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Joma N, Zhang I, Righetto GL, McKay L, Gran ER, Kakkar A, Maysinger D. Flavonoids Regulate Redox-Responsive Transcription Factors in Glioblastoma and Microglia. Cells 2023; 12:2821. [PMID: 38132142 PMCID: PMC10871111 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as a valuable therapeutic target in glioblastoma (GBM), as it promotes tumorigenesis via an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Immune cells such as microglia accumulate near the tumor and its hypoxic core, fostering tumor proliferation and angiogenesis. In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of natural polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Notably, flavonoids, including fisetin and quercetin, can protect non-cancerous cells while eliminating transformed cells (2D cultures and 3D tumoroids). We tested the hypothesis that fisetin and quercetin are modulators of redox-responsive transcription factors, for which subcellular location plays a critical role. To investigate the sites of interaction between natural compounds and stress-responsive transcription factors, we combined molecular docking with experimental methods employing proximity ligation assays. Our findings reveal that fisetin decreased cytosolic acetylated high mobility group box 1 (acHMGB1) and increased transcription factor EB (TFEB) abundance in microglia but not in GBM. Moreover, our results suggest that the most powerful modulator of the Nrf2-KEAP1 complex is fisetin. This finding is in line with molecular modeling and calculated binding properties between fisetin and Nrf2-KEAP1, which indicated more sites of interactions and stronger binding affinities than quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Joma
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; (N.J.); (I.Z.); (G.L.R.); (E.R.G.)
| | - Issan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; (N.J.); (I.Z.); (G.L.R.); (E.R.G.)
| | - Germanna L. Righetto
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; (N.J.); (I.Z.); (G.L.R.); (E.R.G.)
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College St, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Laura McKay
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada; (L.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Evan Rizzel Gran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; (N.J.); (I.Z.); (G.L.R.); (E.R.G.)
| | - Ashok Kakkar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada; (L.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; (N.J.); (I.Z.); (G.L.R.); (E.R.G.)
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Sharma S, Kumar P. Dissecting the functional significance of HSP90AB1 and other heat shock proteins in countering glioblastomas and ependymomas using omics analysis and drug prediction using virtual screening. Neuropeptides 2023; 102:102383. [PMID: 37729687 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are the evolutionary family of proteins that are highly conserved and present widely in various organisms and play an array of important roles and cellular functions. Currently, very few or no studies are based on the systematic analysis of the HSPs in Glioblastoma (GBMs) and ependymomas. We performed an integrated omics analysis to predict the mutual regulatory differential HSP signatures that were associated with both glioblastoma and ependymomas. Further, we explored the various common dysregulated biological processes operating in both the tumors, and were analyzed using functional enrichment, gene ontology along with the pathway analysis of the predicted HSPs. We established an interactome network of protein-protein interaction (PPIN) to identify the hub HSPs that were commonly associated with GBMs and ependymoma. To understand the mutual molecular mechanism of the HSPs in both malignancies, transcription factors, and miRNAs overlapping with both diseases were explored. Moreover, a transcription factor-miRNAs-HSPs coregulatory network was constructed along with the prediction of potential candidate drugs that were based on perturbation-induced gene expression analysis. Based on the RNA-sequencing data, HSP90AB1 was identified as the most promising target among other predicted HSPs. Finally, the ranking of the drugs was arranged based on various drug scores. In conclusion, this study gave a spotlight on the mutual targetable HSPs, biological pathways, and regulatory signatures associated with GBMs and ependymoma with an improved understanding of crosstalk involved. Additionally, the role of therapeutics was also explored against HSP90AB1. These findings could potentially be able to explain the interplay of HSP90AB1 and other HSPs within these two malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Sharma
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University, Shahabad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University, Shahabad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India.
