E); Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.R.O., D.A.L); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (D.H.P., J.L.P., D.H.B., J.N.S); Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Beretta M, Bauer M, Hirsch E. PI3K signaling in the pathogenesis of obesity: The cause and the cure. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 58:1-15. [PMID: 25512233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the steady rise in the incidence of obesity and its associated comorbidities, in the last decades research aimed at understanding molecular mechanisms that control body weight has gained new interest. Fat gain is frequently associated with chronic adipose tissue inflammation and with peripheral as well as central metabolic derangements, resulting in an impaired hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis. Recent attention has focused on the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in both immune and metabolic response pathways, being involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. In this review, we focus on distinct PI3K isoforms, especially class I PI3Ks, mediating inflammatory cells recruitment to the enlarged fat as well as intracellular responses to key hormonal regulators of fat storage, both in adipocytes and in the central nervous system. This integrated view of PI3K functions may ultimately help to develop new therapeutic interventions for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Beretta
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Ortega-Molina A, Lopez-Guadamillas E, Mattison JA, Mitchell SJ, Muñoz-Martin M, Iglesias G, Gutierrez VM, Vaughan KL, Szarowicz MD, González-García I, López M, Cebrián D, Martinez S, Pastor J, de Cabo R, Serrano M. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K reduces adiposity and metabolic syndrome in obese mice and rhesus monkeys. Cell Metab 2015; 21:558-70. [PMID: 25817535 PMCID: PMC5867518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic inhibition of PI3K signaling increases energy expenditure, protects from obesity and metabolic syndrome, and extends longevity. Here, we show that two pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K, CNIO-PI3Ki and GDC-0941, decrease the adiposity of obese mice without affecting their lean mass. Long-term treatment of obese mice with low doses of CNIO-PI3Ki reduces body weight until reaching a balance that is stable for months as long as the treatment continues. CNIO-PI3Ki treatment also ameliorates liver steatosis and decreases glucose serum levels. The above observations have been recapitulated in independent laboratories and using different oral formulations of CNIO-PI3Ki. Finally, daily oral treatment of obese rhesus monkeys for 3 months with low doses of CNIO-PI3Ki decreased their adiposity and lowered their serum glucose levels, in the absence of detectable toxicities. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of PI3K is an effective and safe anti-obesity intervention that could reverse the negative effects of metabolic syndrome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortega-Molina
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Elena Lopez-Guadamillas
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Julie A Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sarah J Mitchell
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Maribel Muñoz-Martin
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Gema Iglesias
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Vincent M Gutierrez
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kelli L Vaughan
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; SoBran, Inc., Burtonsville, MD 20866, USA
| | - Mark D Szarowicz
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; SoBran, Inc., Burtonsville, MD 20866, USA
| | - Ismael González-García
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - David Cebrián
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Sonia Martinez
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Joaquin Pastor
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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Pramanik PP, Parmar HA, Mammoser AG, Junck LR, Kim MM, Tsien CI, Lawrence TS, Cao Y. Hypercellularity Components of Glioblastoma Identified by High b-Value Diffusion-Weighted Imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 92:811-9. [PMID: 26104935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Use of conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for target definition may expose glioblastomas (GB) to inadequate radiation dose coverage of the nonenhanced hypercellular subvolume. This study aimed to develop a technique to identify the hypercellular components of GB by using high b-value diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and to investigate its relationship with the prescribed 95% isodose volume (PDV) and progression-free survival (PFS). METHODS AND MATERIALS Twenty-one patients with GB underwent chemoradiation therapy post-resection and biopsy. Radiation therapy (RT) treatment planning was based upon conventional MRI. Pre-RT DWIs were acquired in 3 orthogonal directions with b-values of 0, 1000, and 3000 s/mm(2). Hypercellularity volume (HCV) was defined on the high b-value (3000 s/mm(2)) DWI by a threshold method. Nonenhanced signified regions not covered by the Gd-enhanced gross tumor volume (GTV-Gd) on T1-weighted images. The PDV was used to evaluate spatial coverage of the HCV by the dose plan. Association between HCV and PFS or other clinical covariates were assessed using univariate proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS HCVs and nonenhanced HCVs varied from 0.58 to 67 cm(3) (median: 9.8 cm(3)) and 0.15 to 60 cm(3) (median: 2.5 cm(3)), respectively. Fourteen patients had incomplete dose coverage of the HCV, 6 of whom had >1 cm(3) HCV missed by the 95% PDV (range: 1.01-25.4 cm(3)). Of the 15 patients who progressed, 5 progressed earlier, within 6 months post-RT, and 10 patients afterward. Pre-RT HCVs within recurrent GTVs-Gd were 78% (range: 65%-89%) for the 5 earliest progressions but lower, 53% (range: 0%-85%), for the later progressions. HCV and nonenhanced HCV were significant negative prognostic indicators for PFS (P<.002 and P<.01, respectively). The hypercellularity subvolume not covered by the 95% PDV was a significant negative predictor for PFS (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS High b-value DWI identifies the hypercellular components of GB and could aid in RT target volume definition. Future studies will allow us to investigate the role of high b-value DWI in identifying radiation boost volumes and diagnosing progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka P Pramanik
