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Roell Y, Pezzi L, Lozano-Parra A, Olson D, Messina J, Quandelacy T, Drexler JF, Brady O, Karimzadeh M, Jaenisch T. Assessing vulnerability for future Zika virus outbreaks using seroprevalence data and environmental suitability maps. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012017. [PMID: 38517912 PMCID: PMC10990225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2015-17 Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas subsided faster than expected and evolving population immunity was postulated to be the main reason. Herd immunization is suggested to occur around 60-70% seroprevalence, depending on demographic density and climate suitability. However, herd immunity was only documented for a few cities in South America, meaning a substantial portion of the population might still be vulnerable to a future Zika virus outbreak. The aim of our study was to determine the vulnerability of populations to ZIKV by comparing the environmental suitability of ZIKV transmission to the observed seroprevalence, based on published studies. Using a systematic search, we collected seroprevalence and geospatial data for 119 unique locations from 37 studies. Extracting the environmental suitability at each location and converting to a hypothetical expected seroprevalence, we were able to determine the discrepancy between observed and expected. This discrepancy is an indicator of vulnerability and divided into three categories: high risk, low risk, and very low risk. The vulnerability was used to evaluate the level of risk that each location still has for a ZIKV outbreak to occur. Of the 119 unique locations, 69 locations (58%) fell within the high risk category, 47 locations (39%) fell within the low risk category, and 3 locations (3%) fell within the very low risk category. The considerable heterogeneity between environmental suitability and seroprevalence potentially leaves a large population vulnerable to future infection. Vulnerability seems to be especially pronounced at the fringes of the environmental suitability for ZIKV (e.g. Sao Paulo, Brazil). The discrepancies between observed and expected seroprevalence raise the question: "why did the ZIKV epidemic stop with large populations unaffected?". This lack of understanding also highlights that future ZIKV outbreaks currently cannot be predicted with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Roell
- Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laura Pezzi
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, Inserm-IRBA, Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, Universitá di Corsica, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IRBA), France
| | - Anyela Lozano-Parra
- Grupo de Epidemiología Clínica, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Daniel Olson
- Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jane Messina
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford School of Global and Area Studies, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Talia Quandelacy
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Brady
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Morteza Karimzadeh
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas Jaenisch
- Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Gibb R, Colón-González FJ, Lan PT, Huong PT, Nam VS, Duoc VT, Hung DT, Dong NT, Chien VC, Trang LTT, Kien Quoc D, Hoa TM, Tai NH, Hang TT, Tsarouchi G, Ainscoe E, Harpham Q, Hofmann B, Lumbroso D, Brady OJ, Lowe R. Interactions between climate change, urban infrastructure and mobility are driving dengue emergence in Vietnam. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8179. [PMID: 38081831 PMCID: PMC10713571 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is expanding globally, but how dengue emergence is shaped locally by interactions between climatic and socio-environmental factors is not well understood. Here, we investigate the drivers of dengue incidence and emergence in Vietnam, through analysing 23 years of district-level case data spanning a period of significant socioeconomic change (1998-2020). We show that urban infrastructure factors (sanitation, water supply, long-term urban growth) predict local spatial patterns of dengue incidence, while human mobility is a more influential driver in subtropical northern regions than the endemic south. Temperature is the dominant factor shaping dengue's distribution and dynamics, and using long-term reanalysis temperature data we show that warming since 1950 has expanded transmission risk throughout Vietnam, and most strongly in current dengue emergence hotspots (e.g., southern central regions, Ha Noi). In contrast, effects of hydrometeorology are complex, multi-scalar and dependent on local context: risk increases under either short-term precipitation excess or long-term drought, but improvements in water supply mitigate drought-associated risks except under extreme conditions. Our findings challenge the assumption that dengue is an urban disease, instead suggesting that incidence peaks in transitional landscapes with intermediate infrastructure provision, and provide evidence that interactions between recent climate change and mobility are contributing to dengue's expansion throughout Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Gibb
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Dynamics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Felipe J Colón-González
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Dynamics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Data for Science and Health, Wellcome Trust, London, UK
| | - Phan Trong Lan
- General Department of Preventative Medicine (GDPM), Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Thi Huong
- General Department of Preventative Medicine (GDPM), Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Sinh Nam
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Trong Duoc
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Do Thai Hung
- Pasteur Institute Nha Trang, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam
| | | | - Vien Chinh Chien
- Tay Nguyen Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (TIHE), Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam
| | - Ly Thi Thuy Trang
- Tay Nguyen Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (TIHE), Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam
| | - Do Kien Quoc
- Pasteur Institute Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Minh Hoa
- Center for Disease Control, Dong Nai Province, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oliver J Brady
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Dynamics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Dynamics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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Botosso VF, Precioso AR, Wilder-Smith A, de Oliveira DBL, de Oliveira FBL, De Oliveira CM, Soares CP, Oliveira LTL, dos Santo RMV, de Agostini Utescher CL, Coutinho FAB, Massad E. Seroprevalence of Zika in Brazil stratified by age and geographic distribution. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:1-16. [PMID: 37965751 PMCID: PMC10728971 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital Zika is a devastating consequence of maternal Zika virus infections. Estimates of age-dependent seroprevalence profiles are central to our understanding of the force of Zika virus infections. We set out to calculate the age-dependent seroprevalence of Zika virus infections in Brazil. We analyzed serum samples stratified by age and geographic location, collected from 2016 to 2019, from about 16,000 volunteers enrolled in a Phase 3 dengue vaccine trial led by the Institute Butantan in Brazil. Our results show that Zika seroprevalence has a remarkable age-dependent and geographical distribution, with an average age of the first infection varying from region to region, ranging from 4.97 (3.03–5.41) to 7.24 (6.98–7.90) years. The calculated basic reproduction number, , varied from region to region, ranging from 1.18 (1.04–1.41) to 2.33 (1.54–3.85). Such data are paramount to determine the optimal age to vaccinate against Zika, if and when such a vaccine becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eduardo Massad
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lim AY, Jafari Y, Caldwell JM, Clapham HE, Gaythorpe KAM, Hussain-Alkhateeb L, Johansson MA, Kraemer MUG, Maude RJ, McCormack CP, Messina JP, Mordecai EA, Rabe IB, Reiner RC, Ryan SJ, Salje H, Semenza JC, Rojas DP, Brady OJ. A systematic review of the data, methods and environmental covariates used to map Aedes-borne arbovirus transmission risk. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:708. [PMID: 37864153 PMCID: PMC10588093 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes (Stegomyia)-borne diseases are an expanding global threat, but gaps in surveillance make comprehensive and comparable risk assessments challenging. Geostatistical models combine data from multiple locations and use links with environmental and socioeconomic factors to make predictive risk maps. Here we systematically review past approaches to map risk for different Aedes-borne arboviruses from local to global scales, identifying differences and similarities in the data types, covariates, and modelling approaches used. METHODS We searched on-line databases for predictive risk mapping studies for dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever with no geographical or date restrictions. We included studies that needed to parameterise or fit their model to real-world epidemiological data and make predictions to new spatial locations of some measure of population-level risk of viral transmission (e.g. incidence, occurrence, suitability, etc.). RESULTS We found a growing number of arbovirus risk mapping studies across all endemic regions and arboviral diseases, with a total of 176 papers published 2002-2022 with the largest increases shortly following major epidemics. Three dominant use cases emerged: (i) global maps to identify limits of transmission, estimate burden and assess impacts of future global change, (ii) regional models used to predict the spread of major epidemics between countries and (iii) national and sub-national models that use local datasets to better understand transmission dynamics to improve outbreak detection and response. Temperature and rainfall were the most popular choice of covariates (included in 50% and 40% of studies respectively) but variables such as human mobility are increasingly being included. Surprisingly, few studies (22%, 31/144) robustly tested combinations of covariates from different domains (e.g. climatic, sociodemographic, ecological, etc.) and only 49% of studies assessed predictive performance via out-of-sample validation procedures. CONCLUSIONS Here we show that approaches to map risk for different arboviruses have diversified in response to changing use cases, epidemiology and data availability. We identify key differences in mapping approaches between different arboviral diseases, discuss future research needs and outline specific recommendations for future arbovirus mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Lim
