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de Jongh CA, Bikker FJ, de Vries TJ, Werner A, Gibbs S, Krom BP. Porphyromonas gingivalis interaction with Candida albicans allows for aerobic escape, virulence and adherence. Biofilm 2024; 7:100172. [PMID: 38226024 PMCID: PMC10788424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the oral cavity Candida albicans interacts with many oral bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, both physically and metabolically. The aim of this in vitro study was to characterize these interactions and study their effects on the survival of P. gingivalis. First, metabolic interactions were evaluated by counting the colony forming units (CFU) after co-culturing. The results indicated that the anaerobic bacterium P. gingivalis survives under aerobic conditions when co-cultured with C. albicans. This is due to the oxygen consumption by C. albicans as determined by a reduction in survival upon the addition of Antimycin A. By measuring the protease activity, it was found that the presence of C. albicans induced gingipain activity by P. gingivalis, which is an important virulence factor. Adherence of P. gingivalis to hyphae of C. albicans was observed with a dynamic flow system. Using various C. albicans mutants, it was shown that the mechanism of adhesion was mediated by the cell wall adhesins, members of the agglutinin-like sequence (Als) family: Als3 and Als1. Furthermore, the two microorganisms could be co-cultured into forming a biofilm in which P. gingivalis can survive under aerobic culturing conditions, which was imaged using scanning electron microscopy. This study has further elucidated mechanisms of interaction, virulence acquisition and survival of P. gingivalis when co-cultured with C. albicans. Such survival could be essential for the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis in the oxygen-rich niches of the oral cavity. This study has emphasized the importance of interaction between different microbes in promoting survival, virulence and attachment of pathogens, which could be essential in facilitating penetration into the environment of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. de Jongh
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arie Werner
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Pham C, Guo S, Han X, Coleman L, Sze CW, Wang H, Liu J, Li C. A pleiotropic role of sialidase in the pathogenicity of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0034423. [PMID: 38376159 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00344-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the keystone pathogens of periodontitis, the oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis produces an array of virulence factors, including a recently identified sialidase (PG0352). Our previous report involving loss-of-function studies indicated that PG0352 plays an important role in the pathophysiology of P. gingivalis. However, this report had not been corroborated by gain-of-function studies or substantiated in different P. gingivalis strains. To fill these gaps, herein we first confirm the role of PG0352 in cell surface structures (e.g., capsule) and serum resistance using P. gingivalis W83 strain through genetic complementation and then recapitulate these studies using P. gingivalis ATCC33277 strain. We further investigate the role of PG0352 and its counterpart (PGN1608) in ATCC33277 in cell growth, biofilm formation, neutrophil killing, cell invasion, and P. gingivalis-induced inflammation. Our results indicate that PG0352 and PGN1608 are implicated in P. gingivalis cell surface structures, hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, resistance to complement and neutrophil killing, and host immune responses. Possible molecular mechanisms involved are also discussed. In summary, this report underscores the importance of sialidases in the pathophysiology of P. gingivalis and opens an avenue to elucidate their underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pham
- Department of Oral Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Shuaiqi Guo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Oral Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Laurynn Coleman
- Department of Oral Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ching Wooen Sze
- Department of Oral Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Oral Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chunhao Li
- Department of Oral Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Bachtiar EW, Bachtiar BM, Kusumaningrum A, Sunarto H, Soeroso Y, Sulijaya B, Theodorea CF, Pratomo IP, Yudhistira, Efendi D, Apriyanti E, Said SM. Association between dysbiotic perio-pathogens and inflammatory initiators and mediators in COVID-19 patients with diabetes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24089. [PMID: 38293542 PMCID: PMC10825424 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that a corona virus infection is linked to chronic periodontitis (COVID-19). Our objectives were to look at the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) in periodontal compartments containing periodontal infections to determine if ACE2 is directly or indirectly responsible for the inflammation in periodontal tissues getting worse. In this study, six non-COVID-19 periodontitis patients without diabetes served as controls, and 23 hospitalized periodontitis patients were admitted with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 with diabetes mellitus (Group 1/G1, n = 10), and without diabetes (Group 2/G2, n = 13). We evaluated the mRNA expression of ACE2, IL-6, IL-8, complement C3, and LL-37, as well as the relative proportion of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Veillonella parvula to represent the dysbiosis condition in periodontal microenvironment using subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluids (GCF) samples and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). Every analysis was done to ascertain how they related to one another. The area under the curve (AUC) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of inflammatory indicators. All the grouped patients had ACE2 detected, according to our findings, but only the G1 patients had a positive correlation (p < 0.05) between ACE2 expression and the inflammatory markers. The combination of IL-6 and C3 mRNAs was found to be 0.78 and 0.55 for the G1 group and the G2 group, respectively, based on the ROC and AUC values. According to our research, the relationship between complement C3 and IL-6 may be able to predict the degree of periodontal inflammation in COVID-19 patients who also have diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang W. Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
- Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Boy M. Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
- Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Ardiana Kusumaningrum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Clinical Microbiology Medicine Staff Group, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Indonesia
| | - Hari Sunarto
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
- Dental Center Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Yuniarti Soeroso
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Benso Sulijaya
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Citra Fragrantia Theodorea
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
- Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Irandi Putra Pratomo
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
- Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Staff Group - COVID-19 Task Force, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Yudhistira
- Clinical Pathology Medicine Staff Group, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Indonesia
| | - Defi Efendi
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Universitas Indonesia, and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Efa Apriyanti
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Universitas Indonesia, and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Indonesia
| | - Shahida Mohd Said
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Cardona-Mendoza A, Roa Molina NS, Castillo DM, Lafaurie GI, Gualtero Escobar DF. Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cell Response to Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 in a Collagen Three-Dimensional Culture Model. Microorganisms 2024; 12:248. [PMID: 38399652 PMCID: PMC10892777 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
P. gingivalis has been reported to be an endothelial cell inflammatory response inducer that can lead to endothelial dysfunction processes related to atherosclerosis; however, these studies have been carried out in vitro in cell culture models on two-dimensional (2D) plastic surfaces that do not simulate the natural environment where pathology develops. This work aimed to evaluate the pro-inflammatory response of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) to P. gingivalis in a 3D cell culture model compared with a 2D cell culture. HCAECs were cultured for 7 days on type I collagen matrices in both cultures and were stimulated at an MOI of 1 or 100 with live P. gingivalis W83 for 24 h. The expression of the genes COX-2, eNOS, and vWF and the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines thromboxane A2 (TXA-2) and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) were evaluated. P. gingivalis W83 in the 2D cell culture increased IL-8 levels at MOI 100 and decreased MCP-1 levels at both MOI 100 and MOI 1. In contrast, the 3D cell culture induced an increased gene expression of COX-2 at both MOIs and reduced MCP-1 levels at MOI 100, whereas the gene expression of eNOS, vWF, and IL-8 and the levels of TXA2 and PGI2 showed no significant changes. These data suggest that in the collagen 3D culture model, P. gingivalis W83 induces a weak endothelial inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Cardona-Mendoza
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular y Molecular Universidad El Bosque-INMUBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia;
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia; (D.M.C.); (G.I.L.)
| | - Nelly Stella Roa Molina
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas (CIO), Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia;
| | - Diana Marcela Castillo
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia; (D.M.C.); (G.I.L.)
| | - Gloria Inés Lafaurie
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia; (D.M.C.); (G.I.L.)
| | - Diego Fernando Gualtero Escobar
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia; (D.M.C.); (G.I.L.)
