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Khodayar MJ, Mahdavinia M, Baradaran M, Jalali A. Explanation of Structure and Function of kv1.3 Potent Blocker From Mesobuthus eupeus Venom Gland: A New Promise in Drug Development. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2022; In Press. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.120271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Scorpions and other venomous animals are sought with great concern because venom is a source of novel peptides with exciting features. Some toxins of scorpion venom are effectors of potassium channels. Previous studies strongly support the importance of potassium channel toxins for use as pharmacological tools or potential drugs. Objectives: Here, a three-dimensional (3-D) structure and function of a potent acidic blocker of the human voltage-gated potassium ion channel, Kv1.3, previously identified in the scorpion Mesobuthus eupeus venom gland, were interpreted. Methods: The 3-D structure of meuK2-2 was generated using homology modeling. The interaction of meuK2-2 with the Kv1.3 channel was evaluated using a computational protocol employing peptide-protein docking experiments, pose clustering, and 100 ns molecular dynamic simulations to make the 3-D models of the meuK2-2/Kv1.3 complex trustworthy. Results: A CSα/β (cysteine-stabilized α-helical and β-sheet) fold was found for the 3-D structure of meuK2-2. In a different mechanism from what was identified so far, meuK2-2 binds to both turret and pore loop of Kv1.3 through two key residues (Ala28 and Ser11) and H-bonds. The binding of meuK2-2 induces some conformational changes to Kv1.3. Eventually, the side chain of a positively charged amino acid (His9) occupies the channel's pore. All together blocks the ion permeation pathway. Conclusions: MeuK2-2 could block Kv1.3 by a new mechanism. So, it could be a unique target for further investigations to develop a pharmacological tool and potential drug.
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2
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Dik A, Widman G, Schulte-Mecklenbeck A, Witt JA, Pitsch J, Golombeck KS, Wagner J, Gallus M, Strippel C, Hansen N, Mönig C, Räuber S, Wiendl H, Elger CE, Surges R, Meuth SG, Helmstaedter C, Gross CC, Becker AJ, Melzer N. Impact of T cells on neurodegeneration in anti-GAD65 limbic encephalitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:2289-2301. [PMID: 34841709 PMCID: PMC8670322 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Direct pathogenic effects of autoantibodies to the 65 kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) in autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE) have been questioned due to its intracellular localization. We therefore hypothesized a pathogenic role for T cells. Methods We assessed magnet resonance imaging, neuropsychological and peripheral blood, and CSF flow cytometry data of 10 patients with long‐standing GAD65‐LE compared to controls in a cross‐sectional manner. These data were related to each other within the GAD65‐LE group and linked to neuropathological findings in selective hippocampectomy specimen from another two patients. In addition, full‐resolution human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotyping of all patients was performed. Results Compared to controls, no alteration in hippocampal volume but impaired memory function and elevated fractions of activated HLADR+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid were found. Intrathecal fractions of CD8+ T cells negatively correlated with hippocampal volume and memory function, whereas the opposite was true for CD4+ T cells. Consistently, antigen‐experienced CD8+ T cells expressed increased levels of the cytotoxic effector molecule perforin in peripheral blood, and perforin‐expressing CD8+ T cells were found attached mainly to small interneurons but also to large principal neurons together with wide‐spread hippocampal neurodegeneration. 6/10 LE patients harbored the HLA‐A*02:01 allele known to present the immunodominant GAD65114–123 peptide in humans. Interpretation Our data suggest a pathogenic effect of CD8+ T cells and a regulatory effect of CD4+ T cells in patients with long‐standing GAD65‐LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Dik
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Guido Widman
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Juri-Alexander Witt
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julika Pitsch
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristin S Golombeck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Wagner
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marco Gallus
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Strippel
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Niels Hansen
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Constanze Mönig
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Saskia Räuber
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Surges
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Albert J Becker
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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3
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Musthaffa Y, Hamilton-Williams EE, Nel HJ, Bergot AS, Mehdi AM, Harris M, Thomas R. Proinsulin-specific T-cell responses correlate with estimated c-peptide and predict partial remission duration in type 1 diabetes. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1315. [PMID: 34336205 PMCID: PMC8312239 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which autoreactive T cells destroy insulin-producing β-cells. Interventions that preserve β-cell function represent a fundamental therapeutic goal in T1D and biomarkers that predict and monitor β-cell function, and changes in islet autoantigenic signatures are needed. As proinsulin and neoantigens derived from proinsulin peptides (hybrid insulin peptides, HIPs) are important T1D autoantigens, we analysed peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell autoantigen-specific proliferative responses and their relationship to estimated β-cell function. Methods We recruited 72 people with and 42 without T1D, including 17 pre-diabetic islet antibody-positive and 9 antibody-negative first-degree relatives and 16 unrelated healthy controls with T1D-risk HLA types. We estimated C-peptide level at 3-month intervals for 2 years post-diagnosis and measured CD4+ T-cell proliferation to proinsulin epitopes and HIPs using an optimised bioassay. Results We show that CD4+ T-cell proliferation to any islet peptide and to multiple epitopes were significantly more frequent in pre-diabetic islet antibody-positive siblings and participants with T1D ≤ 3 months of duration, than in participants with T1D > 3 months or healthy controls. Among participants with T1D and first-degree relatives, CD4+ T-cell proliferation occurred most frequently in response to proinsulin33-63 (full-length C-peptide). Proinsulin33-63-specific responses were associated with HLA-DR3-DQ2 and/or HLA-DR4/DQ8. In children with T1D, proinsulin33-63-specific T-cell proliferation positively associated with concurrent estimated C-peptide and predicted survival in honeymoon. Conclusion CD4+ T-cell proliferative responses to proinsulin-containing autoantigens are common before and immediately after diagnosis of T1D but decline thereafter. Proinsulin33-63-specific CD4+ T-cell response is a novel marker of estimated residual endogenous β-cell function and predicts a better 2-year disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassmin Musthaffa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Queensland Children's Hospital South Brisbane QLD Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Hendrik J Nel
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Ahmed M Mehdi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Mark Harris
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Queensland Children's Hospital South Brisbane QLD Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
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4
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Nandedkar-Kulkarni N, Esakov E, Gregg B, Atkinson MA, Rogers DG, Horner JD, Singer K, Lundy SK, Felton JL, Al-Huniti T, Kalinoski AN, Morran MP, Gupta NK, Bretz JD, Balaji S, Chen T, McInerney MF. Insulin Receptor-Expressing T Cells Appear in Individuals at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes and Can Move into the Pancreas in C57BL/6 Transgenic Mice. J Immunol 2021; 206:1443-1453. [PMID: 33658296 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) expression on the T cell surface can indicate an activated state; however, the IR is also chemotactic, enabling T cells with high IR expression to physically move toward insulin. In humans with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the NOD mouse model, a T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells occurs. In previous work, when purified IR+ and IR- T cells were sorted from diabetic NOD mice and transferred into irradiated nondiabetic NOD mice, only those that received IR+ T cells developed insulitis and diabetes. In this study, peripheral blood samples from individuals with T1D (new onset to 14 y of duration), relatives at high-risk for T1D, defined by positivity for islet autoantibodies, and healthy controls were examined for frequency of IR+ T cells. High-risk individuals had significantly higher numbers of IR+ T cells as compared with those with T1D (p < 0.01) and controls (p < 0.001); however, the percentage of IR+ T cells in circulation did not differ significantly between T1D and control subjects. With the hypothesis that IR+ T cells traffic to the pancreas in T1D, we developed a (to our knowledge) novel mouse model exhibiting a FLAG-tagged mouse IR on T cells on the C57BL/6 background, which is not susceptible to developing T1D. Interestingly, these C57BL/6-CD3FLAGmIR/mfm mice showed evidence of increased IR+ T cell trafficking into the islets compared with C57BL/6 controls (p < 0.001). This transgenic animal model provides a (to our knowledge) novel platform for investigating the influence of IR expression on T cell trafficking and the development of insulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Nandedkar-Kulkarni
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Emily Esakov
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610.,University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Douglas G Rogers
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44053
| | - James D Horner
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Kanakadurga Singer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Steven K Lundy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jamie L Felton
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Tasneem Al-Huniti
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Andrea Nestor Kalinoski
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Michael P Morran
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Nirdesh K Gupta
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - James D Bretz
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Swapnaa Balaji
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Tian Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606; and
| | - Marcia F McInerney
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614; .,Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
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5
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Clark M, Kroger CJ, Ke Q, Tisch RM. The Role of T Cell Receptor Signaling in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615371. [PMID: 33603744 PMCID: PMC7884625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling influences multiple aspects of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunobiology including thymic development, peripheral homeostasis, effector subset differentiation/function, and memory formation. Additional T cell signaling cues triggered by co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines also affect TCR signaling duration, as well as accessory pathways that further shape a T cell response. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-driven autoimmune disease targeting the insulin producing β cells in the pancreas. Evidence indicates that dysregulated TCR signaling events in T1D impact the efficacy of central and peripheral tolerance-inducing mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss how the strength and nature of TCR signaling events influence the development of self-reactive T cells and drive the progression of T1D through effects on T cell gene expression, lineage commitment, and maintenance of pathogenic anti-self T cell effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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6
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Gerstner C, Turcinov S, Hensvold AH, Chemin K, Uchtenhagen H, Ramwadhdoebe TH, Dubnovitsky A, Kozhukh G, Rönnblom L, Kwok WW, Achour A, Catrina AI, van Baarsen LGM, Malmström V. Multi-HLA class II tetramer analyses of citrulline-reactive T cells and early treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:27. [PMID: 32423478 PMCID: PMC7236297 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00357-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HLA class II tetramers can be used for ex vivo enumeration and phenotypic characterisation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. They are increasingly applied in settings like allergy, vaccination and autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder for which many autoantigens have been described. RESULTS Using multi-parameter flow cytometry, we developed a multi-HLA class II tetramer approach to simultaneously study several antigen specificities in RA patient samples. We focused on previously described citrullinated HLA-DRB1*04:01-restricted T cell epitopes from α-enolase, fibrinogen-β, vimentin as well as cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP). First, we examined inter-assay variability and the sensitivity of the assay in peripheral blood from healthy donors (n = 7). Next, we confirmed the robustness and sensitivity in a cohort of RA patients with repeat blood draws (n = 14). We then applied our method in two different settings. We assessed lymphoid tissue from seropositive arthralgia (n = 5) and early RA patients (n = 5) and could demonstrate autoreactive T cells in individuals at risk of developing RA. Lastly, we studied peripheral blood from early RA patients (n = 10) and found that the group of patients achieving minimum disease activity (DAS28 < 2.6) at 6 months follow-up displayed a decrease in the frequency of citrulline-specific T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the development of a sensitive tetramer panel allowing simultaneous characterisation of antigen-specific T cells in ex vivo patient samples including RA 'at risk' subjects. This multi-tetramer approach can be useful for longitudinal immune-monitoring in any disease with known HLA-restriction element and several candidate antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gerstner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Turcinov
