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Meher N, Ashley GW, Bobba KN, Wadhwa A, Bidkar AP, Dasari C, Mu C, Sankaranarayanan RA, Serrano JAC, Raveendran A, Bulkley DP, Aggarwal R, Greenland NY, Oskowitz A, Wilson DM, Seo Y, Santi DV, VanBrocklin HF, Flavell RR. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Targeted StarPEG Nanocarrier for Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2304618. [PMID: 38700450 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The tumor uptake of large non-targeted nanocarriers primarily occurs through passive extravasation, known as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Prior studies demonstrated improved tumor uptake and retention of 4-arm 40 kDa star polyethylene glycol (StarPEG) polymers for cancer imaging by adding prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting small molecule ligands. To test PSMA-targeted delivery and therapeutic efficacy, StarPEG nanodrugs with/without three copies of PSMA-targeting ligands, ACUPA, are designed and synthesized. For single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging and therapy, each nanocarrier is labeled with 177Lu using DOTA radiometal chelator. The radiolabeled nanodrugs, [177Lu]PEG-(DOTA)1 and [177Lu]PEG-(DOTA)1(ACUPA)3, are evaluated in vitro and in vivo using PSMA+ PC3-Pip and/or PSMA- PC3-Flu cell lines, subcutaneous xenografts and disseminated metastatic models. The nanocarriers are efficiently radiolabeled with 177Lu with molar activities 10.8-15.8 MBq/nmol. Besides excellent in vitro PSMA binding affinity (kD = 51.7 nM), the targeted nanocarrier, [177Lu]PEG-(DOTA)1(ACUPA)3, demonstrated excellent in vivo SPECT imaging contrast with 21.3% ID/g PC3-Pip tumors uptake at 192 h. Single doses of 18.5 MBq [177Lu]PEG-(DOTA)1(ACUPA)3 showed complete resolution of the PC3-Pip xenografts observed up to 138 days. Along with PSMA-targeted excellent imaging contrast, these results demonstrated high treatment efficacy of [177Lu]PEG-(DOTA)1(ACUPA)3 for prostate cancer, with potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Meher
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, 226002, India
| | | | - Kondapa Naidu Bobba
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Anju Wadhwa
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Anil P Bidkar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Dasari
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0981, USA
| | - Changhua Mu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | | - Juan A Camara Serrano
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0957, USA
| | - Athira Raveendran
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - David P Bulkley
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0957, USA
| | - Nancy Y Greenland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158-2517, USA
| | - Adam Oskowitz
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0981, USA
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0957, USA
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0957, USA
| | | | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0957, USA
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0957, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Carreras CW, Fontaine SD, Reid RR, Ashley GW, Santi DV. Long-Acting Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor Prodrug for Humans. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:551-558. [PMID: 38591781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have been approved for once or twice daily oral use in the treatment of cancers with BRCA defects. However, for some patients, oral administration of PARPi may be impractical or intolerable, and a long-acting injectable formulation is desirable. We recently developed a long-acting PEGylated PARPi prodrug, PEG∼talazoparib (TLZ), which suppressed the growth of PARPi-sensitive tumors in mice for very long periods. However, the release rate of TLZ from the conjugate was too fast to be optimal in humans. We prepared several new PEG∼TLZ prodrugs having longer half-lives of drug release and accurately measured their pharmacokinetics in the rat. Using the rates of release of TLZ from these prodrugs and the known pharmacokinetics of free TLZ in humans, we simulated the pharmacokinetics of the macromolecular prodrugs and released TLZ in humans. From several possibilities, we chose two conjugates that could be administered intravenously every 2 weeks and maintain TLZ within its known therapeutic window. We describe situations where the PEG∼TLZ conjugates would find utility in humans and suggest how the intravenously administered long-acting prodrugs could in fact be more effective than daily oral administration of free TLZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaun D Fontaine
- ProLynx, Inc., 135 Mississippi Street, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Ralph R Reid
- ProLynx, Inc., 135 Mississippi Street, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Gary W Ashley
- ProLynx, Inc., 135 Mississippi Street, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Daniel V Santi
- ProLynx, Inc., 135 Mississippi Street, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
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Pant T, Uche N, Juric M, Zielonka J, Bai X. Regulation of immunomodulatory networks by Nrf2-activation in immune cells: Redox control and therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103077. [PMID: 38359749 PMCID: PMC10877431 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases present a serious health challenge due to their widespread prevalence and the severe impact on patients' lives. In the quest to alleviate the burden of these diseases, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has emerged as a pivotal player. As a transcription factor intimately involved in cellular defense against metabolic and oxidative stress, Nrf2's role in modulating the inflammatory responses of immune cells has garnered significant attention. Recent findings suggest that Nrf2's ability to alter the redox status of cells underlies its regulatory effects on immune responses. Our review delves into preclinical and clinical evidence that underscores the complex influence of Nrf2 activators on immune cell phenotypes, particularly in the inflammatory milieu. By offering a detailed analysis of Nrf2's role in different immune cell populations, we cast light on the potential of Nrf2 activators in shaping the immune response towards a more regulated state, mitigating the adverse effects of inflammation through modeling redox status of immune cells. Furthermore, we explore the innovative use of nanoencapsulation techniques that enhance the delivery and efficacy of Nrf2 activators, potentially advancing the treatment strategies for inflammatory ailments. We hope this review will stimulate the development and expansion of Nrf2-targeted treatments that could substantially improve outcomes for patients suffering from a broad range of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Pant
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Nnamdi Uche
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matea Juric