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Haugsten HR, Kristoffersen AK, Haug TM, Søland TM, Øvstebø R, Aass HCD, Enersen M, Galtung HK. Isolation, characterization, and fibroblast uptake of bacterial extracellular vesicles from Porphyromonas gingivalis strains. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1388. [PMID: 37877660 PMCID: PMC10579780 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition caused by bacteria and represents a serious health problem worldwide as the inflammation damages the supporting tissues of the teeth and may predispose to systemic diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered a keystone periodontal pathogen that releases bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) containing virulence factors, such as gingipains, that may contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This study aimed to isolate and characterize bEVs from three strains of P. gingivalis, investigate putative bEV uptake into human oral fibroblasts, and determine the gingipain activity of the bEVs. bEVs from three bacterial strains, ATCC 33277, A7A1-28, and W83, were isolated through ultrafiltration and size-exclusion chromatography. Vesicle size distribution was measured by nano-tracking analysis (NTA). Transmission electron microscopy was used for bEV visualization. Flow cytometry was used to detect bEVs and gingipain activity was measured with an enzyme assay using a substrate specific for arg-gingipain. The uptake of bEVs into oral fibroblasts was visualized using confocal microscopy. NTA showed bEV concentrations from 108 to 1011 particles/mL and bEV diameters from 42 to 356 nm. TEM pictures demonstrated vesicle-like structures. bEV-gingipains were detected both by flow cytometry and enzyme assay. Fibroblasts incubated with bEVs labeled with fluorescent dye displayed intracellular localization consistent with bEV internalization. In conclusion, bEVs from P. gingivalis were successfully isolated and characterized, and their uptake into human oral fibroblasts was documented. The bEVs displayed active gingipains demonstrating their origin from P. gingivalis and the potential role of bEVs in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene R. Haugsten
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | - Trude M. Haug
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Tine M. Søland
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of PathologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Reidun Øvstebø
- The Blood Cell Research Group, Department of Medical BiochemistryOslo University HospitalUllevålNorway
| | - Hans C. D. Aass
- The Blood Cell Research Group, Department of Medical BiochemistryOslo University HospitalUllevålNorway
| | - Morten Enersen
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Hilde K. Galtung
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
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Jia S, Li X, Du Q. Host insulin resistance caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis-review of recent progresses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1209381. [PMID: 37520442 PMCID: PMC10373507 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1209381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a Gram-negative oral anaerobic bacterium that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. P. gingivalis expresses a variety of virulence factors that disrupt innate and adaptive immunity, allowing P. gingivalis to survive and multiply in the host and destroy periodontal tissue. In addition to periodontal disease, P.gingivalis is also associated with systemic diseases, of which insulin resistance is an important pathological basis. P. gingivalis causes a systemic inflammatory response, disrupts insulin signaling pathways, induces pancreatic β-cell hypofunction and reduced numbers, and causes decreased insulin sensitivity leading to insulin resistance (IR). In this paper, we systematically review the studies on the mechanism of insulin resistance induced by P. gingivalis, discuss the association between P. gingivalis and systemic diseases based on insulin resistance, and finally propose relevant therapeutic approaches. Overall, through a systematic review of the mechanisms related to systemic diseases caused by P. gingivalis through insulin resistance, we hope to provide new insights for future basic research and clinical interventions for related systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Du
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Jin R, Ning X, Liu X, Zhao Y, Ye G. Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis could contribute to cognitive impairment in Sprague–Dawley rats via the P38 MAPK signaling pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1141339. [PMID: 37056710 PMCID: PMC10086325 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1141339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPeriodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases and has been shown to be a risk factor for systemic diseases. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between periodontitis and cognitive impairment and to explore the role of the P38 MAPK signaling pathway in this process.MethodsWe established a periodontitis model by ligating the first molars of SD rats with silk thread and injecting Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) or P. gingivalis plus the P38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 at the same time for ten weeks. We assessed alveolar bone resorption and spatial learning and memory using microcomputed tomography and the Morris water maze test, respectively. We used transcriptome sequencing to explore the genetic differences between the groups. The gingival tissue, peripheral blood and hippocampal tissue were assessed for the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and C reactive protein (CRP) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). We observed the presence of P. gingivalis in the hippocampus of rats by paraffin-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We determined the activation of microglia by immunofluorescence. Finally, Western blot analysis was employed to determine the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and P38MAPK pathway activation.ResultsWe demonstrated that silk ligature-induced periodontitis plus injection of P. gingivalis into subgingival tissue could lead to memory and cognitive impairment. Transcriptome sequencing results suggested that there were neurodegenerative diseases in the P. gingivalis group, and the MWM test showed that periodontitis reduced the spatial learning and memory ability of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) model rats. We found high levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) and CRP in the gingiva, peripheral blood and hippocampus, and the expression of APP and BACE1 was upregulated, as was the P38 MAPK pathway activation. Activated microglia and the presence of P. gingivalis were also found in the hippocampus. P38 MAPK inhibitors mitigated all of these changes.ConclusionOur findings strongly suggest that topical application of P. gingivalis increases the inflammatory burden in the peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS) and that neuroinflammation induced by activation of P38 MAPK leads to impaired learning and memory in SD rats. It can also modulate APP processing. Therefore, P38 MAPK may serve as a linking pathway between periodontitis and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Disease and Biomedical Sciences and Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Ning
- The First People’s Hospital of Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Disease and Biomedical Sciences and Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueyang Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo Ye
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Disease and Biomedical Sciences and Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guo Ye,
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Chen WA, Dou Y, Fletcher HM, Boskovic DS. Local and Systemic Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:470. [PMID: 36838435 PMCID: PMC9963840 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobe, is a leading etiological agent in periodontitis. This infectious pathogen can induce a dysbiotic, proinflammatory state within the oral cavity by disrupting commensal interactions between the host and oral microbiota. It is advantageous for P. gingivalis to avoid complete host immunosuppression, as inflammation-induced tissue damage provides essential nutrients necessary for robust bacterial proliferation. In this context, P. gingivalis can gain access to the systemic circulation, where it can promote a prothrombotic state. P. gingivalis expresses a number of virulence factors, which aid this pathogen toward infection of a variety of host cells, evasion of detection by the host immune system, subversion of the host immune responses, and activation of several humoral and cellular hemostatic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Chen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Hansel M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Danilo S Boskovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Aleksijević LH, Aleksijević M, Škrlec I, Šram M, Šram M, Talapko J. Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence Factors and Clinical Significance in Periodontal Disease and Coronary Artery Diseases. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101173. [PMID: 36297228 PMCID: PMC9609396 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium that lives in the oral cavity. It is an integral part of the oral microbiome, which includes more than 500 types of bacteria. Under certain circumstances, as a consequence of virulence factors, it can become very destructive and proliferate to many cells in periodontal lesions. It is one of the causative agents present extremely often in dental plaque and is the main etiological factor in the development of periodontal disease. During various therapeutic procedures, P. gingivalis can enter the blood and disseminate through it to distant organs. This primarily refers to the influence of periodontal agents on the development of subacute endocarditis and can facilitate the development of coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and ischemic infarction. The action of P. gingivalis is facilitated by numerous factors of virulence and pathogenicity such as fimbriae, hemolysin, hemagglutinin, capsules, outer membrane vesicles, lipopolysaccharides, and gingipains. A special problem is the possibility of biofilm formation. P. gingivalis in a biofilm is 500 to 1000 times less sensitive to antimicrobial drugs than planktonic cells, which represents a significant problem in the treatment of infections caused by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Horvat Aleksijević
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (L.H.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Marko Aleksijević
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marko Šram
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Miroslav Šram
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Talapko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (L.H.A.); (J.T.)
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Ardhani R, Diana R, Pidhatika B. How Porphyromonas gingivalis Navigate the Map: The Effect of Surface Topography on the Adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis on Biomaterials. Materials 2022; 15:4988. [PMID: 35888454 PMCID: PMC9318924 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of how Porphyromonas gingivalis responds to subperiosteal implant surface topography. A literature review was drawn from various electronic databases from 2000 to 2021. The two main keywords used were “Porphyromonas gingivalis” and “Surface Topography”. We excluded all reviews and or meta-analysis articles, articles not published in English, and articles with no surface characterization process or average surface roughness (Ra) value. A total of 26 selected publications were then included in this study. All research included showed the effect of topography on Porphyromonas gingivalis to various degrees. It was found that topography features such as size and shape affected Porphyromonas gingivalis adhesion to subperiosteal implant materials. In general, a smaller Ra value reduces Porphyromonas gingivalis regardless of the type of materials, with a threshold of 0.3 µm for titanium.
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11
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Yang WY, Meng X, Wang YR, Wang QQ, He X, Sun XY, Cheng N, Zhang L. PRDX6 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and ferroptosis in periodontitis. Acta Odontol Scand 2022; 80:535-546. [PMID: 35723029 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2022.2047780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is a progressive and inflammatory oral disease and results in the damage of the supporting tissues of teeth. Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) is an antioxidant enzyme identified as a regulator in ferroptosis. This study aimed to investigate whether PRDX6 could protect human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and its mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Both inflamed and non-inflamed human gingival tissues were collected to assess the expression of PRDX6 and nuclear factor erythropoietin 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) by Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of PRDX6 have been clarified in PRDX6 silenced cells. The inflammatory cytokines in HGFs were measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA. The lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) was detected by C11-BODIPY. RESULTS The expression of PRDX6 and NRF2 were decreased in gingival tissues of severe periodontitis patients. The increased LPS-induced LOOH and inflammatory cytokines were found in PRDX6 knockdown HGFs. Besides, the inhibition of ferroptosis or PRDX6 phospholipase A2 activity (PLA2) alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines and LOOH. However, inhibiting NRF2 signalling upregulated those in HGFs. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, this study provided a new mechanistic insight that PRDX6, regulated by the NRF2 signalling, alleviates LPS-induced inflammation and ferroptosis in human gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Yang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yue-Rong Wang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Qing Wang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Periodontal Department, Anhui Stomatology Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin He
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Periodontal Department, Anhui Stomatology Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Sun
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Periodontal Department, Anhui Stomatology Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Cheng
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Periodontal Department, Anhui Stomatology Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Periodontal Department, Anhui Stomatology Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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12