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3
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Fodor D, Pozsgai É, Schally AV, László Z, Gömöri É, Szabó É, Rumi L, Lőcsei D, Boronkai Á, Bellyei S. Expression Levels of GHRH-Receptor, pAkt and Hsp90 Predict 10-Year Overall Survival in Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030719. [PMID: 36979698 PMCID: PMC10045547 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Rectal cancer constitutes nearly one-third of all colorectal cancer diagnoses, and certain clinical and molecular markers have been studied as potential prognosticators of patient survival. The main objective of our study was to investigate the relationship between the expression intensities of certain proteins, including growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R), Hsp90, Hsp16.2, p-Akt and SOUL, in specimens of locally advanced rectal cancer patients, as well as the time to metastasis and 10-year overall survival (OS) rates. We also investigated whether these outcome measures were associated with the presence of other clinical parameters. Methods: In total, 109 patients were investigated retrospectively. Samples of pretreatment tumors were stained for the proteins GHRH-R, Hsp90, Hsp16.2, p-Akt and SOUL using immunhistochemistry methods. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to show the relationships between the intensity of expression of biomarkers, clinical parameters, the time to metastasis and the 10-year OS rate. Results: High levels of p-Akt, GHRH-R and Hsp90 were associated with a significantly decreased 10-year OS rate (p = 0.001, p = 0.000, p = 0.004, respectively) and high expression levels of p-Akt and GHRH-R were correlated with a significantly shorter time to metastasis. Tumors localized in the lower third of the rectum were linked to both a significantly longer time to metastasis and an improved 10-year OS rate. Conclusions: Hsp 90, pAkt and GHRH-R as well as the lower-third localization of the tumor were predictive of the 10-year OS rate in locally advanced rectal cancer patients. The GHRH-R and Hsp90 expression levels were independent prognosticators of OS. Our results imply that GHRH-R could play a particularly important role both as a molecular biomarker and as a target for the anticancer treatment of advanced rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Fodor
- Department of Oncotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Édesanyák Street 10, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Pozsgai
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Primary Health Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, Rákóczi Street 2, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Zoltán László
- Diagnostic, Radiation Oncology, Research and Teaching Center, Kaposi Somogy County Teaching Hospital Dr. József Baka, Guba Sándor Street 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Éva Gömöri
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Munkácsy Mihaly Street 2, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Rumi
- Urology Clinic, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Munkácsy Mihaly Street 2, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Lőcsei
- Department of Oncotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Édesanyák Street 10, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Árpád Boronkai
- Department of Oncotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Édesanyák Street 10, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Bellyei
- Department of Oncotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Édesanyák Street 10, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-30-396-0464
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Babi A, Menlibayeva K, Bex T, Doskaliev A, Akshulakov S, Shevtsov M. Targeting Heat Shock Proteins in Malignant Brain Tumors: From Basic Research to Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5435. [PMID: 36358853 PMCID: PMC9659111 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are conservative and ubiquitous proteins that are expressed both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and play an important role in cellular homeostasis, including the regulation of proteostasis, apoptosis, autophagy, maintenance of signal pathways, protection from various stresses (e.g., hypoxia, ionizing radiation, etc.). Therefore, HSPs are highly expressed in tumor cells, including malignant brain tumors, where they also associate with cancer cell invasion, metastasis, and resistance to radiochemotherapy. In the current review, we aimed to assess the diagnostic and prognostic values of HSPs expression in CNS malignancies as well as the novel treatment approaches to modulate the chaperone levels through the application of inhibitors (as monotherapy or in combination with other treatment modalities). Indeed, for several proteins (i.e., HSP10, HSPB1, DNAJC10, HSPA7, HSP90), a direct correlation between the protein level expression and poor overall survival prognosis for patients was demonstrated that provides a possibility to employ them as prognostic markers in neuro-oncology. Although small molecular inhibitors for HSPs, particularly for HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 families, were studied in various solid and hematological malignancies demonstrating therapeutic potential, still their potential was not yet fully explored in CNS tumors. Some newly synthesized agents (e.g., HSP40/DNAJ inhibitors) have not yet been evaluated in GBM. Nevertheless, reported preclinical studies provide evidence and rationale for the application of HSPs inhibitors for targeting brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Babi
- National Centre for Neurosurgery, Turan Ave., 34/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Torekhan Bex
- National Centre for Neurosurgery, Turan Ave., 34/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidos Doskaliev
- National Centre for Neurosurgery, Turan Ave., 34/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Serik Akshulakov
- National Centre for Neurosurgery, Turan Ave., 34/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Str., 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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5
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Niedbała M, Malarz K, Sharma G, Kramer-Marek G, Kaspera W. Glioblastoma: Pitfalls and Opportunities of Immunotherapeutic Combinations. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:437-468. [PMID: 35509452 PMCID: PMC9060812 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s215997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary central nervous system tumour in adults. It has extremely poor prognosis since the current standard of care, comprising of gross total resection and temozolomide (TMZ) chemoradiotherapy, prolongs survival, but does not provide a durable response. To a certain extent, this is due to GBM's heterogeneous, hostile and cold tumour microenvironment (TME) and the unique ability of GBM to overcome the host's immune responses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutic approaches. This review provides critical insights from completed and ongoing clinical studies investigating novel immunotherapy strategies for GBM patients, ranging from the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in different settings of GBM treatment to novel combinatorial therapies. In particular, we discuss how treatment regimens based on single antigen peptide vaccines evolved into fully personalised, polyvalent cell-based vaccines, CAR-T cell, and viral or gene therapies. Furthermore, the results of the most influential clinical trials and a selection of innovative preclinical studies aimed at activating the immunologically cold GBM microenvironment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Niedbała