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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Cooley MB, Wegierak D, Exner AA. Using imaging modalities to predict nanoparticle distribution and treatment efficacy in solid tumors: The growing role of ultrasound. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2024; 16:e1957. [PMID: 38558290 PMCID: PMC11006412 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanomedicine in oncology has not had the success in clinical impact that was anticipated in the early stages of the field's development. Ideally, nanomedicines selectively accumulate in tumor tissue and reduce systemic side effects compared to traditional chemotherapeutics. However, this has been more successful in preclinical animal models than in humans. The causes of this failure to translate may be related to the intra- and inter-patient heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. Predicting whether a patient will respond positively to treatment prior to its initiation, through evaluation of characteristics like nanoparticle extravasation and retention potential in the tumor, may be a way to improve nanomedicine success rate. While there are many potential strategies to accomplish this, prediction and patient stratification via noninvasive medical imaging may be the most efficient and specific strategy. There have been some preclinical and clinical advances in this area using MRI, CT, PET, and other modalities. An alternative approach that has not been studied as extensively is biomedical ultrasound, including techniques such as multiparametric contrast-enhanced ultrasound (mpCEUS), doppler, elastography, and super-resolution processing. Ultrasound is safe, inexpensive, noninvasive, and capable of imaging the entire tumor with high temporal and spatial resolution. In this work, we summarize the in vivo imaging tools that have been used to predict nanoparticle distribution and treatment efficacy in oncology. We emphasize ultrasound imaging and the recent developments in the field concerning CEUS. The successful implementation of an imaging strategy for prediction of nanoparticle accumulation in tumors could lead to increased clinical translation of nanomedicines, and subsequently, improved patient outcomes. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela B Cooley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Dana Wegierak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Agata A Exner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Santi DV, Ashley GW, Cabel L, Bidard FC. Could a Long-Acting Prodrug of SN-38 be Efficacious in Sacituzumab Govitecan-Resistant Tumors? BioDrugs 2024; 38:171-176. [PMID: 38236523 PMCID: PMC10912420 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-024-00643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
We previously proposed that sacituzumab govitecan (SG, Trodelvy®) likely acts as a simple prodrug of systemic SN-38 as well as an antibody drug conjugate (ADC). In the present commentary, we assess whether a long-acting SN-38 prodrug, such as PLX038, might be efficacious in SG-resistant patients. We first describe possible mechanisms of action of SG, with new insights on pharmacokinetics and TROP2 receptor occupancy. We argue that SG is not an optimal conventional ADC and that the amount of systemic SN-38 spontaneously hydrolyzed from the ADC is so high it must have activity. Then, we describe the concept of time-over-target as related to the pharmacology of SG and PLX038 as SN-38 prodrugs. To be clear, we are not in any way suggesting that PLX038 or any SN-38 prodrug is superior to SG as an anticancer agent. Clearly, SG has the benefit over antigen-independent SN-38 prodrugs in that it targets cells with the TROP2 receptor. However, we surmise that PLX038 should be a more efficacious and less toxic prodrug of systemic SN-38 than SG. Finally, we suggest possible mechanisms of SG resistance and how PLX038 might perform in the context of each. Taken together, we argue that-contrary to many opinions-SG does not exclusively act as a conventional ADC, and propose that PLX038 may be efficacious in some settings of SG-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Santi
- Prolynx, Inc., 135 Mississippi Street, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Gary W Ashley
- Prolynx, Inc., 135 Mississippi Street, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Luc Cabel
- Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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Cooley MB, Wegierak D, Perera R, Abenojar EC, Nittayacharn PA, Berg FM, Kim Y, Kolios MC, Exner AA. Assessing Tumor Microenvironment Characteristics and Stratifying EPR with a Nanobubble Companion Nanoparticle via Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.20.567934. [PMID: 38045236 PMCID: PMC10690218 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is characterized by dysfunctional endothelial cells, resulting in heightened vascular permeability. Many nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems attempt to use this enhanced permeability combined with impaired lymphatic drainage (a concept known as the 'enhanced permeability and retention effect' or EPR effect) as the primary strategy for drug delivery, but this has not proven to be as clinically effective as anticipated. The specific mechanisms behind the inconsistent clinical outcomes of nanotherapeutics have not been clearly articulated, and the field has been hampered by a lack of accessible tools to study EPR-associated phenomena in clinically relevant scenarios. While medical imaging has tremendous potential to contribute to this area, it has not been broadly explored. This work examines, for the first time, the use of multiparametric dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) with a novel nanoscale contrast agent to examine tumor microenvironment characteristics noninvasively and in real-time. We demonstrate that CEUS imaging can: (1) evaluate tumor microenvironment features and (2) be used to help predict the distribution of doxorubicin-loaded liposomes in the tumor parenchyma. CEUS using nanobubbles (NBs) was carried out in two tumor types of high (LS174T) and low (U87) vascular permeability, and time-intensity curve (TIC) parameters were evaluated in both models prior to injection of doxorubicin liposomes. Consistently, LS174T tumors showed significantly different TIC parameters, including area under the rising curve (2.7x), time to peak intensity (1.9x) and decorrelation time (DT, 1.9x) compared to U87 tumors. Importantly, the DT parameter successfully predicted tumoral nanoparticle distribution (r = 0.86 ± 0.13). Ultimately, substantial differences in NB-CEUS generated parameters between LS174T and U87 tumors suggest that this method may be useful in determining tumor vascular permeability and could be used as a biomarker for identifying tumor characteristics and predicting sensitivity to nanoparticle-based therapies. These findings could ultimately be applied to predicting treatment efficacy and to evaluating EPR in other diseases with pathologically permeable vasculature.
