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Rodríguez-Agudo R, González-Recio I, Serrano-Maciá M, Bravo M, Petrov P, Blaya D, Herranz JM, Mercado-Gómez M, Rejano-Gordillo CM, Lachiondo-Ortega S, Gil-Pitarch C, Azkargorta M, Van Liempd SM, Martinez-Cruz LA, Simão A, Elortza F, Martín C, Nevzorova YA, Cubero FJ, Delgado TC, Argemi J, Bataller R, Schoonjans K, Banales JM, Castro RE, Sancho-Bru P, Avila MA, Julve J, Jover R, Mabe J, Simon J, Goikoetxea-Usandizaga N, Martínez-Chantar ML. Anti-miR-873-5p improves alcohol-related liver disease by enhancing hepatic deacetylation via SIRT1. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:100918. [PMID: 38192540 PMCID: PMC10772393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Current therapies for the treatment of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) have proven largely ineffective. Patients relapse and the disease progresses even after liver transplantation. Altered epigenetic mechanisms are characteristic of alcohol metabolism given excessive acetate and NAD depletion and play an important role in liver injury. In this regard, novel therapeutic approaches based on epigenetic modulators are increasingly proposed. MicroRNAs, epigenetic modulators acting at the post-transcriptional level, appear to be promising new targets for the treatment of ALD. Methods MiR-873-5p levels were measured in 23 liver tissue from Patients with ALD, and GNMT levels during ALD were confirmed using expression databases (transcriptome n = 62, proteome n = 68). High-resolution proteomics and metabolomics in mice following the Gao-binge model were used to investigate miR-873-5p expression in ALD. Hepatocytes exposed to 50 mM alcohol for 12 h were used to study toxicity. The effect of anti-miR-873-5p in the treatment outcomes of ALD was investigated. Results The analysis of human and preclinical ALD samples revealed increased expression of miR-873-5p in the liver. Interestingly, there was an inverse correlation with NNMT, suggesting a novel mechanism for NAD depletion and aberrant acetylation during ALD progression. High-resolution proteomics and metabolomics identified miR-873-5p as a key regulator of NAD metabolism and SIRT1 deacetylase activity. Anti-miR-873-5p reduced NNMT activity, fuelled the NAD salvage pathway, restored the acetylome, and modulated the levels of NF-κB and FXR, two known SIRT1 substrates, thereby protecting the liver from apoptotic and inflammatory processes, and improving bile acid homeostasis. Conclusions These data indicate that targeting miR-873-5p, a repressor of GNMT previously associated with NAFLD and acetaminophen-induced liver failure. is a novel and attractive approach to treating alcohol-induced hepatoxicity. Impact and implications The role of miR-873-5p has not been explicitly examined in the progression of ALD, a pathology with no therapeutic options. In this study, inhibiting miR-873-5p exerted hepatoprotective effects against ALD through rescued SIRT1 activity and consequently restored bile acid homeostasis and attenuated the inflammatory response. Targeting hepatic miR-873-5p may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Rodríguez-Agudo
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene González-Recio
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Serrano-Maciá
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Bravo
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Petar Petrov
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Experimental Hepatology Joint Research Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Delia Blaya
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Cell Plasticity and Tissue Repair Lab, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose María Herranz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Mercado-Gómez
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia María Rejano-Gordillo
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Lachiondo-Ortega
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clàudia Gil-Pitarch
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Proteomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Sebastiaan Martijn Van Liempd
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Luis Alfonso Martinez-Cruz
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - A.L. Simão
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Félix Elortza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Proteomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - César Martín
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Yulia A. Nevzorova
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT Complutense University School of Medicine Madrid Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT Complutense University School of Medicine Madrid Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa C. Delgado
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ramón Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jesús M. Banales
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Ikerbasque, San Sebastian, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rui E. Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Cell Plasticity and Tissue Repair Lab, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matías A. Avila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Hepatology Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josep Julve
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Experimental Hepatology Joint Research Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jon Mabe
- Business Department, IK4-Tekniker, Eibar, Spain
| | - Jorge Simon
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Naroa Goikoetxea-Usandizaga
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - María L. Martínez-Chantar
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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Jobe MC, Mthiyane DMN, Dludla PV, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Onwudiwe DC, Mwanza M. Pathological Role of Oxidative Stress in Aflatoxin-Induced Toxicity in Different Experimental Models and Protective Effect of Phytochemicals: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5369. [PMID: 37513242 PMCID: PMC10386527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a secondary metabolite with a potentially devastating effect in causing liver damage in broiler chickens, and this is mainly facilitated through the generation of oxidative stress and malonaldehyde build-up. In the past few years, significant progress has been made in controlling the invasion of aflatoxins. Phytochemicals are some of the commonly used molecules endowed with potential therapeutic effects to ameliorate aflatoxin, by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species and enhancing intracellular antioxidant enzymes. Experimental models involving cell cultures and broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin or contaminated diet have been used to investigate the ameliorative effects of phytochemicals against aflatoxin toxicity. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used to identify relevant data sources. The retrieved information reported on the link between aflatoxin B1-included cytotoxicity and the ameliorative potential/role of phytochemicals in chickens. Importantly, retrieved data showed that phytochemicals may potentially protect against aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity by ameliorating oxidative stress and enhancing intracellular antioxidants. Preclinical data indicate that activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), together with its downstream antioxidant genes, may be a potential therapeutic mechanism by which phytochemicals neutralize oxidative stress. This highlights the need for more research to determine whether phytochemicals can be considered a useful therapeutic intervention in controlling mycotoxins to improve broiler health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Cebile Jobe
- Department of Animal Science, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Doctor M N Mthiyane
- Department of Animal Science, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | | | - Damian C Onwudiwe
- Department of Chemistry, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Animal Health, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Maryam T, Rana NF, Alshahrani SM, Batool F, Fatima M, Tanweer T, Alrdahe SS, Alanazi YF, Alsharif I, Alaryani FS, Kashif AS, Menaa F. Silymarin Encapsulated Liposomal Formulation: An Effective Treatment Modality against Copper Toxicity Associated Liver Dysfunction and Neurobehavioral Abnormalities in Wistar Rats. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031514. [PMID: 36771180 PMCID: PMC9920678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease causes copper accumulation in the liver and extrahepatic organs. The available therapies aim to lower copper levels by various means. However, a potent drug that can repair the damaged liver and brain tissue is needed. Silymarin has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and cytoprotective properties. However, poor oral bioavailability reduces its efficacy. In this study, a "thin film hydration method" was used for synthesizing silymarin-encapsulated liposome nanoparticles (SLNPs) and evaluated them against copper toxicity, associated liver dysfunction and neurobehavioral abnormalities in Wistar rats. After copper toxicity induction, serological and behavioral assays were conducted to evaluate treatment approaches. Histological examination of the diseased rats revealed severe hepatocyte necrosis and neuronal vacuolation. These cellular degenerations were mild in rats treated with SLNPs and a combination of zinc and SLNPs (ZSLNPs). SLNPs also decreased liver enzymes and enhanced rats' spatial memory significantly (p = 0.006) in the diseased rats. During forced swim tests, SLNPs treated rats exhibited a 60-s reduction in the immobility period, indicating reduced depression. ZSLNPs were significantly more effective than traditional zinc therapy in decreasing the immobility period (p = 0.0008) and reducing liver enzymes, but not in improving spatial memory. Overall, SLNPs enhanced oral silymarin administration and managed copper toxicity symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Maryam
- School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Fatima Rana
- School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (N.F.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Sultan M. Alshahrani
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhat Batool
- School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Misha Fatima
- School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Tahreem Tanweer
- School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Salma Saleh Alrdahe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmene F. Alanazi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ifat Alsharif
- Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima S. Alaryani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Sohail Kashif
- School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Farid Menaa
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Nanomedicine, California Innovations Corporation, 9, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: (N.F.R.); (F.M.)
