1
|
Arima T, Sugimoto K, Taniwaki T, Maeda K, Shibata Y, Tateyama M, Karasugi T, Tokunaga T, Sueyoshi T, Hisanaga S, Masuda T, Uehara Y, Yugami M, Matsushita K, Yonemitsu R, Kawakami J, Yoshimura N, Tanimura S, Kato H, Ito N, Inoue K, Bando K, Nakamura T, Miyamoto T. Cartilage tissues regulate systemic aging via ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 in mice. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105512. [PMID: 38042486 PMCID: PMC10777000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging presents fundamental health concerns worldwide; however, mechanisms underlying how aging is regulated are not fully understood. Here, we show that cartilage regulates aging by controlling phosphate metabolism via ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (Enpp1). We newly established an Enpp1 reporter mouse, in which an EGFP-luciferase sequence was knocked-in at the Enpp1 gene start codon (Enpp1/EGFP-luciferase), enabling detection of Enpp1 expression in cartilage tissues of resultant mice. We then established a cartilage-specific Enpp1 conditional knockout mouse (Enpp1 cKO) by generating Enpp1 flox mice and crossing them with cartilage-specific type 2 collagen Cre mice. Relative to WT controls, Enpp1 cKO mice exhibited phenotypes resembling human aging, such as short life span, ectopic calcifications, and osteoporosis, as well as significantly lower serum pyrophosphate levels. We also observed significant weight loss and worsening of osteoporosis in Enpp1 cKO mice under phosphate overload conditions, similar to global Enpp1-deficient mice. Aging phenotypes seen in Enpp1 cKO mice under phosphate overload conditions were rescued by a low vitamin D diet, even under high phosphate conditions. These findings suggest overall that cartilage tissue plays an important role in regulating systemic aging via Enpp1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Arima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sugimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Taniwaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuto Shibata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Tateyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Karasugi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takanao Sueyoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hisanaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Masuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Uehara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Yugami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kozo Matsushita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yonemitsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junki Kawakami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoto Yoshimura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Tanimura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Kato
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ito
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Inoue
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kana Bando
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Mineralized "hard" tissues of the skeleton possess unique biomechanical properties to support the body weight and movement and act as a source of essential minerals required for critical body functions. For a long time, extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization in the vertebrate skeleton was considered as a passive process. However, the explosion of genetic studies during the past decades has established that this process is essentially controlled by multiple genetic pathways. These pathways regulate the homeostasis of ionic calcium and inorganic phosphate-two mineral components required for bone mineral formation, the synthesis of mineral scaffolding ECM, and the maintainence of the levels of the inhibitory organic and inorganic molecules controlling the process of mineral crystal formation and its growth. More recently, intracellular enzyme regulators of skeletal tissue mineralization have been identified. The current review will discuss the key determinants of ECM mineralization in bone and propose a unified model explaining this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monzur Murshed
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec H4A 0A9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hiratsuka S, Takahata M, Shimizu T, Hamano H, Ota M, Sato D, Iwasaki N. Drug therapy targeting pyrophosphate slows the ossification of spinal ligaments in twy mice. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1256-1261. [PMID: 28940647 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lack of an effective drug therapy against ossification of spinal ligament (OSL) warrants investigation into the therapeutic target of this disease. An endogenous inhibitor of biomineralization, pyrophosphate (PPi) is a potential therapy for ectopic ossification; however, exogenous PPi is rapidly hydrolyzed by tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) present in body fluids. In this study, we examined whether a drug therapy targeting PPi is efficacious for the treatment of OSL using the Enpp1ttw/ttw (twy) mouse model. Twenty male twy mice were randomized into four groups: (i) vehicle (Control); (ii) alkaline phosphatase inhibitor levamisole (5 mg/kg/day sc continuously); (iii) levamisole + exogenous PPi (160 µmol/kg/day sc continuously); and (iv) nuclear retinoic acid receptor-γ (RARγ) agonist (6 µg/kg sc daily). The RARγ agonist, which is a proven inhibitor of ectopic endochondral ossification, was used as a positive control. Treatments commenced when the mice were 5 weeks of age and continued for 4 weeks. Longitudinal micro-computed tomography and postmortem histological analysis were performed. Administration of levamisole alone and in combination with PPi increased serum PPi concentration by 17% and 52%, respectively, compared to that in vehicle-treated mice. The development of OSL in twy mice was suppressed by levamisole + PPi and RARγ agonist treatments, but not by levamisole alone. The levamisole + PPi therapy did not cause osteoporosis, whereas RARγ agonist-treated mice developed osteoporosis. Treatment of twy mice with levamisole in combination with exogenous PPi increased serum PPi level, which slowed the progression of OSL without producing adverse effect on bone. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1256-1261, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Hiratsuka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takahata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hamano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ota