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Abstract
The responses of patients to tumor therapies vary due to tumor heterogeneity. Tumor stratification has been attracting increasing attention for accurately distinguishing between responders to treatment and non-responders. Nanoprobes with unique physical and chemical properties have great potential for patient stratification. This review begins by describing the features and design principles of nanoprobes that can visualize specific cell types and biomarkers and release inflammatory factors during or before tumor treatment. Then, we focus on the recent advancements in using nanoprobes to stratify various therapeutic modalities, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy (RT), photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), ferroptosis, and immunotherapy. The main challenges and perspectives of nanoprobes in cancer stratification are also discussed to facilitate probe development and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Ma
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Mingchuan Mao
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi He
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
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Richfield O, Piotrowski-Daspit AS, Shin K, Saltzman WM. Rational nanoparticle design: Optimization using insights from experiments and mathematical models. J Control Release 2023; 360:772-783. [PMID: 37442201 PMCID: PMC10529591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles are highly tunable drug delivery systems that show promise in targeting therapeutics to specific sites within the body. Rational nanoparticle design can make use of mathematical models to organize and extend experimental data, allowing for optimization of nanoparticles for particular drug delivery applications. While rational nanoparticle design is attractive from the standpoint of improving therapy and reducing unnecessary experiments, it has yet to be fully realized. The difficulty lies in the complexity of nanoparticle structure and behavior, which is added to the complexity of the physiological mechanisms involved in nanoparticle distribution throughout the body. In this review, we discuss the most important aspects of rational design of polymeric nanoparticles. Ultimately, we conclude that many experimental datasets are required to fully model polymeric nanoparticle behavior at multiple scales. Further, we suggest ways to consider the limitations and uncertainty of experimental data in creating nanoparticle design optimization schema, which we call quantitative nanoparticle design frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Richfield
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Kwangsoo Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Fontaine SD, Carreras CW, Reid RR, Ashley GW, Santi DV. A Very Long-acting Exatecan and Its Synergism with DNA Damage Response Inhibitors. Cancer Res Commun 2023; 3:908-916. [PMID: 37377899 PMCID: PMC10208276 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Exatecan (Exa) is a very potent inhibitor of topoisomerase I and anticancer agent. It has been intensively studied as a single agent, a large macromolecular conjugate and as the payload component of antigen-dependent antibody-drug conjugates. The current work describes an antigen-independent conjugate of Exa with polyethylene glycol (PEG) that slowly releases free Exa. Exa was conjugated to a 4-arm 40 kDa PEG through a β-eliminative cleavable linker. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice showed that the conjugate has an apparent circulating half-life of 12 hours, which reflects a composite of both the rate of renal elimination (half-life ∼18 hours) and release of Exa (half-life ∼40 hours). Remarkably, a single low dose of 10 μmol/kg PEG-Exa-only approximately 0.2 μmol/mouse-caused complete suppression of tumor growth of BRCA1-deficient MX-1 xenografts lasting over 40 days. A single low dose of 2.5 μmol/kg PEG-Exa administered with low but efficacious doses of the PARP inhibitor talazoparib showed strong synergy and caused significant tumor regression. Furthermore, the same low, single dose of PEG-Exa administered with the ATR inhibitor VX970 at doses of the DNA damage response inhibitor that do not affect tumor growth show high tumor regression, strong synergy, and synthetic lethality. Significance A circulating conjugate that slowly releases Exa is described. It is efficacious after a single dose and synergistic with ATR and PARP inhibitors.