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Rodríguez Sánchez F, Verspecht T, Castro AB, Pauwels M, Andrés CR, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Leucocyte- and Platelet Rich Fibrin Exudate Against Planktonic Porphyromonas gingivalis and Within Multi-Species Biofilm: A Pilot Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:722499. [PMID: 34722331 PMCID: PMC8548765 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.722499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucocyte- and platelet rich fibrin (L-PRF) is an autologous biomaterial used in regenerative procedures. It has an antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis although the mechanism is not fully understood. It was hypothesized that L-PRF exudate releases hydrogen peroxide and antimicrobial peptides that inhibit P. gingivalis growth. Agar plate and planktonic culture experiments showed that the antimicrobial effect of L-PRF exudate against P. gingivalis was supressed by peroxidase or pepsin exposure. In developing multi-species biofilms, the antimicrobial effect of L-PRF exudate was blocked only by peroxidase, increasing P. gingivalis growth with 1.3 log genome equivalents. However, no effect was shown on other bacteria. Pre-formed multi-species biofilm trials showed no antimicrobial effect of L-PRF exudate against P. gingivalis or other species. Our findings showed that L-PRF exudate may release peroxide and peptides, which may be responsible for its antimicrobial effect against P. gingivalis. In addition, L-PRF exudate had an antimicrobial effect against P. gingivalis in an in vitro developing multi-species biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Rodríguez Sánchez
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Section Periodontology, Catholic University of Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Verspecht
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Section Periodontology, Catholic University of Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana B Castro
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Section Periodontology, Catholic University of Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Pauwels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Section Periodontology, Catholic University of Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos Rodríguez Andrés
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Section Periodontology, Catholic University of Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Section Periodontology, Catholic University of Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Albuquerque-Souza E, Ishikawa KH, Amado PP, Nicoli JR, Holzhausen M, Mayer MPA. Probiotics improve re-epithelialization of scratches infected by Porphyromonas gingivalis through up-regulating CXCL8-CXCR1/CXCR2 axis. Anaerobe 2021; 72:102458. [PMID: 34547426 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis inhibits the release of CXCL8 by gingival epithelial cells and reduces their proliferation. We previously reported that Bifidocaterium sp. and Lactobacillus sp. immunomodulate gingival epithelial cells response to this periodontal pathogen, but their effects on re-epithelialization properties are still unknown. Herein we explored these activities of potential probiotics on gingival epithelial cells and clarified their mechanisms. The immortalized OBA-9 lineage was used to perform in vitro scratches. Twelve clinical isolates and commercially available strains of Bifidobacterium sp. and Lactobacillus sp. were screened. L. casei 324 m and B. pseudolongum 1191A were selected to perform mechanistic assays with P. gingivalis W83 infection and the following parameters were measured: percentage of re-epithelialization by DAPI immunofluorescence area measurement; cell number by Trypan Blue exclusion assay; CXCL8 regulation by ELISA and RT-qPCR; and expression of CXCL8 cognate receptors-CXCR1 and CXCR2 by Flow Cytometry. Complementary mechanistic assays were performed with CXCL8, in the presence or absence of the CXCR1/CXCR2 inhibitor-reparixin. L. casei 324 m and B. pseudolongum 1191A enhanced re-epithelialization/cell proliferation as well as inhibited the harmful effects of P. gingivalis W83 on these activities through an increase in the expression and release of CXCL8 and in the number of cells positive for CXCR1/CXCR2. Further, we revealed that the beneficial effects of these potential probiotics were dependent on activation of the CXCL8-CXCR1/CXCR2 axis. The current findings indicate that these potential probiotics strains may improve wound healing in the context of the periodontal tissues by a CXCL8 dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Albuquerque-Souza
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karin Hitomi Ishikawa
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Penas Amado
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jacques Robert Nicoli
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marinella Holzhausen
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia P A Mayer
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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14
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Bregaint S, Boyer E, Fong SB, Meuric V, Bonnaure-Mallet M, Jolivet-Gougeon A. Porphyromonas gingivalis outside the oral cavity. Odontology 2021; 110:1-19. [PMID: 34410562 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus present in periodontal disease, is considered one of the major pathogens in periodontitis. A literature search for English original studies, case series and review articles published up to December 2019 was performed using the MEDLINE, PubMed and GoogleScholar databases, with the search terms "Porphyromonas gingivalis" AND the potentially associated condition or systemic disease Abstracts and full text articles were used to make a review of published research literature on P. gingivalis outside the oral cavity. The main points of interest of this narrative review were: (i) a potential direct action of the bacterium and not the systemic effects of the inflammatory acute-phase response induced by the periodontitis, (ii) the presence of the bacterium (viable or not) in the organ, or (iii) the presence of its virulence factors. Virulence factors (gingipains, capsule, fimbriae, hemagglutinins, lipopolysaccharide, hemolysin, iron uptake transporters, toxic outer membrane blebs/vesicles, and DNA) associated with P. gingivalis can deregulate certain functions in humans, particularly host immune systems, and cause various local and systemic pathologies. The most recent studies linking P. gingivalis to systemic diseases were discussed, remembering particularly the molecular mechanisms involved in different infections, including cerebral, cardiovascular, pulmonary, bone, digestive and peri-natal infections. Recent involvement of P. gingivalis in neurological diseases has been demonstrated. P. gingivalis modulates cellular homeostasis and increases markers of inflammation. It is also a factor in the oxidative stress involved in beta-amyloid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Bregaint
- Microbiology, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Université de Rennes, U1241, 2, avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Emile Boyer
- Microbiology, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Université de Rennes, U1241, 2, avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.,Teaching Hospital Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Shao Bing Fong
- Microbiology, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Université de Rennes, U1241, 2, avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Meuric
- Microbiology, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Université de Rennes, U1241, 2, avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.,Teaching Hospital Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
- Microbiology, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Université de Rennes, U1241, 2, avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.,Teaching Hospital Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Anne Jolivet-Gougeon
- Microbiology, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Université de Rennes, U1241, 2, avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France. .,Teaching Hospital Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France.
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15
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Miyoshi T, Oge S, Nakata S, Ueno Y, Ukita H, Kousaka R, Miura Y, Yoshinari N, Yoshida A. Gemella haemolysans inhibits the growth of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11742. [PMID: 34083694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome plays an important role in the human microbial community and in maintaining the health of an individual. Imbalances in the oral microbiome may contribute to oral and systemic diseases. The progression of periodontal disease is closely related to the growth of bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, in the oral cavity. However, the pathogen growth mechanism specific to periodontal disease remains unknown. This study aimed to identify bacteria associated with periodontal health by focusing on hemolytic bacteria. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from ten periodontitis patients and five healthy subjects to detect and identify the presence of hemolytic bacteria. The saliva of healthy subjects contained a higher proportion of G. haemolysans than saliva samples from patients with periodontitis. Growth inhibition assays indicated that the protein components contained in the culture supernatant of G. haemolysans directly suppressed the growth of P. gingivalis. This study shows that the presence of G. haemolysans in saliva is associated with periodontal health and that it inhibits the growth of P. gingivalis in vitro.
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16
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Papadopoulos G, Berland R, Sunkavalli A, Coats SR, Darveau RP, Genco CA. Microbial Lipid A Remodeling Controls Cross-Presentation Efficiency and CD8 T Cell Priming by Modulating Dendritic Cell Function. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e00335-20. [PMID: 33257533 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00335-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of Gram-negative bacteria elicit a potent immune response via recognition of lipid A expressed on the outer bacterial membrane by the host immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, some Gram-negative bacteria evade detection by TLR4 or alter the outcome of TLR4 signaling by modification of lipid A species. Although the role of lipid A modifications on host innate immunity has been examined in some detail, it is currently unclear how lipid A remodeling influences host adaptive immunity. One prototypic Gram-negative bacterium that modifies its lipid A structure is Porphyromonas gingivalis, an anaerobic pathobiont that colonizes the human periodontium and induces chronic low-grade inflammation that is associated with periodontal disease as well as a number of systemic inflammatory disorders. P. gingivalis produces dephosphorylated and deacylated lipid A structures displaying altered activities at TLR4. Here, we explored the functional role of P. gingivalis lipid A modifications on TLR4-dependent innate and adaptive immune responses in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). We discovered that lipid A 4'-phosphate removal is required for P. gingivalis to evade BMDC-dependent proinflammatory cytokine responses and markedly limits the bacterium's capacity to induce beta interferon (IFN-β) production. In addition, lipid A 4'-phosphatase activity prevents canonical bacterium-induced delay in antigen degradation, which leads to inefficient antigen cross-presentation and a failure to cross-prime CD8 T cells specific for a P. gingivalis-associated antigen. We propose that lipid A modifications produced by this bacterium alter host TLR4-dependent adaptive immunity to establish chronic infections associated with a number of systemic inflammatory disorders.
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17
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Núñez-Acurio D, Bravo D, Aguayo F. Epstein-Barr Virus-Oral Bacterial Link in the Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121059. [PMID: 33352891 PMCID: PMC7765927 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer. Its development has been associated with diverse factors such as tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. In addition, it has been suggested that microorganisms are risk factors for oral carcinogenesis. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which establishes lifelong persistent infections and is intermittently shed in the saliva, has been associated with several lymphomas and carcinomas that arise in the oral cavity. In particular, it has been detected in a subset of OSCCs. Moreover, its presence in patients with periodontitis has also been described. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is an oral bacterium in the development of periodontal diseases. As a keystone pathogen of periodontitis, P. gingivalis is known not only to damage local periodontal tissues but also to evade the host immune system and eventually affect systemic health. Persistent exposure to P. gingivalis promotes tumorigenic properties of oral epithelial cells, suggesting that chronic P. gingivalis infection is a potential risk factor for OSCC. Given that the oral cavity serves as the main site where EBV and P. gingivalis are harbored, and because of their oncogenic potential, we review here the current information about the participation of these microorganisms in oral carcinogenesis, describe the mechanisms by which EBV and P. gingivalis independently or synergistically can collaborate, and propose a model of interaction between both microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Núñez-Acurio
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Denisse Bravo
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (F.A.)
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18
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Fleeman RM, Macias LA, Brodbelt JS, Davies BW. Defining principles that influence antimicrobial peptide activity against capsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27620-6. [PMID: 33087568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007036117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae is composed of extracellular polysaccharides that inhibit the activity of host defense peptides and polymyxins. We generated an active antimicrobial peptide from a previously inactive parental peptide and characterized the interactions of these peptides with K. pneumoniae and its capsule. Compared with the inactive parent peptide, we found that our active peptide retained strong binding to capsule but lost structural integrity. These interactions induced capsule aggregation and capsule disruption, a previously undescribed mechanism for promoting antimicrobial activity toward K. pneumoniae. This finding may allow further exploitation of this mechanism to destroy the protective capsule that K. pneumoniae uses to resist our immune response and antibiotics. The extracellular polysaccharide capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae resists penetration by antimicrobials and protects the bacteria from the innate immune system. Host antimicrobial peptides are inactivated by the capsule as it impedes their penetration to the bacterial membrane. While the capsule sequesters most peptides, a few antimicrobial peptides have been identified that retain activity against encapsulated K. pneumoniae, suggesting that this bacterial defense can be overcome. However, it is unclear what factors allow peptides to avoid capsule inhibition. To address this, we created a peptide analog with strong antimicrobial activity toward several K. pneumoniae strains from a previously inactive peptide. We characterized the effects of these two peptides on K. pneumoniae, along with their physical interactions with K. pneumoniae capsule. Both peptides disrupted bacterial cell membranes, but only the active peptide displayed this activity against capsulated K. pneumoniae. Unexpectedly, the active peptide showed no decrease in capsule binding, but did lose secondary structure in a capsule-dependent fashion compared with the inactive parent peptide. We found that these characteristics are associated with capsule-peptide aggregation, leading to disruption of the K. pneumoniae capsule. Our findings reveal a potential mechanism for disrupting the protective barrier that K. pneumoniae uses to avoid the immune system and last-resort antibiotics.