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aase H Hensvold
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karine Chemin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Uchtenhagen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Translational Research Program, BRI at Virginia Mason, Seattle, (WA), USA
| | - Tamara H Ramwadhdoebe
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anatoly Dubnovitsky
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Genadiy Kozhukh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William W Kwok
- Translational Research Program, BRI at Virginia Mason, Seattle, (WA), USA
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet & Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anca I Catrina
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa G M van Baarsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Blinder T, Lewerenz J. Cerebrospinal Fluid Findings in Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis-A Systematic Analysis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:804. [PMID: 31404257 PMCID: PMC6670288 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitides (AIE) comprise a group of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), which can be further characterized by the presence of different antineuronal antibodies. Recently, a clinical approach for diagnostic criteria for the suspected diagnosis of AIE as well as definitive AIE were proposed. These are intended to guide physicians when to order the antineuronal antibody testing and/or facilitate early diagnosis even prior to the availability of the specific disease-confirming test results to facilitate prompt treatment. These diagnostic criteria also include the results of basic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. However, the different antibody-defined AIE subtypes might be highly distinct with regard to their immune pathophysiology, e.g., the pre-dominance of specific IgG subclasses, IgG1, or IgG4, or frequency of paraneoplastic compared to idiopathic origin. Thus, it is conceivable that the results of basic CSF analysis might also be very different. However, this has not been explored systematically. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature about the 10 most important AIE subtypes, AIE with antibodies against NMDA, AMPA, glycine, GABAA, and GABAB receptors as well as DPPX, CASPR2, LGI1, IgLON5, or glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), with respect to the reported basic CSF findings comprising CSF leukocyte count, total protein, and the presence of oligoclonal bands (OCB) restricted to the CSF as a sensitive measure for intrathecal IgG synthesis. Our results indicate that these basic CSF findings are profoundly different among the 10 different AIE subtypes. Whereas, AIEs with antibodies against NMDA, GABAB, and AMPA receptors as well as DPPX show rather frequent inflammatory CSF changes, in AIEs with either CASPR2, LGI1, GABAA, or glycine receptor antibodies CSF findings were mostly normal. Two subtypes, AIEs defined by either GAD, or IgLON5 antibodies, did not fit into this general pattern. In AIE with GAD antibodies, positive OCBs in the absence of other changes were typical, while the CSF in IgLON5 antibody-positive AIE was characterized by elevated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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8
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Oliveira IS, Ferreira IG, Alexandre-Silva GM, Cerni FA, Cremonez CM, Arantes EC, Zottich U, Pucca MB. Scorpion toxins targeting Kv1.3 channels: insights into immunosuppression. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e148118. [PMID: 31131004 PMCID: PMC6483409 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-1481-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Scorpion venoms are natural sources of molecules that have, in addition to their
toxic function, potential therapeutic applications. In this source the
neurotoxins can be found especially those that act on potassium channels.
Potassium channels are responsible for maintaining the membrane potential in the
excitable cells, especially the voltage-dependent potassium channels (Kv),
including Kv1.3 channels. These channels (Kv1.3) are expressed by various types
of tissues and cells, being part of several physiological processes. However,
the major studies of Kv1.3 are performed on T cells due its importance on
autoimmune diseases. Scorpion toxins capable of acting on potassium channels
(KTx), mainly on Kv1.3 channels, have gained a prominent role for their possible
ability to control inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Some of these toxins have
already left bench trials and are being evaluated in clinical trials, presenting
great therapeutic potential. Thus, scorpion toxins are important natural
molecules that should not be overlooked in the treatment of autoimmune and other
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora S Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabela G Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe A Cerni
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline M Cremonez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Umberto Zottich
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | - Manuela B Pucca
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
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9
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Mathieu C, Lahesmaa R, Bonifacio E, Achenbach P, Tree T. Immunological biomarkers for the development and progression of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2252-2258. [PMID: 30209538 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune biomarkers of type 1 diabetes are many and diverse. Some of these, such as the autoantibodies, are well established but not discriminative enough to deal with the heterogeneity inherent to type 1 diabetes progression. As an alternative, high hopes are placed on T cell assays, which give insight into the cells that actually target the beta cell or play a crucial role in maintaining tolerance. These assays are approaching a level of robustness that may allow for solid conclusions on both disease progression and therapeutic efficacy of immune interventions. In addition, 'omics' approaches to biomarker discovery are rapidly progressing. The potential emergence of novel biomarkers creates a need for the introduction of bioinformatics and 'big data' analysis systems for the integration of the multitude of biomarker data that will be available, to translate these data into clinical tools. It is worth noting that it is unlikely that the same markers will apply to all individuals. Instead, individualised signatures of biomarkers, combining autoantibodies, T cell profiles and other biomarkers, will need to be used to classify at-risk patients into various categories, thus enabling personalised prediction, prevention and treatment approaches. To achieve this goal, the standardisation of assays for biomarker discovery, the integration of analyses and data from biomarker studies and, most importantly, the careful clinical characterisation of individuals providing samples for these studies are critical. Longitudinal sample-collection initiatives, like INNODIA, should lead to novel biomarker discovery, not only providing a better understanding of type 1 diabetes onset and progression, but also yielding biomarkers of therapeutic efficacy of interventions to prevent or arrest type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Mathieu
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Herestraat, 49 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Achenbach
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timothy Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Borough Wing Guy's Hospital, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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10
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Preuß BE, Berg CP, Werner C, Plankenhorn S, Malek NP, Klein R. Sulphite oxidase (SO) - a mitochondrial autoantigen as target for humoral and cellular immune reactions in primary sclerosing cholangitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:58. [PMID: 29720090 PMCID: PMC5932765 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a recent study we had evidence that sulphite oxidase (SO) may be a relevant autoantigen in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Aim of the present study was, therefore, to analyse humoral and cellular immune-reactivity towards SO in these patients in more detail. Methods Sera from 53 patients with PSC (30 untreated and 23 treated with ursodeoxycholic acid [UDCA] at time of analysis), from 422 patients with different hepatic and non-hepatic disorders, and from 50 healthy individuals were tested by ELISA for antibodies against full-length-SO (SO-fl) and its three major domains expressed in E.coli (SO-I, SO-II, SO-III). For epitope-mapping, 29 overlapping peptides were used. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from 33 PSC-patients and analysed for SO-induced proliferation, production of cytokines, and expression of the activation marker cluster of differentiation (CD) 69. Results 43% of the 30 untreated and 26% of the 23 treated PSC-patients had IgG anti-SO-antibodies predominantly reacting with SO-fl, SO-I and SO-II. Antibody-reactivity decreased after UDCA-treatment. Prevalence and reactivity of anti-SO-antibodies were significantly higher in PSC than in patients with other hepatic and non-hepatic disorders. Epitope mapping revealed no distinct immuno-dominant regions within SO. Incubation of PBMC from PSC-patients (but not from controls) with SO-antigens revealed an activation of B-cells and a T-helper cell type-2 reaction pattern (production of interleukin [IL]-13, IL-10). Conclusions PSC-patients show humoral and cellular immune response towards SO. Antibodies may be predominantly directed against conformational epitopes. SO enhances in vitro especially T-helper cell type-2 immune-reactions, which may be pro-fibrotic. SO is a detoxifying enzyme present also in bacteria; further studies analysing its role in the aetiology and pathogenesis in PSC may, therefore, be important. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-018-0787-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate E Preuß
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller Str. 11, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christoph P Berg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Werner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Plankenhorn
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller Str. 11, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nisar P Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Reinhild Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller Str. 11, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
Inflammation is typically induced in response to a microbial infection. The release of proinflammatory cytokines enhances the stimulatory capacity of antigen-presenting cells, as well as recruits adaptive and innate immune effectors to the site of infection. Once the microbe is cleared, inflammation is resolved by various mechanisms to avoid unnecessary tissue damage. Autoimmunity arises when aberrant immune responses target self-tissues causing inflammation. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), T cells attack the insulin producing β cells in the pancreatic islets. Genetic and environmental factors increase T1D risk by in part altering central and peripheral tolerance inducing events. This results in the development and expansion of β cell-specific effector T cells (Teff) which mediate islet inflammation. Unlike protective immunity where inflammation is terminated, autoimmunity is sustained by chronic inflammation. In this review, we will highlight the key events which initiate and sustain T cell-driven pancreatic islet inflammation in nonobese diabetic mice and in human T1D. Specifically, we will discuss: (i) dysregulation of thymic selection events, (ii) the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that enhance the expansion and pathogenicity of Teff, (iii) defects which impair homeostasis and suppressor activity of FoxP3-expressing regulatory T cells, and (iv) properties of β cells which contribute to islet inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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12
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes severe loss of pancreatic β cells. Autoreactive T cells are key mediators of β cell destruction. Studies of organ donors with T1D that have examined T cells in pancreas, the diabetogenic insulitis lesion, and lymphoid tissues have revealed a broad repertoire of target antigens and T cell receptor (TCR) usage, with initial evidence of public TCR sequences that are shared by individuals with T1D. Neoepitopes derived from post-translational modifications of native antigens are emerging as novel targets that are more likely to evade self-tolerance. Further studies will determine whether T cell responses to neoepitopes are major disease drivers that could impact prediction, prevention, and therapy. This Review provides an overview of recent progress in our knowledge of autoreactive T cells that has emerged from experimental and clinical research as well as pathology investigations.