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Dynamics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Yalda Jafari
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie M Caldwell
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Hannah E Clapham
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katy A M Gaythorpe
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laith Hussain-Alkhateeb
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Global Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Population Health Research Section, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael A Johansson
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | | | - Richard J Maude
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare P McCormack
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jane P Messina
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford School of Global and Area Studies, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ingrid B Rabe
- Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sadie J Ryan
- Department of Geography and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan C Semenza
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Diana P Rojas
- Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver J Brady
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Dynamics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Essink B, Chu L, Seger W, Barranco E, Le Cam N, Bennett H, Faughnan V, Pajon R, Paila YD, Bollman B, Wang S, Dooley J, Kalidindi S, Leav B. The safety and immunogenicity of two Zika virus mRNA vaccine candidates in healthy flavivirus baseline seropositive and seronegative adults: the results of two randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, phase 1 clinical trials. Lancet Infect Dis 2023; 23:621-633. [PMID: 36682364 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing a safe and immunogenic vaccine against Zika virus remains an unmet medical need. We did two phase 1 studies that evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of two mRNA-based Zika virus vaccines (mRNA-1325 and mRNA-1893) in adults. METHODS Two randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, multicentre, phase 1 trials, one of mRNA-1325 (mRNA-1325 trial) and one of mRNA-1893 (mRNA-1893 trial), were done. For both studies, eligible participants were healthy adults (aged 18-49 years) who were flavivirus seronegative or flavivirus seropositive at baseline. Participants in the mRNA-1325 trial, which was done at three centres in the USA, were randomly assigned centrally (1:4), using a randomisation table, to the placebo group or one of three mRNA-1325 dose groups (10, 25, or 100 μg). All participants received two doses. The mRNA-1325 vaccine encoded the premembrane and envelope E structural proteins (prME) from a Micronesia 2007 Zika virus isolate. Participants in the mRNA-1893 trial, which was done at three centres in the USA and one centre in Puerto Rico, were randomly assigned (1:4) to the placebo group or one of four mRNA-1893 dose groups (10, 30, 100, or 250 μg) using centralised interactive response technology. All participants in the mRNA-1893 trial received dose one on day 1 and then dose two on day 29. The mRNA-1893 vaccine encoded the prME from the RIO-U1 Zika virus isolate. Safety was the primary outcome of each study, which was evaluated in the respective safety populations (mRNA-1325 trial: participants who received at least one dose and provided safety data; mRNA-1893 trial: participants who received at least one dose) and the solicited safety population (mRNA-1893 trial only: received at least 1 dose and contributed solicited adverse reaction data). Endpoints in both trials included solicited adverse reactions within 7 days after vaccination and unsolicited adverse events within 28 days after vaccination. The secondary outcome of both trials was immunogenicity assessed by Zika virus-specific neutralising antibodies (nAbs) in the per-protocol populations in either trial (participants with no major protocol deviations received full dose[s] of assigned dose level within the acceptable time window, had samples drawn within acceptable time window, and had prevaccination and corresponding post-vaccination serum samples for testing). These were descriptive studies, with no formal hypothesis testing in either trial. Both trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03014089 (mRNA-1325 trial) and NCT04064905 (mRNA-1893 trial). FINDINGS The mRNA-1325 trial was done from Dec 14, 2016, to Aug 16, 2018. 90 participants were enrolled: 53 (59%) participants were women and 37 (41%) were men; 84 (93%) were White; and 74 (82%) were not Hispanic or Latino. All three dose levels of mRNA-1325 (10, 25, and 100 μg) were generally well tolerated, but the vaccine elicited poor Zika virus-specific nAb responses. At 28 days after dose two, geometric mean titres (GMTs) were highest for mRNA-1325 10 μg (10·3 [95% CI 5·9-18·2]). The mRNA-1893 trial was done from July 23, 2019, to March 22, 2021. 120 participants (70 [58%] women and 50 [42%] men) were enrolled, most participants were White (89 [74%]), and not Hispanic or Latino (91 [76%]). In the mRNA-1893 trial, solicited adverse reactions in participants who received a vaccine were mostly grade 1 or 2 and occurred more frequently at higher dose levels and after dose two. No participants withdrew due to an unsolicited treatment-emergent adverse event and most of these events were not treatment related. On day 57, all evaluated mRNA-1893 dose levels induced robust Zika virus-specific nAb responses, independent of flavivirus serostatus, that persisted until month 13. At day 57 in participants who were flavivirus seronegative, plaque reduction neutralisation titre test nAb GMTs were highest for mRNA-1893 100 μg (454·2 [330·0-619·6]); in participants who were flavivirus seropositive, GMTs were highest for mRNA-1893 10 μg (224·1 [43·5-1153·5]) and mRNA-1893 100 μg (190·5 [19·2-1887·2]). INTERPRETATION These findings support the continued development of mRNA-1893 against Zika virus, which was well tolerated at all evaluated dose levels and induced strong Zika virus-specific serum nAb responses after two doses, regardless of baseline flavivirus serostatus. FUNDING Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and Moderna.
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Wilder-Smith A, Durbin A. Promising efforts to develop an mRNA vaccine against Zika. Lancet Infect Dis 2023:S1473-3099(22)00827-1. [PMID: 36682366 DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Charniga K, Cucunubá ZM, Walteros DM, Mercado M, Prieto F, Ospina M, Nouvellet P, Donnelly CA. Estimating Zika virus attack rates and risk of Zika virus-associated neurological complications in Colombian capital cities with a Bayesian model. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:220491. [PMID: 36465672 PMCID: PMC9709519 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that caused a major epidemic in the Americas in 2015-2017. Although the majority of ZIKV infections are asymptomatic, the virus has been associated with congenital birth defects and neurological complications (NC) in adults. We combined multiple data sources to improve estimates of ZIKV infection attack rates (IARs), reporting rates of Zika virus disease (ZVD) and the risk of ZIKV-associated NC for 28 capital cities in Colombia. ZVD surveillance data were combined with post-epidemic seroprevalence data and a dataset on ZIKV-associated NC in a Bayesian hierarchical model. We found substantial heterogeneity in ZIKV IARs across cities. The overall estimated ZIKV IAR across the 28 cities was 0.38 (95% CrI: 0.17-0.92). The estimated ZVD reporting rate was 0.013 (95% CrI: 0.004-0.024), and 0.51 (95% CrI: 0.17-0.92) cases of ZIKV-associated NC were estimated to be reported per 10 000 ZIKV infections. When we assumed the same ZIKV IAR across sex or age group, we found important spatial heterogeneities in ZVD reporting rates and the risk of being reported as a ZVD case with NC. Our results highlight how additional data sources can be used to overcome biases in surveillance data and estimate key epidemiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Charniga
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zulma M. Cucunubá
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christl A. Donnelly
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Kache PA, Santos-vega M, Stewart-ibarra AM, Cook EM, Seto KC, Diuk-wasser MA. Bridging landscape ecology and urban science to respond to the rising threat of mosquito-borne diseases. Nat Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Rivas E, Ojeda J, Garcia-Rivera EJ, Rivera DM, Arredondo JL, Medina EL, Aguirre F, Bernal L, Chen Z, Petit C, Guranathan S, Heinrichs JH, Áñez G, Noriega F. Prospective surveillance of Zika virus at the end of the Americas’ outbreak: An unexpected outcome. Front Trop Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.1027908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe French Polynesia Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak (2013–2014) broadened the known manifestations of ZIKV disease (ZVD) to include neural and congenital syndromes. A subsequent epidemic in the Americas (2015–2016) caused >685,000 suspected/confirmed cases before seemingly disappearing as fast as it expanded. A study was implemented (2017–2018) to detect ZVD cases in the region (Mexico, Honduras, Colombia and Puerto Rico), with the aim of validating surveillance methodology so as to increase sensitivity in case detection, which would have potential application for future vaccine development endeavors.Study design and settingTo identify potential cases, we focused on signs/symptoms that were frequently associated with ZVD for confirmation by PCR. Serostatus and seroconversion were evaluated by ZIKV non-structural protein 1 blockade-of-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BOB ELISA) and microneutralization assay.ResultsOverall, 2,400 participants aged 15–40 years were enrolled; 959 (40.0%) had signs/symptoms that could be associated with ZVD: axillary temperature ≥37°C (64.3%), myalgia (60.8%) and arthralgia (58.6%). Three suspected cases were virologically confirmed. Zika seroprevalence was high at study initiation (52.6% [BOB ELISA] and 56.0% [microneutralization assay]). In participants who were Zika seronegative, low seroconversion rates were observed after one year follow-up (3.6% [BOB ELISA] and 3.1% [microneutralization assay]).ConclusionThe ZIKV continued to circulate in the Americas at very low levels following the 2015–2016 outbreak. The epidemiological factors driving Zika’s rapid rise and decline remain poorly understood.Clinical trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov: NCT03158233 BARDA (Contract # HHSO100201600039C) WHO Universal Trial Number: U1111-1183-5687.