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Meher N, VanBrocklin HF, Wilson DM, Flavell RR. PSMA-Targeted Nanotheranostics for Imaging and Radiotherapy of Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:315. [PMID: 37259457 PMCID: PMC9964110 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted nanotheranostic systems offer significant benefits due to the integration of diagnostic and therapeutic functionality, promoting personalized medicine. In recent years, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has emerged as an ideal theranostic target, fueling multiple new drug approvals and changing the standard of care in prostate cancer (PCa). PSMA-targeted nanosystems such as self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs), liposomal structures, water-soluble polymers, dendrimers, and other macromolecules are under development for PCa theranostics due to their multifunctional sensing and therapeutic capabilities. Herein, we discuss the significance and up-to-date development of "PSMA-targeted nanocarrier systems for radioligand imaging and therapy of PCa". The review also highlights critical parameters for designing nanostructured radiopharmaceuticals for PCa, including radionuclides and their chelators, PSMA-targeting ligands, and the EPR effect. Finally, prospects and potential for clinical translation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Meher
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Henry F. VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Chintamaneni PK, Nagasen D, Babu KC, Mourya A, Madan J, Srinivasarao DA, Ramachandra RK, Santhoshi PM, Pindiprolu SKSS. Engineered upconversion nanocarriers for synergistic breast cancer imaging and therapy: Current state of art. J Control Release 2022; 352:652-672. [PMID: 36328078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Early diagnosis and effective therapeutic interventions are critical determinants that can improve survival and quality of life in breast cancer patients. Nanotheranostics are emerging interventions that offer the dual benefit of in vivo diagnosis and therapeutics through a single nano-sized carrier. Rare earth metal-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with their ability to convert near-infrared light to visible light or UV light in vivo settings have gained special attraction due to their unique luminescence and tumor-targeting properties. In this review, we have discussed applications of UCNPs in drug and gene delivery, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and tumor targeting in breast cancer. Further, present challenges and future opportunities for UCNPs in breast cancer treatment have also been mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Chintamaneni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Rudraram, 502329 Telangana, India.
| | - Dasari Nagasen
- Aditya Pharmacy College, Surampalem 533437, India; Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada 533003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Katta Chanti Babu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Atul Mourya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Dadi A Srinivasarao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India.
| | - R K Ramachandra
- Crystal Growth and Nanoscience Research Center, Department of Physics, Government College (A), Rajamahendravaram, Andhra Pradesh, India; Government Degree College, Chodavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - P Madhuri Santhoshi
- Crystal Growth and Nanoscience Research Center, Department of Physics, Government College (A), Rajamahendravaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sai Kiran S S Pindiprolu
- Aditya Pharmacy College, Surampalem 533437, India; Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada 533003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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12
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Meher N, Ashley GW, Bidkar AP, Dhrona S, Fong C, Fontaine SD, Beckford Vera DR, Wilson DM, Seo Y, Santi DV, VanBrocklin HF, Flavell RR. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Targeted Deep Tumor Penetration of Polymer Nanocarriers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:50569-50582. [PMID: 36318757 PMCID: PMC9673064 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumoral uptake of large-size nanoparticles is mediated by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, with variable accumulation and heterogenous tumor tissue penetration depending on the tumor phenotype. The performance of nanocarriers via specific targeting has the potential to improve imaging contrast and therapeutic efficacy in vivo with increased deep tissue penetration. To address this hypothesis, we designed and synthesized prostate cancer-targeting starPEG nanocarriers (40 kDa, 15 nm), [89Zr]PEG-(DFB)3(ACUPA)1 and [89Zr]PEG-(DFB)1(ACUPA)3, with one or three prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting ACUPA ligands. The in vitro PSMA binding affinity and in vivo pharmacokinetics of the targeted nanocarriers were compared with a nontargeted starPEG, [89Zr]PEG-(DFB)4, in PSMA+ PC3-Pip and PSMA- PC3-Flu cells, and xenografts. Increasing the number of ACUPA ligands improved the in vitro binding affinity of PEG-derived polymers to PC3-Pip cells. While both PSMA-targeted nanocarriers significantly improved tissue penetration in PC3-Pip tumors, the multivalent [89Zr]PEG-(DFB)1(ACUPA)3 showed a remarkably higher PC3-Pip/blood ratio and background clearance. In contrast, the nontargeted [89Zr]PEG-(DFB)4 showed low EPR-mediated accumulation with poor tumor tissue penetration. Overall, ACUPA conjugated targeted starPEGs significantly improve tumor retention with deep tumor tissue penetration in low EPR PC3-Pip xenografts. These data suggest that PSMA targeting with multivalent ACUPA ligands may be a generally applicable strategy to increase nanocarrier delivery to prostate cancer. These targeted multivalent nanocarriers with high tumor binding and low healthy tissue retention could be employed in imaging and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Meher
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Gary W. Ashley
- ProLynx
Inc., San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Anil P. Bidkar
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Suchi Dhrona
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Cyril Fong
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | | | - Denis R. Beckford Vera
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen
Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen
Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
| | - Daniel V. Santi
- ProLynx
Inc., San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Henry F. VanBrocklin
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen
Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen
Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, United States
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13
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Thomas A, Fontaine SD, Diolaiti ME, Desai P, Kumar R, Takahashi N, Sciuto L, Nichols S, Ashworth A, Feng FY, Ashley GW, Nguyen M, Pommier Y, Santi DV. PLX038: A Long-Acting Topoisomerase I Inhibitor With Robust Antitumor Activity in ATM-Deficient Tumors and Potent Synergy With PARP Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1722-1728. [PMID: 35999657 PMCID: PMC10673686 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the ATM gene are among the most common somatic and hereditary cancer mutations, and ATM-deficient tumors are hypersensitive to DNA-damaging agents. A synthetic lethal combination of DNA-damaging agents and DNA repair inhibitors could have widespread utility in ATM-deficient cancers. However, overlapping normal tissue toxicities from these drug classes have precluded their clinical translation. We investigated PLX038, a releasable polyethylene glycol-conjugate of the topoisomerase I inhibitor SN-38, in ATM wild-type and null isogenic xenografts and in a BRCA1-deficient xenograft. PLX038 monotherapy and combination with PARP inhibition potently inhibited the growth of both BRCA1- and ATM-deficient tumors. A patient with an ATM-mutated breast cancer treated with PLX038 and the PARP inhibitor rucaparib achieved rapid, symptomatic, and radiographic complete response lasting 12 months. Single-agent PLX038 or PLX038 in combination with DNA damage response inhibitors are novel therapeutic paradigms for patients with ATM-loss cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Morgan E. Diolaiti
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan Ashworth
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Felix Y. Feng
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
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14
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Hu H, Quintana J, Weissleder R, Parangi S, Miller M. Deciphering albumin-directed drug delivery by imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114237. [PMID: 35364124 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, exhibits extended circulating half-life, and its properties have long been exploited for diagnostics and therapies. Many drugs intrinsically bind albumin or have been designed to do so, yet questions remain about true rate limiting factors that govern albumin-based transport and their pharmacological impacts, particularly in advanced solid cancers. Imaging techniques have been central to quantifying - at a molecular and single-cell level - the impact of mechanisms such as phagocytic immune cell signaling, FcRn-mediated recycling, oncogene-driven macropinocytosis, and albumin-drug interactions on spatial albumin deposition and related pharmacology. Macroscopic imaging of albumin-binding probes quantifies vessel structure, permeability, and supports efficiently targeted molecular imaging. Albumin-based imaging in patients and animal disease models thus offers a strategy to understand mechanisms, guide drug development and personalize treatments.
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15
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Boghaert ER, Cox MC, Vaidya KS. Pathophysiological and pharmacological considerations to improve the design and application of antibody-drug conjugates. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1858-1869. [PMID: 35298624 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) have emerged as one of the pillars of clinical disease management in oncology. The biggest hurdle to widespread development and application of ADCs has been a narrow therapeutic index. Advances in antibody technologies and formats as well as novel linker and payload chemistries have begun to facilitate structural improvements to ADCs. However, the interplay of structural characteristics with physiologic and pharmacologic factors determining therapeutic success has garnered less attention. This review elaborates on the pharmacology of ADCs, the pathophysiology of cancerous tissues, and the reciprocal consequences on ADC properties and functions. While most currently approved ADCs utilize either microtubule inhibition or DNA damage as primary mechanisms of action, we present arguments to expand this repertoire and highlight the need for payload mechanisms that exploit disease-specific vulnerabilities. We promote the idea that the choice of antibody format, targeting antigen, linker properties, and payload of an ADC should be deliberately fit for purpose by taking the pathophysiology of disease and the specific pharmacology of the drug entity into account, thus allowing a higher probability of clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan C Cox
- Abbvie, Inc., North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kedar S Vaidya
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals (United States), Palo Alto, CA, United States
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16
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Phua VJX, Yang CT, Xia B, Yan SX, Liu J, Aw SE, He T, Ng DCE. Nanomaterial Probes for Nuclear Imaging. Nanomaterials 2022; 12:nano12040582. [PMID: 35214911 PMCID: PMC8875160 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear imaging is a powerful non-invasive imaging technique that is rapidly developing in medical theranostics. Nuclear imaging requires radiolabeling isotopes for non-invasive imaging through the radioactive decay emission of the radionuclide. Nuclear imaging probes, commonly known as radiotracers, are radioisotope-labeled small molecules. Nanomaterials have shown potential as nuclear imaging probes for theranostic applications. By modifying the surface of nanomaterials, multifunctional radio-labeled nanomaterials can be obtained for in vivo biodistribution and targeting in initial animal imaging studies. Various surface modification strategies have been developed, and targeting moieties have been attached to the nanomaterials to render biocompatibility and enable specific targeting. Through integration of complementary imaging probes to a single nanoparticulate, multimodal molecular imaging can be performed as images with high sensitivity, resolution, and specificity. In this review, nanomaterial nuclear imaging probes including inorganic nanomaterials such as quantum dots (QDs), organic nanomaterials such as liposomes, and exosomes are summarized. These new developments in nanomaterials are expected to introduce a paradigm shift in nuclear imaging, thereby creating new opportunities for theranostic medical imaging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Jing Xin Phua
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (S.X.Y.); (S.E.A.); (D.C.E.N.)
| | - Chang-Tong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (S.X.Y.); (S.E.A.); (D.C.E.N.)