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13
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Reeves PL, Rudraraju R, Liu X, Wong FS, Hamilton-Williams EE, Steptoe RJ. APC-targeted proinsulin expression inactivates insulin-specific memory CD8 + T cells in NOD mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:765-774. [PMID: 28611473 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from T-cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. Effector T-cell responses emerge early in disease development and expand as disease progresses. Following β-cell destruction, a long-lived T-cell memory is generated that represents a barrier to islet transplantation and other cellular insulin-replacement therapies. Development of effective immunotherapies that control or ablate β-cell destructive effector and memory T-cell responses has the potential to prevent disease progression and recurrence. Targeting antigen expression to antigen-presenting cells inactivates cognate CD8+ effector and memory T-cell responses and has therapeutic potential. Here we investigated this in the context of insulin-specific responses in the non-obese diabetic mouse where genetic immune tolerance defects could impact on therapeutic tolerance induction. Insulin-specific CD8+ memory T cells transferred to mice expressing proinsulin in antigen-presenting cells proliferated in response to transgenically expressed proinsulin and the majority were rapidly deleted. A small proportion of transferred insulin-specific Tmem remained undeleted and these were antigen-unresponsive, exhibited reduced T cell receptor (TCR) expression and H-2Kd/insB15-23 tetramer binding and expressed co-inhibitory molecules. Expression of proinsulin in antigen-presenting cells also abolished the diabetogenic capacity of CD8+ effector T cells. Therefore, destructive insulin-specific CD8+ T cells are effectively inactivated by enforced proinsulin expression despite tolerance defects that exist in diabetes-prone NOD mice. These findings have important implications in developing immunotherapeutic approaches to T1D and other T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta Ls Reeves
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiao Liu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - F Susan Wong
- Institute of Molecular &Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
| | | | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Tanner MR, Tajhya RB, Huq R, Gehrmann EJ, Rodarte KE, Atik MA, Norton RS, Pennington MW, Beeton C. Prolonged immunomodulation in inflammatory arthritis using the selective Kv1.3 channel blocker HsTX1[R14A] and its PEGylated analog. Clin Immunol 2017; 180:45-57. [PMID: 28389388 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Effector memory T lymphocytes (TEM cells) that lack expression of CCR7 are major drivers of inflammation in a number of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The Kv1.3 potassium channel is a key regulator of CCR7- TEM cell activation. Blocking Kv1.3 inhibits TEM cell activation and attenuates inflammation in autoimmunity, and as such, Kv1.3 has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of TEM cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. The scorpion venom-derived peptide HsTX1 and its analog HsTX1[R14A] are potent Kv1.3 blockers and HsTX1[R14A] is selective for Kv1.3 over closely-related Kv1 channels. PEGylation of HsTX1[R14A] to create a Kv1.3 blocker with a long circulating half-life reduced its affinity but not its selectivity for Kv1.3, dramatically reduced its adsorption to inert surfaces, and enhanced its circulating half-life in rats. PEG-HsTX1[R14A] is equipotent to HsTX1[R14A] in preferential inhibition of human and rat CCR7- TEM cell proliferation, leaving CCR7+ naïve and central memory T cells able to proliferate. It reduced inflammation in an active delayed-type hypersensitivity model and in the pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Importantly, a single subcutaneous dose of PEG-HsTX1[R14A] reduced inflammation in PIA for a longer period of time than the non-PEGylated HsTX1[R14A]. Together, these data indicate that HsTX1[R14A] and PEG-HsTX1[R14A] are effective in a model of RA and are therefore potential therapeutics for TEM cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. PEG-HsTX1[R14A] has the additional advantages of reduced non-specific adsorption to inert surfaces and enhanced circulating half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Tanner
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology & Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rajeev B Tajhya
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Redwan Huq
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Gehrmann
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kathia E Rodarte
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mustafa A Atik
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Christine Beeton
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Biology of Inflammation Center and Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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15
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Wang RE, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Gabrelow C, Zhang Y, Chi V, Fu Q, Luo X, Wang D, Joseph S, Johnson K, Chatterjee AK, Wright TM, Nguyen-Tran VT, Teijaro J, Theofilopoulos AN, Schultz PG, Wang F. Rational design of a Kv1.3 channel-blocking antibody as a selective immunosuppressant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11501-6. [PMID: 27663736 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612803113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A variable region fusion strategy was used to generate an immunosuppressive antibody based on a novel "stalk-knob" structural motif in the ultralong complementary-determining region (CDR) of a bovine antibody. The potent Kv1.3 channel inhibitory peptides Moka1-toxin and Vm24-toxin were grafted into different CDRs of the humanized antibodies BVK and Synagis (Syn) using both β-sheet and coiled-coil linkers. Structure-activity relationship efforts led to generation of the fusion protein Syn-Vm24-CDR3L, which demonstrated excellent selectivity and potency against effector human memory T cells (subnanomolar to picomolar EC50 values). This fusion antibody also had significantly improved plasma half-life and serum stability in rodents compared with the parent Vm24 peptide. Finally, this fusion protein showed potent in vivo efficacy in the delayed type hypersensitivity in rats. These results illustrate the utility of antibody CDR fusions as a general and effective strategy to generate long-acting functional antibodies, and may lead to a selective immunosuppressive antibody for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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16
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Abstract
Immunomodulation of the autoreactive T cell response is considered a major strategy to control beta-cell autoimmunity, both in the natural history of type 1 diabetes and in islet transplantation, which can be affected by autoimmunity recurrence. So far, these strategies have had modest results, prompting efforts to define novel cellular and molecular targets to control autoreactive T cell expansion and activation. Novel findings highlighted the important role of the homeostatic cytokine interleukin-7 in inducing proliferation and differentiation of autoreactive T cell clones that causes beta-cell autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss recent evidences and novel findings on the role of IL-7 mediated homeostatic T cell proliferation in the process of beta-cell destruction and evidences of how targeting IL-7 and its receptor could be an innovative and effective strategy to control beta-cell autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Vignali
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Monti
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
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17
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Zhao N, Dong Q, Qian C, Li S, Wu QF, Ding D, Li J, Wang BB, Guo KF, Xie JJ, Cheng X, Liao YH, Du YM. Lovastatin blocks Kv1.3 channel in human T cells: a new mechanism to explain its immunomodulatory properties. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17381. [PMID: 26616555 DOI: 10.1038/srep17381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lovastatin is a member of Statins, which are beneficial in a lot of immunologic cardiovascular diseases and T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Kv1.3 channel plays important roles in the activation and proliferation of T cells, and have become attractive target for immune-related disorders. The present study was designed to examine the block effect of Lovastatin on Kv1.3 channel in human T cells, and to clarify its new immunomodulatory mechanism. We found that Lovastatin inhibited Kv1.3 currents in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner, and the IC50 for peak, end of the pulse was 39.81 ± 5.11, 6.92 ± 0.95 μM, respectively. Lovastatin also accelerated the decay rate of current inactivation and negatively shifted the steady-state inactivation curves concentration-dependently, without affecting the activation curve. However, 30 μM Lovastatin had no apparent effect on KCa current in human T cells. Furthermore, Lovastatin inhibited Ca2+ influx, T cell proliferation as well as IL-2 production. The activities of NFAT1 and NF-κB p65/50 were down-regulated by Lovastatin, too. At last, Mevalonate application only partially reversed the inhibition of Lovastatin on IL-2 secretion, and the siRNA against Kv1.3 also partially reduced this inhibitory effect of Lovastatin. In conclusion, Lovastatin can exert immunodulatory properties through the new mechanism of blocking Kv1.3 channel.