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Vargas Bernal E, Saucedo O, Tien JH. Relating Eulerian and Lagrangian spatial models for vector-host disease dynamics through a fundamental matrix. J Math Biol 2022; 84:57. [PMID: 35676373 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We explore the relationship between Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches for modeling movement in vector-borne diseases for discrete space. In the Eulerian approach we account for the movement of hosts explicitly through movement rates captured by a graph Laplacian matrix L. In the Lagrangian approach we only account for the proportion of time that individuals spend in foreign patches through a mixing matrix P. We establish a relationship between an Eulerian model and a Lagrangian model for the hosts in terms of the matrices L and P. We say that the two modeling frameworks are consistent if for a given matrix P, the matrix L can be chosen so that the residence times of the matrix P and the matrix L match. We find a sufficient condition for consistency, and examine disease quantities such as the final outbreak size and basic reproduction number in both the consistent and inconsistent cases. In the special case of a two-patch model, we observe how similar values for the basic reproduction number and final outbreak size can occur even in the inconsistent case. However, there are scenarios where the final sizes in both approaches can significantly differ by means of the relationship we propose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar Saucedo
- Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Joseph Hua Tien
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
More than 100,000 Zika virus cases have been reported in Brazil since the Public Health Emergency of International Concern period ended in 2016. We analyzed cases in Brazil during 2017–2021 to identify transmission trends and forecast future infection hotspots. Our results can be used for targeted interventions to reduce transmission.
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12
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Wilder-Smith A, Brickley EB, Ximenes RADA, Miranda-Filho DDB, Turchi Martelli CM, Solomon T, Jacobs BC, Pardo CA, Osorio L, Parra B, Lant S, Willison HJ, Leonhard S, Turtle L, Ferreira MLB, de Oliveira Franca RF, Lambrechts L, Neyts J, Kaptein S, Peeling R, Boeras D, Logan J, Dolk H, Orioli IM, Neumayr A, Lang T, Baker B, Massad E, Preet R. The legacy of ZikaPLAN: a transnational research consortium addressing Zika. Glob Health Action 2021; 14:2008139. [PMID: 35377284 PMCID: PMC8986226 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2021.2008139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Global health research partnerships with institutions from high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries are one of the European Commission's flagship programmes. Here, we report on the ZikaPLAN research consortium funded by the European Commission with the primary goal of addressing the urgent knowledge gaps related to the Zika epidemic and the secondary goal of building up research capacity and establishing a Latin American-European research network for emerging vector-borne diseases. Five years of collaborative research effort have led to a better understanding of the full clinical spectrum of congenital Zika syndrome in children and the neurological complications of Zika virus infections in adults and helped explore the origins and trajectory of Zika virus transmission. Individual-level data from ZikaPLAN`s cohort studies were shared for joint analyses as part of the Zika Brazilian Cohorts Consortium, the European Commission-funded Zika Cohorts Vertical Transmission Study Group, and the World Health Organization-led Zika Virus Individual Participant Data Consortium. Furthermore, the legacy of ZikaPLAN includes new tools for birth defect surveillance and a Latin American birth defect surveillance network, an enhanced Guillain-Barre Syndrome research collaboration, a de-centralized evaluation platform for diagnostic assays, a global vector control hub, and the REDe network with freely available training resources to enhance global research capacity in vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Tom Solomon
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bart C Jacobs
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Erasmus Universitair Medisch Centrum Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Suzannah Lant
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sonja Leonhard
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Erasmus Universitair Medisch Centrum Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Louis Lambrechts
- Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suzanne Kaptein
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rosanna Peeling
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Logan
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Dolk
- Centre for Maternal, Fetal and Infant Research, Institute for Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Ulster, United Kingdom
| | - Ieda M Orioli
- RELAMC and ECLAMC at Genetics Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andreas Neumayr
- Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Trudie Lang
- The Global Health Network, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bonny Baker
- The Global Health Network, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eduardo Massad
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo and Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raman Preet
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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13
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Lee SA, Jarvis CI, Edmunds WJ, Economou T, Lowe R. Spatial connectivity in mosquito-borne disease models: a systematic review of methods and assumptions. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210096. [PMID: 34034534 PMCID: PMC8150046 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial connectivity plays an important role in mosquito-borne disease transmission. Connectivity can arise for many reasons, including shared environments, vector ecology and human movement. This systematic review synthesizes the spatial methods used to model mosquito-borne diseases, their spatial connectivity assumptions and the data used to inform spatial model components. We identified 248 papers eligible for inclusion. Most used statistical models (84.2%), although mechanistic are increasingly used. We identified 17 spatial models which used one of four methods (spatial covariates, local regression, random effects/fields and movement matrices). Over 80% of studies assumed that connectivity was distance-based despite this approach ignoring distant connections and potentially oversimplifying the process of transmission. Studies were more likely to assume connectivity was driven by human movement if the disease was transmitted by an Aedes mosquito. Connectivity arising from human movement was more commonly assumed in studies using a mechanistic model, likely influenced by a lack of statistical models able to account for these connections. Although models have been increasing in complexity, it is important to select the most appropriate, parsimonious model available based on the research question, disease transmission process, the spatial scale and availability of data, and the way spatial connectivity is assumed to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Lee
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christopher I. Jarvis
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - W. John Edmunds
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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14
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Henderson AD, Kama M, Aubry M, Hue S, Teissier A, Naivalu T, Bechu VD, Kailawadoko J, Rabukawaqa I, Sahukhan A, Hibberd ML, Nilles EJ, Funk S, Whitworth J, Watson CH, Lau CL, Edmunds WJ, Cao-Lormeau VM, Kucharski AJ. Interactions between timing and transmissibility explain diverse flavivirus dynamics in Fiji. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1671. [PMID: 33723237 PMCID: PMC7961049 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused large, brief outbreaks in isolated populations, however ZIKV can also persist at low levels over multiple years. The reasons for these diverse transmission dynamics remain poorly understood. In Fiji, which has experienced multiple large single-season dengue epidemics, there was evidence of multi-year transmission of ZIKV between 2013 and 2017. To identify factors that could explain these differences in dynamics between closely related mosquito-borne flaviviruses, we jointly fit a transmission dynamic model to surveillance, serological and molecular data. We estimate that the observed dynamics of ZIKV were the result of two key factors: strong seasonal effects, which created an ecologically optimal time of year for outbreaks; and introduction of ZIKV after this optimal time, which allowed ZIKV transmission to persist over multiple seasons. The ability to jointly fit to multiple data sources could help identify a similar range of possible outbreak dynamics in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair D Henderson
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Mike Kama
- Fiji Center for Diseases Control, Suva, Fiji
| | - Maite Aubry
- Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Stephane Hue
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anita Teissier
- Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin L Hibberd
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Sebastian Funk
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jimmy Whitworth
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Conall H Watson
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Epidemic Diseases Research Group Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - W John Edmunds
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Adam J Kucharski
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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15
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Ryan SJ, Carlson CJ, Tesla B, Bonds MH, Ngonghala CN, Mordecai EA, Johnson LR, Murdock CC. Warming temperatures could expose more than 1.3 billion new people to Zika virus risk by 2050. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:84-93. [PMID: 33037740 PMCID: PMC7756632 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the aftermath of the 2015 pandemic of Zika virus (ZIKV), concerns over links between climate change and emerging arboviruses have become more pressing. Given the potential that much of the world might remain at risk from the virus, we used a previously established temperature-dependent transmission model for ZIKV to project climate change impacts on transmission suitability risk by mid-century (a generation into the future). Based on these model predictions, in the worst-case scenario, over 1.3 billion new people could face suitable transmission temperatures for ZIKV by 2050. The next generation will face substantially increased ZIKV transmission temperature suitability in North America and Europe, where naïve populations might be particularly vulnerable. Mitigating climate change even to moderate emissions scenarios could significantly reduce global expansion of climates suitable for ZIKV transmission, potentially protecting around 200 million people. Given these suitability risk projections, we suggest an increased priority on research establishing the immune history of vulnerable populations, modeling when and where the next ZIKV outbreak might occur, evaluating the efficacy of conventional and novel intervention measures, and increasing surveillance efforts to prevent further expansion of ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie J. Ryan
- Department of GeographyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | | | - Blanka Tesla
- Department of Infectious DiseasesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global DiseasesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Matthew H. Bonds
- Department of Global Health and Social MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Calistus N. Ngonghala
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | | | - Leah R. Johnson
- Department of StatisticsVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVAUSA
- Computational Modeling and Data AnalyticsVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Courtney C. Murdock
- Department of Infectious DiseasesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global DiseasesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Odum School of EcologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Center for Vaccines and ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Riverbasin CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Department of EntomologyCollege of Agriculture and Life SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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16