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19
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Kon H, Schwartz D, Temkin E, Carmeli Y, Lellouche J. Rapid identification of capsulated Acinetobacter baumannii using a density-dependent gradient test. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:285. [PMID: 32938408 PMCID: PMC7493399 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gram-negative bacterial capsules are associated with production of carbohydrates, frequently resulting in a mucoid phenotype. Infections caused by capsulated or mucoid A. baumannii are associated with increased clinical severity. Therefore, it is clinically and epidemiologically important to identify capsulated A. baumannii. Here, we describe a density-dependent gradient test to distinguish between capsulated and thin/non-capsulated A. baumannii. Results Thirty-one of 57 A. baumannii isolates displayed a mucoid phenotype. The density-dependent gradient test was comprised of two phases, with silica concentrations of 30% (top phase) and 50% (bottom phase). Twenty-three isolates migrated to the bottom phase, indicating thin or non-capsulated strains, and 34 migrated to the top phase, suggesting strains suspected to be capsulated. There was agreement between the mucoid and the non-mucoid phenotypes and the density-dependent gradient test for all but three isolates. Total carbohydrates extracted from strains suspected to be capsulated were significantly higher. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of a capsule in the six representative strains suspected to be capsulated. Conclusions The density-dependent gradient test can be used to verify capsule presence in mucoid-appearing A. baumannii strains. Identifying capsulated strains can be useful for directing infection control measures to reduce the spread of hypervirulent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Kon
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann St, 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - David Schwartz
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann St, 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Temkin
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann St, 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Carmeli
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann St, 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Lellouche
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann St, 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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20
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Feura ES, Yang L, Schoenfisch MH. Antibacterial activity of nitric oxide-releasing carboxymethylcellulose against periodontal pathogens. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:713-721. [PMID: 32654391 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of periodontal disease poses a significant global health burden. Treatments for these diseases, primarily focused on removal and eradication of dental plaque biofilms, are challenging due to limited access to periodontal pockets where these oral pathogens reside. Herein, we report on the development and characterization of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) derivatives and evaluate their in vitro bactericidal efficacy against planktonic Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, two prominent periodontopathogens. Bactericidal exposure assays revealed that three of the synthesized NO-releasing polymers were capable of reducing bacterial viability of both species by 99.9% in 2 hr at concentrations of 4 mg ml-1 or lower, reflecting NO's potent and rapid bactericidal action. The NO-releasing CMCs elicited minimal toxicity to human gingival fibroblasts at their bactericidal concentrations following 24-hr exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan S Feura
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark H Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Abstract
Periodontitis is an infection-driven inflammatory disease, which is characterized by gingival inflammation and bone loss. Periodontitis is associated with various systemic diseases, including cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and reproductive system related abnormalities. Recent theory attributes the pathogenesis of periodontitis to oral microbial dysbiosis, in which Porphyromonas gingivalis acts as a critical agent by disrupting host immune homeostasis. Lipopolysaccharide, proteases, fimbriae, and some other virulence factors are among the strategies exploited by P. gingivalis to promote the bacterial colonization and facilitate the outgrowth of the surrounding microbial community. Virulence factors promote the coaggregation of P. gingivalis with other bacteria and the formation of dental biofilm. These virulence factors also modulate a variety of host immune components and subvert the immune response to evade bacterial clearance or induce an inflammatory environment. In this chapter, our focus is to discuss the virulence factors of periodontal pathogens, especially P. gingivalis, and their roles in regulating immune responses during periodontitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, Pudong, China
| | - Huizhi Wang
- VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
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Gabarrini G, Grasso S, van Winkelhoff AJ, van Dijl JM. Gingimaps: Protein Localization in the Oral Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00032-19. [PMID: 31896547 DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00032-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral pathogen involved in the widespread disease periodontitis. In recent years, however, this bacterium has been implicated in the etiology of another common disorder, the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis. Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis were known to correlate for decades, but only recently a possible molecular connection underlying this association has been unveiled. P. gingivalis possesses an enzyme that citrullinates certain host proteins and, potentially, elicits autoimmune antibodies against such citrullinated proteins. These autoantibodies are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis and have been purported both as a symptom and a potential cause of the disease. The citrullinating enzyme and other major virulence factors of P. gingivalis, including some that were implicated in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis, are targeted to the host tissue as secreted or outer-membrane-bound proteins. These targeting events play pivotal roles in the interactions between the pathogen and its human host. Accordingly, the overall protein sorting and secretion events in P. gingivalis are of prime relevance for understanding its full disease-causing potential and for developing preventive and therapeutic approaches. The aim of this review is therefore to offer a comprehensive overview of the subcellular and extracellular localization of all proteins in three reference strains and four clinical isolates of P. gingivalis, as well as the mechanisms employed to reach these destinations.
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Pensantes-Sangay SJ, Calla-Poma RD, Requena-Mendizabal MF, Alvino-Vales MI, Millones-Gómez PA. Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Plantago Major Extract on Periodontal Pathogens. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2020.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Viafara-García SM, Morantes SJ, Chacon-Quintero Y, Castillo DM, Lafaurie GI, Buitrago DM. Repeated Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 exposure leads to release pro-inflammatory cytokynes and angiotensin II in coronary artery endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19379. [PMID: 31852912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) or its virulence factors, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) not only has been related with periodontitis but also with endothelial dysfunction, a key mechanism involved in the genesis of atherosclerosis and hypertension that involving systemic inflammatory markers as angiotensin II (Ang II) and cytokines. This study compares the effect of repeated and unique exposures of P. gingivalis W83 LPS and live bacteria on the production and expression of inflammatory mediators and vasoconstrictor molecules with Ang II. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were stimulated with purified LPS of P. gingivalis (1.0, 3.5 or 7.0 μg/mL) or serial dilutions of live bacteria (MOI 1: 100 - 1:0,1) at a single or repeated exposure for a time of 24 h. mRNA expression levels of AGTR1, AGTR2, IL-8, IL-1β and MCP-1 were determined by RT-qPCR, and IL-6, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-1β and GM-CSF levels were measured by flow cytometry, ELISA determined Ang II levels. Live bacteria in a single dose increased mRNA levels of AGTR1, and repeated doses increased mRNA levels of IL-8 and IL-1β (p < 0.05). Repeated exposure of live-P. gingivalis induced significant production IL-6, MCP-1 and GM-CSF (p < 0.05). Moreover, these MCP-1, IL-6 and GM-CSF levels were greater than in cells treated with single exposure (p < 0.05), The expression of AGTR1 and production of Ang II induced by live-P. gingivalis W83 showed a vasomotor effect of whole bacteria in HCAEC more than LPS. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that repeated exposure of P. gingivalis in HCAEC induces the activation of proinflammatory and vasoconstrictor molecules that lead to endothelial dysfunction being a key mechanism of the onset and progression of arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis.
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Śmiga M, Stępień P, Olczak M, Olczak T. PgFur participates differentially in expression of virulence factors in more virulent A7436 and less virulent ATCC 33277 Porphyromonas gingivalis strains. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:127. [PMID: 31185896 PMCID: PMC6558696 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered a keystone pathogen responsible for chronic periodontitis. Although several virulence factors produced by this bacterium are quite well characterized, very little is known about regulatory mechanisms that allow different strains of P. gingivalis to efficiently survive in the hostile environment of the oral cavity, a typical habitat characterized by low iron and heme concentrations. The aim of this study was to characterize P. gingivalis Fur homolog (PgFur) in terms of its role in production of virulence factors in more (A7436) and less (ATCC 33277) virulent strains. Results Expression of a pgfur depends on the growth phase and iron/heme concentration. To better understand the role played by the PgFur protein in P. gingivalis virulence under low- and high-iron/heme conditions, a pgfur-deficient ATCC 33277 strain (TO16) was constructed and its phenotype compared with that of a pgfur A7436-derived mutant strain (TO6). In contrast to the TO6 strain, the TO16 strain did not differ in the growth rate and hemolytic activity compared with the ATCC 33277 strain. However, both mutant strains were more sensitive to oxidative stress and they demonstrated changes in the production of lysine- (Kgp) and arginine-specific (Rgp) gingipains. In contrast to the wild-type strains, TO6 and TO16 mutant strains produced larger amounts of HmuY protein under high iron/heme conditions. We also demonstrated differences in production of glycoconjugates between the A7436 and ATCC 33277 strains and we found evidence that PgFur protein might regulate glycosylation process. Moreover, we revealed that PgFur protein plays a role in interactions with other periodontopathogens and is important for P. gingivalis infection of THP-1-derived macrophages and survival inside the cells. Deletion of the pgfur gene influences expression of many transcription factors, including two not yet characterized transcription factors from the Crp/Fnr family. We also observed lower expression of the CRISPR/Cas genes. Conclusions We show here for the first time that inactivation of the pgfur gene exerts a different influence on the phenotype of the A7436 and ATCC 33277 strains. Our findings further support the hypothesis that PgFur regulates expression of genes encoding surface virulence factors and/or genes involved in their maturation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1511-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14A St, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Stępień