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Zogona D, Zongo AWS, Elkhedir AE, Salah M, Tao M, Li R, Wu T, Xu X. Red raspberry supplementation mitigates alcohol-induced liver injury associated with gut microbiota alteration and intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:1209-1226. [PMID: 36602148 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is still a global health concern. Long-term alcohol intake alters the gut microbiota diversity and metabolic activity, and causes intestinal barrier dysfunction, leading to the development of ALD. This research explored the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of red raspberry (RR) on alcohol-related disorders in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard diet or a standard diet supplemented with 2%, 4%, and 8% weight/weight RR. Meanwhile, mice were administered 35% (v/v) ethanol (EtOH, 10 mL per kg body weight) intragastrically once daily for six weeks, except the control group mice. The results showed that RR supplementation decreased liver injury markers (alanine and aspartate transaminases) in the serum, reduced triglyceride level in the liver and downregulated hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 mRNA expression in mice administered EtOH. In addition, EtOH-mediated oxidative stress in the liver was attenuated by RR supplementation through decreased hepatic malondialdehyde content and increased antioxidant (glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) levels and activities in mice exposed to EtOH. Moreover, RR supplementation reversed EtOH-induced alteration in the cecal microbial composition at the phylum, order, genus, and species levels and improved the intestinal barrier function associated with the inhibition of the NF-κB/MLCK pathway, which was accompanied by upregulation of tight junctions (zonula occludens 1, occludin, claudin-1, and claudin-4) and E-cadherin mRNA and protein expressions. Accordingly, RR supplementation resulted in a decreased level of endotoxins in the serum and attenuation of the inflammatory response in the liver, illustrated by a significant decrease in tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 levels. Overall, RR supplementation alleviated the adverse effects of chronic alcohol intake in C57BL/6J mice and could be a potential supplement for improving ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zogona
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. .,Center for Research in Biological Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Abel Wend-Soo Zongo
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. .,Center for Research in Biological Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdeen E Elkhedir
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Mahmoud Salah
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. .,Department of Environmental Agricultural Science, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Environmental Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mingfang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Baburina Y, Odinokova I, Krestinina O. Carbenoxolon Is Capable to Regulate the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Opening in Chronic Alcohol Intoxication. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10249. [PMID: 34638588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: carbenoxolone, which is a derivative of glyceretic acid, is actively used in pharmacology for the treatment of diseases of various etiologies. In addition, we have shown carbenoxolone as an effective inducer of mitochondrial permeability transition pore in rat brain and liver mitochondria. Methods: in the course of this work, comparative studies were carried out on the effect of carbenoxolone on the parameters of mPTP functioning in mitochondria isolated from the liver of control and alcoholic rats. Results: within the framework of this work, it was found that carbenoxolone significantly increased its effect in the liver mitochondria of rats with chronic intoxication. In particular, this was expressed in a reduction in the lag phase, a decrease in the threshold calcium concentration required to open a pore, an acceleration of high-amplitude cyclosporin-sensitive swelling of mitochondria, as well as an increase in the effect of carbenoxolone on the level of mitochondrial membrane-bound proteins. Thus, as a result of the studies carried out, it was shown that carbenoxolone is involved in the development/modulation of alcohol tolerance and dependence in rats.
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Liu L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang C, Li Y, Dai W, Piao C, Liu J, Yu H, Li X, Wang Y, Liu J. Probiotics in treating with alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Food Reviews International 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1967380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingchong Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Youbao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Weichang Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Chunhong Piao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Junmei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
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Arumugam MK, Paal MC, Donohue TM, Ganesan M, Osna NA, Kharbanda KK. Beneficial Effects of Betaine: A Comprehensive Review. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:biology10060456. [PMID: 34067313 PMCID: PMC8224793 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal herbs and many food ingredients possess favorable biological properties that contribute to their therapeutic activities. One such natural product is betaine, a stable, nontoxic natural substance that is present in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Betaine is also endogenously synthesized through the metabolism of choline or exogenously consumed through dietary intake. Betaine mainly functions as (i) an osmolyte and (ii) a methyl-group donor. This review describes the major physiological effects of betaine in whole-body health and its ability to protect against both liver- as well as non-liver-related diseases and conditions. Betaine's role in preventing/attenuating both alcohol-induced and metabolic-associated liver diseases has been well studied and is extensively reviewed here. Several studies show that betaine protects against the development of alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis, apoptosis, and accumulation of damaged proteins. Additionally, it can significantly prevent/attenuate progressive liver injury by preserving gut integrity and adipose function. The protective effects are primarily associated with the regulation of methionine metabolism through removing homocysteine and maintaining cellular SAM:SAH ratios. Similarly, betaine prevents metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and its progression. In addition, betaine has a neuroprotective role, preserves myocardial function, and prevents pancreatic steatosis. Betaine also attenuates oxidant stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and cancer development. To conclude, betaine exerts significant therapeutic and biological effects that are potentially beneficial for alleviating a diverse number of human diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Kumar Arumugam
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (MK.A.); (M.C.P.); (T.M.D.J.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Matthew C. Paal
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (MK.A.); (M.C.P.); (T.M.D.J.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Terrence M. Donohue
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (MK.A.); (M.C.P.); (T.M.D.J.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (MK.A.); (M.C.P.); (T.M.D.J.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (MK.A.); (M.C.P.); (T.M.D.J.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (MK.A.); (M.C.P.); (T.M.D.J.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-995-3752; Fax: +1-402-995-4600
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Abbasirad F, Shaygannejad V, Hosseininasab F, Mirmosayyeb O, Mahaki B, Moayedi B, Esmaeil N. Significant immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective impacts of Silymarin in MS patients: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinicaltrial. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107715. [PMID: 33933848 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interferon beta (IFN-β) has successfully been experimented with to treat multiple sclerosis (MS). However, patients sometimes do not respond effectively to treatment, and adverse effects, including liver toxicity, accompany this therapy. Accordingly, we decided to treat MS patients simultaneously with Silymarin (SM) as an immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective agent and IFN-β in a clinical trial study. Complete blood count (CBC), liver enzyme levels, and the serum concentration of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured. Also, the frequency of immune cells was determined by flow cytometry. Liver enzyme levels were significantly lower in the intervention group (p < 0.05). The percentage of Th17 cells in the intervention group was significantly reduced compared to the placebo group (P < 0.001). Also, the frequency of Treg cells after treatment with SM plus IFN-β was significantly increased compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the IL-17 and IFNγ cytokine levels were significantly reduced in the intervention group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGFβ were significantly increased in the intervention group (P < 0.05).Overall, the results provide novel and supplementary information on SM's notable immunoregulatory effects on inflammatory response and liver function in MS patients. Clinical Trial Identifier Number: IRCTID: IRCT20171220037977N1.
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Subramaniyan V, Chakravarthi S, Jegasothy R, Seng WY, Fuloria NK, Fuloria S, Hazarika I, Das A. Alcohol-associated liver disease: A review on its pathophysiology, diagnosis and drug therapy. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:376-385. [PMID: 33680863 PMCID: PMC7910406 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the global burdens of health care is an alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and liver-related death which is caused due to acute or chronic consumption of alcohol. Chronic consumption of alcohol damage the normal defense mechanism of the liver and likely to disturb the gut barrier system, mucosal immune cells, which leads to decreased nutrient absorption. Therapy of ALD depends upon the spectrum of liver injury that causes fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. The foundation of therapy starts with abstinence from alcohol. Corticosteroids are used for the treatment of ALD but due to poor acceptance, continuing mortality, and identification of tumor necrosis factor-alpha as an integral component in pathogenesis, recent studies focus on pentoxifylline and, antitumor necrosis factor antibody to neutralize cytokines in the therapy of severe alcoholic hepatitis. Antioxidants also play a significant role in the treatment but till today there is no universally accepted therapy available for any stage of ALD. The treatment aspects need to restore the gut functions and require nutrient-based treatments to regulate the functions of the gut system and prevent liver injury. The vital action of saturated fatty acids greatly controls the gut barrier. Overall, this review mainly focuses on the mechanism of alcohol-induced metabolic dysfunction, contribution to liver pathogenesis, the effect of pregnancy, and targeted therapy of ALD.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcohol associated liver disease
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Alcohol
- CD14, cluster of differentiation14
- CHD, congenital heart disease
- ECM, extracellualr matrix
- FASD, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- FDA, food and drug administration
- GGTP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- GSH, Glutathione
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HCV, chronic hepatitis C
- HSC, hepatic stellate cells
- IGR, intrauterine growth retardation
- IL, interleukin
- Immune modulation
- JECH, Japan Environment and Children's Study
- Liver pathogenesis
- MDF, maddrey’s discriminant function
- NA, nutritional assessment
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NADPH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- OLT, Orthotopic liver transplantation
- Pregnancy
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
- Targeted therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, 42610, Malaysia
| | - Srikumar Chakravarthi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, 42610, Malaysia
| | - Ravindran Jegasothy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, 42610, Malaysia
| | - Wu Yuan Seng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, 42610, Malaysia
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy AIMST University, Jalan Bedong-Semeling, 08100, Malaysia
| | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy AIMST University, Jalan Bedong-Semeling, 08100, Malaysia
| | - Iswar Hazarika
- Department of Pharmacology, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, 781017, India
| | - Anju Das
- Department of Pharmacology, Royal School of Pharmacy, Royal Global University, Guwahati, 781035, India
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Nowak AJ, Relja B. The Impact of Acute or Chronic Alcohol Intake on the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Alcohol-Related Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249407. [PMID: 33321885 PMCID: PMC7764163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol misuse is frequently associated with a multitude of profound medical conditions, contributing to health-, individual- and social-related damage. A particularly dangerous threat from this classification is coined as alcoholic liver disease (ALD), a liver condition caused by prolonged alcohol overconsumption, involving several pathological stages induced by alcohol metabolic byproducts and sustained cellular intoxication. Molecular, pathological mechanisms of ALD principally root in the innate immunity system and are especially associated with enhanced functionality of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. NF-κB is an interesting and convoluted DNA transcription regulator, promoting both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Thus, the abundancy of studies in recent years underlines the importance of NF-κB in inflammatory responses and the mechanistic stimulation of inner molecular motifs within the factor components. Hereby, in the following review, we would like to put emphasis on the correlation between the NF-κB inflammation signaling pathway and ALD progression. We will provide the reader with the current knowledge regarding the chronic and acute alcohol consumption patterns, the molecular mechanisms of ALD development, the involvement of the NF-κB pathway and its enzymatic regulators. Therefore, we review various experimental in vitro and in vivo studies regarding the research on ALD, including the recent active compound treatments and the genetic modification approach. Furthermore, our investigation covers a few human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander J. Nowak
- Experimental Radiology, University Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Borna Relja
- Experimental Radiology, University Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)391-6728242; Fax: +49-(0)391-6728248
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Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and alcohol-related susceptibility to acute lung injury are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality due to chronic alcohol abuse. Most commonly, alcohol-induced injury to both organs are evaluated independently, although they share many parallel mechanisms of injury. Moreover, recent studies indicate that there is a potential liver lung axis that may contribute to organ pathology. This mini-review explores established and potential mechanisms of organ-organ crosstalk in ALD and alcohol-related lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin E. Arteel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Baburina Y, Odinokova I, Krestinina O. The Effects of PK11195 and Protoporphyrin IX Can Modulate Chronic Alcohol Intoxication in Rat Liver Mitochondria under the Opening of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081774. [PMID: 32722345 PMCID: PMC7463720 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of active research have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction, the associated oxidative stress, impaired anti-stress defense mechanisms, and the activation of the proapoptotic signaling pathways underlie pathological changes in organs and tissues. Pathologies caused by alcohol primarily affect the liver. Alcohol abuse is the cause of many liver diseases, such as steatosis, alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and, potentially, hepatocellular cancer. In this study, the effect of chronic alcohol exposure on rat liver mitochondria was investigated. We observed an ethanol-induced increase in sensitivity to calcium, changes in the level of protein kinase Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation, an induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), and strong alterations in the expression of mPTP regulators. Moreover, we also showed an enhanced effect of PK11195 and PPIX, on the parameters of the mPTP opening in rat liver mitochondria (RLM) isolated from ethanol-treated rats compared to the RLM from control rats. We suggest that the results of this study could help elucidate the mechanisms of chronic ethanol action on the mitochondria and contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies for treating the effects of ethanol-related diseases.