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Dai Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Watanabe R, Fujita N, Sato Y, Kobayashi T, Morita M, Oike T, Miyamoto K, Kuro-O M, Michigami T, Fukumoto S, Tsuji T, Toyama Y, Nakamura M, Matsumoto M, Miyamoto T. Enpp1 is an anti-aging factor that regulates Klotho under phosphate overload conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7786. [PMID: 28798354 PMCID: PMC5552841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of phosphate metabolism is crucial to regulate aging in mammals. Klotho is a well-known anti-aging factor that regulates phosphate metabolism: mice mutant or deficient in Klotho exhibit phenotypes resembling human aging. Here we show that ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (Enpp1) is required for Klotho expression under phosphate overload conditions. Loss-of-function Enpp1ttw/ttw mice under phosphate overload conditions exhibited phenotypes resembling human aging and Klotho mutants, such as short life span, arteriosclerosis and osteoporosis, with elevated serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels. Enpp1ttw/ttw mice also exhibited significantly reduced renal Klotho expression under phosphate overload conditions, and aging phenotypes in these mice were rescued by Klotho overexpression, a low vitamin D diet or vitamin D receptor knockout. These findings indicate that Enpp1 plays a crucial role in regulating aging via Klotho expression under phosphate overload conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Watanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuiko Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Advanced Therapy for Musculoskeletal Disorders, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tami Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Musculoskeletal Reconstruction and Regeneration Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mayu Morita
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Oike
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kana Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Seiji Fukumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Department of Advanced Therapy for Musculoskeletal Disorders, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hamano H, Takahata M, Ota M, Hiratsuka S, Shimizu T, Kameda Y, Iwasaki N. Teriparatide Improves Trabecular Osteoporosis but Simultaneously Promotes Ankylosis of the Spine in the Twy Mouse Model for Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 98:140-8. [PMID: 26463185 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-0068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a common skeletal disorder in the elderly, which can develop into periosteal hyperostosis and paradoxically into immobilization-associated trabecular osteoporosis. The bone anabolic agent, teriparatide (TPD), seems to be a rational treatment for the immobilization-associated osteoporosis. However, it can lead to development of hyperostosis lesions in DISH patients. Here, we demonstrate TPD effectively treats trabecular osteoporosis while simultaneously promoting ankylosis of the spine in DISH model tiptoe-walking Yoshimura (twy) mice, compared with the ICR mice. Eighteen male twy mice were divided into three groups, and ICR mice were used as a normal control. Subcutaneous injections of TPD or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were performed according to three dosing regimens; 40 µg/kg once daily (TPD × 1 group), 40 µg/kg three times daily (TPD × 3 group), and PBS (control; Ctl group). Treatment was commenced at the age of 7 weeks and continued for 5 weeks. Micro-computed tomography (µCT) and histological analysis were performed. Longitudinal µCT study revealed that trabecular bone volume in both the vertebral body and distal femur decreased with time in the Ctl group, but increased dramatically in the TPD × 3 group. The twy mice developed ankylosis of the spine, the progression of which was accelerated with TPD therapy. We also confirmed that TPD therapy promoted ossification of spinal ligaments. Histomorphometrical study revealed that TPD treatment increased bone formation at the vertebrae enthesis region and in the trabecular bone. TPD therapy effectively treats trabecular osteoporosis, but potentially promotes ankylosis of the spine in patients with DISH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hamano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takahata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ota
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shigeto Hiratsuka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shimizu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kameda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Elevated serum phosphorus has emerged as a key risk factor for pathologic calcification of
cardiovascular structures, or vascular calcification (VC). To prevent the formation of calciumphosphate
deposits (CPD), the body uses adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP) to synthesize inhibitors of
calcification, including proteins and inhibitors of low molecular weight. Extracellular pyrophosphate
(PPi) is a potent inhibitor of VC, which is produced during extracellular hydrolysis of ATP. Loss of
function in the enzymes and transporters that are involved in the cycle of extracellular ATP, including
Pi transporters, leads to excessive deposition of calcium-phosphate salts. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia
with Pi-binders and Injection of exogenous PPi are the effective treatments to prevent CPD
in the aortic wall. The role of sodium phosphate cotransporters in ectopic calcification is contradictory and not well defined,
but their important role in the control of intracellular Pi levels and the synthesis of ATP make them an important
target to study.