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Silesia, Regional Hospital, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malarz
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics and Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, Chorzów, Poland
| | - Gitanjali Sharma
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Wojciech Kaspera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Silesia, Regional Hospital, Sosnowiec, Poland
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6
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da Silva LHR, Catharino LCC, da Silva VJ, Evangelista GCM, Barbuto JAM. The War Is on: The Immune System against Glioblastoma—How Can NK Cells Drive This Battle? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020400. [PMID: 35203609 PMCID: PMC8962431 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play an important role in immunosurveillance, acting alongside other immune cells in the response against various types of malignant tumors and the prevention of metastasis. Since their discovery in the 1970s, they have been thoroughly studied for their capacity to kill neoplastic cells without the need for previous sensitization, executing rapid and robust cytotoxic activity, but also helper functions. In agreement with this, NK cells are being exploited in many ways to treat cancer. The broad arsenal of NK-based therapies includes adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded and activated cells, genetically engineered cells to contain chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-NKs), in vivo stimulation of NK cells (by cytokine therapy, checkpoint blockade therapies, etc.), and tumor-specific antibody-guided NK cells, among others. In this article, we review pivotal aspects of NK cells’ biology and their contribution to immune responses against tumors, as well as providing a wide perspective on the many antineoplastic strategies using NK cells. Finally, we also discuss those approaches that have the potential to control glioblastoma—a disease that, currently, causes inevitable death, usually in a short time after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Henrique Rodrigues da Silva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
| | - Luana Correia Croda Catharino
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
| | - Viviane Jennifer da Silva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Departamento de Hematologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 0124690, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Coeli Menezes Evangelista
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
| | - José Alexandre Marzagão Barbuto
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Departamento de Hematologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 0124690, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-7375
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7
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Frederico SC, Hancock JC, Brettschneider EES, Ratnam NM, Gilbert MR, Terabe M. Making a Cold Tumor Hot: The Role of Vaccines in the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:672508. [PMID: 34041034 PMCID: PMC8141615 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.672508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of immunotherapies for the treatment of brain tumors is a topic that has garnered considerable excitement in recent years. Discoveries such as the presence of a glymphatic system and immune surveillance in the central nervous system (CNS) have shattered the theory of immune privilege and opened up the possibility of treating CNS malignancies with immunotherapies. However, despite many immunotherapy clinical trials aimed at treating glioblastoma (GBM), very few have demonstrated a significant survival benefit. Several factors for this have been identified, one of which is that GBMs are immunologically "cold," implying that the cancer does not induce a strong T cell response. It is postulated that this is why clinical trials using an immune checkpoint inhibitor alone have not demonstrated efficacy. While it is well established that anti-cancer T cell responses can be facilitated by the presentation of tumor-specific antigens to the immune system, treatment-related death of GBM cells and subsequent release of molecules have not been shown to be sufficient to evoke an anti-tumor immune response effective enough to have a significant impact. To overcome this limitation, vaccines can be used to introduce exogenous antigens at higher concentrations to the immune system to induce strong tumor antigen-specific T cell responses. In this review, we will describe vaccination strategies that are under investigation to treat GBM; categorizing them based on their target antigens, form of antigens, vehicles used, and pairing with specific adjuvants. We will review the concept of vaccine therapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, as it is hypothesized that this approach may be more effective in overcoming the immunosuppressive milieu of GBM. Clinical trial design and the need for incorporating robust immune monitoring into future studies will also be discussed here. We believe that the integration of evolving technologies of vaccine development, delivery, and immune monitoring will further enhance the role of these therapies and will likely remain an important area of investigation for future treatment strategies for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Frederico
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, CCR, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John C Hancock
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, CCR, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Emily E S Brettschneider
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, CCR, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nivedita M Ratnam
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, CCR, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, CCR, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, CCR, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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8