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Olga K, Yulia B, Vassilios P. The Functions of Mitochondrial 2',3'-Cyclic Nucleotide-3'-Phosphodiesterase and Prospects for Its Future. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093217. [PMID: 32370072 PMCID: PMC7246452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide-3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) is a myelin-associated enzyme that catalyzes the phosphodiester hydrolysis of 2’,3’-cyclic nucleotides to 2’-nucleotides. However, its presence is also found in unmyelinated cells and other cellular structures. Understanding of its specific physiological functions, particularly in unmyelinated cells, is still incomplete. This review concentrates on the role of mitochondrial CNPase (mtCNPase), independent of myelin. mtCNPase is able to regulate the functioning of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), and thus is involved in the mechanisms of cell death, both apoptosis and necrosis. Its participation in the development of various diseases and pathological conditions, such as aging, heart disease and alcohol dependence, is also reviewed. As such, mtCNPase can be considered as a potential target for the development of therapeutic strategies in the treatment of mitochondria-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krestinina Olga
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow region, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Baburina Yulia
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow region, Russia;
| | - Papadopoulos Vassilios
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
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Teschke R, Eickhoff A, Brown AC, Neuman MG, Schulze J. Diagnostic Biomarkers in Liver Injury by Drugs, Herbs, and Alcohol: Tricky Dilemma after EMA Correctly and Officially Retracted Letter of Support. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010212. [PMID: 31892250 PMCID: PMC6981464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver injuries caused by the use of exogenous compounds such as drugs, herbs, and alcohol are commonly well diagnosed using laboratory tests, toxin analyses, or eventually reactive intermediates generated during metabolic degradation of the respective chemical in the liver and subject to covalent binding by target proteins. Conditions are somewhat different for idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI), for which metabolic intermediates as diagnostic aids are rarely available. Although the diagnosis of idiosyncratic DILI can well be established using the validated, liver specific, structured, and quantitative RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method), there is an ongoing search for new diagnostic biomarkers that could assist in and also confirm RUCAM-based DILI diagnoses. With respect to idiosyncratic DILI and following previous regulatory letters of recommendations, selected biomarkers reached the clinical focus, including microRNA-122, microRNA-192, cytokeratin analogues, glutamate dehydrogenase, total HMGB-1 (High Mobility Group Box), and hyperacetylated HMGB-1 proteins. However, the new parameters total HMGB-1, and even more so the acetylated HMGB-1, came under critical scientific fire after misconduct at one of the collaborating partner centers, leading the EMA to recommend no longer the exploratory hyperacetylated HMGB1 isoform biomarkers in clinical studies. The overall promising nature of the recommended biomarkers was considered by EMA as highly dependent on the outstanding results of the now incriminated biomarker hyperacetylated HMGB-1. The EMA therefore correctly decided to officially retract its Letter of Support affecting all biomarkers listed above. New biomarkers are now under heavy scrutiny that will require re-evaluations prior to newly adapted recommendations. With Integrin beta 3 (ITGB3), however, a new diagnostic biomarker may emerge, possibly being drug specific but tested in only 16 patients; due to substantial remaining uncertainties, final recommendations would be premature. In conclusion, most of the currently recommended new biomarkers have lost regulatory support due to scientific misconduct, requiring now innovative approaches and re-evaluation before they can be assimilated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, D-63450 Hanau, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6181-21859; Fax: +49-6181-2964211
| | - Axel Eickhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, D-63450 Hanau, Germany;
| | - Amy C. Brown
- Department of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
| | - Manuela G. Neuman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M2 R1 W6, Canada;
| | - Johannes Schulze
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany;
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15
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Teschke R. Alcoholic Liver Disease: Current Mechanistic Aspects with Focus on Their Clinical Relevance. Biomedicines 2019; 7:E68. [PMID: 31491888 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is broad and includes alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic fibrosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and alcoholic hepatocellular carcinoma, best explained as a five-hit sequelae of injurious steps. ALD is not primarily the result of malnutrition as assumed for many decades but due to the ingested alcohol and its metabolic consequences although malnutrition may marginally contribute to disease aggravation. Ethanol is metabolized in the liver to the heavily reactive acetaldehyde via the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the cytochrome P450 isoform 2E1 of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS). The resulting disturbances modify not only the liver parenchymal cells but also non-parenchymal cells such as Kupffer cells (KCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). These are activated by acetaldehyde, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and endotoxins, which are produced from bacteria in the gut and reach the liver due to gut leakage. A variety of intrahepatic signaling pathways and innate or acquired immune reactions are under discussion contributing to the pathogenesis of ALD via the five injurious hits responsible for disease aggravation. As some of the mechanistic steps are based on studies with in vitro cell systems or animal models, respective proposals for humans may be considered as tentative. However, sufficient evidence is provided for clinical risk factors that include the amount of alcohol used daily for more than a decade, gender differences with higher susceptibility of women, genetic predisposition, and preexisting liver disease. In essence, efforts within the last years were devoted to shed more light in the pathogenesis of ALD, much has been achieved but issues remain to what extent results obtained from experimental studies can be transferred to humans.