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hemant A Parmar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aaron G Mammoser
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Larry R Junck
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michelle M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christina I Tsien
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are transmembrane efflux transporters that mediate cellular extrusion of a broad range of substrates ranging from amino acids, lipids, and ions to xenobiotics including many anticancer drugs. ABCB1 (P-GP) and ABCG2 (BCRP) are the most extensively studied apical ABC drug efflux transporters. They are highly expressed in apical membranes of many pharmacokinetically relevant tissues such as epithelial cells of the small intestine and endothelial cells of the blood capillaries in brain and testis, and in the placental maternal-fetal barrier. In these tissues, they have a protective function as they efflux their substrates back to the intestinal lumen or blood and thus restrict the intestinal uptake and tissue disposition of many compounds. This presents a major challenge for the use of many (anticancer) drugs, as most currently used anticancer drugs are substrates of these transporters. Herein, we review the latest findings on the role of apical ABC transporters in the disposition of anticancer drugs. We discuss that many new, rationally designed anticancer drugs are substrates of these transporters and that their oral availability and/or brain disposition are affected by this interaction. We also summarize studies that investigate the improvement of oral availability and brain disposition of many cytotoxic (e.g., taxanes) and rationally designed (e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitor) anticancer drugs, using chemical inhibitors of these transporters. These findings provide a better understanding of the importance of apical ABC transporters in chemotherapy and may therefore advance translation of promising preclinical insights and approaches to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvi Durmus
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J M A Hendrikx
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Despite 6 decades of research, only 3 drugs have been approved for astrocytomas, the most common malignant primary brain tumors. However, clinical drug development is accelerating with the transition from empirical, cytotoxic therapy to precision, targeted medicine. Preclinical animal model studies are critical for prioritizing drug candidates for clinical development and, ultimately, for their regulatory approval. For decades, only murine models with established tumor cell lines were available for such studies. However, these poorly represent the genomic and biological properties of human astrocytomas, and their preclinical use fails to accurately predict efficacy in clinical trials. Newer models developed over the last 2 decades, including patient-derived xenografts, genetically engineered mice, and genetically engineered cells purified from human brains, more faithfully phenocopy the genomics and biology of human astrocytomas. Harnessing the unique benefits of these models will be required to identify drug targets, define combination therapies that circumvent inherent and acquired resistance mechanisms, and develop molecular biomarkers predictive of drug response and resistance. With increasing recognition of the molecular heterogeneity of astrocytomas, employing multiple, contemporary models in preclinical drug studies promises to increase the efficiency of drug development for specific, molecularly defined subsets of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S McNeill
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Mark Vitucci
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Jing Wu
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
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Bhatnagar S, Zhu X, Ou J, Lin L, Chamberlain L, Zhu LJ, Wajapeyee N, Green MR. Genetic and pharmacological reactivation of the mammalian inactive X chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12591-8. [PMID: 25136103 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413620111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), the random transcriptional silencing of one X chromosome in somatic cells of female mammals, is a mechanism that ensures equal expression of X-linked genes in both sexes. XCI is initiated in cis by the noncoding Xist RNA, which coats the inactive X chromosome (Xi) from which it is produced. However, trans-acting factors that mediate XCI remain largely unknown. Here, we perform a large-scale RNA interference screen to identify trans-acting XCI factors (XCIFs) that comprise regulators of cell signaling and transcription, including the DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1. The expression pattern of the XCIFs explains the selective onset of XCI following differentiation. The XCIFs function, at least in part, by promoting expression and/or localization of Xist to the Xi. Surprisingly, we find that DNMT1, which is generally a transcriptional repressor, is an activator of Xist transcription. Small-molecule inhibitors of two of the XCIFs can reversibly reactivate the Xi, which has implications for treatment of Rett syndrome and other dominant X-linked diseases. A homozygous mouse knockout of one of the XCIFs, stanniocalcin 1 (STC1), has an expected XCI defect but surprisingly is phenotypically normal. Remarkably, X-linked genes are not overexpressed in female Stc1(-/-) mice, revealing the existence of a mechanism(s) that can compensate for a persistent XCI deficiency to regulate X-linked gene expression.