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14A St, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14A St, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14A St, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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Monasterio G, Fernández B, Castillo F, Rojas C, Cafferata EA, Rojas L, Alvarez C, Fernández A, Hernández M, Bravo D, Vernal R. Capsular-defective Porphyromonas gingivalis mutant strains induce less alveolar bone resorption than W50 wild-type strain due to a decreased Th1/Th17 immune response and less osteoclast activity. J Periodontol 2018; 90:522-534. [PMID: 30397909 DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encapsulation of Porphyromonas gingivalis has been demonstrated as responsible of several host immunological changes, which have been associated with the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Using a murine model of periodontitis and two isogenic non-capsulated mutants of P. gingivalis, this study aimed to analyze whether P. gingivalis encapsulation induces more severe alveolar bone resorption, and whether this bone loss is associated with a T-helper (Th)1 and Th17-pattern of immune response. METHODS Experimental periodontal infections were generated by oral inoculation with the encapsulated W50 wild-type strain or isogenic non-encapsulated ΔPG0116-PG0120 (GPA) and ΔPG0109-PG0118 (GPC) mutants of P. gingivalis. Periodontal infections induced with the encapsulated HG184 or non-encapsulated ATCC 33277 strains of P. gingivalis were used as controls. Alveolar bone resorption was analyzed using microcomputed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. The expression levels of Th1, Th2, Th17, or T regulatory-associated cytokines and RANKL, as well as the periodontal bacterial load, were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The detection of Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS In the periodontal lesions, both capsular-defective knockout mutant strains of P. gingivalis induced less alveolar bone resorption than the encapsulated W50 wild-type strain. This decreased bone loss was associated with a dismissed RANKL expression, decreased Th1- and Th17-type of cytokine expression, reduced Th1 and Th17 lymphocyte detection, and low osteoclast finding. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that encapsulation of P. gingivalis plays a key role in the alveolar bone resorption induced during periodontitis, and this bone loss is associated with a Th1- and Th17-pattern of immune response triggered in the periodontal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Baltasar Fernández
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Francisca Castillo
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Carolina Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Leticia Rojas
- Translational Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Carla Alvarez
- Oral Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile
| | - Alejandra Fernández
- Oral Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | - Denisse Bravo
- Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
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Dorman MJ, Feltwell T, Goulding DA, Parkhill J, Short FL. The Capsule Regulatory Network of Klebsiella pneumoniae Defined by density-TraDISort. mBio 2018; 9:e01863-18. [PMID: 30459193 PMCID: PMC6247091 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01863-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae infections affect infants and the immunocompromised, and the recent emergence of hypervirulent and multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae lineages is a critical health care concern. Hypervirulence in K. pneumoniae is mediated by several factors, including the overproduction of extracellular capsule. However, the full details of how K. pneumoniae capsule biosynthesis is achieved or regulated are not known. We have developed a robust and sensitive procedure to identify genes influencing capsule production, density-TraDISort, which combines density gradient centrifugation with transposon insertion sequencing. We have used this method to explore capsule regulation in two clinically relevant Klebsiella strains, K. pneumoniae NTUH-K2044 (capsule type K1) and K. pneumoniae ATCC 43816 (capsule type K2). We identified multiple genes required for full capsule production in K. pneumoniae, as well as putative suppressors of capsule in NTUH-K2044, and have validated the results of our screen with targeted knockout mutants. Further investigation of several of the K. pneumoniae capsule regulators identified-ArgR, MprA/KvrB, SlyA/KvrA, and the Sap ABC transporter-revealed effects on capsule amount and architecture, serum resistance, and virulence. We show that capsule production in K. pneumoniae is at the center of a complex regulatory network involving multiple global regulators and environmental cues and that the majority of capsule regulatory genes are located in the core genome. Overall, our findings expand our understanding of how capsule is regulated in this medically important pathogen and provide a technology that can be easily implemented to study capsule regulation in other bacterial species.IMPORTANCE Capsule production is essential for K. pneumoniae to cause infections, but its regulation and mechanism of synthesis are not fully understood in this organism. We have developed and applied a new method for genome-wide identification of capsule regulators. Using this method, many genes that positively or negatively affect capsule production in K. pneumoniae were identified, and we use these data to propose an integrated model for capsule regulation in this species. Several of the genes and biological processes identified have not previously been linked to capsule synthesis. We also show that the methods presented here can be applied to other species of capsulated bacteria, providing the opportunity to explore and compare capsule regulatory networks in other bacterial strains and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Dorman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa Feltwell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - David A Goulding
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca L Short
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Qi F, Sun JH, Yan JQ, Li CM, Lv XC. Anti-inflammatory effects of isorhamnetin on LPS-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway. Microb Pathog 2018; 120:37-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Kriebel K, Hieke C, Müller-Hilke B, Nakata M, Kreikemeyer B. Oral Biofilms from Symbiotic to Pathogenic Interactions and Associated Disease -Connection of Periodontitis and Rheumatic Arthritis by Peptidylarginine Deiminase. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:53. [PMID: 29441048 PMCID: PMC5797574 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of bacterial species are harbored in the oral cavity, with the resulting complex network of interactions between the microbiome and host contributing to physiological as well as pathological conditions at both local and systemic levels. Bacterial communities inhabit the oral cavity as primary niches in a symbiotic manner and form dental biofilm in a stepwise process. However, excessive formation of biofilm in combination with a corresponding deregulated immune response leads to intra-oral diseases, such as dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Moreover, oral commensal bacteria, which are classified as so-called “pathobionts” according to a now widely accepted terminology, were recently shown to be present in extra-oral lesions with distinct bacterial species found to be involved in the onset of various pathophysiological conditions, including cancer, atherosclerosis, chronic infective endocarditis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The present review focuses on oral pathobionts as commensal and healthy members of oral biofilms that can turn into initiators of disease. We will shed light on the processes involved in dental biofilm formation and also provide an overview of the interactions of P. gingivalis, as one of the most prominent oral pathobionts, with host cells, including epithelial cells, phagocytes, and dental stem cells present in dental tissues. Notably, a previously unknown interaction of P. gingivalis bacteria with human stem cells that has impact on human immune response is discussed. In addition to this very specific interaction, the present review summarizes current knowledge regarding the immunomodulatory effect of P. gingivalis and other oral pathobionts, members of the oral microbiome, that pave the way for systemic and chronic diseases, thereby showing a link between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kriebel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Cathleen Hieke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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30
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Nakayama M, Ohara N. Molecular mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis-host cell interaction on periodontal diseases. Jpn Dent Sci Rev 2017; 53:134-140. [PMID: 29201258 PMCID: PMC5703693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a major oral pathogen and associated with periodontal diseases including periodontitis and alveolar bone loss. In this review, we indicate that two virulence factors, which are hemoglobin receptor protein (HbR) and cysteine proteases “gingipains”, expressed by P. gingivalis have novel functions on the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis produces three types of gingipains and concomitantly several adhesin domains. Among the adhesin domains, hemoglobin receptor protein (HbR), also called HGP15, has the function of induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression in human gingival epithelial cells, indicating the possibility that HbR is associated with P. gingivalis-induced periodontal inflammation. On bacteria-host cells contact, P. gingivalis induces cellular signaling alteration in host cells. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt are well known to play a pivotal role in various cellular physiological functions including cell survival and glucose metabolism in mammalian cells. Recently, we demonstrated that gingipains attenuate the activity of PI3K and Akt, which might have a causal influence on periodontal diseases by chronic infection to the host cells from the speculation of molecular analysis. In this review, we discuss new molecular and biological characterization of the virulence factors from P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Nakayama
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,The Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Naoya Ohara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,The Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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31
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Shimizu T, To M, Kamata Y, Saruta J, Sato T, Fuchida S, Hamada N, Tsukinoki K. Human β-defensin-2 and interleukin-1β expression in response to Porphyromonas gingivalis challenge in mice transplanted with periodontitic human gingiva. Microb Pathog 2017; 107:38-43. [PMID: 28286291 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Inter-individual variability in the host response contributes significantly to expression of periodontal disease. Thus, research into the human host response is considered important in the analysis of periodontal disease. Human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) is typically produced by epithelial tissues after stimulation with microorganisms and inflammatory mediators, and it contributes to the initial defense in the innate immune response. However, hBD-2 expression in response to infection has not been investigated in human gingival tissue with periodontitis. We examined the response to Porphyromonas gingivalis in an established in vivo model of human gingival grafts with various degrees of periodontitis. We also investigated the expression profile of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Gingival tissues were collected from 40 patients with chronic periodontitis (21 with slight-to-moderate disease, 19 with severe disease) during tooth extraction or periodontal surgery. These tissues were transplanted subcutaneously into nu/nu mice. We used real-time PCR to compare the expression of hBD-2 and IL-1β. In slight-to-moderate chronic periodontitis, hBD-2 expression was significantly higher in the stimulated group than in the non-stimulated group (p < 0.05), but there was no significant increase in the group with severe chronic periodontitis. IL-1β expression did not differ between groups. Increased expression of hBD-2 and IL-1β was associated with slight-to-moderate periodontitis (p < 0.05), and there was a significant relationship between decreased hBD-2 and IL-1β expression and severe periodontitis (p < 0.05). The initial expression profile of hBD-2 in P. gingivalis infection differs according to the severity of periodontitis. In addition, changes in hBD-2 and IL-1β expression may be important in the progression of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro To
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Kamata
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takenori Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinya Fuchida
- Department of Dental Sociology, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobushiro Hamada
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Yang Y, Lu S, Shen W, Zhao X, Shen M, Tan Y, Li G, Li M, Wang J, Hu F, Le S. Characterization of the first double-stranded RNA bacteriophage infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38795. [PMID: 27934909 DOI: 10.1038/srep38795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are widely distributed in the biosphere and play a key role in modulating microbial ecology in the soil, ocean, and humans. Although the role of DNA bacteriophages is well described, the biology of RNA bacteriophages is poorly understood. More than 1900 phage genomes are currently deposited in NCBI, but only 6 dsRNA bacteriophages and 12 ssRNA bacteriophages genome sequences are reported. The 6 dsRNA bacteriophages were isolated from legume samples or lakes with Pseudomonas syringae as the host. Here, we report the first Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage phiYY with a three-segmented dsRNA genome. phiYY was isolated from hospital sewage in China with the clinical P. aeruginosa strain, PAO38, as a host. Moreover, the dsRNA phage phiYY has a broad host range, which infects 99 out of 233 clinical P. aeruginosa strains isolated from four provinces in China. This work presented a detailed characterization of the dsRNA bacteriophage infecting P. aeruginosa.