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Thomes PG, Rasineni K, Yang L, Donohue TM, Kubik JL, McNiven MA, Casey CA. Ethanol withdrawal mitigates fatty liver by normalizing lipid catabolism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G509-G518. [PMID: 30714813 PMCID: PMC6957361 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00376.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We are investigating the changes in hepatic lipid catabolism that contribute to alcohol-induced fatty liver. Following chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure, abstinence from alcohol resolves steatosis. Here, we investigated the hepatocellular events that lead to this resolution by quantifying specific catabolic parameters that returned to control levels after EtOH was withdrawn. We hypothesized that, after its chronic consumption, EtOH withdrawal reactivates lipid catabolic processes that restore lipostasis. Male Wistar rats were fed control and EtOH liquid diets for 6 wk. Randomly chosen EtOH-fed rats were then fed control diet for 7 days. Liver triglycerides (TG), lipid peroxides, key markers of fatty acid (FA) metabolism, lipophagy, and autophagy were quantified. Compared with controls, EtOH-fed rats had higher hepatic triglycerides, lipid peroxides, and serum free fatty acids (FFA). The latter findings were associated with higher levels of FA transporters (FATP 2, 4, and 5) but lower quantities of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), which governs FA oxidation. EtOH-fed animals also had lower nuclear levels of the autophagy-regulating transcription factor EB (TFEB), associated with lower hepatic lipophagy and autophagy. After EtOH-fed rats were refed control diet for 7 days, their serum FFA levels and those of FATPs fell to control (normal) levels, whereas PPAR-α levels rose to normal. Hepatic TG and malondialdehyde levels in EtOH-withdrawn rats declined to near control levels. EtOH withdrawal restored nuclear TFEB content, hepatic lipophagy, and autophagy activity to control levels. EtOH withdrawal reversed aberrant FA metabolism and restored lysosomal function to promote resolution of alcohol-induced fatty liver. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, using an animal model, we show mechanisms of reversal of fatty liver and injury following EtOH withdrawal. Our data indicate that reactivation of autophagy and lysosome function through the restoration of transcription factor EB contribute to reversal of fatty liver and injury following EtOH withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Thomes
- 1The Liver Study Unit, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska,2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- 1The Liver Study Unit, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska,2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Li Yang
- 7Departmentof Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Terrence M. Donohue
- 1The Liver Study Unit, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska,2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska,3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska,4Pathology and Microbiology; College of Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska,5The Center for Environmental Toxicology; College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jacy L. Kubik
- 1The Liver Study Unit, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Mark A. McNiven
- 6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Carol A. Casey
- 1The Liver Study Unit, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska,2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska,3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Suzuki M, Kon K, Ikejima K, Arai K, Uchiyama A, Aoyama T, Yamashina S, Ueno T, Watanabe S. The Chemical Chaperone 4-Phenylbutyric Acid Prevents Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Obese KK-A y Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:617-627. [PMID: 30748014 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-occurrence of metabolic syndrome and chronic alcohol consumption is increasing worldwide. The present study investigated the effect of the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA)-which has been shown to alleviate dietary steatohepatitis caused by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-on chronic-plus-binge ethanol (EtOH)-induced liver injury in a mouse model of obesity. METHODS Male KK-Ay mice (8 weeks old) were fed a Lieber-DeCarli diet (5% EtOH) for 10 days. Some mice were given PBA intraperitoneally (120 mg/kg body weight, daily) during the experimental period. On day 11, mice were gavaged with a single dose of EtOH (4 g/kg body weight). Control mice were given a dextrin gavage after being pair-fed a control diet. All mice were then serially euthanized before or at 9 hours after gavage. RESULTS Chronic-plus-binge EtOH intake induced massive hepatic steatosis along with hepatocyte apoptosis and inflammation, which was reversed by PBA treatment. Administration of PBA also suppressed chronic-plus-binge EtOH-induced up-regulation of ER stress-related genes including binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip), unspliced and spliced forms of X-box-binding protein-1 (uXBP1 and sXBP1, respectively), inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Further, it blocked chronic-plus-binge EtOH-induced expression of the oxidative stress marker heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and 4-hydroxynonenal. Chronic EtOH alone (without binge) increased Bip and uXBP1, but it did not affect those of sXBP1, IP3R, CHOP, or HO-1. PBA reversed the prebinge expression of these genes to control levels, but it did not affect chronic EtOH-induced hepatic activity of cytochrome P450 2E1. CONCLUSIONS Binge EtOH intake after chronic consumption induces massive ER stress-related oxidative stress and liver injury in a mouse model of obesity through dysregulation of the unfolded protein response. PBA ameliorated chronic-plus-binge EtOH-induced liver injury by reducing ER and oxidative stress after an EtOH binge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology , Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kon
- Department of Gastroenterology , Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ikejima
- Department of Gastroenterology , Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology , Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Uchiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology , Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Aoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology , Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunhei Yamashina
- Department of Gastroenterology , Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Laboratory of Proteomics and Medical Science, Research Support Center, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology , Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Hernández-Muñoz R, Lucinda Contreras-Zentella M. Involvement of cell oxidant status and redox state in the increased non-enzymatic ethanol oxidation by the regenerating rat liver. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 161:63-72. [PMID: 30625299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol administration is capable of inhibiting or delaying the partial hepatectomy (PH)-induced liver regeneration, probably altering liver metabolism by means of its oxidative metabolism. Since the regenerating liver has increased capacity for oxidizing ethanol, the present study was aimed to address the contribution of the ethanol-oxidizing metabolic pathways in the regenerating liver cells. Isolated hepatocytes were prepared from control livers and from animals subjected to two-thirds PH. In both preparations, ethanol oxidation was largely increased by incubation with glucose and was highly sensitive to inhibitors of ethanol-oxidizing enzymatic pathways (alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase and cytochrome P-4502E1 activities). The latter led to a total blockade of ethanol disposal by control hepatocytes, while liver cells from PH-rats only showed an early 70-75% inhibition of ethanol catabolism with the inhibitors used. In regenerating hepatocytes, the enhanced ethanol oxidation was blocked by scavengers of reactive oxygen species, an effect that correlated with enhanced cytoplasmic lipid peroxidation by-products. Both cell preparations showed similar sensitivity to inhibitors for the malate-aspartate shuttle and mitochondrial electron transport chain; the shift of the cytoplasmic redox state was also quite similar after ethanol oxidation. A more oxidized mitochondrial redox state was found in hepatocytes from PH-rats and more shifted to the reduced state during ethanol oxidation this effect was not abolished by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase activity. In conclusion, data clearly show that an important fraction of ethanol is metabolized through a non-enzymatic-mediated oxidative event, which could largely contribute to the deleterious effect of ethanol on the proliferating liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Hernández-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo. Postal 70-245, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Martha Lucinda Contreras-Zentella
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo. Postal 70-245, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Salas-Villalobos T, Lozano-Sepúlveda S, Rincón-Sánchez A, Govea-Salas M, Rivas-Estilla A. Mechanisms involved in liver damage resolution after hepatitis C virus clearance. Medicina Universitaria 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmu.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Ramirez T, Li YM, Yin S, Xu MJ, Feng D, Zhou Z, Zang M, Mukhopadhyay P, Varga ZV, Pacher P, Gao B, Wang H. Aging aggravates alcoholic liver injury and fibrosis in mice by downregulating sirtuin 1 expression. J Hepatol 2017; 66:601-9. [PMID: 27871879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Aging is known to exacerbate the progression of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. The aim of this study was to use a chronic plus binge ethanol feeding model in mice to evaluate the effects of aging on alcohol-induced liver injury. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were subjected to short-term (10days) ethanol plus one binge or long-term (8weeks) ethanol plus multiple binges of ethanol. Liver injury and fibrosis were determined. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were isolated and used in in vitro studies. RESULTS Middle-aged (12-14months) and old-aged (>16months) mice were more susceptible to liver injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress induced by short-term plus one binge or long-term plus multiple binges of ethanol feeding when compared to young (8-12weeks) mice. Long-term plus multiple binges of ethanol feeding induced greater liver fibrosis in middle-aged mice than that in young mice. Hepatic expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein was downregulated in the middle-aged mice compared to young mice. Restoration of SIRT1 expression via the administration of adenovirus-SIRT1 vector ameliorated short-term plus binge ethanol-induced liver injury and fibrosis in middle-aged mice. HSCs isolated from middle-aged mice expressed lower levels of SIRT1 protein and were more susceptible to spontaneous activation in in vitro culture than those from young mice. Overexpression of SIRT1 reduced activation of HSCs from middle-aged mice in vitro with downregulation of PDGFR-α and c-Myc, while deletion of SIRT1 activated HSCs isolated from young mice in vitro. Finally, HSC-specific SIRT1 knockout mice were more susceptible to long-term chronic-plus-multiple binges of ethanol-induced liver fibrosis with upregulation of PDGFR-α expression. CONCLUSIONS Aging exacerbates ALD in mice through the downregulation of SIRT1 in hepatocytes and HSCs. Activation of SIRT1 may serve as a novel target for the treatment of ALD. LAY SUMMARY Aged mice are more susceptible to alcohol-induced liver injury and fibrosis, which is, at least in part, due to lower levels of sirtuin 1 protein in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Our findings suggest that sirtuin 1 activators may have beneficial effects for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease in aged patients.