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Abstract
RATIONALE The International Health Regulations (IHR) have been the governing framework for global health security since 2007. Declaring public health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC) is a cornerstone of the IHR. Here we review how PHEIC are formally declared, the diseases for which such declarations have been made from 2007 to 2020 and justifications for such declarations. KEY FINDINGS Six events were declared PHEIC between 2007 and 2020: the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, Ebola (West African outbreak 2013-2015, outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo 2018-2020), poliomyelitis (2014 to present), Zika (2016) and COVID-19 (2020 to present). Poliomyelitis is the longest PHEIC. Zika was the first PHEIC for an arboviral disease. For several other emerging diseases a PHEIC was not declared despite the fact that the public health impact of the event was considered serious and associated with potential for international spread. RECOMMENDATIONS The binary nature of a PHEIC declaration is often not helpful for events where a tiered or graded approach is needed. The strength of PHEIC declarations is the ability to rapidly mobilize international coordination, streamline funding and accelerate the advancement of the development of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics under emergency use authorization. The ultimate purpose of such declaration is to catalyse timely evidence-based action, to limit the public health and societal impacts of emerging and re-emerging disease risks while preventing unwarranted travel and trade restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Global Health and Epidemiology, University of Umea, 901 87 Umea, Sweden.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 365, 6900 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Osman
- Global Health and Epidemiology, University of Umea, 901 87 Umea, Sweden
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17
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Osman S, Preet R. Dengue, chikungunya and Zika in GeoSentinel surveillance of international travellers: a literature review from 1995 to 2020. J Travel Med 2020; 27:6007546. [PMID: 33258476 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION GeoSentinel is a global surveillance network of travel medicine providers seeing ill-returned travellers. Much of our knowledge on health problems and infectious encountered by international travellers has evolved as a result of GeoSentinel surveillance, providing geographic and temporal trends in morbidity among travellers while contributing to improved pre-travel advice. We set out to synthesize epidemiological information, clinical manifestations and time trends for dengue, chikungunya and Zika in travellers as captured by GeoSentinel. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed on international travellers who presented with dengue, chikungunya or Zika virus infections to GeoSentinel sites around the world from 1995 until 2020. RESULTS Of 107 GeoSentinel publications, 42 articles were related to dengue, chikungunya and/or Zika. The final analyses and synthesis of and results presented here are based on the findings from 27 original articles covering the three arboviral diseases. CONCLUSIONS Dengue is the most frequent arboviral disease encountered in travellers presenting to GeoSentinel sites, with increasing trends over the past two decades. In Southeast Asia, annual proportionate morbidity increased from 50 dengue cases per 1000 ill returned travellers in non-epidemic years to an average of 159 cases per 1000 travellers during epidemic years. The highest number of travellers with chikungunya virus infections was reported during the chikungunya outbreak in the Americas and the Caribbean in the years 2013-16. Zika was first reported by GeoSentinel already in 2012, but notifications peaked in the years 2016-17 reflecting the public health emergency in the Americas at the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Osman
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, 90185, Sweden
| | - R Preet
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, 90185, Sweden
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged as a global epidemic in 2015-2016 from Latin America with its true geographical extent remaining unclear due to widely presumed underreporting. The identification of locations with potential and unknown spread of ZIKV is a key yet understudied component for outbreak preparedness. Here, we aim to identify locations at a high risk of cryptic ZIKV spread during 2015-2016 to further the understanding of the global ZIKV epidemiology, which is critical for the mitigation of the risk of future epidemics. METHODS We developed an importation simulation model to estimate the weekly number of ZIKV infections imported in each susceptible spatial unit (i.e. location that did not report any autochthonous Zika cases during 2015-2016), integrating epidemiological, demographic, and travel data as model inputs. Thereafter, a global risk model was applied to estimate the weekly ZIKV transmissibility during 2015-2016 for each location. Finally, we assessed the risk of onward ZIKV spread following importation in each susceptible spatial unit to identify locations with a high potential for cryptic ZIKV spread during 2015-2016. RESULTS We have found 24 susceptible spatial units that were likely to have experienced cryptic ZIKV spread during 2015-2016, of which 10 continue to have a high risk estimate within a highly conservative scenario, namely, Luanda in Angola, Banten in Indonesia, Maharashtra in India, Lagos in Nigeria, Taiwan and Guangdong in China, Dakar in Senegal, Maputo in Mozambique, Kinshasa in Congo DRC, and Pool in Congo. Notably, among the 24 susceptible spatial units identified, some have reported their first ZIKV outbreaks since 2017, thus adding to the credibility of our results (derived using 2015-2016 data only). CONCLUSION Our study has provided valuable insights into the potentially high-risk locations for cryptic ZIKV circulation during the 2015-2016 pandemic and has also laid a foundation for future studies that attempt to further narrow this key knowledge gap. Our modelling framework can be adapted to identify areas with likely unknown spread of other emerging vector-borne diseases, which has important implications for public health readiness especially in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Sun
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Borame L Dickens
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mark Jit
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Alex R Cook
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Republic of Singapore.
| | - L Roman Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
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19
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Ramond A, Lobkowicz L, Clemente NS, Vaughan A, Turchi MD, Wilder-Smith A, Brickley EB. Postnatal symptomatic Zika virus infections in children and adolescents: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008612. [PMID: 33006989 PMCID: PMC7556487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks in the Pacific and the Americas have highlighted clinically significant congenital neurological abnormalities resulting from ZIKV infection in pregnancy. However, little is known about ZIKV infections in children and adolescents, a group that is potentially vulnerable to ZIKV neurovirulence. METHODS We conducted a systematic review on the clinical presentation and complications of children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years with a robust diagnosis of ZIKV infection. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, LILACs, and EMBASE until 13 February 2020 and screened reference lists of eligible articles. We assessed the studies' risk of bias using pre-specified criteria. FINDINGS Our review collated the evidence from 2543 pediatric ZIKV cases representing 17 countries and territories, identified in 1 cohort study, 9 case series and 22 case reports. The most commonly observed signs and symptoms of ZIKV infection in children and adolescents were mild and included fever, rash, conjunctivitis and arthralgia. The frequency of neurological complications was reported only in the largest case series (identified in 1.0% of cases) and in an additional 14 children identified from hospital-based surveillance studies and case reports. ZIKV-related mortality was primarily accompanied by co-morbidity and was reported in one case series (<0.5% of cases) and three case reports. One death was attributed to complications of Guillain-Barré Syndrome secondary to ZIKV infection. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Based on the current evidence, the clinical presentation of ZIKV infection in children and adolescents appears to be primarily mild and similar to the presentation in adults, with rare instances of severe complications and/or mortality. However, reliable estimation of the risks of ZIKV complications in these age groups is limited by the scarcity and quality of published data. Additional prospective studies are needed to improve understanding of the relative frequency of the signs, symptoms, and complications associated with pediatric ZIKV infections and to investigate any potential effects of early life ZIKV exposure on neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ramond
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ludmila Lobkowicz
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Sanchez Clemente
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aisling Vaughan
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marília Dalva Turchi
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil (Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil)
| | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth B. Brickley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Moore SM, Oidtman RJ, Soda KJ, Siraj AS, Reiner RC Jr, Barker CM, Perkins TA. Leveraging multiple data types to estimate the size of the Zika epidemic in the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008640. [PMID: 32986701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several hundred thousand Zika cases have been reported across the Americas since 2015. Incidence of infection was likely much higher, however, due to a high frequency of asymptomatic infection and other challenges that surveillance systems faced. Using a hierarchical Bayesian model with empirically-informed priors, we leveraged multiple types of Zika case data from 15 countries to estimate subnational reporting probabilities and infection attack rates (IARs). Zika IAR estimates ranged from 0.084 (95% CrI: 0.067–0.096) in Peru to 0.361 (95% CrI: 0.214–0.514) in Ecuador, with significant subnational variability in every country. Totaling infection estimates across these and 33 other countries and territories, our results suggest that 132.3 million (95% CrI: 111.3-170.2 million) people in the Americas had been infected by the end of 2018. These estimates represent the most extensive attempt to determine the size of the Zika epidemic in the Americas, offering a baseline for assessing the risk of future Zika epidemics in this region. During the recent Zika epidemic in the Americas millions of people were likely infected, but the true size of the epidemic is unknown because of gaps in the surveillance system. The infection attack rate (IAR)—defined as the proportion of the population that was infected over the course of the epidemic—has important implications for the longer-term epidemiology of Zika in the region, such as the timing, location, and likelihood of future outbreaks. To estimate the IAR and the total number of people infected, we leveraged multiple types of Zika case data from 15 countries and territories where subnational data were publicly available. Datasets included confirmed and suspected Zika cases in pregnant women and in the total population, Zika-associated Guillan-Barré syndrome cases, and cases of congenital Zika syndrome. We used a hierarchical Bayesian model with empirically-informed priors that leveraged the different case report types to simultaneously estimate national and subnational reporting probabilities, the fraction of symptomatic infections, and subnational IARs. In these 15 countries and territories, estimates of Zika IAR ranged from 0.084 (95% CrI: 0.067–0.096) in Peru to 0.361 (95% CrI: 0.214–0.514) in Ecuador. Totaling these infection estimates across these and 33 other countries and territories in the region, our results suggest that 132.3 million (95% CrI: 111.3-170.2 million) people in the Americas were infected with ZIKV by the end of 2018.