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Salphati L, Shahidi-Latham S, Quiason C, Barck K, Nishimura M, Alicke B, Pang J, Carano RA, Olivero AG, Phillips HS. Distribution of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Inhibitors Pictilisib (GDC-0941) and GNE-317 in U87 and GS2 Intracranial Glioblastoma Models—Assessment by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Imaging. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1110-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Heavey S, O’Byrne KJ, Gately K. Strategies for co-targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in NSCLC. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:445-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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48
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Peddi PF, Hurvitz SA. PI3K pathway inhibitors for the treatment of brain metastases with a focus on HER2+ breast cancer. J Neurooncol 2014; 117:7-13. [PMID: 24469856 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer brain metastases has increased in recent years, largely due to improved control of systemic disease with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted agents and the inability of most of these agents to efficiently cross the blood-blood barrier (BBB) and control central nervous system disease. There is, therefore, an urgent unmet need for treatments to prevent and treat HER2+ breast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs). Aberrant activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is frequently observed in many cancers, including primary breast tumors and BCBMs. Agents targeting key components of this pathway have demonstrated antitumor activity in diverse cancers, and may represent a new treatment strategy for BCBMs. In preclinical studies, several inhibitors of PI3K and mTOR have demonstrated an ability to penetrate the BBB and down-regulate PI3K signaling, indicating that these agents may be potential therapies for brain metastatic disease. The PI3K inhibitor buparlisib (BKM120) and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus (RAD001) are currently under evaluation in combination with trastuzumab in patients with HER2+ BCBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin F Peddi
- Division of Hematology Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, PVUB Suite 3360, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Metcalfe C, Alicke B, Crow A, Lamoureux M, Dijkgraaf GJP, Peale F, Gould SE, de Sauvage FJ. PTEN loss mitigates the response of medulloblastoma to Hedgehog pathway inhibition. Cancer Res 2013; 73:7034-42. [PMID: 24154871 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a cancer of the cerebellum, for which there is currently no approved targeted therapy. Recent transcriptomics approaches have demonstrated that medulloblastoma is composed of molecularly distinct subgroups, one of which is characterized by activation of the Hedgehog pathway, which in mouse models is sufficient to drive medulloblastoma development. There is thus considerable interest in targeting the Hedgehog pathway for therapeutic benefit in medulloblastoma, particularly given the recent approval of the Hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib for metastatic and locally advanced basal cell carcinoma. Like other molecularly targeted therapies, however, there have been reports of acquired resistance to vismodegib, driven by secondary Hedgehog pathway mutations and potentially by activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Given that acquired resistance to vismodegib may occur as a result of inappropriate PI3K pathway activation, we asked if loss of the PI3K pathway regulator, phosphatase and tensin homologue (Pten), which has been reported to occur in patients within the Hedgehog subgroup, would constitute a mechanism of innate resistance to vismodegib in Hedgehog-driven medulloblastoma. We find that Hedgehog pathway inhibition successfully restrains growth of Pten-deficient medulloblastoma in this mouse model, but does not drive tumor regression, as it does in Pten-wild-type medulloblastoma. Combined inhibition of the Hedgehog and PI3K pathways may lead to superior antitumor activity in PTEN-deficient medulloblastoma in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Metcalfe
- Authors' Affiliation: Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
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50
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Dasgupta T, Haas-Kogan DA. The combination of novel targeted molecular agents and radiation in the treatment of pediatric gliomas. Front Oncol 2013; 3:110. [PMID: 23717811 PMCID: PMC3650671 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are the most common solid pediatric malignancy. For high-grade, recurrent, or refractory pediatric brain tumors, radiation therapy (XRT) is an integral treatment modality. In the era of personalized cancer therapy, molecularly targeted agents have been designed to inhibit pathways critical to tumorigenesis. Our evolving knowledge of genetic aberrations in pediatric gliomas is being exploited with the use of specific targeted inhibitors. These agents are additionally being combined with XRT to increase the efficacy and duration of local control. In this review, we discuss novel agents targeting three different pathways in gliomas, and their potential combination with XRT. BRAF is a serine/threonine kinase in the RAS/RAF/MAPK kinase pathway, which is integral to cellular division, survival, and metabolism. Two-thirds of pilocytic astrocytomas, a low-grade pediatric glioma, contain a translocation within the BRAF gene called KIAA1549:BRAF that causes an overactivation of the MEK/MAPK signaling cascade. In vitro and in vivo data support the use of MEK or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors in low-grade gliomas expressing this translocation. Additionally, 15-20% of high-grade pediatric gliomas express BRAF V600E, an activating mutation of the BRAF gene. Pre-clinical in vivo and in vitro data in BRAF V600E gliomas demonstrate dramatic cooperation between XRT and small molecule inhibitors of BRAF V600E. Another major signaling cascade that plays a role in pediatric glioma pathogenesis is the PI3-kinase (PI3K)/mTOR pathway, known to be upregulated in the majority of high- and low-grade pediatric gliomas. Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors are in clinical trials for adult high-grade gliomas and are poised to enter studies of pediatric tumors. Finally, many brain tumors express potent stimulators of angiogenesis that render them refractory to treatment. An analog of thalidomide, CC-5103 increases the secretion of critical cytokines of the tumor microenvironment, including IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10, and is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of recurrent or refractory pediatric central nervous system tumors. In summary, several targeted inhibitors with radiation are currently under investigation in both translational bench research and early clinical trials. This review article summarizes the molecular rationale for, and the pre-clinical data supporting the combinations of these targeted agents with other anti-cancer agents and XRT in pediatric gliomas. In many cases, parallels are drawn to molecular mechanisms and targeted inhibitors of adult gliomas. We additionally discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the efficacy of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Dasgupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daphne A. Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
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