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Eguchi A, Lazaro RG, Wang J, Kim J, Povero D, Willliams B, Ho SB, Stärkel P, Schnabl B, Ohno-Machado L, Tsukamoto H, Feldstein AE. Extracellular vesicles released by hepatocytes from gastric infusion model of alcoholic liver disease contain a MicroRNA barcode that can be detected in blood. Hepatology 2017; 65:475-490. [PMID: 27639178 PMCID: PMC5407075 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released during cell stress, or demise, can contain a barcode of the cell origin, including specific microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we tested the hypothesis that during early alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) development, hepatocytes (HCs) release EVs with an miRNA signature that can be measured in circulation. A time-course experiment showed that after 2 weeks of intragastric infusion, a time point that results in isolated steatosis, there was no increase of blood EVs. After 4 weeks of infusion, mice developed features of early ASH accompanied by a marked increase in the level of EVs in blood (P < 0.05), as well as in culture media of isolated HCs (P < 0.001) and hepatic macrophages (P < 0.001), with HCs being the predominant source of EVs. The transcriptome analysis of HC-EVs from ASH mice detected differentially expressed miRNAs, including nine significantly up-regulated and four significantly down-regulated miRNAs. Target prediction and pathway analyses of the up-regulated miRNAs identified 121 potential target genes involved in inflammatory and cancer pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa B, EGF, Wnt, and B-cell lymphoma 2. Three miRNAs, let7f, miR-29a, and miR-340, were increased in blood EVs from ASH mice (P < 0.05), but not in blood EVs from three other models of chronic liver injury, including bile duct ligation, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and obese mice, as well as EVs released from hepatocytes exposed to ethanol. Blood EV level (P < 0.01) and three miRNAs (P < 0.05) were significantly increased in patients with ambulatory mild ALD as compared to nonalcoholics. CONCLUSION Damaged hepatocytes from ASH mice are a key EV source with a specific miRNA cargo, which are specific for ASH-related liver injury. These findings uncover EVs as a potentially novel diagnostic for ASH. (Hepatology 2017;65:475-490).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Raul G Lazaro
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Departments of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jiaohong Wang
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Departments of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Davide Povero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brandon Willliams
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samuel B Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Peter Stärkel
- St. Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lucila Ohno-Machado
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Departments of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Osna NA, Donohue TM, Kharbanda KK. Alcoholic Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and Current Management. Alcohol Res 2017; 38:147-161. [PMID: 28988570 PMCID: PMC5513682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is a global healthcare problem. The liver sustains the greatest degree of tissue injury by heavy drinking because it is the primary site of ethanol metabolism. Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption produces a wide spectrum of hepatic lesions, the most characteristic of which are steatosis, hepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Steatosis is the earliest response to heavy drinking and is characterized by the deposition of fat in hepatocytes. Steatosis can progress to steatohepatitis, which is a more severe, inflammatory type of liver injury. This stage of liver disease can lead to the development of fibrosis, during which there is excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. The fibrotic response begins with active pericellular fibrosis, which may progress to cirrhosis, characterized by excessive liver scarring, vascular alterations, and eventual liver failure. Among problem drinkers, about 35 percent develop advanced liver disease because a number of disease modifiers exacerbate, slow, or prevent alcoholic liver disease progression. There are still no FDA-approved pharmacological or nutritional therapies for treating patients with alcoholic liver disease. Cessation of drinking (i.e., abstinence) is an integral part of therapy. Liver transplantation remains the life-saving strategy for patients with end-stage alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Osna
- Natalia A. Osna, Ph.D., is a Research Biologist in the Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and an Associate Professor in the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, both in Omaha, Nebraska. Terrence M. Donohue, Jr., Ph.D., is a Research Biochemist in the Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and a Professor in the Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, both in Omaha, Nebraska. Kusum K. Kharbanda, Ph.D., is a Research Biologist in the Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and a Professor in the Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, both in Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Terrence M Donohue
- Natalia A. Osna, Ph.D., is a Research Biologist in the Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and an Associate Professor in the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, both in Omaha, Nebraska. Terrence M. Donohue, Jr., Ph.D., is a Research Biochemist in the Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and a Professor in the Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, both in Omaha, Nebraska. Kusum K. Kharbanda, Ph.D., is a Research Biologist in the Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and a Professor in the Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, both in Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Natalia A. Osna, Ph.D., is a Research Biologist in the Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and an Associate Professor in the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, both in Omaha, Nebraska. Terrence M. Donohue, Jr., Ph.D., is a Research Biochemist in the Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and a Professor in the Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, both in Omaha, Nebraska. Kusum K. Kharbanda, Ph.D., is a Research Biologist in the Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and a Professor in the Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, both in Omaha, Nebraska
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Rosa-Toledo O, Almeida-Chuffa LG, Martinez M, Felipe-Pinheiro PF, Padovani CR, Martinez FE. Maternal separation on the ethanol-preferring adult rat liver structure. Ann Hepatol 2016; 14:910-8. [PMID: 26436364 DOI: 10.5604/16652681.1171783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background and rationale for the study. We designed to test whether there is interaction of maternal separation (MS) on the ethanol-preferring rats liver structure. The UCh rat pups were separated daily from their mothers during the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP), between four and 14 days-old, always at the same time for four hours in a cage containing eight subdivisions, one for each pup. Subsequently, rats that presented the highest (UChB) and the lowest (UChA) ethanol (EtOH) consumption were selected to the study. Both UChB and UChA rats received 10% (v/v) EtOH and distilled water ad libitum until the end of the experiment (120 days-old). The liver was collected to histological routine for morphometric and stereological analyses, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS There was an interaction of MS and EtOH on the liver: increased liver mass, peritubular vessels, stellate cell numbers, steatosis and cell death, decreased necrosis, sinusoidal capillary diameters and cell proliferation. While there was a decrease in FSH, testosterone and 5α-di-hidrotestosterone, and increasing corticosterone and cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS There is interaction of MS and EtOH on the liver structure, dependent on the amount of EtOH intake. Furthermore, the interaction of stress and drugs can increase or decrease their effects on the liver or indirectly via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelo Martinez
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, UFSCar-Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos R Padovani
- Department of Biostatistic, Biosciences Institute, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Lívero FA, Acco A. Molecular basis of alcoholic fatty liver disease: From incidence to treatment. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:111-23. [PMID: 26417962 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver diseases have complex and multiple pathogenic mechanisms but still no effective treatment. Steatosis or alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) has a widespread incidence and is the first step in the progression to more severe stages of alcoholic liver disease, with concomitant increases in morbidity and mortality rates. The ways in which this progression occurs and why some individuals are susceptible are still unanswered scientific questions. Research with animal models and clinical evidence have shown that it is a multifactorial disease that involves interactions between lipid metabolism, inflammation, the immune response and oxidative stress. Each of these pathways provides a better understanding of the pathogenesis of AFLD and contributes to the development of therapeutic strategies. This review emphasizes the importance of research on alcoholic steatosis based on incidence data, key pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic interventions, and discusses perspectives on the progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Acco
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Casanovas Taltavull T, Chandía Frías A, Vilallonga Vilarmau JS, Peña-Cala MC, de la Iglesia Vicario I, Herdman M. [Prospective validation of the Spanish version of the Short Form-Liver Disease Quality of life]. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 39:243-54. [PMID: 26708525 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) assessed by a specific, validated, brief test is an important measure of the health status perceived by patients diagnosed with chronic liver disease. AIM To prospectively validate the SF-LDQOL (Short Form-Liver Disease Quality of Life) instrument in Spanish, in patients diagnosed with liver disease of diverse etiologies and distinct severity levels, attended at the Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (Barcelona). METHODS This observational, longitudinal study was conducted by using the SF-LDQOL in outpatients diagnosed with chronic liver disease. This instrument contains the generic SF-36 test, and 9 liver disease-specific dimensions. We also evaluated socio-demographic features, the number of missing responses, and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), as well as Pearson's correlation between SF-36 and SF-LDQOL scores on specific dimensions by means of a multi-trait multi-method technique. The sample consisted of 340 patients. RESULTS In 6 out of 9 liver disease-specific dimensions, reliability coefficients for internal consistency exceeded 0.70. The convergent validity of these items was acceptable in 8 out of 9 dimensions, with a scaling success of 100% in each item. Missing items were under 1.5% in all dimensions, except for Sexual Functioning. CONCLUSIONS The Spanish version of the SF-LDQOL has, in general, good psychometric properties, making it a useful instrument for clinical practice in a population of patients diagnosed with chronic liver disease, with or without liver transplantation.
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Massey VL, Beier JI, Ritzenthaler JD, Roman J, Arteel GE. Potential Role of the Gut/Liver/Lung Axis in Alcohol-Induced Tissue Pathology. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2477-503. [PMID: 26437442 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) and alcohol-related susceptibility to acute lung injury are estimated to account for the highest morbidity and mortality related to chronic alcohol abuse and, thus, represent a focus of intense investigation. In general, alcohol-induced derangements to both organs are considered to be independent and are often evaluated separately. However, the liver and lung share many general responses to damage, and specific responses to alcohol exposure. For example, both organs possess resident macrophages that play key roles in mediating the immune/inflammatory response. Additionally, alcohol-induced damage to both organs appears to involve oxidative stress that favors tissue injury. Another mechanism that appears to be shared between the organs is that inflammatory injury to both organs is enhanced by alcohol exposure. Lastly, altered extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition appears to be a key step in disease progression in both organs. Indeed, recent studies suggest that early subtle changes in the ECM may predispose the target organ to an inflammatory insult. The purpose of this chapter is to review the parallel mechanisms of liver and lung injury in response to alcohol consumption. This chapter will also explore the potential that these mechanisms are interdependent, as part of a gut-liver-lung axis.