Collapse
|
7
|
Brommage R, Liu J, Hansen GM, Kirkpatrick LL, Potter DG, Sands AT, Zambrowicz B, Powell DR, Vogel P. High-throughput screening of mouse gene knockouts identifies established and novel skeletal phenotypes. Bone Res 2014; 2:14034. [PMID: 26273529 PMCID: PMC4472125 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2014.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening gene function in vivo is a powerful approach to discover novel drug targets. We present high-throughput screening (HTS) data for 3 762 distinct global gene knockout (KO) mouse lines with viable adult homozygous mice generated using either gene-trap or homologous recombination technologies. Bone mass was determined from DEXA scans of male and female mice at 14 weeks of age and by microCT analyses of bones from male mice at 16 weeks of age. Wild-type (WT) cagemates/littermates were examined for each gene KO. Lethality was observed in an additional 850 KO lines. Since primary HTS are susceptible to false positive findings, additional cohorts of mice from KO lines with intriguing HTS bone data were examined. Aging, ovariectomy, histomorphometry and bone strength studies were performed and possible non-skeletal phenotypes were explored. Together, these screens identified multiple genes affecting bone mass: 23 previously reported genes (Calcr, Cebpb, Crtap, Dcstamp, Dkk1, Duoxa2, Enpp1, Fgf23, Kiss1/Kiss1r, Kl (Klotho), Lrp5, Mstn, Neo1, Npr2, Ostm1, Postn, Sfrp4, Slc30a5, Slc39a13, Sost, Sumf1, Src, Wnt10b), five novel genes extensively characterized (Cldn18, Fam20c, Lrrk1, Sgpl1, Wnt16), five novel genes with preliminary characterization (Agpat2, Rassf5, Slc10a7, Slc26a7, Slc30a10) and three novel undisclosed genes coding for potential osteoporosis drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Liu
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , The Woodlands, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
We recently have reported on a novel ankylosis gene that is closely linked to the Enpp1 (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1) gene on chromosome 10. Here, we have discovered novel mutant mice in a Jcl:ICR closed colony with ankylosis in the toes of the forelimbs at about 3 weeks of age. The mutant mice exhibited rigidity in almost all joints, including the vertebral column, which increased with age. These mice also showed hypogrowth with age after 16 weeks due to a loss of visceral fat, which may have been caused by poor nutrition. Histological examination and soft X-ray imaging demonstrated the ectopic ossification of various joints in the mutant mice. In particular, increased calcium deposits were observed in the joints of the toes, the carpal bones and the vertebral column. We sequenced all exons and exon/intron boundaries of Enpp1 in the normal and mutant mice, and identified a G-to-T substitution (c.259+1G>T) in the 5' splice donor site of intron 2 in the Enpp1 gene of the mutant mice. This substitution led to the skipping of exon 2 (73 bp), which generated a stop codon at position 354 bp (amino acid 62) of the cDNA (p.V63Xfs). Nucleotide pyrophosphohydrolase (NPPH) activity of ENPP1 in the mutant mice was also decreased, suggesting that Enpp1 gene function is disrupted in this novel mutant. The mutant mice reported in this study will be a valuable animal model for future studies of human osteochondral diseases and malnutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Takabayashi
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saito T, Shimizu Y, Hori M, Taguchi M, Igarashi T, Fukumoto S, Fujitab T. A patient with hypophosphatemic rickets and ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament caused by a novel homozygous mutation in ENPP1 gene. Bone 2011; 49:913-6. [PMID: 21745613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia (XLH), autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia (ADHR) and autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia (ARHR1 or ARHR2) are hereditary fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-related hypophosphatemic rickets showing similar clinical features. We here show a patient with hypophosphatemic rickets and widespread ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). The proband is a 62-year-old female. Her parents are first cousins and showed no signs of rickets or osteomalacia. She showed hypophosphatemic rickets with elevated FGF23 level and had been clinically considered to be suffering from XLH. However, direct sequencing of all coding exons and exon-intron junctions of phosphate regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome (PHEX), FGF23 and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) genes, responsible genes for XLH, ADHR and ARHR1, respectively, showed no mutation. A novel homozygous splice donor site mutation was found at the exon-intron junction of exon 21 of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) gene responsible for ARHR2 (IVS21+1_3(GTA>CACC)). Subsequent analysis of mRNA revealed that this mutation caused skipping of exon 21 which created a premature stop codon in exon 22. These results indicate that genetic analysis is mandatory for the correct diagnosis of hereditary FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets. Because Enpp1 knockout mouse is a model of OPLL, this case also suggests that OPLL is associated with ARHR2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Saito