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18
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Gómez-Touriño I, Simón-Vázquez R, Alonso-Lorenzo J, Arif S, Calviño-Sampedro C, González-Fernández Á, Pena-González E, Rodríguez J, Viñuela-Roldán J, Verdaguer J, Cordero OJ, Peakman M, Varela-Calvino R. Characterization of the autoimmune response against the nerve tissue S100β in patients with type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:207-17. [PMID: 25516468 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in pancreatic islets and is characterized by islet cell autoimmunity. Autoreactivity against non-beta cell-specific antigens has also been reported, including targeting of the calcium-binding protein S100β. In preclinical models, reactivity of this type is a key component of the early development of insulitis. To examine the nature of this response in type 1 diabetes, we identified naturally processed and presented peptide epitopes derived from S100β, determined their affinity for the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*04:01 molecule and studied T cell responses in patients, together with healthy donors. We found that S100β reactivity, characterized by interferon (IFN)-γ secretion, is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes of varying duration. Our results confirm S100β as a target of the cellular autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes with the identification of new peptide epitopes targeted during the development of the disease, and support the preclinical findings that autoreactivity against non-beta cell-specific autoantigens may have a role in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gómez-Touriño
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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19
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Chang SC, Huq R, Chhabra S, Beeton C, Pennington MW, Smith BJ, Norton RS. N-Terminally extended analogues of the K⁺ channel toxin from Stichodactyla helianthus as potent and selective blockers of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3. FEBS J 2015; 282:2247-59. [PMID: 25864722 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 is an important target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and asthma. Blockade of Kv1.3 by the sea anemone peptide K⁺-channel toxin from Stichodactyla helianthus (ShK) inhibits the proliferation of effector memory T lymphocytes and ameliorates autoimmune diseases in animal models. However, the lack of selectivity of ShK for Kv1.3 over the Kv1.1 subtype has driven a search for Kv1.3-selective analogues. In the present study, we describe N-terminally extended analogues of ShK that contain a negatively-charged Glu, designed to mimic the phosphonate adduct in earlier Kv1.3-selective analogues, and consist entirely of common protein amino acids. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that a Trp residue at position [-3] of the tetrapeptide extension could form stable interactions with Pro377 of Kv1.3 and best discriminates between Kv1.3 and Kv1.1. This led to the development of ShK with an N-terminal Glu-Trp-Ser-Ser extension ([EWSS]ShK), which inhibits Kv1.3 with an IC₅₀ of 34 pm and is 158-fold selective for Kv1.3 over Kv1.1. In addition, [EWSS]ShK is more than 2900-fold more selective for Kv1.3 over Kv1.2 and KCa3.1 channels. As a highly Kv1.3-selective analogue of ShK based entirely on protein amino acids, which can be produced by recombinant expression, this peptide is a valuable addition to the complement of therapeutic candidates for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih C Chang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Redwan Huq
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sandeep Chhabra
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Christine Beeton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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20
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Monti P, Vignali D, Piemonti L. Monitoring Inflammation, Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity in Pancreas and Islet Transplants. Curr Med Chem 2015; 11:135-43. [PMID: 25777058 PMCID: PMC5398085 DOI: 10.2174/1573399811666150317125820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by the chronic autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta cells. Beta cell replacement therapy through whole pancreas or islet transplantation is a therapeutic option for patients in which a stable glucose control is not achievable with exogenous insulin therapy. Long-term insulin independence is, however, hampered by the recipient immune response that includes activation of inflammatory pathways and specific allo- and autoimmunity. The identification and monitoring of soluble and cellular biomarkers are of critical relevance for the prediction of graft damage, for the evaluation of responses to immune-modulating therapy, and for target pathways identification to generate novel drugs or therapeutic approaches. The final objective of immune monitoring is to find ways to improve the outcome of pancreas and islet transplantation. In this review, we discuss the available tools to monitor the innate, humoral and cellular responses after islet and pancreas transplantation, and the most relevant findings generated by these measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Monti
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Yin S, Hu Q, Luo J, Li Y, Lu C, Chen X, Hu H. Loureirin B, an essential component of Sanguis Draxonis, inhibits Kv1.3 channel and suppresses cytokine release from Jurkat T cells. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:78. [PMID: 25937895 PMCID: PMC4417528 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanguis draxonis (SD), also known as “Dragon’s Blood”, is a traditional herb medicine that has been used to treat a variety of complications with unknown mechanisms. Recent studies show that SD displays immunosuppressive activities and improves symptoms of type I diabetes in animal models. However, the mechanisms underlying SD’s immunosuppressive actions are not completely understood. The voltage-gated Kv1.3 channel plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by regulating the functions of both T cells and B cells. Here we investigated the effect of SD and one of its active components loureirin B (LrB) on Kv1.3. Both SD and LrB inhibited Kv1.3-mediated currents, produced a membrane depolarization, and reduced Ca2+ influx in Jurkat T cells. In addition, application of LrB inhibited phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced IL-2 release from activated Jurkat T cells. Furthermore, point mutations in the selective filter region significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of LrB on Kv1.3. The results of these experiments provide evidence that LrB is a channel blocker of Kv1.3 by interacting with amino acid residues in its selective filter region. Direct inhibition of Kv1.3 in T cells by SD and LrB might be the cellular and molecular basis of SD-mediated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Yin
- College of pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 P R China ; Center for the Study of Itch, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Qinglan Hu
- College of pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 P R China
| | - Jialie Luo
- Center for the Study of Itch, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Yuxin Li
- College of pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 P R China
| | - Chunlan Lu
- College of pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 P R China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 P R China
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Center for the Study of Itch, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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22
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Kennell ASM, Gould KG, Salaman MR. Proliferation assay amplification by IL-2 in model primary and recall antigen systems. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:662. [PMID: 25239080 PMCID: PMC4190572 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It can be difficult to register a weak proliferative response of T lymphocytes to an antigen, particularly in a simple culture system of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Here we assess the usefulness of the cytokine IL-2 in amplifying such a response. Methods PBMC from healthy donors were cultured in the presence or absence of keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), an antigen to which people have not been previously exposed. IL-2 was added from the beginning or on the fifth day of culture. Proliferation was determined by incorporation of tritiated thymidine at eight days. The recall antigen, tuberculin PPD, provided a positive control. Results IL-2 added at the beginning of culture can induce extremely high levels of proliferation even in the absence of antigen. However, when added on the fifth day it allowed the clear observation of a proliferative response to KLH that was barely detectable in its absence. Added late it was similarly able to boost low responses to PPD and to the mitogens lipopolysaccharide and poly(I:C), but it had no such effect with pokeweed mitogen. Conclusions IL-2 added late in culture is highly effective in increasing the sensitivity of T lymphocyte proliferative assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Myer R Salaman
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although insulin is lifesaving and sustaining for those with type 1 diabetes (T1D), curing the disease will be much more complex than simple replacement of this hormone. T1D is an autoimmune disease orchestrated by T cells, and includes many arms of the immune response. Tremendous effort has gone into understanding its underlying immune, genetic, and environmental causes, and this progress has led to immunologically based clinical trials in T1D. This review will focus primarily on the clinical trials of the past decade that have attempted to translate these fundamental findings. RECENT FINDINGS It is known that powerful, nonspecific immune suppressants can temporarily slow the course of newly diagnosed T1D, yet are too toxic for long-term use, especially in children. Recent clinical trials to reverse T1D have used newly developed therapies that target specific components of the immune process believed to be involved with T1D. Although well justified and designed, no recent approach has resulted in clinical remission and few have had any effect on disease course. SUMMARY Advances in our fundamental understanding of how the human diabetes immune response is activated and regulated coupled with lessons that have been learnt from the most recent era of completed trials are guiding us toward the development of more effective, multipronged therapies to ablate diabetes autoimmunity, restore immune tolerance, preserve β cells, and, ultimately, improve the lives of patients with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Rigby