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Choi BK, Kim TW, Lee DR, Jung WH, Lim JH, Jung JY, Yang SH, Suh JW. A polymethoxy flavonoids-rich Citrus aurantium
extract ameliorates ethanol-induced liver injury through modulation of AMPK and Nrf2-related signals in a binge drinking mouse model. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1577-84. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Keun Choi
- NutraPham Tech; Giheung-gu, Yongin Gyeonggi 446-916 Korea
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science; Chungnam National University; Yusung-gu Daejeon 305-764 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ryung Lee
- NutraPham Tech; Giheung-gu, Yongin Gyeonggi 446-916 Korea
| | - Woon-Ha Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science; Chungnam National University; Yusung-gu Daejeon 305-764 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lim
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials; Myongji University; Yongin Gyeonggi 449-728 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science; Chungnam National University; Yusung-gu Daejeon 305-764 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials; Myongji University; Yongin Gyeonggi 449-728 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Suh
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials; Myongji University; Yongin Gyeonggi 449-728 Republic of Korea
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Jang SH, Cho SW, Yoon HM, Jang KJ, Song CH, Kim CH. Hepatoprotective Evaluation of Ganoderma lucidum Pharmacopuncture: In vivo Studies of Ethanol-induced Acute Liver Injury. J Pharmacopuncture 2015; 17:16-24. [PMID: 25780705 PMCID: PMC4332019 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2014.17.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alcohol abuse is a public issue and one of the major causes of liver disease worldwide. This study was aimed at investigating the protective effect of Ganoderma lucidum pharmacopuncture (GLP) against hepatotoxicity induced by acute ethanol (EtOH) intoxication in rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each: normal, control, normal saline pharmacopuncture (NP) and GLP groups. The control, NP and GLP groups received ethanol orally. The NP and the GLP groups were treated daily with injections of normal saline and Ganoderma lucidum extract, respectively. The control group received no treatment. The rats in all groups, except the normal group, were intoxicated for 6 hours by oral administration of EtOH (6 g/kg BW). The same volume of distilled water was administered to the rats in the normal group. Two local acupoints were used: Qimen (LR14) and Taechung (LR3). A histopathological analysis was performed, and the liver function and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were assessed. RESULTS GLP treatment reduced the histological changes due to acute liver injury induced by EtOH and significantly reduced the increase in the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme; however, it had an insignificant effect in reducing the increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzyme. It also significantly ameliorated the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the catalase (CAT) activities. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that GLP treatment is effective in protecting against ethanol-induced acute hepatic injury in SD rats by modulating the activities of ethanol-metabolizing enzymes and by attenuating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Jang
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibution, College of Korean Medicine and Research Institute of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Min Yoon
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibution, College of Korean Medicine and Research Institute of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jeon Jang
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibution, College of Korean Medicine and Research Institute of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Chun-Ho Song
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibution, College of Korean Medicine and Research Institute of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hong Kim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibution, College of Korean Medicine and Research Institute of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
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Singh V, Sharma AK, Narasimhan RL, Bhalla A, Sharma N, Sharma R. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized pilot study. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:1417-23. [PMID: 24935272 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Severe alcoholic hepatitis has high short-term mortality. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that treatment of patients with alcoholic hepatitis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) might mobilize bone marrow-derived stem cells and promote hepatic regeneration and thus improve survival. METHODS Forty-six patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis were prospectively randomized in an open study to standard medical therapy (SMT) plus G-CSF (group A; n=23) at a dose of 5 μg/kg subcutaneously every 12 h for 5 consecutive days or to SMT alone (group B; n=23) at a tertiary care center. We assessed the mobilization of CD34(+) cells on day 6, Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP), model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), and modified Maddrey's discriminant function (mDF) scores, and survival until day 90. RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in the number of CD34(+) cells in peripheral blood in group A as compared with group B (P=0.019) after 5 days of G-GSF therapy. There was a significant reduction in median Δ change% in CTP, MELD, and mDF at 1, 2, and 3 months in group A as compared with group B (P<0.05). There was marked improvement in survival in group A as compared with group B (78.3% vs. 30.4%; P=0.001) at 90 days. CONCLUSIONS G-CSF is safe and effective in the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells and improves liver function as well as survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Singh
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - R Lakshmi Narasimhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Bhalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ratiram Sharma
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Vargas-Mendoza N, Madrigal-Santillán E, Morales-González &A, Esquivel-Soto J, Esquivel-Chirino C, González-Rubio MGLY, Gayosso-de-Lucio JA, Morales-González JA. Hepatoprotective effect of silymarin. World J Hepatol 2014; 6:144-149. [PMID: 24672644 PMCID: PMC3959115 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v6.i3.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants in treating illnesses has been reported since ancestral times. In the case of hepatic diseases, several species such as Silybum marianum, Phyllanthus niruri, and Panus giganteus (Berk.) have been shown to ameliorate hepatic lesions. Silymarin is a natural compound derived from the species Silybum marianum, which is commonly known as Milk thistle. This plant contains at least seven flavoligands and the flavonoid taxifolin. The hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of silymarin is caused by its ability to inhibit the free radicals that are produced from the metabolism of toxic substances such as ethanol, acetaminophen, and carbon tetrachloride. The generation of free radicals is known to damage cellular membranes and cause lipoperoxidation. Silymarin enhances hepatic glutathione and may contribute to the antioxidant defense of the liver. It has also been shown that silymarin increases protein synthesis in hepatocytes by stimulating RNA polymerase I activity. A previous study on humans reported that silymarin treatment caused a slight increase in the survival of patients with cirrhotic alcoholism compared with untreated controls.
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Abstract
Alcohol abuse is the leading cause of liver related morbidity and mortality. Chronic or binge alcohol drinking causes hepatic steatosis which can develop to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is poorly characterized, however several recent studies point to a major role of mitochondria in this process. Mitochondria play a crucial role in cellular energy metabolism and in reactive species formation. Alcohol treatment causes mitochondrial DNA damage, lipid accumulation and oxidative stress. Studies in both animal models and in humans showed that alcohol administration causes changes in the mitochondrial morphology and function suggesting a role of these changes in the pathogenesis of ALD. We review recent findings on mechanisms by which alcohol negatively impacts mitochondrial biogenesis and function and we will discuss the specific intracellular pathways affected by alcohol consumption. Interestingly, recent findings indicate that a large number of mitochondrial proteins are acetylated and that mitochondrial proteins acetylation and sirtuins are modulated by alcohol. Understanding the mechanisms behind alcohol mediated impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and function may help identify potential therapeutic targets for treating ALD in humans.
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Arteel GE. Build a better mouse model, and the world will beat a path to your door. Hepatology 2013; 58:1526-8. [PMID: 23813457 PMCID: PMC4352948 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin E. Arteel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center; Louisville KY
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Aliche-Djoudi F, Podechard N, Collin A, Chevanne M, Provost E, Poul M, Le Hégarat L, Catheline D, Legrand P, Dimanche-Boitrel MT, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Sergent O. A role for lipid rafts in the protection afforded by docosahexaenoic acid against ethanol toxicity in primary rat hepatocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:286-96. [PMID: 23907024 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that eicosapentaenoic acid enhanced ethanol-induced oxidative stress and cell death in primary rat hepatocytes via an increase in membrane fluidity and lipid raft clustering. In this context, another n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was tested with a special emphasis on physical and chemical alteration of lipid rafts. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with DHA reduced significantly ethanol-induced oxidative stress and cell death. DHA protection could be related to an alteration of lipid rafts. Indeed, rafts exhibited a marked increase in membrane fluidity and packing defects leading to the exclusion of a raft protein marker, flotillin. Furthermore, DHA strongly inhibited disulfide bridge formation, even in control cells, thus suggesting a disruption of protein-protein interactions inside lipid rafts. This particular spatial organization of lipid rafts due to DHA subsequently prevented the ethanol-induced lipid raft clustering. Such a prevention was then responsible for the inhibition of phospholipase C-γ translocation into rafts, and consequently of both lysosome accumulation and elevation in cellular low-molecular-weight iron content, a prooxidant factor. In total, the present study suggests that DHA supplementation could represent a new preventive approach for patients with alcoholic liver disease based upon modulation of the membrane structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Aliche-Djoudi
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 2, av Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cédex, France; Université de Rennes 1, Biosit UMS3080, 2, av Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cédex, France.
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Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is the most common organ injury due to occupational and environmental exposures to industrial chemicals. A wide range of liver pathologies ranging from necrosis to cancer have been observed following chemical exposures both in humans and in animal models. Toxicant-associated fatty liver disease (TAFLD) is a recently named form of liver injury pathologically similar to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Toxicant-associated steatohepatitis (TASH) is a more severe form of TAFLD characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammatory infiltrate, and in some cases, fibrosis. While subjects with TASH have exposures to industrial chemicals, such as vinyl chloride, they do not have traditional risk factors for fatty liver such as significant alcohol consumption or obesity. Conventional biomarkers of hepatotoxicity including serum alanine aminotransferase activity may be normal in TASH, making screening problematic. This article examines selected chemical exposures associated with TAFLD in human subjects or animal models and concisely reviews the closely related NAFLD and ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banrida Wahlang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Juliane I. Beier
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Heather B. Clair
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Heather J. Bellis-Jones
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - K. Cameron Falkner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Robley Rex Louisville VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Matt C. Cave