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Di Giuseppe F, Carluccio M, Zuccarini M, Giuliani P, Ricci-Vitiani L, Pallini R, De Sanctis P, Di Pietro R, Ciccarelli R, Angelucci S. Proteomic Characterization of Two Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes Isolated from Human Glioblastoma Stem Cell Secretome by Sequential Centrifugal Ultrafiltration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020146. [PMID: 33546239 PMCID: PMC7913340 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from tumor cells are actively investigated, since molecules therein contained and likely transferred to neighboring cells, supplying them with oncogenic information/functions, may represent cancer biomarkers and/or druggable targets. Here, we characterized by a proteomic point of view two EV subtypes isolated by sequential centrifugal ultrafiltration technique from culture medium of glioblastoma (GBM)-derived stem-like cells (GSCs) obtained from surgical specimens of human GBM, the most aggressive and lethal primary brain tumor. Electron microscopy and western blot analysis distinguished them into microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes (Exos). Two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by MALDI TOF analysis allowed us to identify, besides a common pool, sets of proteins specific for each EV subtypes with peculiar differences in their molecular/biological functions. Such a diversity was confirmed by identification of some top proteins selected in MVs and Exos. They were mainly chaperone or metabolic enzymes in MVs, whereas, in Exos, molecules are involved in cell-matrix adhesion, cell migration/aggressiveness, and chemotherapy resistance. These proteins, identified by EVs from primary GSCs and not GBM cell lines, could be regarded as new possible prognostic markers/druggable targets of the human tumor, although data need to be confirmed in EVs isolated from a greater GSC number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Di Giuseppe
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marzia Carluccio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Patricia Giuliani
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Pallini
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo De Sanctis
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Pietro
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Angelucci
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0871541482
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9
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Brain Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Carriers of Disease Markers: Molecular Chaperones and MicroRNAs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary and metastatic brain tumors are usually serious conditions with poor prognosis, which reveal the urgent need of developing rapid diagnostic tools and efficacious treatments. To achieve these objectives, progress must be made in the understanding of brain tumor biology, for example, how they resist natural defenses and therapeutic intervention. One resistance mechanism involves extracellular vesicles that are released by tumors to meet target cells nearby or distant via circulation and reprogram them by introducing their cargo. This consists of different molecules among which are microRNAs (miRNAs) and molecular chaperones, the focus of this article. miRNAs modify target cells in the immune system to avoid antitumor reaction and chaperones are key survival molecules for the tumor cell. Extracellular vesicles cargo reflects the composition and metabolism of the original tumor cell; therefore, it is a source of markers, including the miRNAs and chaperones discussed in this article, with potential diagnostic and prognostic value. This and their relatively easy availability by minimally invasive procedures (e.g., drawing venous blood) illustrate the potential of extracellular vesicles as useful materials to manage brain tumor patients. Furthermore, understanding extracellular vesicles circulation and interaction with target cells will provide the basis for using this vesicle for delivering therapeutic compounds to selected tumor cells.
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Krawczyk MA, Pospieszynska A, Styczewska M, Bien E, Sawicki S, Marino Gammazza A, Fucarino A, Gorska-Ponikowska M. Extracellular Chaperones as Novel Biomarkers of Overall Cancer Progression and Efficacy of Anticancer Therapy. APPLIED SCIENCES 2020; 10:6009. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Exosomal heat shock proteins (Hsps) are involved in intercellular communication both in physiological and pathological conditions. They play a role in key processes of carcinogenesis including immune system regulation, cell differentiation, vascular homeostasis and metastasis formation. Thus, exosomal Hsps are emerging biomarkers of malignancies and possible therapeutic targets. Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) are patients aged 15–39 years. This age group, placed between pediatric and adult oncology, pose a particular challenge for cancer management. New biomarkers of cancer growth and progression as well as prognostic factors are desperately needed in AYAs. In this review, we attempted to summarize the current knowledge on the role of exosomal Hsps in selected solid tumors characteristic for the AYA population and/or associated with poor prognosis in this age group. These included malignant melanoma, brain tumors, and breast, colorectal, thyroid, hepatocellular, lung and gynecological tract carcinomas. The studies on exosomal Hsps in these tumors are limited; however; some have provided promising results. Although further research is needed, there is potential for future clinical applications of exosomal Hsps in AYA cancers, both as novel biomarkers of disease presence, progression or relapse, or as therapeutic targets or tools for drug delivery.
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11
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Kwok D, Okada H. T-Cell based therapies for overcoming neuroanatomical and immunosuppressive challenges within the glioma microenvironment. J Neurooncol 2020; 147:281-295. [PMID: 32185647 PMCID: PMC7182069 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains as the most common and aggressive primary adult brain tumor to date. Within the last decade, cancer immunotherapy surfaced as a broadly successful therapeutic approach for a variety of cancers. However, due to the neuroanatomical and immunosuppressive nature of malignant gliomas, conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments garner limited efficacy in patients with these tumors. The intricate structure of the blood brain barrier restricts immune accessibility into the tumor microenvironment, and malignant gliomas can activate various adaptive responses to subvert anticancer immune responses and reinstate an immunosuppressive milieu. Yet, evidence of lymphocyte infiltration within the brain and recent advancements made in cell engineering technologies implicate the vast potential in the future of neuro-oncological immunotherapy. Previous immunotherapy platforms have paved way to improved modalities, which includes but is not limited to personalized vaccines and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. This review will cover the various neuroanatomical and immunosuppressive features of central nervous system tumors and highlight the innovations made in T-cell based therapies to overcome the challenges presented by the glioblastoma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin Kwok
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building HD 472 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0520, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building HD 472 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0520, USA.