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How KY, Song KP, Chan KG. Porphyromonas gingivalis: An Overview of Periodontopathic Pathogen below the Gum Line. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:53. [PMID: 26903954 PMCID: PMC4746253 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease represents a group of oral inflammatory infections initiated by oral pathogens which exist as a complex biofilms on the tooth surface and cause destruction to tooth supporting tissues. The severity of this disease ranges from mild and reversible inflammation of the gingiva (gingivitis) to chronic destruction of connective tissues, the formation of periodontal pocket and ultimately result in loss of teeth. While human subgingival plaque harbors more than 500 bacterial species, considerable research has shown that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, is the major etiologic agent which contributes to chronic periodontitis. This black-pigmented bacterium produces a myriad of virulence factors that cause destruction to periodontal tissues either directly or indirectly by modulating the host inflammatory response. Here, this review provides an overview of P. gingivalis and how its virulence factors contribute to the pathogenesis with other microbiome consortium in oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Yan How
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Keang Peng Song
- School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Kok Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
In multicellular eukaryotes including plants, animals and humans, epigenetic reprogramming may play a role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases. Recent studies revealed that in addition to viruses, pathogenic bacteria are also capable to dysregulate the epigenetic machinery of their target cells. In this chapter we focus on epigenetic alterations induced by bacteria infecting humans. Most of them are obligate or facultative intracellular bacteria that produce either bacterial toxins and surface proteins targeting the host cell membrane, or synthesise effector proteins entering the host cell nucleus. These bacterial products typically elicit histone modifications, i.e. alter the "histone code". Bacterial pathogens are capable to induce alterations of host cell DNA methylation patterns, too. Such changes in the host cell epigenotype and gene expression pattern may hinder the antibacterial immune response and create favourable conditions for bacterial colonization, growth, or spread. Epigenetic dysregulation mediated by bacterial products may also facilitate the production of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators affecting the epigenotype of their target cells. Such indirect epigenetic changes as well as direct interference with the epigenetic machinery of the host cells may contribute to the initiation and progression of malignant tumors associated with distinct bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Janos Minarovits
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.
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Nguyen SH, Webb HK. Sensitive Detection of Deliquescent Bacterial Capsules through Nanomechanical Analysis. Langmuir 2015; 31:11311-11317. [PMID: 26425936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulated bacteria usually exhibit strong resistance to a wide range of sterilization methods, and are often virulent. Early detection of encapsulation can be crucial in microbial pathology. This work demonstrates a fast and sensitive method for the detection of encapsulated bacterial cells. Nanoindentation force measurements were used to confirm the presence of deliquescent bacterial capsules surrounding bacterial cells. Force/distance approach curves contained characteristic linear-nonlinear-linear domains, indicating cocompression of the capsular layer and cell, indentation of the capsule, and compression of the cell alone. This is a sensitive method for the detection and verification of the encapsulation status of bacterial cells. Given that this method was successful in detecting the nanomechanical properties of two different layers of cell material, i.e. distinguishing between the capsule and the remainder of the cell, further development may potentially lead to the ability to analyze even thinner cellular layers, e.g. lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ha Nguyen
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology , P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn 3122, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayden K Webb
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology , P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn 3122, Victoria, Australia
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Moreno S, Jaramillo A, Parra B, Botero JE, Contreras A. Porphyromonas gingivalis Fim-A genotype distribution among Colombians. Colomb Med (Cali) 2015; 46:122-7. [PMID: 26600627 PMCID: PMC4640434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with periodontitis and exhibit a wide array of virulence factors, including fimbriae which is encoded by the FimA gene representing six known genotypes. OBJETIVE To identify FimA genotypes of P. gingivalis in subjects from Cali-Colombia, including the co-infection with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. METHODS Subgingival samples were collected from 151 people exhibiting diverse periodontal condition. The occurrence of P. gingivalis, FimA genotypes and other bacteria was determined by PCR. RESULTS P. gingivalis was positive in 85 patients. Genotype FimA II was more prevalent without reach significant differences among study groups (54.3%), FimA IV was also prevalent in gingivitis (13.0%). A high correlation (p= 0.000) was found among P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia co-infection. The FimA II genotype correlated with concomitant detection of T. denticola and T. forsythia. CONCLUSIONS Porphyromonas gingivalis was high even in the healthy group at the study population. A trend toward a greater frequency of FimA II genotype in patients with moderate and severe periodontitis was determined. The FimA II genotype was also associated with increased pocket depth, greater loss of attachment level, and patients co-infected with T. denticola and T. forsythia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Moreno
- School of Dentistry, University of Valle, Cali Colombia, Periodontal Medicine Group, University of Valle. Cali, Colombia
| | - Adriana Jaramillo
- School of Dentistry, University of Valle, Cali Colombia, Periodontal Medicine Group, University of Valle. Cali, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Parra
- Periodontal Medicine Group, University of Valle. Cali, Colombia, Department of Microbiology, University of Valle, Cali Colombia
| | | | - Adolfo Contreras
- School of Dentistry, University of Valle, Cali Colombia, Periodontal Medicine Group, University of Valle. Cali, Colombia
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Laheij AMGA, van Loveren C, Deng D, de Soet JJ. The impact of virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis on wound healing in vitro. J Oral Microbiol 2015; 7:27543. [PMID: 26142460 PMCID: PMC4491305 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v7.27543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis inhibits oral epithelial wound healing in vitro more strongly than other oral bacteria, but it is unknown why P. gingivalis is such a potent inhibitor of wound healing. Objective Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of major virulence factors of P. gingivalis on wound healing in an in vitro wound-healing model. The influence of the capsular polysaccharide, the Arg- and Lys- gingipains, the major fimbriae and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated. Design A standardized scratch was made in a confluent layer of human oral epithelial cells HO-1-N-1. The epithelial cells were then challenged with different concentrations of several P. gingivalis wild-type strains and knockout mutants. Closure of the scratch was determined after 17 h and compared to control conditions without bacteria. Results The P. gingivalis strains ATCC 33277, W83, and W50 significantly inhibited wound healing. The presence of a capsular polysaccharide lowered significantly the inhibition of epithelial cell migration, while gingipain activity significantly increased the inhibition of cell migration. LPS and the major fimbriae did not influence epithelial cell migration. None of the tested P. gingivalis strains completely prevented the inhibition of cell migration, suggesting that other characteristics of P. gingivalis also play a role in the inhibition of wound healing, and that further research is needed. Conclusions The capsular polysaccharide and the Arg- and Lys- gingipains of P. gingivalis influenced the capacity of P. gingivalis to hinder wound healing, while LPS and the major fimbriae had no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa M G A Laheij
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Cor van Loveren
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Díaz L, Hoare A, Soto C, Bugueño I, Silva N, Dutzan N, Venegas D, Salinas D, Pérez-Donoso JM, Gamonal J, Bravo D. Changes in lipopolysaccharide profile of Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates correlate with changes in colony morphology and polymyxin B resistance. Anaerobe 2015; 33:25-32. [PMID: 25638398 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Virulence factors on the surface of Porphyromonas gingivalis constitute the first line of interaction with host cells and contribute to immune modulation and periodontitis progression. In order to characterize surface virulence factors present on P. gingivalis, we obtained clinical isolates from healthy and periodontitis subjects and compared them with reference strains. Colony morphology, aggregation in liquid medium, surface charge, membrane permeability to bactericidal compounds, novobiocin and polymyxin B resistance, capsule presence and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profiles were evaluated. By comparing isolates from healthy and periodontitis subjects, differences in colony morphology and aggregation in liquid culture were found; the latter being similar to two reference strains. These differences were not a consequence of variations in bacterial surface charge. Furthermore, isolates also presented differences in polymyxin B and novobiocin resistance; isolates from healthy subjects were susceptible to polymyxin B and resistant to novobiocin and, in contrast, isolates from periodontitis subjects were resistant to polymyxin B and susceptible to novobiocin. These changes in antimicrobial resistance levels correlate with variations in LPS profiles, since -unlike periodontitis isolates-isolates from healthy samples synthesize LPS molecules lacking both O-antigen moieties and anionic polysaccharide. Additionally, this phenotype correlated with the absence of O-antigen ligase activity. Altogether, our results reveal novel variations on surface components of P. gingivalis isolates obtained from healthy and periodontitis subjects that could be associated with differences in bacterial virulence and periodontitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Díaz
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anilei Hoare
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristopher Soto
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isaac Bugueño
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nora Silva
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Dutzan
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Darna Venegas
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Salinas
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Manuel Pérez-Donoso
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Gamonal
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Denisse Bravo
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Bainbridge BW, Hirano T, Grieshaber N, Davey ME. Deletion of a 77-base-pair inverted repeat element alters the synthesis of surface polysaccharides in Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:1208-20. [PMID: 25622614 DOI: 10.1128/JB.02589-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bacterial cell surface glycans, such as capsular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), influence host recognition and are considered key virulence determinants. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is known to display at least three different types of surface glycans: O-LPS, A-LPS, and K-antigen capsule. We have shown that PG0121 (in strain W83) encodes a DNABII histone-like protein and that this gene is transcriptionally linked to the K-antigen capsule synthesis genes, generating a large ∼19.4-kb transcript (PG0104-PG0121). Furthermore, production of capsule is deficient in a PG0121 mutant strain. In this study, we report on the identification of an antisense RNA (asRNA) molecule located within a 77-bp inverted repeat (77bpIR) element located near the 5' end of the locus. We show that overexpression of this asRNA decreases the amount of capsule produced, indicating that this asRNA can impact capsule synthesis in trans. We also demonstrate that deletion of the 77bpIR element and thereby synthesis of the large 19.4-kb transcript also diminishes, but does not eliminate, capsule synthesis. Surprisingly, LPS structures were also altered by deletion of the 77bpIR element, and reactivity to monoclonal antibodies specific to both O-LPS and A-LPS was eliminated. Additionally, reduced reactivity to these antibodies was also observed in a PG0106 mutant, indicating that this putative glycosyltransferase, which is required for capsule synthesis, is also involved in LPS synthesis in strain W83. We discuss our finding in the context of how DNABII proteins, an antisense RNA molecule, and the 77bpIR element may modulate expression of surface polysaccharides in P. gingivalis. IMPORTANCE The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis displays at least three different types of cell surface glycans: O-LPS, A-LPS, and K-antigen capsule. We have shown using Northern analysis that the K-antigen capsule locus encodes a large transcript (∼19.4 kb), encompassing a 77-bp inverted repeat (77bpIR) element near the 5' end. Here, we report on the identification of an antisense RNA (asRNA) encoded within the 77bpIR. We show that overexpression of this asRNA or deletion of the element decreases the amount of capsule. LPS structures were also altered by deletion of the 77bpIR, and reactivity to monoclonal antibodies to both O-LPS and A-LPS was eliminated. Our data indicate that the 77bpIR element is involved in modulating both LPS and capsule synthesis in P. gingivalis.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oral mucositis is one of the most prevalent toxicities after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Mucositis is initiated by the chemotherapy or radiotherapy preceding the transplantation. It is commonly accepted that microorganisms play a role in the process of oral mucositis. Despite the upcoming techniques to determine the whole oral bacterial ecosystem, the exact role of the microflora in mucositis is not yet understood. This article provides an overview of the state-of-the-art research on the oral microflora and mucositis. RECENT FINDINGS A shift in microflora, in both the intestine and the oral cavity, can be found after chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The presence of oral ulcerative mucositis coincides with the presence of periodontitis-associated bacteria, in particular Porphyromonas gingivalis. Moreover, this bacterium can inhibit wound healing processes in an in-vitro model. SUMMARY We come to realize that some diseases are associated with a shift in the microflora. The role of the microflora in oral and intestinal mucositis is gaining more attention in recent literature. In the oral cavity, periodontitis-associated bacteria may influence the healing of ulcerations and the role they play in mucositis may be more subtle and complicated than was previously thought.