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21
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Vhp L, Aragão MM, Pinho RS, Hazin AN, Paciorkowski AR, Penalva de Oliveira AC, Masruha MR. Congenital Zika Virus Infection: a Review with Emphasis on the Spectrum of Brain Abnormalities. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2020; 20:49. [PMID: 32880775 PMCID: PMC7468090 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-020-01072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review In 2016, the World Health Organization declared the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern following a cluster of associated neurological disorders and neonatal malformations. Our aim is to review the clinical and neuroimaging findings seen in congenital Zika syndrome. Recent Findings ZIKV injures neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus, a brain region important for learning, memory, cognition, and emotion/stress response. Positron emission tomography has revealed global neuroinflammation in ZIKV infection in animal models. Summary Congenital Zika syndrome is associated with a spectrum of brain abnormalities, including microcephaly, parenchymal calcifications, malformations of cortical development and defective neuronal migration, corpus callosum abnormalities, ventriculomegaly, and brainstem and cerebellar abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leão Vhp
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M M Aragão
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R S Pinho
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A N Hazin
- Department of Radiology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira, Recife, Brazil
| | - A R Paciorkowski
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Biomedical Genetics, and Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Marcelo Rodrigues Masruha
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Instituto de Neurociência do Espírito Santo, Fausto Vincenzo Tancredi Street, 86, Vitória, ES, 29050-270, Brazil.
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22
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Subramanian R, Romeo-Aznar V, Ionides E, Codeço CT, Pascual M. Predicting re-emergence times of dengue epidemics at low reproductive numbers: DENV1 in Rio de Janeiro, 1986-1990. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200273. [PMID: 32574544 PMCID: PMC7328382 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting arbovirus re-emergence remains challenging in regions with limited off-season transmission and intermittent epidemics. Current mathematical models treat the depletion and replenishment of susceptible (non-immune) hosts as the principal drivers of re-emergence, based on established understanding of highly transmissible childhood diseases with frequent epidemics. We extend an analytical approach to determine the number of ‘skip’ years preceding re-emergence for diseases with continuous seasonal transmission, population growth and under-reporting. Re-emergence times are shown to be highly sensitive to small changes in low R0 (secondary cases produced from a primary infection in a fully susceptible population). We then fit a stochastic Susceptible–Infected–Recovered (SIR) model to observed case data for the emergence of dengue serotype DENV1 in Rio de Janeiro. This aggregated city-level model substantially over-estimates observed re-emergence times either in terms of skips or outbreak probability under forward simulation. The inability of susceptible depletion and replenishment to explain re-emergence under ‘well-mixed’ conditions at a city-wide scale demonstrates a key limitation of SIR aggregated models, including those applied to other arboviruses. The predictive uncertainty and high skip sensitivity to epidemiological parameters suggest a need to investigate the relevant spatial scales of susceptible depletion and the scaling of microscale transmission dynamics to formulate simpler models that apply at coarse resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Subramanian
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria Romeo-Aznar
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, and, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Manseuto Institute for Urban Innovation, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward Ionides
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Claudia T Codeço
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, and, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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23
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Wilder-Smith A, Preet R, Brickley EB, Ximenes RADA, Miranda-Filho DDB, Turchi Martelli CM, Araújo TVBD, Montarroyos UR, Moreira ME, Turchi MD, Solomon T, Jacobs BC, Villamizar CP, Osorio L, de Filipps AMB, Neyts J, Kaptein S, Huits R, Ariën KK, Willison HJ, Edgar JM, Barnett SC, Peeling R, Boeras D, Guzman MG, de Silva AM, Falconar AK, Romero-Vivas C, Gaunt MW, Sette A, Weiskopf D, Lambrechts L, Dolk H, Morris JK, Orioli IM, O'Reilly KM, Yakob L, Rocklöv J, Soares C, Ferreira MLB, Franca RFDO, Precioso AR, Logan J, Lang T, Jamieson N, Massad E. ZikaPLAN: addressing the knowledge gaps and working towards a research preparedness network in the Americas. Glob Health Action 2020; 12:1666566. [PMID: 31640505 PMCID: PMC6818126 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2019.1666566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika Preparedness Latin American Network (ZikaPLAN) is a research consortium funded by the European Commission to address the research gaps in combating Zika and to establish a sustainable network with research capacity building in the Americas. Here we present a report on ZikaPLAN`s mid-term achievements since its initiation in October 2016 to June 2019, illustrating the research objectives of the 15 work packages ranging from virology, diagnostics, entomology and vector control, modelling to clinical cohort studies in pregnant women and neonates, as well as studies on the neurological complications of Zika infections in adolescents and adults. For example, the Neuroviruses Emerging in the Americas Study (NEAS) has set up more than 10 clinical sites in Colombia. Through the Butantan Phase 3 dengue vaccine trial, we have access to samples of 17,000 subjects in 14 different geographic locations in Brazil. To address the lack of access to clinical samples for diagnostic evaluation, ZikaPLAN set up a network of quality sites with access to well-characterized clinical specimens and capacity for independent evaluations. The International Committee for Congenital Anomaly Surveillance Tools was formed with global representation from regional networks conducting birth defects surveillance. We have collated a comprehensive inventory of resources and tools for birth defects surveillance, and developed an App for low resource regions facilitating the coding and description of all major externally visible congenital anomalies including congenital Zika syndrome. Research Capacity Network (REDe) is a shared and open resource centre where researchers and health workers can access tools, resources and support, enabling better and more research in the region. Addressing the gap in research capacity in LMICs is pivotal in ensuring broad-based systems to be prepared for the next outbreak. Our shared and open research space through REDe will be used to maximize the transfer of research into practice by summarizing the research output and by hosting the tools, resources, guidance and recommendations generated by these studies. Leveraging on the research from this consortium, we are working towards a research preparedness network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raman Preet
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | | | - Ricardo Arraes de Alencar Ximenes
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brasil.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade de Pernambuco , Recife , Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marília Dalva Turchi
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Publica, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , Brasil
| | - Tom Solomon
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, The University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Bart C Jacobs
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Erasmus Universitair Medisch Centrum Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute of Medical Research , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Suzanne Kaptein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute of Medical Research , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Ralph Huits
- Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp , Belgium
| | | | - Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Julia M Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | | | - Debi Boeras
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | | | - Aravinda M de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Andrew K Falconar
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK.,Departmento del Medicina, Fundacion Universidad del Norte , Barranquilla , Colombia
| | - Claudia Romero-Vivas
- Departmento del Medicina, Fundacion Universidad del Norte , Barranquilla , Colombia
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla , CA , USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Louis Lambrechts
- Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS , Paris , France
| | - Helen Dolk
- Maternal Fetal and Infant Research Centre, Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University , Newtownabbey , UK
| | - Joan K Morris
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London , London , UK
| | - Ieda M Orioli
- Associação Técnico-Científica Estudo Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformações Congênitas (ECLAMC) no Departmento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | | | - Laith Yakob
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Joacim Rocklöv
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Cristiane Soares
- Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexander R Precioso
- Instituto Butantan , Brazil.,Pediatrics Department, Medical School of University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - James Logan
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Trudie Lang
- The Global Health Network, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Nina Jamieson
- The Global Health Network, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Eduardo Massad
- Fundacao de Apoio a Universidade de Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil.,School of Applied Mathematics, Fundacao Getulio Vargas , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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24