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nam HK, Liu J, Li Y, Kragor A, Hatch NE. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP1) protein regulates osteoblast differentiation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39059-71. [PMID: 21930712 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.221689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ENPP1 (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1) is an established regulator of tissue mineralization. Previous studies demonstrated that ENPP1 is expressed in differentiated osteoblasts and that ENPP1 influences matrix mineralization by increasing extracellular levels of inorganic pyrophosphate. ENPP1 is also expressed in osteoblastic precursor cells when stimulated with FGF2, but the role of ENPP1 in preosteoblastic and other precursor cells is unknown. Here we investigate the function of ENPP1 in preosteoblasts. We find that ENPP1 expression is critical for osteoblastic differentiation and that this effect is not mediated by changes in extracellular concentration levels of phosphate or pyrophosphate or ENPP1 catalytic activity. MC3T3E1(C4) preosteoblastic cells, in which ENPP1 expression was suppressed by ENPP1-specific shRNA, and calvarial cells isolated from Enpp1 knock-out mice show defective osteoblastic differentiation upon stimulation with ascorbate, as indicated by a lack of cellular morphological change, a lack of osteoblast marker gene expression, and an inability to mineralize matrix. Additionally, MC3T3E1(C4) cells, in which wild type or catalytic inactive ENPP1 expression was increased, exhibited an increased tendency to differentiate, as evidenced by increased osteoblast marker gene expression and increased mineralization. Notably, treatment of cells with inorganic phosphate or pyrophosphate inhibited, as opposed to enhanced, expression of multiple genes that are expressed in association with osteoblast differentiation, matrix deposition, and mineralization. Our results indicate that ENPP1 plays multiple and distinct roles in the development of mineralized tissues and that the influence of ENPP1 on osteoblast differentiation and gene expression may include a mechanism that is independent of its catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Kyung Nam
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Conte G, Viglianesi A, D'Amore A, Chiaramonte R, Pecoraro C, Nastasi L, Giuffrida S, Pero G, Chiaramonte I. Advanced Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament in a Mildly Symptomatic Patient. Neuroradiol J 2011; 24:643-7. [DOI: 10.1177/197140091102400422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the imaging findings of a man who developed neurologic symptoms due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament with narrowing of the spinal canal and compression of the spinal cord. CT study allowed a detailed evaluation of the stenosis and the extension of the ossification while MRI gave an excellent visualization of the spinal lesions caused by spinal cord compression by the mass. The neurological status of patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament depends on many factors such as the degree of spinal canal stenosis, life style, accidental mechanical stress and trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Conte
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - A. Viglianesi
- Department of Radiology, University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - A. D'Amore
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - R. Chiaramonte
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - C. Pecoraro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - L. Nastasi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - S. Giuffrida
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - G. Pero
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - I. Chiaramonte
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Extracellular matrix mineralization is important for mechanical stability of the skeleton and for calcium and phosphate storage. Professional mineral-disposing cell types are hypertrophic chondrocytes, odontoblasts, ameloblasts and osteoblasts. Since ectopic mineralization causes tissue dysfunction mineralization inhibitors and promoting factors have to be kept in close balance. The most prominent inhibitors are fetuin-A, matrix-Gla-protein (MGP), SIGBLING proteins and pyrophosphate. In spite of their ubiquitous presence, their loss entails a specific rather than a stereotypic pattern of ectopic mineralization. Typical sites of pathological mineral accumulation are connective tissues, articular cartilage, and vessels. Associated common human pathologies are degenerative joint disorders and arteriosclerosis. This article gives a summary on what we have learned from different mouse models with pathologic mineralization phenotypes about the role of these inhibitors and the regulation of mineralization promoting factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Kornak
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Foster BL, Nagatomo KJ, Bamashmous SO, Tompkins KA, Fong H, Dunn D, Chu EY, Guenther C, Kingsley DM, Rutherford RB, Somerman MJ. The progressive ankylosis protein regulates cementum apposition and extracellular matrix composition. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 194:382-405. [PMID: 21389671 DOI: 10.1159/000323457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Tooth root cementum is sensitive to modulation of inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)), an inhibitor of hydroxyapatite precipitation. Factors increasing PP(i) include progressive ankylosis protein (ANK) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) while tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase hydrolyzes PP(i). Studies here aimed to define the role of ANK in root and cementum by analyzing tooth development in Ank knock-out (KO) mice versus wild type. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periodontal development in KO versus control mice was analyzed by histology, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, electron microscopy, and nanoindentation. Cementoblast cultures were used in vitro to provide mechanistic underpinnings for PP(i) modulation of cell function. RESULTS Over the course of root development, Ank KO cervical cementum became 8- to 12-fold thicker than control cervical cementum. Periodontal ligament width was maintained and other dentoalveolar tissues, including apical cementum, were unaltered. Cervical cementum uncharacteristically included numerous cells, from rapid cementogenesis. Ank KO increased osteopontin and dentin matrix protein 1 gene and protein expression, and markedly increased NPP1 protein expression in cementoblasts but not in other cell types. Conditional ablation of Ank in joints and periodontia confirmed a local role for ANK in cementogenesis. In vitro studies employing cementoblasts indicated that Ank and Enpp1 mRNA levels increased in step with mineral nodule formation, supporting a role for these factors in regulation of cementum matrix mineralization. CONCLUSION ANK, by modulating local PP(i), controls cervical cementum apposition and extracellular matrix. Loss of ANK created a local environment conducive to rapid cementogenesis; therefore, approaches modulating PP(i) in periodontal tissues have potential to promote cementum regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B L Foster