- aIndiana University School of Medicine and Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indianapolis, Indiana bImmune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California, USA
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the result of autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells in genetically predisposed individuals with impaired immune regulation. The insufficiency in the modulation of immune attacks on the β cells might be partly due to genetic causes; indeed, several of the genetic variants that predispose individuals to T1DM have functional features of impaired immune regulation. Whilst defects in immune regulation in patients with T1DM have been identified, many patients seem to have immune regulatory capacities that are indistinguishable from those of healthy individuals. Insight into the regulation of islet autoimmunity might enable us to restore immune imbalances with therapeutic interventions. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge on immune regulation and dysfunction in humans that is the basis of tissue-specific immune regulation as an alternative to generalized immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart O Roep
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Immunohaematology & Blood Transfusion, P. O. Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Timothy I M Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Işik N, Yildiz Manukyan N, Aydin Cantürk İ, Candan F, Ünsal Çakmak A, Saru Han Direskeneli G. Genetic Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of FOXP3 Gene Polymorphism. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2014; 51:69-73. [PMID: 28360598 DOI: 10.4274/npa.y7098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is well recognized that both genetic and environmental factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Immune pathogenesis of MS focuses on pathogenic CD4+ T lymphocytes. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells have suppressive function in this cell group. FOXP3 (forkhead boxP3) transcription factor is a key structure in the development and function of regulatory cells. Functional alterations in FOXP3 gene expression have been observed in various autoimmune diseases. METHODS We screened a non-synonymous coding single nucleotide polymorphism (exon +2710 C/T) (rs2232369) of human FOXP3 gene in 148 MS patients (118 with Relapsing Remitting MS, 30 with Secondary Progressive MS) and 102 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The association of polymorphisms with susceptibility, and course of the disease was evaluated. RESULTS We could not detect any single nucleotide polymorphism in MS patients, however, polymorphic allele was detected in 3% of the control group. Consequently, a genetic association between the FOXP3 gene polymorphism and MS was not revealed. CONCLUSION The distribution of this polymorphism has not been screened in any other MS populations before. Although we could not succeed to find any association between susceptibility to MS and screened FOXP3 gene polymorphisms, we suggest that this particular polymorphism is not appropriate for these kind of studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Işik
- Clinic of Neurology, Medeniyet University Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nüket Yildiz Manukyan
- Clinic of Neurology, Ministry Health Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İlknur Aydin Cantürk
- Clinic of Neurology, Medeniyet University Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Candan
- Clinic of Neurology, Medeniyet University Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşen Ünsal Çakmak
- Clinic of Neurology, Medeniyet University Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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Zhang L, Crawford F, Yu L, Michels A, Nakayama M, Davidson HW, Kappler JW, Eisenbarth GS. Monoclonal antibody blocking the recognition of an insulin peptide-MHC complex modulates type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:2656-2661. [PMID: 24550292 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323436111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary autoantigen triggering spontaneous type 1 diabetes mellitus in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is insulin. The major T-cell insulin epitope lies within the amino acid 9-23 peptide of the β-chain (B:9-23). This peptide can bind within the peptide binding groove of the NOD MHC class II molecule (MHCII), IA(g7), in multiple positions or "registers." However, the majority of pathogenic CD4 T cells recognize this complex only when the insulin peptide is bound in register 3 (R3). We hypothesized that antibodies reacting specifically with R3 insulin-IA(g7) complexes would inhibit autoimmune diabetes specifically without interfering with recognition of other IA(g7)-presented antigens. To test this hypothesis, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb287), which selectively binds to B:9-23 and related variants when presented by IA(g7) in R3, but not other registers. The monoclonal antibody blocks binding of IA(g7)-B:10-23 R3 tetramers to cognate T cells and inhibits T-cell responses to soluble B:9-23 peptides and NOD islets. However, mAb287 has no effect on recognition of other peptides bound to IA(g7) or other MHCII molecules. Intervention with mAb287, but not irrelevant isotype matched antibody, at either early or late stages of disease development, significantly delayed diabetes onset by inhibiting infiltration by not only insulin-specific CD4 T cells, but also by CD4 and CD8 T cells of other specificities. We propose that peptide-MHC-specific monoclonal antibodies can modulate autoimmune disease without the pleiotropic effects of nonselective reagents and, thus, could be applicable to the treatment of multiple T-cell mediated autoimmune disorders.
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Abstract
Antigen-experienced T-cells directly target and destroy insulin-producing beta cells in patients with Type 1 diabetes. Consequently, T-cells are also major targets of immunomodulatory strategies that aim to prevent or delay the immune mediated loss of islet beta-cell function. These strategies have had modest success, prompting efforts into better defining the mechanisms that drive the differentiation of quiescent autoreactive clones into pathogenic effector and memory T-cells. Recent and novel findings now indicate that in addition to the classic mechanisms of antigenic recognition, autoreactive T-cell differentiation and expansion can be boosted by the homeostatic cytokine interleukin-7. In this article, we discuss recent evidence of the role of IL-7 mediated T-cell proliferation in the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes and the rationale for including immunomodulatory molecules targeting the IL-7/IL-7R axis in immunotherapeutic strategies to control beta-cell autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Monti
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy,
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28
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing beta-cells are destroyed. Islet or pancreas transplantation can restore insulin secretion and are established therapies for subgroups of T1D patients. Long-term insulin-independence is, however, hampered by recurrent autoimmunity and rejection. Accurate monitoring of these immune events is therefore of critical relevance for the timely detection of deleterious immune responses. The identification of relevant immune biomarkers of allo- and autoreactivity has allowed a more accurate monitoring of disease progression and responses to therapy at early stages, allowing proper therapeutic intervention, and possibly improvements in the success rate of islet and pancreas transplantation. This review describes the tools established and validated to monitor immune correlates of auto- and alloreactivity that associate with clinical outcome and identifies challenges that current immunosuppression strategies trying to preserve islet graft function face.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R F Abreu
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, P.O. Box 9600, NL-2300Rc, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus is performed under immunosuppression to avoid alloreactive T cell responses and to control the reactivation of autoreactive memory T cells. However, lymphopenia associated with immunosuppression and T cell depletion can induce a paradoxical expansion of lymphocyte subsets under the influence of homeostatic proliferation. Homeostatic T cell proliferation is mainly driven by the IL-7/IL-7 receptor axis, a molecular pathway which is not affected by standard immune-suppressive drugs and, consequently, represents a novel potential target for immuno-modulatory strategies. In this review, we will discuss how homeostatic T cell proliferation can support autoimmunity recurrence after islet transplantation and how it can be targeted by new therapeutic approaches.
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30
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Zhang J, Gao W, Yang X, Kang J, Zhang Y, Guo Q, Hu Y, Xia G, Kang Y. Tolerogenic vaccination reduced effector memory CD4 T cells and induced effector memory Treg cells for type I diabetes treatment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70056. [PMID: 23894591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination could induce immune tolerance and protected NOD mice from the development of type I diabetes (T1D). We previously demonstrated that insulin peptide (B9-23) combined with dexamethasone (DEX) stimulated the expansion of antigen specific regulatory T (Treg) cells which in turn effectively prevented T1D in NOD mice. Here, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of tolerogenic vaccination for T1D treatment. Methodology/Principal Findings The diabetic NOD mice (Blood glucose level ≧250 mg/dl) were treated with B9-23 and DEX twice. The tolerance was restored by blocking maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and inducing Treg cells in treated NOD mice. Remarkably, the reduction of autoreactive effector memory CD4 T (Tm) cells and the induction of functional effector memory Treg (mTreg) cells contributed to the improvement of T1D in treated NOD mice. Conclusions/Significance Tolerogenic vaccination restored tolerance and ameliorated T1D by suppressing effector CD4 Tm cells and inducing effector mTreg cells. Our findings implicate the potential of tolerogenic vaccination for T1D treatment.