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Teixeira SRL, D'Epiro TTS, Pinheiro ET, Simionato MRL, Taniwaki NN, Kisielius JJ, Mayer MPA. Lineage variability in surface components expression within Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microb Pathog 2014; 77:100-4. [PMID: 25448131 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is represented by a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from commensals to pathogenic lineages. Capsule and fimbriae are considered key virulence factors in this specie, involved in colonization and host defenses evasion. Since these virulence traits may not be expressed by certain strains, we aimed to test the hypothesis that certain clusters or genotypes of P. gingivalis correlate with the production of capsule and fimbriae. Sixteen P. gingivalis isolates were evaluated. Capsule (K) was detected by optical microscopy of negatively stained cells. The presence of fimbriae (F) was determined by TEM. Genotypes were determined by NotI macrorestriction fragments analysis through Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) based on seven house-keeping genes. The phenotypes included F(+)K(+) (n = 4), F(-)K(+) (n = 5), F(+)K(-) (n = 5) and F(-)K(-) (n = 2). The analysis of whole genome macrorestriction fragments revealed 14 different clusters. MLST data also revealed extensive genetic diversity; however, PFGE and MLST profiles showed evident differences. There was no association between P. gingivalis clusters and encapsulated and/or fimbriated phenotypes. Genotyping methods were not able to discriminate isolates according to the production of virulence factors such as capsule and major fimbriae, indicating that recombination played a key role in the expression of capsule and fimbriae in P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Regina Loureiro Teixeira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Talyta Thereza Soares D'Epiro
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Ericka Tavares Pinheiro
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Regina L Simionato
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, SP 01246-902, Brazil.
| | - Jonas José Kisielius
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, SP 01246-902, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Tjokro NO, Rocco CJ, Priyadarshini R, Davey ME, Goodman SD. A biochemical analysis of the interaction of Porphyromonas gingivalis HU PG0121 protein with DNA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93266. [PMID: 24681691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
K-antigen capsule, a key virulence determinant of the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, is synthesized by proteins encoded in a series of genes transcribed as a large polycistronic message. Previously, we identified a 77-base pair inverted repeat region with the potential to form a large stem-loop structure at the 5' end of this locus. PG0121, one of two genes flanking the capsule operon, was found to be co-transcribed with the operon and to share high similarity to the DNA binding protein HU from Escherichia coli. A null mutation in PG0121 results in down-regulation of transcription of the capsule synthesis genes and production of capsule. Furthermore, we have also shown that PG0121 gene can complement multiple deficiencies in a strain of E. coli that is deficient for both the alpha and beta subunits of HU. Here, we examined the biochemical properties of the interaction of PG0121 to DNA with the emphasis on the kinds of nucleic acid architectures that may be encountered at the 77-bp inverted repeat. We have concluded that although some DNA binding characteristics are shared with E. coli HU, HU PG0121 also shows some distinct characteristics that set it apart from other HU-like proteins tested to date. We discuss our results in the context of how PG0121 may affect the regulation of the K-antigen capsule expression.
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Azevedo FP, Morandini ACF, Sipert CR, Dionísio TJ, Santos CF, Damante CA, de Rezende MLR, Sant'ana ACP, Greghi SLA. Palatal mucosa derived fibroblasts present an adaptive behavior regarding cytokine secretion when grafted onto the gingival margin. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:21. [PMID: 24646168 PMCID: PMC3994569 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considering that grafted gingival tissue might have to be adapted to the receptor area and that fibroblasts have the ability to respond to bacterial stimuli through the release of various cytokines, this study investigated whether fibroblasts from the palatal mucosa behave differently when grafted onto the gingival margin regarding cytokine secretion. Methods Biopsies from the palatal mucosa were collected at the time of free gingival graft surgery, and after four months re-collection was performed upon surgery for root coverage. Fibroblasts were isolated by the explant technique, cultured and stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Escherichia coli (Ec) LPS for 24 or 48 h for comparative evaluation of the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-6, IL-8/CXCL8, MIP-1α/CCL3, TGF-β, VEGF and CXCL16. Unstimulated cells were used as the control group. Cells were tested for viability through MTT assay, and secretion of cytokines and chemokines was evaluated in the cell supernatants by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results Fibroblasts from the palatal mucosa maintained the same secretion pattern of IL-6 when grafted onto the gingival margin. On the contrary, fibroblasts from the marginal gingival graft showed increased secretion of IL-8/CXCL8 even in the absence of stimulation. Interestingly, MIP-1α/CCL3 secretion by fibroblasts from the marginal gingival graft was significantly increased after 48 hours of stimulation with Pg LPS and after 24 h with Ec LPS. Only fibroblasts from the marginal gingival graft showed secretion of TGF-β. VEGF and CXCL16 secretion were not detected by both subsets of fibroblasts. Conclusion Fibroblasts from the palatal mucosa seem to be adapted to local conditions of the site microenvironment when grafted onto the gingival marginal area. This evidence supports the effective participation of fibroblasts in the homeostasis of the marginal periodontium through secretion modulation of important inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Zhang D, Li S, Hu L, Sheng L, Cao Z, Wu Y, Chen L. Protease-activated receptors expression in gingiva in periodontal health and disease. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:393-9. [PMID: 24509446 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a unique class of receptors which are implicated in mediating inflammation, pain and other functions. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of PARs in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis by differential expression analysis of PARs in the gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis patients compared with those of healthy control individuals. DESIGN Gingival tissue specimens were collected from chronic periodontitis patients (n=20) and control individuals (n=20). The expression of PAR-1, -2, -3 and -4 was determined in these tissues by immunohistochemistry and differential expression between the two groups was investigated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS PAR-1, -2, -3 and -4 were expressed in all gingival tissues. A significant overexpression of PAR-3 was detected in chronic periodontitis-affected tissues compared to healthy gingival tissues. However, expression of PAR-2 was decreased in periodontal lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that PAR-1, -2, -3 and -4 are expressed in both healthy and inflamed gingival tissues. Furthermore, PAR-2 and PAR-3 may contribute to the inflammatory responses associated with chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Zhang
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Shenglai Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lingjing Hu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Lieping Sheng
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yanmin Wu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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Al-Nowaiser AM, Al-Zoman H, Baskaradoss JK, Robert AA, Al-Zoman KH, Al-Sohail AM, Al-Suwyed AS, Ciancio SG, Al-Mubarak SA. Evaluation of adjunctive systemic doxycycline with non-surgical periodontal therapy within type 2 diabetic patients. Saudi Med J 2014; 35:1203-9. [PMID: 25316464 PMCID: PMC4362117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of systemic doxycycline on clinical and microbiological parameters of diabetic subjects with chronic periodontitis. METHODS This 9-month multi-center, randomized, parallel, single-blinded study was conducted from different hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between April 2010 and December 2010. A total of 76 diabetic subjects with chronic periodontitis were randomized into 2 groups: control group (CG) received only scaling and root planing (SRP), and the treatment group (TG) receiving systemic doxycycline during the reevaluation visit 45 days after the completion of SRP. Probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, gingival index, plaque index, and bleeding on probing were collected at baseline, 45 days after SRP, and one, 3, and 6 months after the use of systemic doxycycline. Microbiological analysis comprised the detection of Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) by polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS Sixty-eight (33 CG and 35 TG) subjects completed the study. Greater reduction in the population of Tf, Pg, and Pi were observed in TG compared with CG in the first month after the administration of systemic doxycycline. The TG showed a significant improvement in gingival index scores compared with the CG (p<0.05) by the end of the first and 6 months after the administration of doxycycline. CONCLUSION Adjunct systemic doxycycline can be associated with a reduction of Tf, Pg, and Pi in the first month after the administration of doxycycline with an improvement in the GI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M. Al-Nowaiser
- From the Department of Preventive Dental Sciences (Al-Nowaiser), King Abdulaziz University, College of Dentistry (Al-Zoman H), King Saud University, the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (Robert), Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, the Dental Department (Al-Zoman K, Al-Mubarak), King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, the Prince Abdulrahman Bin Abdulaziz Institute for Higher Dental Studies (Al-Sohail), the Dental Department (Al-Suwyed), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Department of Dental Public Health (Baskaradoss), School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and the Department of Periodontics and Endodontics (Ciancio), School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America.
| | - Hamad Al-Zoman
- From the Department of Preventive Dental Sciences (Al-Nowaiser), King Abdulaziz University, College of Dentistry (Al-Zoman H), King Saud University, the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (Robert), Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, the Dental Department (Al-Zoman K, Al-Mubarak), King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, the Prince Abdulrahman Bin Abdulaziz Institute for Higher Dental Studies (Al-Sohail), the Dental Department (Al-Suwyed), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Department of Dental Public Health (Baskaradoss), School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and the Department of Periodontics and Endodontics (Ciancio), School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America.