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6326-5666
| | - Bin Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (B.X.); (T.H.)
| | - Sean Xuexian Yan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (S.X.Y.); (S.E.A.); (D.C.E.N.)
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Swee Eng Aw
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (S.X.Y.); (S.E.A.); (D.C.E.N.)
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Tao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (B.X.); (T.H.)
| | - David Chee Eng Ng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (S.X.Y.); (S.E.A.); (D.C.E.N.)
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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17
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Del Pozo V, Robles AJ, Fontaine SD, Liu Q, Michalek JE, Houghton PJ, Kurmasheva RT. PEGylated talazoparib enhances therapeutic window of its combination with temozolomide in Ewing sarcoma. iScience 2022; 25:103725. [PMID: 35098099 PMCID: PMC8783091 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapy is ineffective for relapsed and metastatic Ewing sarcoma (EwS) owing to development of drug resistance. Macromolecular prodrugs potentially lead to lower drug exposure in normal tissues and reduced toxicity. We evaluated the efficacy of PEGylated talazoparib (PEG∼TLZ), a PARP1 inhibitor, alone or in combination with the DNA-alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) in EwS and other pediatric tumors using conventional testing or single-mouse trial (SMT). A single dose of PEG∼TLZ (10 μmol/kg on day 0) combined with 5 daily doses of TMZ (40 mg/kg starting on day 3/4) produced minimal toxicity, and the combination achieved maintained complete response in EwS and glioblastoma models. The SMT trial with the 3-day interval between PEG∼TLZ and TMZ resulted in objective responses in EwS and other xenografts. Thus, PEG∼TLZ + TMZ demonstrated a broad range of activity in pediatric solid tumor models. Furthermore, the therapeutic window of PEG∼TLZ + TMZ was enhanced compared with the free-TLZ combination. Nanoparticle-formulated drugs minimize drug-induced toxicity PEG∼TLZ enhances in vivo activity of TMZ in pediatric tumor xenografts A 3-day interval between each drug's administration widens the therapeutic window A single IV dose of PEG∼TLZ is advantageous for treating infants/young children
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18
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Grilc NK, Sova M, Kristl J. Drug Delivery Strategies for Curcumin and Other Natural Nrf2 Modulators of Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2137. [PMID: 34959418 PMCID: PMC8708625 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with a wide range of diseases characterised by oxidant-mediated disturbances of various signalling pathways and cellular damage. The only effective strategy for the prevention of cellular damage is to limit the production of oxidants and support their efficient removal. The implication of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in the cellular redox status has spurred new interest in the use of its natural modulators (e.g., curcumin, resveratrol). Unfortunately, most natural Nrf2 modulators are poorly soluble and show extensive pre-systemic metabolism, low oral bioavailability, and rapid elimination, which necessitates formulation strategies to circumvent these limitations. This paper provides a brief introduction on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in Nrf2 modulation and an overview of commonly studied formulations for the improvement of oral bioavailability and in vivo pharmacokinetics of Nrf2 modulators. Some formulations that have also been studied in vivo are discussed, including solid dispersions, self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems, and nanotechnology approaches, such as polymeric and solid lipid nanoparticles, nanocrystals, and micelles. Lastly, brief considerations of nano drug delivery systems for the delivery of Nrf2 modulators to the brain, are provided. The literature reviewed shows that the formulations discussed can provide various improvements to the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of natural Nrf2 modulators. This has been demonstrated in animal models and clinical studies, thereby increasing the potential for the translation of natural Nrf2 modulators into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Katarina Grilc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Matej Sova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Julijana Kristl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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19
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Meher N, Seo K, Wang S, Bidkar AP, Fogarty M, Dhrona S, Huang X, Tang R, Blaha C, Evans MJ, Raleigh DR, Jun YW, VanBrocklin HF, Desai TA, Wilson DM, Ozawa T, Flavell RR. Synthesis and Preliminary Biological Assessment of Carborane-Loaded Theranostic Nanoparticles to Target Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:54739-54752. [PMID: 34752058 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an encouraging therapeutic modality for cancer treatment. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a cell membrane protein that is abundantly overexpressed in prostate cancer and can be targeted with radioligand therapies to stimulate clinical responses in patients. In principle, a spatially targeted neutron beam together with specifically targeted PSMA ligands could enable prostate cancer-targeted BNCT. Thus, we developed and tested PSMA-targeted poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-b-PEG) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with carborane and tethered to the radiometal chelator deferoxamine B (DFB) for simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and selective delivery of boron to prostate cancer. Monomeric PLGA-b-PEGs were covalently functionalized with either DFB or the PSMA ligand ACUPA. Different nanoparticle formulations were generated by nanoemulsification of the corresponding unmodified and DFB- or ACUPA-modified monomers in varying percent fractions. The nanoparticles were efficiently labeled with 89Zr and were subjected to in vitro and in vivo evaluation. The optimized DFB(25)ACUPA(75) NPs exhibited strong in vitro binding to PSMA in direct binding and competition radioligand binding assays in PSMA(+) PC3-Pip cells. [89Zr]DFB(25) NPs and [89Zr]DFB(25)ACUPA(75) NPs were injected to mice with bilateral PSMA(-) PC3-Flu and PSMA(+) PC3-Pip dual xenografts. The NPs demonstrated twofold superior accumulation in PC3-Pip tumors to that of PC3-Flu tumors with a tumor/blood ratio of 25; however, no substantial effect of the ACUPA ligands was detected. Moreover, fast release of carborane from the NPs was observed, resulting in a low boron delivery to tumors in vivo. In summary, these data demonstrate the synthesis, characterization, and initial biological assessment of PSMA-targeted, carborane-loaded PLGA-b-PEG nanoparticles and establish the foundation for future efforts to enable their best use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Meher