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Ulasov I, Fares J, Timashev P, Lesniak MS. Editing Cytoprotective Autophagy in Glioma: An Unfulfilled Potential for Therapy. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:252-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Iglesia RP, Fernandes CFDL, Coelho BP, Prado MB, Melo Escobar MI, Almeida GHDR, Lopes MH. Heat Shock Proteins in Glioblastoma Biology: Where Do We Stand? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5794. [PMID: 31752169 PMCID: PMC6888131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are evolutionary conserved proteins that work as molecular chaperones and perform broad and crucial roles in proteostasis, an important process to preserve the integrity of proteins in different cell types, in health and disease. Their function in cancer is an important aspect to be considered for a better understanding of disease development and progression. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and lethal brain cancer, with no effective therapies. In recent years, HSPs have been considered as possible targets for GBM therapy due their importance in different mechanisms that govern GBM malignance. In this review, we address current evidence on the role of several HSPs in the biology of GBMs, and how these molecules have been considered in different treatments in the context of this disease, including their activities in glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), a small subpopulation able to drive GBM growth. Additionally, we highlight recent works that approach other classes of chaperones, such as histone and mitochondrial chaperones, as important molecules for GBM aggressiveness. Herein, we provide new insights into how HSPs and their partners play pivotal roles in GBM biology and may open new therapeutic avenues for GBM based on proteostasis machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marilene Hohmuth Lopes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (R.P.I.); (C.F.d.L.F.); (B.P.C.); (M.B.P.); (M.I.M.E.); (G.H.D.R.A.)
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Cytosolic Hsp70 as a biomarker to predict clinical outcome in patients with glioblastoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221502. [PMID: 31430337 PMCID: PMC6701831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The major stress-inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is induced after different stress stimuli. In tumors, elevated intracellular Hsp70 levels were associated on the one hand with radio- and chemotherapy resistance and on the other hand with a favorable outcome for patients. This study was undertaken to investigate cytosolic Hsp70 (cHsp70) as a potential biomarker for progression free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with primary glioblastomas (GBM). METHODS The cHsp70 expression in tumor tissue of 60 patients diagnosed with primary GBM was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The cHsp70 expression was correlated to the PFS and OS of the patients. RESULTS A high cHsp70 expression was associated with a prolonged PFS (hazard ratio = 0.374, p = 0.001) and OS (hazard ratio = 0.416, p = 0.014) in GBM patients treated according to the standard Stupp protocol with surgery, radiotherapy and temozolomide. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the intracellular Hsp70 expression might serve as a prognostic marker in patients with primary GBM.
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15
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Gupta R, Sharma D. Evolution of Magnetic Hyperthermia for Glioblastoma Multiforme Therapy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1157-1172. [PMID: 30715851 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of glial tumor, and despite many recent advances, its prognosis remains dismal. Hence, new therapeutic approaches for successful GBM treatment are urgently required. Magnetic hyperthermia-mediated cancer therapy (MHCT), which is based on heating the tumor tissues using magnetic nanoparticles on exposure to an alternating magnetic field (AMF), has shown promising results in the preclinical studies conducted so far. The aim of this Review is to evaluate the progression of MHCT for GBM treatment and to determine its effectiveness on the treatment either alone or in combination with other adjuvant therapies. The preclinical studies presented MHCT as an effective treatment module for the reduction of tumor cell growth and increase in survival of the tumor models used. Over the years, much research has been done to prove MHCT alone as the missing notch for successful GBM therapy. However, very few combinatorial studies have been reported. Some of the clinical studies carried out so far depicted that MHCT could be applied safely while possessing minimal side effects. Finally, we believe that, in the future, advancements in magnetic nanosystems might contribute toward establishing MHCT as a potential treatment tool for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Gupta
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
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16
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Mahmoudi K, Bouras A, Bozec D, Ivkov R, Hadjipanayis C. Magnetic hyperthermia therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma: a review of the therapy's history, efficacy and application in humans. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 34:1316-1328. [PMID: 29353516 PMCID: PMC6078833 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1430867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia therapy (HT) is the exposure of a region of the body to elevated temperatures to achieve a therapeutic effect. HT anticancer properties and its potential as a cancer treatment have been studied for decades. Techniques used to achieve a localised hyperthermic effect include radiofrequency, ultrasound, microwave, laser and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The use of MNPs for therapeutic hyperthermia generation is known as magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) and was first attempted as a cancer therapy in 1957. However, despite more recent advancements, MHT has still not become part of the standard of care for cancer treatment. Certain challenges, such as accurate thermometry within the tumour mass and precise tumour heating, preclude its widespread application as a treatment modality for cancer. MHT is especially attractive for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer in adults, which has no cure. In this review, the application of MHT as a therapeutic modality for GBM will be discussed. Its therapeutic efficacy, technical details, and major experimental and clinical findings will be reviewed and analysed. Finally, current limitations, areas of improvement, and future directions will be discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Mahmoudi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandros Bouras