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Abstract
Immune-based therapies that prevent type 1 diabetes or preserve metabolic function remaining at diagnosis have become a major objective for funding agencies and international trial consortia, and receive backing from notable patient advocate groups. The development of immune-based therapeutic strategies in this arena requires a careful balancing of the risks of the therapy against the potential benefits, because many individuals are diagnosed or identified as being at increased risk of disease in early childhood, a period when manipulation of the developing immune system should be undertaken with caution. In addition, a therapy exists (daily insulin injection) that is life-saving in the acute stages of disease and can be used effectively over a lifetime as maintenance. Conversely, the disease is increasing in incidence; is peaking in ever-younger age groups; carries significant risk of increased morbidity and early mortality; and remains difficult to manage effectively in many settings. With these issues in mind, in this article we review progress towards immune-based strategies for this chronic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M von Herrath
- Center for Type 1 Diabetes Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Chujo D, Foucat E, Nguyen TS, Chaussabel D, Banchereau J, Ueno H. ZnT8-Specific CD4+ T cells display distinct cytokine expression profiles between type 1 diabetes patients and healthy adults. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55595. [PMID: 23390544 PMCID: PMC3563599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of antigen-specific T cell repertoires in human blood has been a challenge. Here, we show a novel integrated approach that permits determination of multiple parameters of antigen-specific T cell repertoires. The approach consists of two assays: the Direct assay and the Cytokine-driven assay. Briefly, human PBMCs are first stimulated with overlapping peptides encoding a given antigen for 48 hours to measure cytokine secretion (Direct assay). Peptide-reactive T cells are further expanded by IL-2 for 5 days; and after overnight starvation, expanded cells are stimulated with the same peptides from the initial culture to analyze cytokine secretion (Cytokine-driven assay). We first applied this integrated approach to determine the type of islet-antigen-specific T cells in healthy adults. Out of ten donors, the Direct assay identified GAD65-specific CD4+ T cells in three adults and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8)-specific CD4+ T cells in five adults. The intracytoplasmic cytokine staining assay showed that these islet-antigen-specific CD4+ T cells belonged to the CD45RO+ memory compartment. The Cytokine-driven assay further revealed that islet-antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in healthy adults were capable of secreting various types of cytokines including type 1 and type 2 cytokines as well as IL-10. We next applied our integrated assay to determine whether the type of ZnT8-specific CD4+ T cells is different between Type 1 diabetes patients and age/gender/HLA-matched healthy adults. We found that ZnT8-specific CD4+ T cells were skewed towards Th1 cells in T1D patients, while Th2 and IL-10-producing cells were prevalent in healthy adults. In conclusion, the Direct assay and the Cytokine-driven assay complement each other, and the combination of the two assays provides information of antigen-specific T cell repertoires on the breadth, type, and avidity. This strategy is applicable to determine the differences in the quality of antigen-specific T cells between health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Chujo
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emile Foucat
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thien-Son Nguyen
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhao N, Dong Q, Du LL, Fu XX, Du YM, Liao YH. Potent suppression of Kv1.3 potassium channel and IL-2 secretion by diphenyl phosphine oxide-1 in human T cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64629. [PMID: 23717641 PMCID: PMC3661503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphenyl phosphine oxide-1 (DPO-1) is a potent Kv1.5 channel inhibitor that has therapeutic potential for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Many other Kv1.5 channel blockers also potently inhibit the Kv1.3 channel, but whether DPO-1 blocks Kv1.3 channels has not been investigated. The Kv1.3 channel is highly expressed in activated T cells, which is considered a favorable target for immunomodulation. Accordingly, we hypothesized that DPO-1 may exert immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting Kv1.3 channel activity. In this study, DPO-1 blocked Kv1.3 current in a voltage-dependent and concentration-dependent manner, with IC₅₀ values of 2.58 µM in Jurkat cells and 3.11 µM in human peripheral blood T cells. DPO-1 also accelerated the inactivation rate and negatively shifted steady-state inactivation. Moreover, DPO-1 at 3 µM had no apparent effect on the Ca²⁺ activated potassium channel (K(Ca)) current in both Jurkat cells and human peripheral blood T cells. In Jurkat cells, pre-treatment with DPO-1 for 24 h decreased Kv1.3 current density, and protein expression by 48±6% and 60±9%, at 3 and 10 µM, respectively (both p<0.05). In addition, Ca²⁺ influx to Ca²⁺-depleted cells was blunted and IL-2 production was also reduced in activated Jurkat cells. IL-2 secretion was also inhibited by the Kv1.3 inhibitors margatoxin and charybdotoxin. Our results demonstrate for the first time that that DPO-1, at clinically relevant concentrations, blocks Kv1.3 channels, decreases Kv1.3 channel expression and suppresses IL-2 secretion. Therefore, DPO-1 may be a useful treatment strategy for immunologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Research Center of Ion Channelopathy, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qian Dong
- Research Center of Ion Channelopathy, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Du
- Research Center of Ion Channelopathy, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xing Fu
- Research Center of Ion Channelopathy, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Mei Du
- Research Center of Ion Channelopathy, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (Y-MD); (Y-HL)
| | - Yu-Hua Liao
- Research Center of Ion Channelopathy, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (Y-MD); (Y-HL)
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Chen X, Ye S, Zhang S, Li J, Zhu H, Zheng G, Lu Y, Wan H. Effect of FTY720 on some physiological indexes of Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6129-37. [PMID: 22754354 PMCID: PMC3382803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13056129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The studies were performed to investigate the physiological characteristics of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice treated with FTY720. At the age of 12 weeks, each mouse was fed with FTY720 or physiological saline once a day for 10 weeks running, and their blood glucose, weight, anti-GAD antibody and organ indexes were determined. No mouse in group FTY720 (NOD mice treated with FTY720) showed diabetic symptoms. The average content of serum anti-GAD antibody in group FTY720 decreased 48.75% (P < 0.01). It was concluded that the spleen, kidney and liver of NOD mice treated with FTY720 shriveled significantly in the progression of diabetes (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The body weight of group FTY720 mice was slightly lower than that of the model control (MC) group and these two groups both had less body weight than the normal control (NC) group (P < 0.01). The result of tests of anti-GAD antibody suggested that FTY720 treatment could suppress the anti-GAD response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Chen
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China; E-Mail:
- Hangzhou Tea Research Institute, China COOP, Hangzhou 310016, China; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (X.C.); (G.Z.); (Y.L.); (H.W.); Tel./Fax:+86-571-8807-1024 (X.C.); +86-571-8821-5620 (G.Z.); +86-571-8829-7100 (Y.L.); +86-571-8661-3711 (H.W.)
| | - Sudan Ye
- Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic, Hangzhou 310018, China; E-Mail:
| | - Shikang Zhang
- Hangzhou Tea Research Institute, China COOP, Hangzhou 310016, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jianrong Li
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China; E-Mail:
| | - Hongying Zhu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; E-Mail:
| | - Gaoli Zheng
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (X.C.); (G.Z.); (Y.L.); (H.W.); Tel./Fax:+86-571-8807-1024 (X.C.); +86-571-8821-5620 (G.Z.); +86-571-8829-7100 (Y.L.); +86-571-8661-3711 (H.W.)
| | - Yin Lu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (X.C.); (G.Z.); (Y.L.); (H.W.); Tel./Fax:+86-571-8807-1024 (X.C.); +86-571-8821-5620 (G.Z.); +86-571-8829-7100 (Y.L.); +86-571-8661-3711 (H.W.)
| | - Haitong Wan
- Institute of Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310035, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (X.C.); (G.Z.); (Y.L.); (H.W.); Tel./Fax:+86-571-8807-1024 (X.C.); +86-571-8821-5620 (G.Z.); +86-571-8829-7100 (Y.L.); +86-571-8661-3711 (H.W.)