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Kyounghee Seo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Sinan Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Anil P Bidkar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Miko Fogarty
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Suchi Dhrona
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ryan Tang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Charles Blaha
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, United States
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Young-Wook Jun
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
| | - Tejal A Desai
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
| | - Tomoko Ozawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, United States
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20
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Escudé Martinez de Castilla P, Tong L, Huang C, Sofias AM, Pastorin G, Chen X, Storm G, Schiffelers RM, Wang JW. Extracellular vesicles as a drug delivery system: A systematic review of preclinical studies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113801. [PMID: 34015418 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an attractive drug delivery system. Here, we assess their pre-clinical applications, in the form of a systematic review. For each study published in the past decade, disease models, animal species, EV donor cell types, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), EV surface modifications, API loading methods, EV size and charge, estimation of EV purity, presence of biodistribution studies and administration routes were quantitatively analyzed in a defined and reproducible way. We have interpreted the trends we observe over the past decade, to define the niches where to apply EVs for drug delivery in the future and to provide a basis for regulatory guidelines.
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21
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Augustine R, Mamun AA, Hasan A, Salam SA, Chandrasekaran R, Ahmed R, Thakor AS. Imaging cancer cells with nanostructures: Prospects of nanotechnology driven non-invasive cancer diagnosis. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 294:102457. [PMID: 34144344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanostructured materials in medicine is a rapidly evolving area of research that includes both the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Metals, metal oxides and carbon-based nanomaterials have shown much promise in medical technological advancements due to their tunable physical, chemical and biological properties. The nanoscale properties, especially the size, shape, surface chemistry and stability makes them highly desirable for diagnosing and treating various diseases, including cancers. Major applications of nanomaterials in cancer diagnosis include in vivo bioimaging and molecular marker detection, mainly as image contrast agents using modalities such as radio, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound imaging. When a suitable targeting ligand is attached on the nanomaterial surface, it can help pinpoint the disease site during imaging. The application of nanostructured materials in cancer diagnosis can help in the early detection, treatment and patient follow-up . This review aims to gather and present the information regarding the application of nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis. We also discuss the challenges and prospects regarding the application of nanomaterials as cancer diagnostic tools.
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22
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Chen X, Bremner DH, Ye Y, Lou J, Niu S, Zhu LM. A dual-prodrug nanoparticle based on chitosan oligosaccharide for enhanced tumor-targeted drug delivery. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne B. Ashford
- Advanced Drug Delivery Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Richard M. England
- Advanced Drug Delivery Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Nadim Akhtar
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
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24
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Li L, He H, Jiang S, Qi J, Lu Y, Ding N, Lin HS, Wu W, Xiang X. Simulation of the In Vivo Fate of Polymeric Nanoparticles Traced by Environment-Responsive Near-Infrared Dye: A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling Approach. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051271. [PMID: 33652827 PMCID: PMC7956253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to nanoparticles is still very restricted and challenging, owing to the complicated in vivo transport mechanisms involving nanoparticles, including phagocytosis, enhanced permeability and retention effects, cellular recognition, and internalisation, enzymatic degradation, lymphatic transport, and changes in physical properties. In our study, five nanoparticle formulations were synthesised using polycaprolactone as a framework material and methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) as a long-circulating decorating material, as well as types of environmentally responsive near-infrared aza-boron-dipyrromethene dyes. According to quantification data and direct visualisation involving specific organs, a phagocytosis physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the dynamics of nanoparticles within and between organs in mice, considering cellular mechanisms involving phagocytosis and enhanced permeability and retention effects. Our results offer a better understanding of the in vivo fate of polymeric nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Haisheng He
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE and PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; (H.H.); (J.Q.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sifang Jiang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Jianping Qi
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE and PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; (H.H.); (J.Q.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE and PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; (H.H.); (J.Q.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Hai-Shu Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China;
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE and PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; (H.H.); (J.Q.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (X.X.); Tel.: +86-021-5198-0084 (W.W.); +86-021-5198-0024 (X.X.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China;
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (X.X.); Tel.: +86-021-5198-0084 (W.W.); +86-021-5198-0024 (X.X.)