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dominique Bozec
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Constantinos Hadjipanayis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA
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Kong Z, Wang Y, Ma W. Vaccination in the immunotherapy of glioblastoma. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:255-268. [PMID: 29087782 PMCID: PMC5806656 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1388481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains one of the most common central nervous system tumors with an extremely poor prognosis. Recently, rapid progress in immunotherapy has provided new options for the treatment of glioblastoma. Vaccination, the primary method of immunotherapy, stimulates the body's tumor-specific immune response by the injection of foreign antigens. Peptide vaccines involve the injection of tumor-specific antigens, such as EGFRvIII or heat-shock proteins. Cell-based vaccines, which primarily include dendritic cell vaccines and tumor cell vaccines, involve injections of ex vivo-modified cells. Despite the encouraging results of phase I/II clinical trials, no successful phase III clinical trials involving glioblastoma immunotherapy, including glioblastoma vaccinations, have been reported to date. In this review, the authors summarize the published outcomes of glioblastoma vaccine therapy, explore its future prospects based on ongoing clinical trials, and discuss combined therapy as a future direction for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziren Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Li C, Sunderic K, Nicoll SB, Wang S. Downregulation of Heat Shock Protein 70 Impairs Osteogenic and Chondrogenic Differentiation in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:553. [PMID: 29323151 PMCID: PMC5765044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) show promise for bone and cartilage regeneration. Our previous studies demonstrated that hMSCs with periodic mild heating had enhanced osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation with significantly upregulated heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). However, the role of HSP70 in adult tissue regeneration is not well studied. Here, we revealed an essential regulatory mechanism of HSP70 in osteogenesis and chondrogenesis using adult hMSCs stably transfected with specific shRNAs to knockdown HSP70. Periodic heating at 39 °C was applied to hMSCs for up to 26 days. HSP70 knockdown resulted in significant reductions of alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and gene expression of Runx2 and Osterix during osteogenesis. In addition, knockdown of HSP70 led to significant decreases of collagens II and X during chondrogenesis. Thus, downregulation of HSP70 impaired hMSC osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation as well as the enhancement of these processes by thermal treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest a putative mechanism of thermal-enhanced bone and cartilage formation and underscore the importance of HSP70 in adult bone and cartilage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of New York-City College, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Kristifor Sunderic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of New York-City College, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Steven B Nicoll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of New York-City College, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Sihong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of New York-City College, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
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Thorsteinsdottir J, Stangl S, Fu P, Guo K, Albrecht V, Eigenbrod S, Erl J, Gehrmann M, Tonn JC, Multhoff G, Schichor C. Overexpression of cytosolic, plasma membrane bound and extracellular heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in primary glioblastomas. J Neurooncol 2017; 135:443-452. [PMID: 28849427 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A unique feature in several non-CNS-tumors is the overexpression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70, HSPA1A) in the cytosol, but also its unusual plasma membrane expression and release. Although in gliomas, cytosolic Hsp70 levels are not associated with histological grading, the role of membrane bound and released Hsp70 is still completely unknown. Membrane bound as well as cytosolic Hsp70 can be detected in viable tumor cells with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) cmHsp70.1. Herein, we analysed membrane bound Hsp70 levels in primary and secondary gliomas of different grades and on isolated glioma subpopulations (endothelial cells, CD133-positive cells, primary cultures) by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry using cmHsp70.1 mAb. Extracellular Hsp70 was determined by a commercial Hsp70 sandwich ELISA (R&D) in plasma samples of glioblastoma patients and healthy volunteers. We found an overexpression of Hsp70 in primary glioblastomas compared to low-grade, anaplastic, or secondary gliomas as determined by immunohistochemistry. Especially in flow cytometry, a strong plasma membrane Hsp70 expression was only observed in primary but not secondary glioblastomas. Within the heterogeneous tumor mass, CD133-positive tumor-initiating and primary glioblastoma cells showed a high membrane Hsp70 expression density, whereas endothelial cells, isolated from glioblastoma tissues only showed a weak staining pattern. Also in plasma samples, secreted Hsp70 protein was significantly increased in patients harbouring primary glioblastomas compared to those with secondary and low grade glioblastomas. Taken together, we show for the first time that cytosolic, membrane bound and extracellular Hsp70 is uniquely overexpressed in primary glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Thorsteinsdottir
- Tumorbiological Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Klinikum Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University (TU) Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Peng Fu
- Tumorbiological Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Klinikum Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ketai Guo
- Tumorbiological Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Klinikum Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Valerie Albrecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Klinikum Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Eigenbrod