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Umlauf D, Frank S, Pap T, Bertrand J. Cartilage biology, pathology, and repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:4197-211. [PMID: 20734104 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is one of the most common forms of musculoskeletal disease and the most prominent type of arthritis encountered in all countries. Although great efforts have been made to investigate cartilage biology and osteoarthritis pathology, the treatment has lagged behind that of other arthritides, as there is a lack of effective disease-modifying therapies. Numerous approaches for dealing with cartilage degradation have been tried, but enjoyed very little success to develop approved OA treatments with not only symptomatic improvement but also structure-modifying effect. In this review we discuss the most recent findings regarding the regulation of cartilage biology and pathology and highlight their potential therapeutic values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Umlauf
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine IEMM, University Hospital Muenster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rutsch F, Böyer P, Nitschke Y, Ruf N, Lorenz-Depierieux B, Wittkampf T, Weissen-Plenz G, Fischer RJ, Mughal Z, Gregory JW, Davies JH, Loirat C, Strom TM, Schnabel D, Nürnberg P, Terkeltaub R. Hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphaturia, and bisphosphonate treatment are associated with survival beyond infancy in generalized arterial calcification of infancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 1:133-40. [PMID: 20016754 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.108.797704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalized arterial calcification of infancy has been reported to be frequently lethal, and the efficiency of any therapy, including bisphosphonates, is unknown. A phosphate-poor diet markedly increases survival of NPP1 null mice, a model of generalized arterial calcification of infancy. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a multicenter genetic study and retrospective observational analysis of 55 subjects affected by generalized arterial calcification of infancy to identify prognostic factors. Nineteen (34%) patients survived the critical period of infancy. In all 8 surviving patients tested, hypophosphatemia due to reduced renal tubular phosphate reabsorption developed during childhood. Eleven of 17 (65%) patients treated with bisphosphonates survived. Of 26 patients who survived their first day of life and were not treated with bisphosphonates only 8 (31%) patients survived beyond infancy. Forty different homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations, including 16 novel mutations in ENPP1, were found in 41 (75%) of the 55 patients. Twenty-nine (71%) of these 41 patients died in infancy (median, 30 days). Seven of the 14 (50%) patients without ENPP1 mutations died in infancy (median, 9 days). When present on both alleles, the mutation p.P305T was associated with death in infancy in all 5 cases; otherwise, no clear genotype-phenotype correlation was seen. CONCLUSION ENPP1 coding region mutations are associated with generalized arterial calcification of infancy in approximately 75% of subjects. Except for the p.P305T mutation, which was universally lethal when present on both alleles, the identified ENPP1 mutations per se have no discernable effect on survival. However, survival seems to be associated with hypophosphatemia linked with hyperphosphaturia and also with bisphosphonate treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Rutsch
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thompson CC. Hairless is a nuclear receptor corepressor essential for skin function. Nucl Recept Signal 2009; 7:e010. [PMID: 20087431 PMCID: PMC2807636 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.07010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The activity of nuclear receptors is modulated by numerous coregulatory factors. Corepressors can either mediate the ability of nuclear receptors to repress transcription, or can inhibit transactivation by nuclear receptors. As we learn more about the mechanisms of transcriptional repression, the importance of repression by nuclear receptors in development and disease has become clear. The protein encoded by the mammalian Hairless (Hr) gene was shown to be a corepressor by virtue of its functional similarity to the well-established corepressors N-CoR and SMRT. Mutation of the Hr gene results in congenital hair loss in both mice and men. Investigation of Hairless function both in vitro and in mouse models in vivo has revealed a critical role in maintaining skin and hair by regulating the differentiation of epithelial stem cells, as well as a putative role in regulating gene expression via chromatin remodeling.