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Pielnaa P, Al-Saadawe M, Saro A, Dama MF, Zhou M, Huang Y, Huang J, Xia Z. Zika virus-spread, epidemiology, genome, transmission cycle, clinical manifestation, associated challenges, vaccine and antiviral drug development. Virology 2020; 543:34-42. [PMID: 32056845 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Zika Virus (ZIKV) is a Flavivirus transmitted primarily via the bite of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Globally, 87 countries and territories have recorded autochthonous mosquito-borne transmission of ZIKV as at July 2019 and distributed across four of the six WHO Regions. Outbreaks of ZIKV infection peaked in 2016 and declined substantially throughout 2017 and 2018 in the Americas region. There is the likely risk for ZIKV to spread to more countries. There is also the potential for the re-emergence of ZIKV in all places with prior reports of the virus transmission. The current status of ZIKV transmission and spread is, however, a global health threat, and from the aforementioned, has the potential to re-emerge as an epidemic. This review summarizes the past and present spread of ZIKV outbreak-2007-2019, the genome, transmission cycle, clinical manifestations, vaccine and antiviral drug advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Pielnaa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Moyed Al-Saadawe
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Adonira Saro
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | | | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yanxia Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China; School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Zanxian Xia
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
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25
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Ribeiro GS, Hamer GL, Diallo M, Kitron U, Ko AI, Weaver SC. Influence of herd immunity in the cyclical nature of arboviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 40:1-10. [PMID: 32193135 PMCID: PMC7434662 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We review and contrast the evidence for an effect of amplifying host herd immunity on circulation and human exposure to arboviruses. Herd immunity of short-lived West Nile virus avian amplifying hosts appears to play a limited role in levels of enzootic circulation and spillover infections of humans, which are not amplifiers. In contrast, herd immunity of nonhuman primate hosts for enzootic Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses is much stronger and appears to regulate to a large extent the periodicity of sylvatic amplification in Africa. Following the recent Zika and chikungunya pandemics, human herd immunity in the Americas quickly rose to ∼50% in many regions, although seroprevalence remains patchy. Modeling from decades of chikungunya circulation in Asia suggests that this level of herd immunity will suppress for many years major chikungunya and Zika epidemics in the Americas, followed by smaller outbreaks as herd immunity cycles with a periodicity of up to several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme S Ribeiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Uriel Kitron
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555-0610 TX, USA.
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26
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Henderson AD, Aubry M, Kama M, Vanhomwegen J, Teissier A, Mariteragi-Helle T, Paoaafaite T, Teissier Y, Manuguerra JC, Edmunds J, Whitworth J, Watson CH, Lau CL, Cao-Lormeau VM, Kucharski AJ. Zika seroprevalence declines and neutralizing antibodies wane in adults following outbreaks in French Polynesia and Fiji. eLife 2020; 9:48460. [PMID: 31987069 PMCID: PMC6986872 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been commonly assumed that Zika virus (ZIKV) infection confers long-term protection against reinfection, preventing ZIKV from re-emerging in previously affected areas for several years. However, the long-term immune response to ZIKV following an outbreak remains poorly documented. We compared results from eight serological surveys before and after known ZIKV outbreaks in French Polynesia and Fiji, including cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. We found evidence of a decline in seroprevalence in both countries over a two-year period following first reported ZIKV transmission. This decline was concentrated in adults, while high seroprevalence persisted in children. In the Fiji cohort, there was also a significant decline in neutralizing antibody titres against ZIKV, but not against dengue viruses that circulated during the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair D Henderson
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maite Aubry
- Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, French Polynesia
| | - Mike Kama
- Fiji Centre for Communicable Disease Control, Suva, Fiji.,The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoann Teissier
- Direction de la Santé de la Polynésie française, Papeete, French Polynesia
| | | | - John Edmunds
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jimmy Whitworth
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Conall H Watson
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Adam J Kucharski
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Peters R, Stevenson M. Immunological detection of Zika virus: A summary in the context of general viral diagnostics. J Microbiol Methods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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28
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Avelino-Silva VI, Mayaud P, Tami A, Miranda MC, Rosenberger KD, Alexander N, Nacul L, Segurado A, Pohl M, Bethencourt S, Villar LA, Viana IFT, Rabello R, Soria C, Salgado SP, Gotuzzo E, Guzmán MG, Martínez PA, López-Gatell H, Hegewisch-Taylor J, Borja-Aburto VH, Gonzalez C, Netto EM, Saba Villarroel PM, Hoen B, Brasil P, Marques ETA, Rockx B, Koopmans M, de Lamballerie X, Jaenisch T. Study protocol for the multicentre cohorts of Zika virus infection in pregnant women, infants, and acute clinical cases in Latin America and the Caribbean: the ZIKAlliance consortium. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:1081. [PMID: 31878895 PMCID: PMC6933915 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The European Commission (EC) Horizon 2020 (H2020)-funded ZIKAlliance Consortium designed a multicentre study including pregnant women (PW), children (CH) and natural history (NH) cohorts. Clinical sites were selected over a wide geographic range within Latin America and the Caribbean, taking into account the dynamic course of the ZIKV epidemic. Methods Recruitment to the PW cohort will take place in antenatal care clinics. PW will be enrolled regardless of symptoms and followed over the course of pregnancy, approximately every 4 weeks. PW will be revisited at delivery (or after miscarriage/abortion) to assess birth outcomes, including microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities according to the evolving definition of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). After birth, children will be followed for 2 years in the CH cohort. Follow-up visits are scheduled at ages 1–3, 4–6, 12, and 24 months to assess neurocognitive and developmental milestones. In addition, a NH cohort for the characterization of symptomatic rash/fever illness was designed, including follow-up to capture persisting health problems. Blood, urine, and other biological materials will be collected, and tested for ZIKV and other relevant arboviral diseases (dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever) using RT-PCR or serological methods. A virtual, decentralized biobank will be created. Reciprocal clinical monitoring has been established between partner sites. Substudies of ZIKV seroprevalence, transmission clustering, disabilities and health economics, viral kinetics, the potential role of antibody enhancement, and co-infections will be linked to the cohort studies. Discussion Results of these large cohort studies will provide better risk estimates for birth defects and other developmental abnormalities associated with ZIKV infection including possible co-factors for the variability of risk estimates between other countries and regions. Additional outcomes include incidence and transmission estimates of ZIKV during and after pregnancy, characterization of short and long-term clinical course following infection and viral kinetics of ZIKV. Study registrations clinicaltrials.gov NCT03188731 (PW cohort), June 15, 2017; clinicaltrials.gov NCT03393286 (CH cohort), January 8, 2018; clinicaltrials.gov NCT03204409 (NH cohort), July 2, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian I Avelino-Silva
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases and Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Tami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela
| | | | - Kerstin D Rosenberger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Site, Cologne, Germany
| | - Neal Alexander
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Luis Nacul
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Aluisio Segurado
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases and Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moritz Pohl
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatic, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Bethencourt
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela
| | - Luis A Villar
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Isabelle F T Viana
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil
| | - Renata Rabello
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carmen Soria
- Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,SOSECALI C., Ltda, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Silvia P Salgado
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública "Dr. Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez", (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Gotuzzo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - María G Guzmán
- Pedro Kouri Tropical Medicine Institute (IPK), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Hugo López-Gatell
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jennifer Hegewisch-Taylor
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Cesar Gonzalez
- Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Bruno Hoen
- INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1424, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-à-Pitre, France.,Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Dermatologie, Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-à-Pitre, France.,Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Faculté de Médecine Hyacinthe Bastaraud, 4537, Pointe-à-Pitre, EA, France
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, WHO CC Arbovirus and hemorrhagic fever viruses reference and research, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, WHO CC Arbovirus and hemorrhagic fever viruses reference and research, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Jaenisch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Site, Cologne, Germany.