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 20, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Janina Erl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University (TU) Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Gehrmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University (TU) Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg-Christian Tonn
- Tumorbiological Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Klinikum Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University (TU) Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schichor
- Tumorbiological Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Klinikum Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Rajesh Y, Biswas A, Mandal M. Glioma progression through the prism of heat shock protein mediated extracellular matrix remodeling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:299-311. [PMID: 28844885 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glial tumor is one of the intrinsic brain tumors with high migratory and infiltrative potential. This essentially contributes to the overall poor prognosis by circumvention of conventional treatment regimen in glioma. The underlying mechanism in gliomagenesis is bestowed by two processes- Extracellular matrix (ECM) Remodeling and Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Heat Shock Family of proteins (HSPs), commonly known as "molecular chaperons" are documented to be upregulated in glioma. A positive correlation also exists between elevated expression of HSPs and invasive capacity of glial tumor. HSPs overexpression leads to mutational changes in glioma, which ultimately drive cells towards EMT, ECM modification, malignancy and invasion. Differential expression of HSPs - a factor providing cytoprotection to glioma cells, also contributes towards its radioresistance /chemoresistance. Various evidences also display upregulation of EMT and ECM markers by various heat shock inducing proteins e.g. HSF-1. The aim of this review is to study in detail the role of HSPs in EMT and ECM leading to radioresistance/chemoresistance of glioma cells. The existing treatment regimen for glioma could be enhanced by targeting HSPs through immunotherapy, miRNA and exosome mediated strategies. This could be envisaged by better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying glial tumorigenesis in relation to EMT and ECM remodeling under HSPs influence. Our review might showcase fresh potential for the development of next generation therapeutics for effective glioma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Rajesh
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Angana Biswas
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Song X, Liao Z, Zhou C, Lin R, Lu J, Cai L, Tan X, Zeng W, Lu X, Zheng W, Chen J, Su Z. HSP47 is associated with the prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting cell viability and invasion and promoting apoptosis. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2444-2452. [PMID: 28849239 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) is a 47 kDa collagen binding protein that has a close relationship with the development and progression of tumours. However, little is known concerning the expression profile of HSP47 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) patients and there is still insufficient data concerning the underlying mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to explore the expression of HSP47 in LSCC and provide an overview of its association with tumourigenicity and clinical prognosis. The expression of HSP47 in LSCC and adjacent non-cancerous laryngeal tissues was assessed via western blotting and immunohistochemical studies. The prognostic significance of HSP47 expression was analysed using a Kaplan-Meier survival curve. To investigate the influence of HSP47 on the viability, invasion and apoptosis of a LSCC cell line, we performed an in vitro analysis with plasmid vectors and small interfering RNA (siRNA). Our results showed that HSP47 protein expression in the LSCC tissues was markedly decreased compared to that noted in the adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and low expression of HSP47 was correlated with poor prognosis in LSCC patients. Upregulation of HSP47 via plasmid vectors inhibited the proliferation, reduced the invasive ability, increased the sensitivity to cisplatin chemotherapy, promoted apoptosis, and induced the G1 phase arrest of LSCC cells in vitro. The expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins was also altered when HSP47 was upregulated, involving increased expression of cleaved caspase-7/-8/-9, PARP, and Bax and decreased expression of Bcl-2. Our present data suggest that HSP47 is an important prognostic factor and an attractive therapeutic target in LSCC due to its influence on the biological behaviour of LSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhisu Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Chunchun Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Renyu Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jianglong Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wenjian Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xianghe Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Weiming Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jianfu Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Sartori E, Langer R, Vassella E, Hewer E, Schucht P, Zlobec I, Berezowska S. Low co-expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and its chaperone heat shock protein 90 is associated with worse prognosis in primary glioblastoma, IDH-wild-type. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2394-2400. [PMID: 28765916 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a major oncogenic driver in glioblastoma (GBM) without mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (IDH-wildtype). Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a regulator of the stability of oncogenic proteins including EGFR, thereby acting as a molecular chaperone. We investigated the expression of EGFR and its chaperone HSP90 in GBM, IDH-wildtype. Tissue availability permitted analysis of 237/449 consecutive GBM cases, among them 214 IDH-wildtype (90.3%). The expression of EGFR and HSP90 was analysed by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray containing various tumour regions. The expression intensity (EI), and an expression score (ES) combining the percentage of stained cells with EI were determined for both markers. Overall, there was a positive correlation between EGFR and HSP90 expression (EI; r=0.275, P<0.001; ES, r=0.333, P<0.001). The expression of EGFR and HSP90 was significantly higher in the tumour centre, compared to the infiltration front (EI, P=0.002; ES, P<0.001). Survival data were available in 96 IDH-wildtype cases, and high expression of EGFR (ES only) was in trend associated with better outcome, but failed to meet statyistical significance (P=0.061). A combination of EGFR and HSP90, however, discriminated between different prognostic groups, with EGFRlow/HSP90low tumours showing the worst prognosis in univariate analysis (P=0.001), and in multivariate analysis including the other relevant prognostic factors age, MGMT status and postoperative treatment [n=76; hazard ratio (HR)=0.571; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.328-0.996; P=0.048]. EGFR expression stratified most pronounced among HSP90low tumours, where the EGFRhigh phenotype was associated with longer survival. Our results reveal a variable reliance on the signalling pathway by EGFR in GBM, IDH-wildtype. Low co-expression was associated with worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Sartori