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Yang XF, Yang Y, Lian YT, Wang ZH, Li XW, Cheng LX, Liu JP, Wang YF, Gao X, Liao YH, Wang M, Zeng QT, Liu K. The antibody targeting the E314 peptide of human Kv1.3 pore region serves as a novel, potent and specific channel blocker. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36379. [PMID: 22558454 PMCID: PMC3338681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective blockade of Kv1.3 channels in effector memory T (T(EM)) cells was validated to ameliorate autoimmune or autoimmune-associated diseases. We generated the antibody directed against one peptide of human Kv1.3 (hKv1.3) extracellular loop as a novel and possible Kv1.3 blocker. One peptide of hKv1.3 extracellular loop E3 containing 14 amino acids (E314) was chosen as an antigenic determinant to generate the E314 antibody. The E314 antibody specifically recognized 63.8KD protein stably expressed in hKv1.3-HEK 293 cell lines, whereas it did not recognize or cross-react to human Kv1.1(hKv1.1), Kv1.2(hKv1.2), Kv1.4(hKv1.4), Kv1.5(hKv1.5), KCa3.1(hKCa3.1), HERG, hKCNQ1/hKCNE1, Nav1.5 and Cav1.2 proteins stably expressed in HEK 293 cell lines or in human atrial or ventricular myocytes by Western blotting analysis and immunostaining detection. By the technique of whole-cell patch clamp, the E314 antibody was shown to have a directly inhibitory effect on hKv1.3 currents expressed in HEK 293 or Jurkat T cells and the inhibition showed a concentration-dependence. However, it exerted no significant difference on hKv1.1, hKv1.2, hKv1.4, hKv1.5, hKCa3.1, HERG, hKCNQ1/hKCNE1, L-type Ca(2+) or voltage-gated Na(+) currents. The present study demonstrates that the antibody targeting the E314 peptide of hKv1.3 pore region could be a novel, potent and specific hKv1.3 blocker without affecting a variety of closely related K(v)1 channels, KCa3.1 channels and functional cardiac ion channels underlying central nervous system (CNS) disorders or drug-acquired arrhythmias, which is required as a safe clinic-promising channel blocker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Tian Lian
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Long-Xian Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Ping Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Fu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical College, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Hua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu-Tang Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Pancreas transplantation is a therapeutic option for patients with type 1 diabetes. Advances in immunosuppression have reduced immunologic failures, and these are usually categorized as chronic rejection. Yet studies in our cohort of pancreas transplant recipients identified several patients in whom chronic islet autoimmunity led to recurrent diabetes, despite immunosuppression that prevented rejection. Recurrent diabetes in our cohort is as frequent as chronic rejection, and thus is a significant cause of immunologic graft failure. Our studies demonstrated islet autoimmunity by the presence of autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells, which mediated ß-cell destruction in a transplantation model. Biopsy of the transplanted pancreas revealed variable degrees of ß-cell loss, with or without insulitis, in the absence of pancreas and kidney transplant rejection. Additional research is needed to better understand recurrent disease and to identify new treatment regimens that can suppress autoimmunity, as in our experience this is not effectively inhibited by conventional immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W. Burke
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1801 NW 9th Avenue, Miami FL 33136, Tel. 305-355-5000 Fax 305-355-5134
| | - Francesco Vendrame
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136 USA, Tel. 305-243-5353 Fax 305-243-4404
| | - Antonello Pileggi
- Diabetes Research Institute and Department of Surgery, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136 USA, Tel. 305-243-2924 Fax 305-243-4404
| | - Gaetano Ciancio
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1801 NW 9th Avenue, Miami FL 33136, Tel. 305-355-5000 Fax 305-355-5134
| | - Helena Reijonen
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, Tel. 206-223-8813 Fax 206-223-7638
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136 USA, Tel. 305-243-5348 Fax 305-243-4404
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Matteucci E, Ghimenti M, Di Beo S, Giampietro O. Altered proportions of naïve, central memory and terminally differentiated central memory subsets among CD4+ and CD8 + T cells expressing CD26 in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:977-84. [PMID: 21887518 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune process predominantly T-cell mediated. CD26 plays a role in T-cell costimulation, migration, memory development, thymic maturation and emigration patterns. In peripheral blood from 55 patients with type 1 diabetes and 20 healthy controls, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressing CD26 were differentiated into naïve (N, CD45RA(+)CCR7(+)), central memory (CM, CD45RA(-)CCR7(+)), effector memory (EM, CD45RA(-)CCR7(-)), and terminally differentiated effector memory (TEMRA, CD45RA(+)CCR7(-)). In type 1 diabetes, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressing CD26 showed a distinctive differentiation profile: percentages and absolute numbers of CM and N cells were reduced, whereas those of TEMRA cells were markedly increased. The indices of intermediate- and long-term glycaemic control were associated negatively with the number of CM and N cells while positively with the number of TEMRA cells. The considerable accumulation of TEMRA T cells in our patients suggests life-long stimulation by protracted antigen exposure (viruses, other agents or residual self-antigens?) or a homeostatic defect in the regulation/contraction of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Matteucci
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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Chi V, Pennington MW, Norton RS, Tarcha EJ, Londono LM, Sims-Fahey B, Upadhyay SK, Lakey JT, Iadonato S, Wulff H, Beeton C, Chandy KG. Development of a sea anemone toxin as an immunomodulator for therapy of autoimmune diseases. Toxicon 2011; 59:529-46. [PMID: 21867724 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiological and pharmacological studies coupled with molecular identification have revealed a unique network of ion channels--Kv1.3, KCa3.1, CRAC (Orai1 + Stim1), TRPM7, Cl(swell)--in lymphocytes that initiates and maintains the calcium signaling cascade required for activation. The expression pattern of these channels changes during lymphocyte activation and differentiation, allowing the functional network to adapt during an immune response. The Kv1.3 channel is of interest because it plays a critical role in subsets of T and B lymphocytes implicated in autoimmune disorders. The ShK toxin from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus is a potent blocker of Kv1.3. ShK-186, a synthetic analog of ShK, is being developed as a therapeutic for autoimmune diseases, and is scheduled to begin first-in-man phase-1 trials in 2011. This review describes the journey that has led to the development of ShK-186.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Chi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Mallone R, Brezar V, Boitard C. T cell recognition of autoantigens in human type 1 diabetes: clinical perspectives. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:513210. [PMID: 21785617 DOI: 10.1155/2011/513210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease driven by the activation of lymphocytes against pancreatic β-cells. Among β-cell autoantigens, preproinsulin has been ascribed a key role in the T1D process. The successive steps that control the activation of autoreactive lymphocytes have been extensively studied in animal models of T1D, but remains ill defined in man. In man, T lymphocytes, especially CD8+ T cells, are predominant within insulitis. Developing T-cell assays in diabetes autoimmunity is, thus, a major challenge. It is expected to help defining autoantigens and epitopes that drive the disease process, to pinpoint key functional features of epitope-specific T lymphocytes along the natural history of diabetes and to pave the way towards therapeutic strategies to induce immune tolerance to β-cells. New T-cell technologies will allow defining autoreactive T-cell differentiation programs and characterizing autoimmune responses in comparison with physiologically appropriate immune responses. This may prove instrumental in the discovery of immune correlates of efficacy in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder leading to loss of pancreatic β-cells and insulin secretion, followed by insulin dependence. Islet and whole pancreas transplantation restore insulin secretion. Pancreas transplantation is often performed together with a kidney transplant in patients with end-stage renal disease. With improved immunosuppression, immunological failures of whole pancreas grafts have become less frequent and are usually categorized as chronic rejection. However, growing evidence indicates that chronic islet autoimmunity may eventually lead to recurrent diabetes, despite immunosuppression to prevent rejection. Thus, islet autoimmunity should be included in the diagnostic work-up of graft failure and ideally should be routinely assessed pretransplant and on follow-up in Type 1 diabetes recipients of pancreas and islet cell transplants. There is a need to develop new treatment regimens that can control autoimmunity, as this may not be effectively suppressed by conventional immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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41
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Abstract
The thymus serves as the central organ of immunologic self-nonself discrimination. Thymocytes undergo both positive and negative selection, resulting in T cells with a broad range of reactivity to foreign antigens but with a lack of reactivity to self-antigens. The thymus is also the source of a subset of regulatory T cells that inhibit autoreactivity of T-cell clones that may escape negative selection. As a result of these functions, the thymus has been shown to be essential for the induction of tolerance in many rodent and large animal models. Proper donor antigen presentation in the thymus after bone marrow, dendritic cell, or solid organ transplantation has been shown to induce tolerance to allografts. The molecular mechanisms of positive and negative selection and regulatory T-cell development must be understood if a tolerance-inducing therapeutic intervention is to be designed effectively. In this brief and selective review, we present some of the known information on T-cell development and on the role of the thymus in experimental models of transplant tolerance. We also cite some clinical attempts to induce tolerance to allografts using pharmacologic or biologic interventions.
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Abstract
This article evaluates a patent application from Solvay Pharmaceuticals, which claims spiro azepane-oxazolidinones as novel blockers of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 for the treatment of diabetes, psoriasis, obesity, transplant rejection and T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and MS. The patent describes a new chemotype of Kv1.3 blockers and thus illustrates the growing interest of the pharmaceutical industry in Kv1.3 as a target of immunosuppression and metabolic disorders. This article briefly summarizes the chemistry and biological data provided in the patent and then compares the new compounds to Kv1.3 blockers previously disclosed by both academia and pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Wulff
- University of California, Department of Pharmacology, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Abstract
The human genome encodes 40 voltage-gated K(+) channels (K(V)), which are involved in diverse physiological processes ranging from repolarization of neuronal and cardiac action potentials, to regulating Ca(2+) signalling and cell volume, to driving cellular proliferation and migration. K(V) channels offer tremendous opportunities for the development of new drugs to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases and metabolic, neurological and cardiovascular disorders. This Review discusses pharmacological strategies for targeting K(V) channels with venom peptides, antibodies and small molecules, and highlights recent progress in the preclinical and clinical development of drugs targeting the K(V)1 subfamily, the K(V)7 subfamily (also known as KCNQ), K(V)10.1 (also known as EAG1 and KCNH1) and K(V)11.1 (also known as HERG and KCNH2) channels.
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Giuliani L, Mele R, Di Giovine M, Altieri L, Crinò A, Ravà L, Fierabracci A. Detection of GAD65 autoreactive T-cells by HLA class I tetramers in type 1 diabetic patients. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:576219. [PMID: 20029631 DOI: 10.1155/2009/576219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease, in which pancreatic β cells are destroyed in genetically predisposed individuals. While the direct contribution of autoantibodies to the disease pathogenesis is controversial, it is generally recognised that the mechanism of β cell destruction is mediated by autoreactive T cells that had escaped the thymic selection. We aimed to design a method to detect circulating CD8+ T cells autoreactive against an epitope of the glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantigen, isoform 65 (GAD65) ex vivo in T1D patients by using HLA class I tetramers. Low frequencies of GAD65 peptide-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes were detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBMC) of normal controls after GAD65 peptide-specific stimulation. Conversely, their frequencies were significantly higher than in controls in PBMC of T1D patients after GAD65 peptide stimulation. These preliminary data are encouraging in order to develop a reliable assay to be employed in large-scale screening studies.