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Abstract
Nanomaterials offer unique physical, chemical and biological properties of interest for medical imaging and therapy. Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing effort to translate nanomaterial-based medicinal products (so-called nanomedicines) into clinical practice and, although multiple nanoparticle-based formulations are clinically available, there is still a disparity between the number of pre-clinical products and those that reach clinical approval. To facilitate the efficient clinical translation of nanomedicinal-drugs, it is important to study their whole-body biodistribution and pharmacokinetics from the early stages of their development. Integrating this knowledge with that of their therapeutic profile and/or toxicity should provide a powerful combination to efficiently inform nanomedicine trials and allow early selection of the most promising candidates. In this context, radiolabelling nanomaterials allows whole-body and non-invasive in vivo tracking by the sensitive clinical imaging techniques positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Furthermore, certain radionuclides with specific nuclear emissions can elicit therapeutic effects by themselves, leading to radionuclide-based therapy. To ensure robust information during the development of nanomaterials for PET/SPECT imaging and/or radionuclide therapy, selection of the most appropriate radiolabelling method and knowledge of its limitations are critical. Different radiolabelling strategies are available depending on the type of material, the radionuclide and/or the final application. In this review we describe the different radiolabelling strategies currently available, with a critical vision over their advantages and disadvantages. The final aim is to review the most relevant and up-to-date knowledge available in this field, and support the efficient clinical translation of future nanomedicinal products for in vivo imaging and/or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pellico
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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26
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Fontaine SD, Ashley GW, Houghton PJ, Kurmasheva RT, Diolaiti M, Ashworth A, Peer CJ, Nguyen R, Figg WD, Beckford-Vera DR, Santi DV. A Very Long-Acting PARP Inhibitor Suppresses Cancer Cell Growth in DNA Repair-Deficient Tumor Models. Cancer Res 2020; 81:1076-1086. [PMID: 33323380 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PARP inhibitors are approved for treatment of cancers with BRCA1 or BRCA2 defects. In this study, we prepared and characterized a very long-acting PARP inhibitor. Synthesis of a macromolecular prodrug of talazoparib (TLZ) was achieved by covalent conjugation to a PEG40kDa carrier via a β-eliminative releasable linker. A single injection of the PEG∼TLZ conjugate was as effective as ∼30 daily oral doses of TLZ in growth suppression of homologous recombination-defective tumors in mouse xenografts. These included the KT-10 Wilms' tumor with a PALB2 mutation, the BRCA1-deficient MX-1 triple-negative breast cancer, and the BRCA2-deficient DLD-1 colon cancer; the prodrug did not inhibit an isogenic DLD-1 tumor with wild-type BRCA2. Although the half-life of PEG∼TLZ and released TLZ in the mouse was only ∼1 day, the exposure of released TLZ from a single safe, effective dose of the prodrug exceeded that of oral TLZ given daily over one month. μPET/CT imaging showed high uptake and prolonged retention of an 89Zr-labeled surrogate of PEG∼TLZ in the MX-1 BRCA1-deficient tumor. These data suggest that the long-lasting antitumor effect of the prodrug is due to a combination of its long t 1/2, the high exposure of TLZ released from the prodrug, increased tumor sensitivity upon continued exposure, and tumor accumulation. Using pharmacokinetic parameters of TLZ in humans, we designed a long-acting PEG∼TLZ for humans that may be superior in efficacy to daily oral TLZ and would be useful for treatment of PARP inhibitor-sensitive cancers in which oral medications are not tolerated. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that a single injection of a long-acting prodrug of the PARP inhibitor talazoparib in murine xenografts provides tumor suppression equivalent to a month of daily dosing of talazoparib.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Morgan Diolaiti
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Alan Ashworth
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Cody J Peer
- Pharmacology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ryan Nguyen
- Pharmacology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William D Figg
- Pharmacology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Denis R Beckford-Vera
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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27
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Brandl F, Busslinger S, Zangemeister-wittke U, Plückthun A. Optimizing the anti-tumor efficacy of protein-drug conjugates by engineering the molecular size and half-life. J Control Release 2020; 327:186-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Polymer nanomedicines (macromolecular therapeutics, polymer-drug conjugates, drug-free macromolecular therapeutics) are a group of biologically active compounds that are characterized by their large molecular weight. This review focuses on bioconjugates of water-soluble macromolecules with low molecular weight drugs and selected proteins. After analyzing the design principles, different structures of polymer carriers are discussed followed by the examination of the efficacy of the conjugates in animal models and challenges for their translation into the clinic. Two innovative directions in macromolecular therapeutics that depend on receptor crosslinking are highlighted: a) Combination chemotherapy of backbone degradable polymer-drug conjugates with immune checkpoint blockade by multivalent polymer peptide antagonists; and b) Drug-free macromolecular therapeutics, a new paradigm in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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