| | - Jagan K. Baskaradoss
- From the Department of Preventive Dental Sciences (Al-Nowaiser), King Abdulaziz University, College of Dentistry (Al-Zoman H), King Saud University, the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (Robert), Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, the Dental Department (Al-Zoman K, Al-Mubarak), King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, the Prince Abdulrahman Bin Abdulaziz Institute for Higher Dental Studies (Al-Sohail), the Dental Department (Al-Suwyed), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Department of Dental Public Health (Baskaradoss), School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and the Department of Periodontics and Endodontics (Ciancio), School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America.
| | - Asirvatham A. Robert
- From the Department of Preventive Dental Sciences (Al-Nowaiser), King Abdulaziz University, College of Dentistry (Al-Zoman H), King Saud University, the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (Robert), Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, the Dental Department (Al-Zoman K, Al-Mubarak), King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, the Prince Abdulrahman Bin Abdulaziz Institute for Higher Dental Studies (Al-Sohail), the Dental Department (Al-Suwyed), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Department of Dental Public Health (Baskaradoss), School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and the Department of Periodontics and Endodontics (Ciancio), School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America.
| | - Khalid H. Al-Zoman
- From the Department of Preventive Dental Sciences (Al-Nowaiser), King Abdulaziz University, College of Dentistry (Al-Zoman H), King Saud University, the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (Robert), Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, the Dental Department (Al-Zoman K, Al-Mubarak), King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, the Prince Abdulrahman Bin Abdulaziz Institute for Higher Dental Studies (Al-Sohail), the Dental Department (Al-Suwyed), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Department of Dental Public Health (Baskaradoss), School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and the Department of Periodontics and Endodontics (Ciancio), School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America.
| | - Abdulaziz M. Al-Sohail
- From the Department of Preventive Dental Sciences (Al-Nowaiser), King Abdulaziz University, College of Dentistry (Al-Zoman H), King Saud University, the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (Robert), Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, the Dental Department (Al-Zoman K, Al-Mubarak), King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, the Prince Abdulrahman Bin Abdulaziz Institute for Higher Dental Studies (Al-Sohail), the Dental Department (Al-Suwyed), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Department of Dental Public Health (Baskaradoss), School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and the Department of Periodontics and Endodontics (Ciancio), School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America.
| | - Abdulaziz S. Al-Suwyed
- From the Department of Preventive Dental Sciences (Al-Nowaiser), King Abdulaziz University, College of Dentistry (Al-Zoman H), King Saud University, the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (Robert), Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, the Dental Department (Al-Zoman K, Al-Mubarak), King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, the Prince Abdulrahman Bin Abdulaziz Institute for Higher Dental Studies (Al-Sohail), the Dental Department (Al-Suwyed), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Department of Dental Public Health (Baskaradoss), School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and the Department of Periodontics and Endodontics (Ciancio), School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America.
| | - Sebastian G. Ciancio
- From the Department of Preventive Dental Sciences (Al-Nowaiser), King Abdulaziz University, College of Dentistry (Al-Zoman H), King Saud University, the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (Robert), Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, the Dental Department (Al-Zoman K, Al-Mubarak), King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, the Prince Abdulrahman Bin Abdulaziz Institute for Higher Dental Studies (Al-Sohail), the Dental Department (Al-Suwyed), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Department of Dental Public Health (Baskaradoss), School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and the Department of Periodontics and Endodontics (Ciancio), School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America.
| | - Sultan A. Al-Mubarak
- From the Department of Preventive Dental Sciences (Al-Nowaiser), King Abdulaziz University, College of Dentistry (Al-Zoman H), King Saud University, the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (Robert), Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, the Dental Department (Al-Zoman K, Al-Mubarak), King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, the Prince Abdulrahman Bin Abdulaziz Institute for Higher Dental Studies (Al-Sohail), the Dental Department (Al-Suwyed), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Department of Dental Public Health (Baskaradoss), School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and the Department of Periodontics and Endodontics (Ciancio), School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America.,Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Sultan A. Al-Mubarak, Senior Clinical Scientist and Consultant, Dental Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
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Vernal R, Diaz-Guerra E, Silva A, Sanz M, Garcia-Sanz JA. Distinct human T-lymphocyte responses triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis
capsular serotypes. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 41:19-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Vernal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Department of Conservative Dentistry; Dental School; Universidad de Chile; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Eva Diaz-Guerra
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Augusto Silva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Jose A. Garcia-Sanz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
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Kriebel K, Biedermann A, Kreikemeyer B, Lang H. Anaerobic co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and anaerobic pathogens - a new in vitro model system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78226. [PMID: 24223777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are multipotent by nature and are originally isolated from bone marrow. In light of a future application of hMSCs in the oral cavity, a body compartment with varying oxygen partial pressures and an omnipresence of different bacterial species i.e. periodontitis pathogens, we performed this study to gain information about the behavior of hMSC in an anaerobic system and the response in interaction with oral bacterial pathogens. Methodology/Principal Findings We established a model system with oral pathogenic bacterial species and eukaryotic cells cultured in anaerobic conditions. The facultative anaerobe bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were studied. Their effects on hMSCs and primary as well as permanent gingival epithelial cells (Ca9-22, HGPEC) were comparatively analyzed. We show that hMSCs cope with anoxic conditions, since 40% vital cells remain after 72 h of anaerobic culture. The Ca9-22 and HGPEC cells are significantly more sensitive to lack of oxygen. All bacterial species reveal a comparatively low adherence to and internalization into hMSCs (0.2% and 0.01% of the initial inoculum, respectively). In comparison, the Ca9-22 and HGPEC cells present better targets for bacterial adherence and internalization. The production of the pro-inflammatory chemokine IL-8 is higher in both gingival epithelial cell lines compared to hMSCs and Fusobacterium nucleatum induce a time-dependent cytokine secretion in both cell lines. Porphyromonas gingivalis is less effective in stimulating secretion of IL-8 in the co-cultivation experiments. Conclusions/significance HMSCs are suitable for use in anoxic regions of the oral cavity. The interaction with local pathogenic bacteria does not result in massive pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. The test system established in this study allowed further investigation of parameters prior to set up of oral hMSC in vivo studies.
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Laheij AM, de Soet JJ, Veerman EC, Bolscher JG, van Loveren C. The influence of oral bacteria on epithelial cell migration in vitro. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:154532. [PMID: 24288439 DOI: 10.1155/2013/154532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral ulcerations often arise as a side effect from chemo- and radiation therapy. In a previous clinical study, Porphyromonas gingivalis was identified as a positive predictor for oral ulcerations after hematopoetic stem cell transplantation, possibly incriminating P. gingivalis in delayed healing of the ulcerations. Therefore, it was tested whether P. gingivalis and its secreted products could inhibit the migration of oral epithelial cells in an in vitro scratch assay. To compare, the oral bacteria Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Streptococcus mitis were included. A standardized scratch was made in a confluent layer of human oral epithelial cells. The epithelial cells were challenged with bacterial cells and with medium containing secretions of these bacteria. Closure of the scratch was measured after 17 h using a phase contrast microscope. P. gingivalis, P. nigrescens, and secretions of P. gingivalis strongly inhibited cell migration. A challenge with 1000 heat-killed bacteria versus 1 epithelial cell resulted in a relative closure of the scratch of 25% for P. gingivalis and 20% for P. nigrescens. Weaker inhibitory effects were found for the other bacteria. The results confirmed our hypothesis that the oral bacteria may be involved in delayed wound healing.
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Reyes L, Eiler-McManis E, Rodrigues PH, Chadda AS, Wallet SM, Bélanger M, Barrett AG, Alvarez S, Akin D, Dunn WA, Progulske-Fox A. Deletion of lipoprotein PG0717 in Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 reduces gingipain activity and alters trafficking in and response by host cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74230. [PMID: 24069284 PMCID: PMC3772042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
P. gingivalis (Pg), a causative agent of chronic generalized periodontitis, has been implicated in promoting cardiovascular disease. Expression of lipoprotein gene PG0717 of Pg strain W83 was found to be transiently upregulated during invasion of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC), suggesting this protein may be involved in virulence. We characterized the virulence phenotype of a PG0717 deletion mutant of pg W83. There were no differences in the ability of W83Δ717 to adhere and invade HCAEC. However, the increased proportion of internalized W83 at 24 hours post-inoculation was not observed with W83∆717. Deletion of PG0717 also impaired the ability of W83 to usurp the autophagic pathway in HCAEC and to induce autophagy in Saos-2 sarcoma cells. HCAEC infected with W83Δ717 also secreted significantly greater amounts of MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6, GM-CSF, and soluble ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin when compared to W83. Further characterization of W83Δ717 revealed that neither capsule nor lipid A structure was affected by deletion of PG0717. Interestingly, the activity of both arginine (Rgp) and lysine (Kgp) gingipains was reduced in whole-cell extracts and culture supernatant of W83Δ717. RT-PCR revealed a corresponding decrease in transcription of rgpB but not rgpA or kgp. Quantitative proteome studies of the two strains revealed that both RgpA and RgpB, along with putative virulence factors peptidylarginine deiminase and Clp protease were significantly decreased in the W83Δ717. Our results suggest that PG0717 has pleiotropic effects on W83 that affect microbial induced manipulation of host responses important for microbial clearance and infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Eileen Eiler-McManis
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paulo H. Rodrigues
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Amandeep S. Chadda
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Myriam Bélanger
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Amanda G. Barrett
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, proteomics & mass spectrometry Core, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Debra Akin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - William A. Dunn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ann Progulske-Fox
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Irshad M, Scheres N, Crielaard W, Loos BG, Wismeijer D, Laine ML. Influence of titanium on in vitro fibroblast-Porphyromonas gingivalis
interaction in peri-implantitis. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40:841-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irshad
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Nina Scheres
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bruno G. Loos
- Department of Periodontology; ACTA; University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Wismeijer
- Department of Oral Function and Restorative Dentistry; Section of Oral Implantology and Prosthodontics; Research Institute MOVE; ACTA; University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marja L. Laine
- Department of Periodontology; ACTA; University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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