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29
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Marshall JM, Raban RR, Kandul NP, Edula JR, León TM, Akbari OS. Winning the Tug-of-War Between Effector Gene Design and Pathogen Evolution in Vector Population Replacement Strategies. Front Genet 2019; 10:1072. [PMID: 31737050 PMCID: PMC6831721 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While efforts to control malaria with available tools have stagnated, and arbovirus outbreaks persist around the globe, the advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based gene editing has provided exciting new opportunities for genetics-based strategies to control these diseases. In one such strategy, called "population replacement", mosquitoes, and other disease vectors are engineered with effector genes that render them unable to transmit pathogens. These effector genes can be linked to "gene drive" systems that can bias inheritance in their favor, providing novel opportunities to replace disease-susceptible vector populations with disease-refractory ones over the course of several generations. While promising for the control of vector-borne diseases on a wide scale, this sets up an evolutionary tug-of-war between the introduced effector genes and the pathogen. Here, we review the disease-refractory genes designed to date to target Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmitted by Anopheles gambiae, and arboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti, including dengue serotypes 2 and 3, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. We discuss resistance concerns for these effector genes, and genetic approaches to prevent parasite and viral escape variants. One general approach is to increase the evolutionary hurdle required for the pathogen to evolve resistance by attacking it at multiple sites in its genome and/or multiple stages of development. Another is to reduce the size of the pathogen population by other means, such as with vector control and antimalarial drugs. We discuss lessons learned from the evolution of resistance to antimalarial and antiviral drugs and implications for the management of resistance after its emergence. Finally, we discuss the target product profile for population replacement strategies for vector-borne disease control. This differs between early phase field trials and wide-scale disease control. In the latter case, the demands on effector gene efficacy are great; however, with new possibilities ushered in by CRISPR-based gene editing, and when combined with surveillance, monitoring, and rapid management of pathogen resistance, the odds are increasingly favoring effector genes in the upcoming evolutionary tug-of-war.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Marshall
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Robyn R. Raban
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nikolay P. Kandul
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jyotheeswara R. Edula
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tomás M. León
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Omar S. Akbari
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
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30
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Yan L, Neher RA, Shraiman BI. Phylodynamic theory of persistence, extinction and speciation of rapidly adapting pathogens. eLife 2019; 8:44205. [PMID: 31532393 PMCID: PMC6809594 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly evolving pathogens like influenza viruses can persist by changing their antigenic properties fast enough to evade the adaptive immunity, yet they rarely split into diverging lineages. By mapping the multi-strain Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model onto the traveling wave model of adapting populations, we demonstrate that persistence of a rapidly evolving, Red-Queen-like state of the pathogen population requires long-ranged cross-immunity and sufficiently large population sizes. This state is unstable and the population goes extinct or 'speciates' into two pathogen strains with antigenic divergence beyond the range of cross-inhibition. However, in a certain range of evolutionary parameters, a single cross-inhibiting population can exist for times long compared to the time to the most recent common ancestor ([Formula: see text]) and gives rise to phylogenetic patterns typical of influenza virus. We demonstrate that the rate of speciation is related to fluctuations of [Formula: see text] and construct a 'phase diagram' identifying different phylodynamic regimes as a function of evolutionary parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yan
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - Richard A Neher
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Boris I Shraiman
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
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Capasso A, Ompad DC, Vieira DL, Wilder-Smith A, Tozan Y. Incidence of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in Latin America and the Caribbean before and during the 2015-2016 Zika virus epidemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007622. [PMID: 31449532 PMCID: PMC6730933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A severe neurological disorder, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the leading cause of acute flaccid paralysis. Enhanced surveillance of GBS in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) following the 2015–2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic presents an opportunity to estimate, for the first time, the regional incidence of GBS. Methods and findings For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched nine scientific databases and grey literature from January 1, 1980 to October 1, 2018. Sources with primary data on incident GBS cases in LAC within a well-defined population and timeframe, published in English, Spanish, Portuguese, or French, were included. We calculated the annual GBS incidence rates (IRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each source based on published data. Following an assessment of heterogeneity, we used random-effects meta-analysis to calculate the pooled annual IR of GBS. The study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018086659. Of the 6568 initial citation hits, 31 were eligible for inclusion. Background annual GBS IRs in Latin America ranged from 0.40 in Brazil to 2.12/100,000 in Chile. The pooled annual IR in the Caribbean was 1.64 (95% CI 1.29–2.12, I2<0.01, p = 0.44). During the ZIKV epidemic, GBS IRs ranged from 0.62 in Mexico to 9.35/100,000 in Martinique. GBS increased 2.6 (95% CI 2.3–2.9) times during ZIKV and 1.9 (95% CI 1.1–3.4) times during chikungunya outbreaks over background rates. A limitation of this review is that the studies included employed different methodologies to find and ascertain cases of GBS, which could contribute to IR heterogeneity. In addition, it is important to consider that data on GBS are lacking for many countries in the region. Conclusions Background IRs of GBS appear to peak during arboviral disease outbreaks. The current review contributes to an understanding of the epidemiology of GBS in the LAC region, which can inform healthcare system planning and preparedness, particularly during arboviral epidemics. Trial registration Registered with PROSPERO: CRD42018086659. A severe neurological disorder, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the leading cause of acute flaccid paralysis. This is the first systematic review on GBS incidence in Latin America and the Caribbean before and during arboviral disease outbreaks. There is a large sub-regional and annual fluctuation in the incidence of GBS. Background annual GBS incidence rates (IRs) in Latin America ranged from 0.40 in Brazil to 2.12/100,000 in Chile. The pooled annual IR in the Caribbean was 1.64 (95% CI 1.29–2.12, I2<0.01, p = 0.44). During the ZIKV epidemic, GBS IRs ranged from 0.62 in Mexico to 9.35/100,000 in Martinique. GBS increased 2.6 times during ZIKV and 1.9 times during chikungunya outbreaks over background rates. GBS is a costly disease, which can result in long-term disability and high mortality rates in resource constrained healthcare settings. Because GBS can be triggered by arboviral infections, baseline incidence of GBS is critical for detecting neglected tropical disease outbreaks. The current review contributes to an understanding of the epidemiology of GBS in the LAC region, which can inform healthcare system planning and preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Capasso
- NYU College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Danielle C. Ompad
- NYU College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dorice L. Vieira
- New York University Health Sciences Library, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, University of Umea, Umea, Sweden
| | - Yesim Tozan
- NYU College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Grubaugh ND, Saraf S, Gangavarapu K, Watts A, Tan AL, Oidtman RJ, Ladner JT, Oliveira G, Matteson NL, Kraemer MUG, Vogels CBF, Hentoff A, Bhatia D, Stanek D, Scott B, Landis V, Stryker I, Cone MR, Kopp EW, Cannons AC, Heberlein-Larson L, White S, Gillis LD, Ricciardi MJ, Kwal J, Lichtenberger PK, Magnani DM, Watkins DI, Palacios G, Hamer DH, Gardner LM, Perkins TA, Baele G, Khan K, Morrison A, Isern S, Michael SF, Andersen KG. Travel Surveillance and Genomics Uncover a Hidden Zika Outbreak during the Waning Epidemic. Cell 2019; 178:1057-1071.e11. [PMID: 31442400 PMCID: PMC6716374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Zika epidemic in the Americas has challenged surveillance and control. As the epidemic appears to be waning, it is unclear whether transmission is still ongoing, which is exacerbated by discrepancies in reporting. To uncover locations with lingering outbreaks, we investigated travel-associated Zika cases to identify transmission not captured by reporting. We uncovered an unreported outbreak in Cuba during 2017, a year after peak transmission in neighboring islands. By sequencing Zika virus, we show that the establishment of the virus was delayed by a year and that the ensuing outbreak was sparked by long-lived lineages of Zika virus from other Caribbean islands. Our data suggest that, although mosquito control in Cuba may initially have been effective at mitigating Zika virus transmission, such measures need to be maintained to be effective. Our study highlights how Zika virus may still be "silently" spreading and provides a framework for understanding outbreak dynamics. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Sharada Saraf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexander Watts
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Amanda L Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA; Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Rachel J Oidtman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jason T Ladner
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Glenn Oliveira
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Matteson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Aaron Hentoff
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Deepit Bhatia
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Danielle Stanek
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL 32399, USA
| | - Blake Scott
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL 32399, USA
| | - Vanessa Landis
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL 32399, USA
| | - Ian Stryker
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Marshall R Cone
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Edgar W Kopp
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Andrew C Cannons
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lea Heberlein-Larson
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Stephen White
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Leah D Gillis
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Michael J Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jaclyn Kwal
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Paola K Lichtenberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Diogo M Magnani
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Davidson H Hamer
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lauren M Gardner
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Civil Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - T Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kamran Khan
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Andrea Morrison
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL 32399, USA
| | - Sharon Isern
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA
| | - Scott F Michael
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA.