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Robley Rex Louisville VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Fernando H, Wiktorowicz JE, Soman KV, Kaphalia BS, Khan MF, Ansari GAS. Liver proteomics in progressive alcoholic steatosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 266:470-80. [PMID: 23200777 PMCID: PMC3565568 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver is an early stage of alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease (ALD and NALD) that progresses to steatohepatitis and other irreversible conditions. In this study, we identified proteins that were differentially expressed in the livers of rats fed 5% ethanol in a Lieber-DeCarli diet daily for 1 and 3 months by discovery proteomics (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry) and non-parametric modeling (Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines). Hepatic fatty infiltration was significantly higher in ethanol-fed animals as compared to controls, and more pronounced at 3 months of ethanol feeding. Discovery proteomics identified changes in the expression of proteins involved in alcohol, lipid, and amino acid metabolism after ethanol feeding. At 1 and 3 months, 12 and 15 different proteins were differentially expressed. Of the identified proteins, down regulation of alcohol dehydrogenase (-1.6) at 1 month and up regulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase (2.1) at 3 months could be a protective/adaptive mechanism against ethanol toxicity. In addition, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2 a protein responsible for methionine metabolism and previously implicated in fatty liver development was significantly up regulated (1.4) at ethanol-induced fatty liver stage (1 month) while peroxiredoxin-1 was down regulated (-1.5) at late fatty liver stage (3 months). Nonparametric analysis of the protein spots yielded fewer proteins and narrowed the list of possible markers and identified d-dopachrome tautomerase (-1.7, at 3 months) as a possible marker for ethanol-induced early steatohepatitis. The observed differential regulation of proteins have potential to serve as biomarker signature for the detection of steatosis and its progression to steatohepatitis once validated in plasma/serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshica Fernando
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - John E. Wiktorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Kizhake V. Soman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Bhupendra S. Kaphalia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - M. Firoze Khan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - G. A. Shakeel Ansari
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
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Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Patients with cirrhosis caused by alcohol are at risk for developing complications associated with a failing liver. The long-term management of alcoholic liver disease stresses the following: (1) Abstinence of alcohol (Grade 1A), with referral to an alcoholic rehabilitation program; (2) Adequate nutritional support (Grade 1B), emphasizing multiple feedings and a referral to a nutritionist; (3) Routine screening in alcoholic cirrhosis to prevent complications; (4) Timely referral to a liver transplant program for those with decompensated cirrhosis; (5) Avoid pharmacologic therapies, as these medications have shown no benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garmen A Woo
- Center for Liver Diseases, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1500 Northwest 12th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Abstract
Alcohol consumption is customary in most cultures and alcohol abuse is common worldwide. For example, more than 50% of Americans consume alcohol, with an estimated 23.1% of Americans participating in heavy and/or binge drinking at least once a month. A safe and effective therapy for alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in humans is still elusive, despite significant advances in our understanding of how the disease is initiated and progresses. It is now clear that acute alcohol binges not only can be acutely toxic to the liver, but also can contribute to the chronicity of ALD. Potential mechanisms by which acute alcohol causes damage include steatosis, dysregulated immunity and inflammation, and altered gut permeability. Recent interest in modeling acute alcohol exposure has yielded new insights into potential mechanisms of acute injury, which also may well be relevant for chronic ALD. Recent work by this group on the role of PAI-1 and fibrin metabolism in mediating acute alcohol-induced liver damage serve as an example of possible new targets that may be useful for alcohol abuse, be it acute or chronic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Massey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center Louisville, KY, USA
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Beier JI, Arteel GE. Alcoholic liver disease and the potential role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibrin metabolism. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:1-9. [PMID: 22238286 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a major player in fibrinolysis due to its classical role of inhibiting plasminogen activators. Although increased fibrinolysis is common in alcoholic cirrhosis, decreased fibrinolysis (driven mostly by elevated levels of PAI-1) is common during the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, whether or not PAI-1 plays a causal role in the development of early ALD was unclear. Recent studies in experimental models have suggested that PAI-1 may contribute to the development of early (steatosis), intermediate (steatohepatitis) and late (fibrosis) stages of ALD. For example, fatty liver owing to both acute and chronic ethanol was blunted by the genetic inhibition of PAI-1. This effect of targeting PAI-1 appears to be mediated, at least in part, by an increase in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) synthesis in the genetic absence of this acute phase protein. Results from a two-hit model employing ethanol and lipopolysaccharide administration suggest that PAI-1 plays a critical role in hepatic inflammation, most likely due to its ability to cause fibrin accumulation, which subsequently sensitizes the liver to ensuing damaging insults. Lastly, the role of PAI-1 in hepatic fibrosis is less clear and appears that PAI-1 may serve a dual role in this pathological change, both protective (enhancing regeneration) and damaging (blocking matrix degradation). In summary, results from these studies suggest that PAI-1 may play multiple roles in the various stages of ALD, both protective and damaging. The latter effect is mediated by its influence on steatosis (i.e. decreasing VLDL synthesis), inflammation (i.e. impairing fibrinolysis) and fibrosis (i.e. blunting matrix degradation), whereas the former is mediated by maintaining hepatocyte division after an injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane I Beier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Lemasters JJ, Holmuhamedov EL, Czerny C, Zhong Z, Maldonado EN. Regulation of mitochondrial function by voltage dependent anion channels in ethanol metabolism and the Warburg effect. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1818:1536-44. [PMID: 22172804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Voltage dependent anion channels (VDAC) are highly conserved proteins that are responsible for permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to hydrophilic metabolites like ATP, ADP and respiratory substrates. Although previously assumed to remain open, VDAC closure is emerging as an important mechanism for regulation of global mitochondrial metabolism in apoptotic cells and also in cells that are not dying. During hepatic ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde, VDAC closure suppresses exchange of mitochondrial metabolites, resulting in inhibition of ureagenesis. In vivo, VDAC closure after ethanol occurs coordinately with mitochondrial uncoupling. Since acetaldehyde passes through membranes independently of channels and transporters, VDAC closure and uncoupling together foster selective and more rapid oxidative metabolism of toxic acetaldehyde to nontoxic acetate by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. In single reconstituted VDAC, tubulin decreases VDAC conductance, and in HepG2 hepatoma cells, free tubulin negatively modulates mitochondrial membrane potential, an effect enhanced by protein kinase A. Tubulin-dependent closure of VDAC in cancer cells contributes to suppression of mitochondrial metabolism and may underlie the Warburg phenomenon of aerobic glycolysis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: VDAC structure, function, and regulation of mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis. The latest surveillance report published by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism showed that liver cirrhosis was the 12th leading cause of death in the United States, with a total of 29,925 deaths in 2007, 48% of which were alcohol related. The spectrum of ALD includes simple steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and superimposed hepatocellular carcinoma. Early work on the pathogenesis of the disease focused on ethanol metabolism-associated oxidative stress and glutathione depletion, abnormal methionine metabolism, malnutrition, and production of endotoxins that activate Kupffer cells. We review findings from recent studies that have characterized specific intracellular signaling pathways, transcriptional factors, aspects of innate immunity, chemokines, epigenetic features, microRNAs, and stem cells that are associated with ALD, improving our understanding of its pathogenesis. Despite this progress, no targeted therapies are available. The cornerstone of treatment for alcoholic hepatitis remains as it was 40 years ago: abstinence, nutritional support, and corticosteroids. There is an urgent need to develop new pathophysiology-oriented therapies. Recent translational studies of human samples and animal models have identified promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- BIN GAO
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - RAMON BATALLER
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Fernando H, Bhopale KK, Kondraganti S, Kaphalia BS, Shakeel Ansari GA. Lipidomic changes in rat liver after long-term exposure to ethanol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 255:127-37. [PMID: 21736892 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a serious health problem with significant morbidity and mortality. In this study we examined the progression of ALD along with lipidomic changes in rats fed ethanol for 2 and 3 months to understand the mechanism, and identify possible biomarkers. Male Fischer 344 rats were fed 5% ethanol or caloric equivalent of maltose-dextrin in a Lieber-DeCarli diet. Animals were killed at the end of 2 and 3 months and plasma and livers were collected. Portions of the liver were fixed for histological and immunohistological studies. Plasma and the liver lipids were extracted and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A time dependent fatty infiltration was observed in the livers of ethanol-fed rats. Mild inflammation and oxidative stress were observed in some ethanol-fed rats at 3 months. The multivariate and principal component analysis of proton and phosphorus NMR spectroscopy data of extracted lipids from the plasma and livers showed segregation of ethanol-fed groups from the pair-fed controls. Significant hepatic lipids that were increased by ethanol exposure included fatty acids and triglycerides, whereas phosphatidylcholine (PC) decreased. However, both free fatty acids and PC decreased in the plasma. In liver lipids unsaturation of fatty acyl chains increased, contrary to plasma, where it decreased. Our studies confirm that over-accumulation of lipids in ethanol-induced liver steatosis accompanied by mild inflammation on long duration of ethanol exposure. Identified metabolic profile using NMR lipidomics could be further explored to establish biomarker signatures representing the etiopathogenesis, progression and/or severity of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshica Fernando
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Smathers RL, Galligan JJ, Stewart BJ, Petersen DR. Overview of lipid peroxidation products and hepatic protein modification in alcoholic liver disease. Chem Biol Interact. 2011;192:107-112. [PMID: 21354120 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress is one component of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) that is manifested in the peroxidation of cellular lipids producing the electrophile, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). This electrophile is proposed to modify essential cellular proteins resulting in loss of protein function and cellular homeostasis. Studies were initiated to identify hepatic proteins that are targets of 4-HNE modification and determine their relationship with progression of the early stages of ALD. METHODS Rat and mouse models were developed using the Lieber-DeCarli diet to simulate early stages of ALD consisting of fatty liver (steatosis) and hepatocellular injury indicated by a 1.5-2-fold elevation of plasma ALT activity. Liver samples obtained from control and ethanol treated animals were subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblotting using polyclonal antibodies generated against 4-HNE epitopes for detection of proteins modified by 4-HNE. Following identification of 4-HNE adducted proteins, the respective recombinant proteins modified with physiologic concentrations of 4-HNE were evaluated to determine the functional consequences of 4-HNE modification. RESULTS One group of proteins identified included Hsp70, Hsp90 and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), all of which are involved in protein folding or processing are targets of adduction. In vitro assays indicated significant impairment of the protein activities following modification with physiologically relevant concentrations of 4-HNE. Liver fatty acid binding protein, L-FABP, was also identified as a target and additional studies revealed that the levels of this protein were significantly decreased because of chronic ethanol ingestion. Erk1/2 was identified as a target for modification and subsequently determined to have impaired activity. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of Hsp70, Hsp90 and PDI function could be involved in initiation of the early phases of ER stress contributing to stimulation and accumulation of hepatic lipids. Likewise, impairment of L-FABP activity could also disrupt lipid transport also contributing to steatosis. The modification and inhibition of Erk1/2 by 4-HNE may also contribute to the decreased hepatocellular proliferation associated with ALD. Collectively, these results provide new information concerning the mechanisms whereby the modification of hepatic proteins by 4-HNE contributes to ALD.