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease in which the insulin producing beta cells are destroyed. Antigen-based immunotherapy provides an approach to selectively tolerize pathogenic beta cell-specific T cells, while leaving the remainder of the immune system intact. In this article, we discuss our group's experience in defining the parameters that impact the efficacy of beta cell antigen "vaccination" for the prevention and treatment of T1D.
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Pennington MW, Beeton C, Galea CA, Smith BJ, Chi V, Monaghan KP, Garcia A, Rangaraju S, Giuffrida A, Plank D, Crossley G, Nugent D, Khaytin I, Lefievre Y, Peshenko I, Dixon C, Chauhan S, Orzel A, Inoue T, Hu X, Moore RV, Norton RS, Chandy KG. Engineering a stable and selective peptide blocker of the Kv1.3 channel in T lymphocytes. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 75:762-73. [PMID: 19122005 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.052704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kv1.3 potassium channels maintain the membrane potential of effector memory (T(EM)) T cells that are important mediators of multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis. The polypeptide ShK-170 (ShK-L5), containing an N-terminal phosphotyrosine extension of the Stichodactyla helianthus ShK toxin, is a potent and selective blocker of these channels. However, a stability study of ShK-170 showed minor pH-related hydrolysis and oxidation byproducts that were exacerbated by increasing temperatures. We therefore engineered a series of analogs to minimize the formation of these byproducts. The analog with the greatest stability, ShK-192, contains a nonhydrolyzable phosphotyrosine surrogate, a methionine isostere, and a C-terminal amide. ShK-192 shows the same overall fold as ShK, and there is no evidence of any interaction between the N-terminal adduct and the rest of the peptide. The docking configuration of ShK-192 in Kv1.3 shows the N-terminal para-phosphonophenylalanine group lying at the junction of two channel monomers to form a salt bridge with Lys(411) of the channel. ShK-192 blocks Kv1.3 with an IC(50) of 140 pM and exhibits greater than 100-fold selectivity over closely related channels. After a single subcutaneous injection of 100 microg/kg, approximately 100 to 200 pM concentrations of active peptide is detectable in the blood of Lewis rats 24, 48, and 72 h after the injection. ShK-192 effectively inhibits the proliferation of T(EM) cells and suppresses delayed type hypersensitivity when administered at 10 or 100 microg/kg by subcutaneous injection once daily. ShK-192 has potential as a therapeutic for autoimmune diseases mediated by T(EM) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Pennington
- Bachem Bioscience Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Laughlin E, Burke G, Pugliese A, Falk B, Nepom G. Recurrence of autoreactive antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in autoimmune diabetes after pancreas transplantation. Clin Immunol 2008; 128:23-30. [PMID: 18455963 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.03.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells specific for the diabetes-associated autoantigen GAD65 were analyzed using peripheral blood samples after pancreas transplantation in subjects with T1D with clinical evidence of recurrent autoimmune diabetes. MHC class II tetramers facilitated the identification and cloning of antigen-specific autoreactive cells, which were found at several time points over a multiyear span, in spite of chronic immunosuppression of the subjects. Comparisons of TCR clonotypes by cDNA sequencing revealed that identical T cells were present in the circulation, separated by long time intervals, consistent with a persistent memory response associated with recurrent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Laughlin
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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Maier LM, Anderson DE, De Jager PL, Wicker LS, Hafler DA. Allelic variant in CTLA4 alters T cell phosphorylation patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:18607-12. [PMID: 18000051 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706409104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known regarding the functional effects of common autoimmune susceptibility variants on human immune cells. The SNP CT60 (rs3087243; A/G) located in the 3' UTR of the CTLA4 gene has been associated with autoimmune diseases. We examined a cohort of healthy individuals stratified by genotypes at CTLA4 to gain insight into the functional effects of allelic variation on T cell signaling. Using phospho-site-specific mAbs, we tested the hypothesis that the CT60 genotype at CTLA4 is associated with altered T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling in naive and/or memory T cells. By normalizing for the extent of the initial TCR signaling event at CD3zeta, we observed that the relative responsiveness to TCR stimulation as assessed by phosphorylation levels of downstream signaling molecules was altered in naive (CD4(+)CD45RA(high)) and memory (CD4(+)CD45RA(low)) T cells obtained from individuals with the disease-susceptibility allele at CTLA4. Thus, allelic variation associated with autoimmune disease can alter the signaling threshold of CD4(+) T cells. These experiments provide a rational approach for the dissection of T cell-susceptibility genes in autoimmune diseases.
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Azam P, Sankaranarayanan A, Homerick D, Griffey S, Wulff H. Targeting effector memory T cells with the small molecule Kv1.3 blocker PAP-1 suppresses allergic contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1419-29. [PMID: 17273162 PMCID: PMC1929164 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 has been recently identified as a molecular target that allows for selective pharmacological suppression of effector memory T (T(EM)) cells without affecting the function of naïve and central memory T cells. We here investigated whether PAP-1, a small molecule Kv1.3 blocker (EC50=2 nM), could suppress allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). In a rat model of ACD, we first confirmed that the infiltrating cells in the elicitation phase are indeed CD8+ CD45RC- memory T cells with high Kv1.3 expression. In accordance with its selective effect on T(EM) cells, PAP-1 did not impair sensitization, but potently suppressed oxazolone-induced inflammation by inhibiting the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and reducing the production of the inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-17 when administered intraperitoneally or orally during the elicitation phase. PAP-1 was equally effective when applied topically, demonstrating that it effectively penetrates skin. We further show that PAP-1 is not a sensitizer or an irritant and exhibits no toxicity in a 28-day toxicity study. Based on these results we propose that PAP-1 could potentially be developed into a drug for the topical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Azam
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Daniel Homerick
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stephen Griffey
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Beeton C, Wulff H, Standifer NE, Azam P, Mullen KM, Pennington MW, Kolski-Andreaco A, Wei E, Grino A, Counts DR, Wang PH, LeeHealey CJ, S. Andrews B, Sankaranarayanan A, Homerick D, Roeck WW, Tehranzadeh J, Stanhope KL, Zimin P, Havel PJ, Griffey S, Knaus HG, Nepom GT, Gutman GA, Calabresi PA, Chandy KG. Kv1.3 channels are a therapeutic target for T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:17414-9. [PMID: 17088564 PMCID: PMC1859943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605136103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive memory T lymphocytes are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Here we demonstrate that disease-associated autoreactive T cells from patients with type-1 diabetes mellitus or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are mainly CD4+ CCR7- CD45RA- effector memory T cells (T(EM) cells) with elevated Kv1.3 potassium channel expression. In contrast, T cells with other antigen specificities from these patients, or autoreactive T cells from healthy individuals and disease controls, express low levels of Kv1.3 and are predominantly naïve or central-memory (T(CM)) cells. In T(EM) cells, Kv1.3 traffics to the immunological synapse during antigen presentation where it colocalizes with Kvbeta2, SAP97, ZIP, p56(lck), and CD4. Although Kv1.3 inhibitors [ShK(L5)-amide (SL5) and PAP1] do not prevent immunological synapse formation, they suppress Ca2+-signaling, cytokine production, and proliferation of autoantigen-specific T(EM) cells at pharmacologically relevant concentrations while sparing other classes of T cells. Kv1.3 inhibitors ameliorate pristane-induced arthritis in rats and reduce the incidence of experimental autoimmune diabetes in diabetes-prone (DP-BB/W) rats. Repeated dosing with Kv1.3 inhibitors in rats has not revealed systemic toxicity. Further development of Kv1.3 blockers for autoimmune disease therapy is warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electrophysiology
- Female
- Humans
- Kv1.3 Potassium Channel/antagonists & inhibitors
- Kv1.3 Potassium Channel/metabolism
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Potassium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, CCR7
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Beeton
- *Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Nutrition, and Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Philippe Azam
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Nutrition, and Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | | | - Aaron Kolski-Andreaco
- *Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Eric Wei
- *Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Alexandra Grino
- *Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Debra R. Counts
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201; and
| | - Ping H. Wang
- *Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Christine J. LeeHealey
- *Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Brian S. Andrews
- *Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ananthakrishnan Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Nutrition, and Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Daniel Homerick
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Nutrition, and Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Werner W. Roeck
- *Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jamshid Tehranzadeh
- *Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Kimber L. Stanhope
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Nutrition, and Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Pavel Zimin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Nutrition, and Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Peter J. Havel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Nutrition, and Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Stephen Griffey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Nutrition, and Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Hans-Guenther Knaus
- **Division for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerald T. Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - George A. Gutman
- *Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | | | - K. George Chandy
- *Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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