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chin CN, Dallas-Yang Q, Liu F, Ho T, Ellsworth K, Fischer P, Natasha T, Ireland C, Lu P, Li C, Wang IM, Strohl W, Berger JP, An Z, Zhang BB, Jiang G. Evidence that inhibition of insulin receptor signaling activity by PC-1/ENPP1 is dependent on its enzyme activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 606:17-24. [PMID: 19374858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cell membrane glycoprotein-1 or ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (PC-1/ENPP1) has been shown to inhibit insulin signaling, and its genetic polymorphism or increased expression is associated with type 2 diabetes in humans. Therefore, PC-1 inhibition represents a potential strategy in treating diabetes. Since patients with phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase deficient PC-1 manifest abnormal calcification, enhancing insulin signaling by inhibiting PC-1 for the treatment of diabetes will be feasible only if PC-1 phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase activity needs not be significantly diminished. However, whether inhibition of insulin receptor signaling by PC-1 is dependent upon its phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase activity remains controversial. In this study, the extracellular domain of the human PC-1 in its native form or with a T256A or T256S mutation was overexpressed and purified. Enzymatic assays showed that both mutants have less than 10% of the activity of the wild-type protein. In HEK293 cells stably expressing recombinant insulin receptor or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) receptor, transient expression of wild-type full length PC-1 (PC-1.FL.WT) but not the T256A or T256S mutants inhibits insulin signaling without affecting IGF1 signaling. Western blot and FACS analysis showed that the wild-type and mutant full length PC-1 proteins are expressed at similar levels in the cells, and were localized to the similar levels on the cell surface. Overexpression of PC-1.FL.WT did not affect insulin receptor mRNA level, total protein and cell surface levels. Together, these results suggest that the inhibition of insulin signaling by PC-1 is somewhat specific and is dependent upon the enzymatic activity of the phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ni Chin
- Biologics Research, Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Armas JB, Couto AR, Bettencourt BF. Spondyloarthritis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) and Chondrocalcinosis. In: López-larrea C, Díaz-peña R, editors. Molecular Mechanisms of Spondyloarthropathies. New York: Springer; 2009. pp. 37-56. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0298-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
19
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteoarthritis is a serious medical, social and economic problem affecting populations worldwide. Identifying susceptibility genes for osteoarthritis is a critical step in tackling this disease. The association study is today's most powerful tool for finding such genes, and the osteoarthritis research community has enjoyed initial success through the identification of several promising candidates. This review summarizes recent advances and emerging challenges in osteoarthritis association studies. RECENT FINDINGS Replication studies have confirmed association of functional sequence variations in the secreted frizzled-related protein 3 (FRZB) and asporin (ASPN) genes with osteoarthritis. These studies have also prompted discussion of population-specific differences in reported associations. Association of several other promising genes with osteoarthritis, including LRCH1, RHOB, TXNDC3 and GDF5, await replication. The Human Genome Project and the International HapMap Project have established an infrastructure to support genome-wide association studies. Large-scale case-control association scans are underway, and genome-wide association scans are also beginning. SUMMARY Due to initial success in confirming several susceptibility genes and the advent of the post-genome sequence era, this area of osteoarthritis study is expanding quickly. To overcome current challenges and to move on to the next stage, however, international collaboration based on a common platform is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, SNP Research Center, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Inamasu J, Guiot BH, Sachs DC. Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: An Update on Its Biology, Epidemiology, and Natural History. Neurosurgery 2006; 58:1027-39; discussion 1027-39. [PMID: 16723881 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000215867.87770.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS HAS been achieved in basic research during the past decade on the pathogenesis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), a multifactorial disease in which complex genetic and environmental factors interact. A review of the literature was conducted to update recent findings on the biology, epidemiology, natural history, and related diseases of OPLL. Gene analysis studies found specific polymorphisms that may be associated with OPLL in several collagen genes, which encode for extracellular matrix proteins. Polymorphisms in the nucleotide pyrophosphate gene, which is involved in regulation of calcification in chondrocytes, may also be associated with OPLL. However, the results of the gene analysis studies have not always been consistent. Involvement of many growth factors and cytokines, including bone morphogenic proteins and transforming growth factor-β, has been demonstrated in various histochemical and cytochemical analyses. Several transcription factors involved in cellular differentiation may also have a role. Recent epidemiological studies reaffirmed an earlier finding that diabetes mellitus is a distinct risk factor for OPLL. The long-term follow-up studies of OPLL patients are disclosing the natural history, as well as the frequency and rate of progression, of OPLL after surgical intervention. Further knowledge on the factors responsible for progression of OPLL may predict its behavior in each patient, and treatment may be tailored accordingly. The coexistence of OPLL with other diseases of ectopic ossification of the spine, such as ossification of the ligamentum flavum and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, is not uncommon. Scientific breakthrough in those diseases may, in turn, give insights into the pathogenesis of OPLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joji Inamasu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33606, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Matsusaki T, Aoyama T, Nishijo K, Okamoto T, Nakayama T, Nakamura T, Toguchida J. Expression of the cadherin-11 gene is a discriminative factor between articular and growth plate chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:353-66. [PMID: 16647279 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcification of hypertrophic chondrocytes is the final step in the differentiation of growth plates, although the precise mechanism is not known. We have established two growth plate-derived chondrocyte cell lines, MMR14 and MMR17, from p53-/- mice (Nakamata T, Aoyama T, Okamoto T, Hosaka T, Nishijo K, Nakayama T, et al. In vitro demonstration of cell-to-cell interaction in growth plate cartilage using chondrocytes established from p53-/- mice. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:97-107). Prolonged in vitro culture produced calcified nodules in MMR14, but not in MMR17. Factors responsible for the difference in calcification between the two cell lines may also be involved in the physiological calcification in growth plate. DESIGN Gene expression profiles of MMR14 and MMR17 were compared using a cDNA microarray to identify candidate genes involved in the calcification process. RESULTS Forty-five genes were identified as upregulated in MMR14, including the cadherin-11 (Cdh-11) gene. The expression of Cdh-11 in MMR14 was detected in cell-cell junctions, while no expression was observed in MMR17. Primary cultured chondrocytes from growth plate (GC) also expressed the Cdh-11, and the staining of Cdh-11 was observed in the late hypertrophic zone of growth plate. Cell aggregation assays showed that chondrocytes required Ca2+ to form nodules, and knockdown of the Cdh-11 gene expression using short interfering RNA inhibited the formation of calcified nodules in MMR14. The introduction of Cdh-11 into MMR17 failed to produce calcified nodules indicating that Cdh-11 is one, but not the sole, factor responsible for the production of calcified nodules. CONCLUSION Although the physiological role is still unclear, Cdh-11 is a discriminative factor between articular and growth plate chondrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Matsusaki
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hirakawa H, Kusumi T, Nitobe T, Ueyama K, Tanaka M, Kudo H, Toh S, Harata S. An immunohistochemical evaluation of extracellular matrix components in the spinal posterior longitudinal ligament and intervertebral disc of the tiptoe walking mouse. J Orthop Sci 2005; 9:591-7. [PMID: 16228677 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-004-0823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in the spine is caused by systemic and/or regional factors affecting the regulation of osteocartilaginous formation and maintenance. The aims of this study were to elucidate the relationship between the degeneration of the intervertebral discs and changes in the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) in the tiptoe walking (ttw) mouse, an animal model of OPLL, and to analyze the sequential changes of the cells producing extracellular matrix components using immunohistochemical methods. At 6 weeks of age, the discs degenerated and the chondrocytes in the nucleus pulposus were positive for chondroitin-6-sulfate in the ttw mice. The fibroblasts in the PLL at the disc level were positively stained with type II and XI collagens. At 14 weeks, the discs herniated into the thickened PLL, and chondrocyte-like cells appeared in the PLL at vertebral endplate level. At 18 and 22 weeks, the number of chondrocyte-like cells increased in the PLL and expressed type I collagen. A potent regional factor causing OPLL in the ttw mice appears to be the initial degeneration and subsequent herniation of the nucleus pulposus. These sequential changes in the ttw mice were accelerated by administration of etidronate. It was suggested that etidronate stimulated the cartilaginous hyperplasia in the PLL of the ttw mice. It appeared as if the PLL transformed itself into cartilaginous tissue to repair the degeneration of the intervertebral disc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Hirakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Although mutations in the mammalian hairless (Hr) gene result in congenital hair loss disorders in both mice and humans, the precise role of Hr in skin biology remains unknown. We have shown that the protein encoded by Hr (HR) functions as a nuclear receptor co-repressor. To address the role of HR in vivo, we generated a loss-of-function (Hr-/-) mouse model. The Hr-/- phenotype includes both hair loss and severe wrinkling of the skin. Wrinkling is correlated with increased cell proliferation in the epidermis and the presence of dermal cysts. In addition,a normally undifferentiated region, the infundibulum, is transformed into a morphologically distinct structure (utricle) that maintains epidermal function. Analysis of gene expression revealed upregulation of keratinocyte terminal differentiation markers and a novel caspase in Hr-/- skin, substantiating HR action as a co-repressor in vivo. Differences in gene expression occur prior to morphological changes in vivo, as well as in cultured keratinocytes, indicating that aberrant transcriptional regulation contributes to the Hr-/-phenotype. The properties of the cell types present in Hr-/- skin suggest that the normal balance of cell proliferation and differentiation is disrupted, supporting a model in which HR regulates the timing of epithelial cell differentiation in both the epidermis and hair follicle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Zarach
- Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Koshizuka Y, Yamada T, Hoshi K, Ogasawara T, Chung UI, Kawano H, Nakamura Y, Nakamura K, Ikegawa S, Kawaguchi H. Cystatin 10, a Novel Chondrocyte-specific Protein, May Promote the Last Steps of the Chondrocyte Differentiation Pathway. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:48259-66. [PMID: 13679380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211639200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study attempts to characterize cystatin 10 (Cst10), which we recently identified as a novel protein implicated in endochondral ossification. Expression of Cst10 was specific to cartilage, localized in the cytosol of prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes of the mouse growth plate. In the mouse chondrogenic cell line ATDC5, Cst10 expression preceded type X collagen expression and increased in synchrony with maturation. When we compared ATDC5 cells transfected with Cst10 cDNA with cells transfected with a mock vector, hypertrophic maturation and mineralization of chondrocytes were promoted by Cst10 gene overexpression in that type X collagen expression was observed earlier, and alizarin red staining was stronger. On the other hand, type II collagen expression and Alcian blue staining, both of which are markers of the early stage of chondrocyte differentiation, were similar in both cells. Overexpression of the Cst10 gene also caused fragmentation of nuclei, the appearance of annexin V, a change in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and activation of caspases. These results strongly suggest that Cst10 may play an important role in the last steps of the chondrocyte differentiation pathway as an inducer of maturation, followed by apoptosis of chondrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Koshizuka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Johnson K, Goding J, Van Etten D, Sali A, Hu SI, Farley D, Krug H, Hessle L, Millán JL, Terkeltaub R. Linked deficiencies in extracellular PP(i) and osteopontin mediate pathologic calcification associated with defective PC-1 and ANK expression. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18:994-1004. [PMID: 12817751 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.6.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin and PP(i) both suppress hydroxyapatite deposition. Extracellular PP(i) deficiency causes spontaneous hypercalcification, yet unchallenged osteopontin knockout mice have only subtle mineralization abnormalities. We report that extracellular PP(i) deficiency promotes osteopontin deficiency and correction of osteopontin deficiency prevents hypercalcification, suggesting synergistic inhibition of hydroxyapatite deposition. Nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase (NPP) isozymes including PC-1 (NPP1) function partly to generate PP(i), a physiologic calcification inhibitor. PP(i) transport is modulated by the membrane channel protein ANK. Spontaneous articular cartilage calcification, increased vertebral cortical bone formation, and peripheral joint and intervertebral ossific ankylosis are associated with both PC-1 deficiency and expression of truncated ANK in ank/ank mice. To assess how PC-1, ANK, and PP(i) regulate both calcification and cell differentiation, we studied cultured PC-1 -/- and ank/ank mouse calvarial osteoblasts. PC-1 -/- osteoblasts demonstrated approximately 50% depressed NPP activity and markedly lowered extracellular PP(i) associated with hypercalcification. These abnormalities were rescued by transfection of PC-1 but not of the NPP isozyme B10/NPP3. PC-1 -/- and ank/ank cultured osteoblasts demonstrated not only comparable extracellular PP(i) depression and hypercalcification but also marked reduction in expression of osteopontin (OPN), another direct calcification inhibitor. Soluble PC-1 (which corrected extracellular PP(i) and OPN), and OPN itself (> or = 15 pg/ml), corrected hypercalcification by PC-1 -/- and ank/ank osteoblasts. Thus, linked regulatory effects on extracellular PP(i) and OPN expression mediate the ability of PC-1 and ANK to regulate calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Johnson
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Riklin C, Baumberger M, Wick L, Michel D, Sauter B, Knecht H. Deep vein thrombosis and heterotopic ossification in spinal cord injury: a 3 year experience at the Swiss Paraplegic Centre Nottwil. Spinal Cord 2003; 41:192-8. [PMID: 12612623 DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review of patient data. OBJECTIVES (i) To determine the incidence and time of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) under low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) prophylaxis in spinal cord injury (SCI), (ii) to determine the incidence and time of heterotopic ossification (HO) and (iii) to assess a possible aetiologic relationship in the pathogenesis of DVT and HO. SETTING Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil. METHODS We analyzed the incidence of DVT and HO in 1209 SCI patients (275 first rehabilitations) at the Swiss Paraplegic Centre Nottwil from 1998 to 2000. Clinical files and laboratory data were scrutinised for particularities preceding DVT and HO. RESULTS The incidence of DVT was 6.55% for first rehabilitation compared to only 1.59% in all patients hospitalised. DVT was complicated by pulmonary embolism (PE) in 1.45% and 0.47% respectively. Incidence of HO was 8% for first rehabilitation and 1.82% for all patients hospitalised. In first rehabilitation patients the peak for DVT occurred around day 30 contrary to HO with a peak around day 120. In single patients HO was identified by MRI as a rapidly progressing process. Laboratory profiles were inflammatory in both HO and DVT. Increased physical activity preceding HO was observed in four patients. In two patients acute HO was complicated by ipsilateral DVT. CONCLUSION Prophylaxis with LMWH and elastic stockings significantly reduces the frequency of DVT during first rehabilitation in SCI. DVT and HO are both associated with laboratory parameters of non-infectious inflammation. The later onset of HO coinciding with ongoing mobilisation, argues for a different pathogenetic mechanism. Acute HO of the hip region appears to favour ipsilateral DVT by well known thrombogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Riklin
- Swiss Paraplegic Centre, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|