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Clapham H. Determinants of Zika Transmission and Control. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:917-919. [PMID: 30544174 PMCID: PMC6688055 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Clapham
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Marchi J, Lässig M, Mora T, Walczak AM. Multi-Lineage Evolution in Viral Populations Driven by Host Immune Systems. Pathogens 2019; 8:E115. [PMID: 31362404 PMCID: PMC6789611 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses evolve in the background of host immune systems that exert selective pressure and drive viral evolutionary trajectories. This interaction leads to different evolutionary patterns in antigenic space. Examples observed in nature include the effectively one-dimensional escape characteristic of influenza A and the prolonged coexistence of lineages in influenza B. Here, we use an evolutionary model for viruses in the presence of immune host systems with finite memory to obtain a phase diagram of evolutionary patterns in a two-dimensional antigenic space. We find that, for small effective mutation rates and mutation jump ranges, a single lineage is the only stable solution. Large effective mutation rates combined with large mutational jumps in antigenic space lead to multiple stably co-existing lineages over prolonged evolutionary periods. These results combined with observations from data constrain the parameter regimes for the adaptation of viruses, including influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Marchi
- Laboratoire de physique de l'École normale supérieure (PSL University), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, and Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michael Lässig
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de physique de l'École normale supérieure (PSL University), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, and Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Aleksandra M Walczak
- Laboratoire de physique de l'École normale supérieure (PSL University), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, and Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France.
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Almuedo-Riera A, Rodriguez-Valero N, Camprubí D, Losada Galván I, Zamora-Martinez C, Pousibet-Puerto J, Subirà C, Martinez MJ, Pinazo MJ, Muñoz J. Mirroring the Zika epidemics in Cuba: The view from a European imported diseases clinic. Travel Med Infect Dis 2019; 30:125-127. [PMID: 31207313 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Almuedo-Riera
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General de Granollers, Granollers, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - D Camprubí
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Losada Galván
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - C Subirà
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M J Martinez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M J Pinazo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Muñoz
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
We present a model to optimise a vaccination campaign aiming to prevent or to curb a Zika virus outbreak. We show that the optimum vaccination strategy to reduce the number of cases by a mass vaccination campaign should start when the Aedes mosquitoes' density reaches the threshold of 1.5 mosquitoes per humans, the moment the reproduction number crosses one. The maximum time it is advisable to wait for the introduction of a vaccination campaign is when the first ZIKV case is identified, although this would not be as effective to minimise the number of infections as when the mosquitoes' density crosses the critical threshold. This suboptimum strategy, however, would still curb the outbreak. In both cases, the catch up strategy should aim to vaccinate at least 25% of the target population during a concentrated effort of 1 month immediately after identifying the threshold. This is the time taken to accumulate the herd immunity threshold of 56.5%. These calculations were done based on theoretical assumptions that vaccine implementation would be feasible within a very short time frame.
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Pomar L, Musso D, Malinger G, Vouga M, Panchaud A, Baud D. Zika virus during pregnancy: From maternal exposure to congenital Zika virus syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2019; 39:420-430. [PMID: 30866073 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Léo Pomar
- Department "Woman-Mother-Child", Lausanne University Hospital, Materno-Fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Didier Musso
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée infection, Marseille, France
- Private practitioner, Punaauia, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Gustavo Malinger
- Division of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center & Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Manon Vouga
- Department "Woman-Mother-Child", Lausanne University Hospital, Materno-Fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alice Panchaud
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Geneva University and Service of Pharmacy, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Baud
- Department "Woman-Mother-Child", Lausanne University Hospital, Materno-Fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Zarante I, Hurtado-Villa P, Walani SR, Kancherla V, López Camelo J, Giugliani R, Groisman B, Howson CP, Durán P. A consensus statement on birth defects surveillance, prevention, and care in Latin America and the Caribbean. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2019; 43:e2. [PMID: 31093226 PMCID: PMC6419921 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2019.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth defects contribute up to 21% of the mortality in those under 5 years of age in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and that burden has been compounded by the Zika virus epidemic. In 2001, the March of Dimes launched a series of biennial assemblies called the International Conference on Birth Defects and Disabilities in the Developing World (ICBD). The latest ICBD, in 2017, convened in Bogotá, Colombia, and was attended by over 300 professionals, policymakers, and donors. The conference attendees, a majority of whom were from LAC, supported a call to action in the form of a consensus statement. The consensus statement lists key actions for maximizing birth defects surveillance, prevention, and care in LAC: 1) improving surveillance; 2) reducing risks for birth defects; 3) fortifying staple foods; 4) preventing and treating infections associated with birth defects; 5) implementing newborn screening; 6) providing care and services for people with birth defects and disabilities; 7) involving governments, civil society, and international agencies; and 8) advancing research for birth defects. Implementation and scale-up of evidence-based interventions using multisectoral and multidisciplinary collaborative approaches were endorsed. LAC countries can leverage technology and social media to advance and advocate for approaches identified in the consensus statement. The consensus statement can be used as a guide by both governments and nongovernmental agencies to take immediate steps for improving the quality of life of those living with birth defects and associated disabilities in the LAC countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Zarante
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Pontificia Universidad Javeriana School of Medicine Human Genetics Institute Bogotá Colombia Human Genetics Institute, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paula Hurtado-Villa
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Faculty of Health Sciences Basic Health Sciences Department Cali Colombia Basic Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cali, Colombia
| | - Salimah R Walani
- March of Dimes March of Dimes ArlingtonVirginia United States of America March of Dimes, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Vijaya Kancherla
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology Center for Spina Bifida Prevention AtlantaGeorgia United States of America Center for Spina Bifida Prevention, Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jorge López Camelo
- Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research (CEMIC-CONICET) Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research (CEMIC-CONICET) Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) Buenos Aires Argentina Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC), Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research (CEMIC-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Medical Genetics Service Department of Genetics Porto Alegre Brasil Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Boris Groisman
- National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes National Center of Medical Genetics National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina Buenos Aires Argentina National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina, National Center of Medical Genetics, National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christopher P Howson
- Howson & Partners for Global Health Howson & Partners for Global Health Santa FeNew Mexico United States of America Howson & Partners for Global Health, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Pablo Durán
- Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Women's and Reproductive Health Latin American Center for Perinatology Montevideo Uruguay Latin American Center for Perinatology, Women's and Reproductive Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Grajales-Muñiz C, Borja-Aburto VH, Cabrera-Gaytán DA, Rojas-Mendoza T, Arriaga-Nieto L, Vallejos-Parás A. Zika virus: Epidemiological surveillance of the Mexican Institute of Social Security. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212114. [PMID: 30742671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction At the end of 2015, the first cases of Zika were identified in southern Mexico. During 2016, Zika spread as an outbreak to a large part of the country's coastal zones. Methodology The Zika epidemiological surveillance system records cases with clinical symptoms of Zika virus disease (ZVD) and those confirmed by means of a reverse polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. This report includes the suspected and confirmed cases from 2016. Incidence rates were estimated by region and in pregnant women based on the proportion of confirmed cases. Results In total, 43,725 suspected cases of ZVD were reported. The overall incidence of suspected cases of ZVD was 82.0 per 100,000 individuals and 25.3 per 100,000 Zika cases. There were 4,168 pregnant women with suspected symptoms of ZVD, of which infection was confirmed in 1,082 (26%). The estimated incidence rate of ZVD for pregnant women nationwide was 186.1 positive Zika cases per 100,000 pregnant women. Conclusions The incidence of Zika in Mexico is higher than that reported previously in the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance. Positive cases of Zika must be estimated and reported.
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Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to pose a significant public health burden despite the great progress achieved in their prevention and control over the last few decades. Our ability to disentangle the factors and mechanisms driving their propagation in space and time has dramatically advanced in recent years. The current era is rich in mathematical and computational tools and detailed geospatial information, including sociodemographic, geographic, and environmental data, which are essential to elucidate key drivers of infectious disease transmission from epidemiological and genetic data. Indeed, this paradigm shift was driven by dramatic advances in complex systems approaches along with substantial improvements in data availability and computational power. The burgeoning output of infectious disease spatial modeling suggests that we are close to a fully integrated approach for early epidemic detection and intervention. This special collection in BMC Medicine aims to bring together a broad range of quantitative investigations that improve our understanding of the spatiotemporal transmission dynamics of infectious diseases in order to mitigate their impact on the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chowell
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - R Rothenberg
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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