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Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. For example, the Veterans Administration Cooperative Studies reported that patients with cirrhosis and superimposed alcoholic hepatitis had a 4-year mortality of >60%. The poor prognosis of ALD implies that preventing disease progression would be more effective than treating end-stage liver disease. An obvious avenue of prevention would be to remove the damaging agent; however, the infamously high rate of recidivism in alcoholics makes maintaining abstinence a difficult treatment goal to prevent ALD. Indeed, although the progression of ALD is well-characterized, there is no universally accepted therapy available to halt or reverse this process in humans. With better understanding of the mechanism(s) and risk factors that mediate the initiation and progression of ALD, rational targeted therapy can be developed to treat or prevent ALD. The purpose of this review is to summarize the established and proposed mechanisms by which chronic alcohol abuse damages the liver and to highlight key signaling events known or hypothesized to mediate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane I Beier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Miranda-Mendez A, Lugo-Baruqui A, Armendariz-Borunda J. Molecular basis and current treatment for alcoholic liver disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010; 7:1872-88. [PMID: 20622998 PMCID: PMC2898022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7051872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders and alcohol dependency affect millions of individuals worldwide. The impact of these facts lies in the elevated social and economic costs. Alcoholic liver disease is caused by acute and chronic exposure to ethanol which promotes oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Chronic consumption of ethanol implies liver steatosis, which is the first morphological change in the liver, followed by liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. This review comprises a broad approach of alcohol use disorders, and a more specific assessment of the pathophysiologic molecular basis, and genetics, as well as clinical presentation and current modalities of treatment for alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Miranda-Mendez
- Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco 44281, Mexico; E-Mails:
(A.M.M.);
(A.L.B.)
| | - Alejandro Lugo-Baruqui
- Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco 44281, Mexico; E-Mails:
(A.M.M.);
(A.L.B.)
- OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Juan Armendariz-Borunda
- Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco 44281, Mexico; E-Mails:
(A.M.M.);
(A.L.B.)
- OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +52-33-1058-5317; Fax: +52-33-1058-5318
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of protein intake of patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) would facilitate optimal nutritional support. However, this has never been done based on urinary urea nitrogen (UUN). The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of the estimated protein intake (EPI) based on UUN in patients with LC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty-two patients with LC were enrolled in this study. The actual protein intake (API) was defined as the dietary protein intake (1.0 g/kg/day) plus supplementation of any enteral diets containing branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). We calculated EPI from UUN using the formula [(UUN (g/day) + 0.031 x body-weight (kg)) x0.625]. We examined the correlation between EPI and API and the EPI/API ratio (EAR), and the correction based on the results. RESULTS A significant positive correlation was found between API and EPI (r=0.72, p<0.001). The EAR in all patients was 0.82+/-0.13. EPI x 1.2 was the correction needed to adjust EAR to 1. The corrected EPI was correlated with API (r=0.704, p<0.001). The corrected EAR of all 82 patients was 0.99+/-0.16. CONCLUSIONS EPI calculated from UUN is a useful tool for optimal nutritional support in LC patients, and our correction greatly improves EPI accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kainan Municipal Hospital, Kainan City, Japan.
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47
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Abstract
The disparities between the U.S. African American (black)-white mortality rates for liver cirrhosis are often cited in the literature, but disparities in mortality from other chronic diseases largely attributable to alcohol have received less attention. This study analyzes U.S. age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) for those 25 years old or more for a 25-year period (1979-2003) for blacks and whites by gender for certain chronic diseases entirely attributable to alcohol and for certain cancers with a large fraction attributable to alcohol. Declines in ASMRs were much larger for blacks than whites, and black-white disparities disappeared for alcoholic gastritis, as also previously reported to alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. Substantial disparities remained in 2003, at much lower ASMRs than in the past, for males for alcoholic cardiomyopathy, chronic pancreatitis, and cancers of the oral cavity-pharynx, which may reflect black-white disparities in risk factors (other than alcohol) and in medical care.
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48
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Tang Y, Banan A, Forsyth CB, Fields JZ, Lau CK, Zhang LJ, Keshavarzian A. Effect of alcohol on miR-212 expression in intestinal epithelial cells and its potential role in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 32:355-64. [PMID: 18162065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alcohol-induced gut leakiness is a key factor in alcoholic liver disease (ALD); it allows endotoxin to enter the circulation and initiate liver damage. Zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) protein is a major component of tight junctions that regulates intestinal permeability. microRNAs (miRNAs) are recently discovered regulatory molecules that inhibit expression of their target genes. THE AIMS OF OUR STUDY WERE (i) to investigate the effect of alcohol on miRNA-212 (miR-212) and on expression of its predicted target gene, ZO-1, (ii) to study the potential role of miR-212 in the pathophysiology of ALD in man. METHODS Using a TaqMan miRNA assay system, we measured miR-212 expression levels in colon biopsy samples from patients with ALD and in Caco-2 cells (a human intestinal epithelial cell line) treated with or without EtOH. We measured ZO-1 protein levels using western blots. ZO-1 mRNA was assayed using real-time PCR. Intestinal barrier integrity was measured using fluorescein sulfonic acid clearance and immunofluorescent staining for ZO-1. RESULTS Ethanol increased miR-212 expression, decreased ZO-1 protein levels, disrupted tight junctions, and increased the permeability of monolayers of Caco-2 cells. An miR-212 over-expression is correlated with hyperpermeability of the monolayer barrier. miR-212 levels were higher in colon biopsy samples in patients with ALD than in healthy controls; ZO-1 protein levels were lower. CONCLUSION These data suggest a novel mechanism for alcohol-induced gut leakiness, one in which EtOH induces miR-212 over-expression which causes gut leakiness by down-regulating ZO-1 translation. This mechanism is a potential therapeutic target for leaky gut in patients with or at risk for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Tang
- Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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49
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Singh AK, Jiang Y, Benlhabib E, Gupta S. Herbal mixtures consisting of puerarin and either polyenylphosphatidylcholine or curcumin provide comprehensive protection against alcohol-related disorders in P rats receiving free choice water and 15% ethanol in pure water. J Med Food 2007; 10:526-42. [PMID: 17887948 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol drinking has been associated with the development of a number of abnormalities, including neuron-behavioral disorders, liver, pancreas, and heart-related diseases and inflammation and immune disorders. Because diverse mechanisms are involved in the development of these disorders, the commonly used receptor- or enzyme-specific drugs do not provide comprehensive protection against the adverse effects of alcoholism. This study describes possible therapeutic potency of puerarin (PU) from kudzu root, polyenylphosphatidylcholine from soy (SPCh), and curcumin (CU) from turmeric against alcohol's addiction-related and inflammatory-related abnormalities in alcohol-preferring P rats receiving free choice water and 15% ethanol in water. P-rats were fed once daily either the vehicle (for control) or different doses of PU, SPCh, CU, PU + SPCh, or PU + CU. The rats were divided in two groups: one received water alone, and the other free choice water and ethanol. Four rats from each group were fitted with electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes for EEG recording. After 70 days of alcohol drinking, alcohol was withdrawn for 2 weeks, and the withdrawal symptoms were assessed. This study showed that alcohol drinking for 70 days (1) caused liver inflammation characterized by elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and (2) dysregulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pleurisy. Alcohol withdrawal after 70 days of drinking generated severe withdrawal symptoms including seizure-type EEG activity. PU suppressed the addiction-mediated abnormalities but did not affect the inflammation-related abnormalities, while SPCh or CU suppressed only the inflammation-related abnormalities in alcohol-drinking rats subjected to LPS-induced pleurisy. A combination of PU with SPCh or CU suppressed both the addiction-related and inflammation-related abnormalities of alcohol drinking. Therefore, a mixture consisting of PU and either SPCh or CU may provide alternative therapy for alcohol-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Campus, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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50
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Qiu W, Zhou B, Chu PG, Luh F, Yen Y. The induction of growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 45 beta in human hepatoma cell lines by S-adenosylmethionine. Am J Pathol 2007; 171:287-96. [PMID: 17591973 PMCID: PMC1941600 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Down-regulation of GADD45beta, which is known to influence cell growth control, apoptosis, and cellular response to DNA damage, has been verified to be specific in hepatocellular carcinoma and consistent with the degree of malignancy. Here, we identified promoter elements for several transcriptional factors in the proximal promoter of GADD45beta using the luciferase assay. As a methyl donor for biological transmethylation reactions, S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) could restore GADD45beta expression in HepG2 in Northern blot analyses and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Activity and binding capacity of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB were confirmed to be specifically induced by SAMe, as evidenced by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a decrease of IkappaBalpha in Western blot analyses. The most upstream NF-kappaB-binding site was crucial for transcriptional activation. In contrast to NF-kappaB, although there is an E2F-1-binding site adjacent to the NF-kappaB sites, treatment with SAMe could not induce E2F-1-binding activity. Despite showing a similar GADD45beta promoter regulatory pattern as HepG2 (p53 wild type), Hep3B (p53-null) did not exhibit GADD45beta induction by SAMe, and the induction could be partially recovered on reconstituting p53 in Hep3B. Thus, our results suggest that GADD45beta induction by SAMe via NF-kappaB may represent a novel mechanism of SAMe-mediated hepatoprotection, with p53 playing an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Qiu
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
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