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erik Vassella
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehard Hewer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Schucht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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Dunn-Pirio AM, Vlahovic G. Immunotherapy approaches in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Cancer 2016; 123:734-750. [PMID: 27875627 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. Despite standard-of-care treatment, consisting of maximal surgical resection followed by chemoradiation, both morbidity and mortality associated with this disease remain very poor. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more efficacious and well tolerated therapies. Advancing knowledge of the intricate interplay between malignant gliomas and the immune system, coupled with the recent launch of immunotherapy research for other cancers, has led to a veritable increase in immunotherapy investigation for glioblastoma and other malignant gliomas. This clinical review highlights the recent breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy and the complex correlation of the immune system with primary brain tumors, with special attention to multiple immunotherapy modalities currently being investigated for malignant glioma, including peptide vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, oncolytic viruses, chimeric T-cell receptors, and checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer 2017;123:734-50. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasie M Dunn-Pirio
- The Preston Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gordana Vlahovic
- The Preston Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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24
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Eldridge BN, Bernish BW, Fahrenholtz CD, Singh R. Photothermal therapy of glioblastoma multiforme using multiwalled carbon nanotubes optimized for diffusion in extracellular space. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:963-976. [PMID: 27795996 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and most lethal primary brain tumor with a 5 year overall survival rate of approximately 5%. Currently, no therapy is curative and all have significant side effects. Focal thermal ablative therapies are being investigated as a new therapeutic approach. Such therapies can be enhanced using nanotechnology. Carbon nanotube mediated thermal therapy (CNMTT) uses lasers that emit near infrared radiation to excite carbon nanotubes (CNTs) localized to the tumor to generate heat needed for thermal ablation. Clinical translation of CNMTT for GBM will require development of effective strategies to deliver CNTs to tumors, clear structure-activity and structure-toxicity evaluation, and an understanding of the effects of inherent and acquired thermotolerance on the efficacy of treatment. In our studies, we show that a dense coating of phospholipid-poly(ethylene glycol) on multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTS) allows for better diffusion through brain phantoms, while maintaining the ability to achieve ablative temperatures after laser exposure. Phospholipid-poly(ethylene glycol) coated MWCNTs do not induce a heat shock response (HSR) in GBM cell lines. Activation of the HSR in GBM cells via exposure to sub-ablative temperatures or short term treatment with an inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG)), induces a protective heat shock response that results in thermotolerance and protects against CNMTT. Finally, we evaluate the potential for CNMTT to treat GBM multicellular spheroids. These data provide pre-clinical insight into key parameters needed for translation of CNMTT including nanoparticle delivery, cytotoxicity, and efficacy for treatment of thermotolerant GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Eldridge
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Brian W Bernish
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Cale D Fahrenholtz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Ravi Singh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
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25
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Cheng W, Li M, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Cai J, Wang K, Wu A. Association between small heat shock protein B11 and the prognostic value of MGMT promoter methylation in patients with high-grade glioma. J Neurosurg 2015; 125:7-16. [PMID: 26544773 DOI: 10.3171/2015.5.jns142437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT This study investigated the role and prognostic value of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in glioma. METHODS Data from 3 large databases of glioma samples (Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas, Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data, and GSE16011), which contained whole-genome messenger RNA microarray expression data and patients' clinical data, were analyzed. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to validate protein expression in another set of 50 glioma specimens. RESULTS Of 28 HSPs, 11 were overexpressed in high-grade glioma (HGG) compared with low-grade glioma. A univariate Cox analysis revealed that HSPB11 has significant prognostic value for each glioma grade, which was validated by a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. HSPB11 expression was associated with poor prognosis and was independently correlated with overall survival (OS) in HGG. This study further explored the combined role of HSPB11 and other molecular markers in HGG, such as isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation and O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status. HSPB11 expression was able to refine the prognostic value of IDH1 mutation in patients with HGG. However, when combined with MGMT promoter methylation status, among patients with a methylated MGMT promoter, those with lower levels of HSPB11 expression had longer OS and progression-free survival than patients with higher levels of HSPB11 expression or with an unmethylated MGMT promoter. Moreover, within the MGMT promoter methylation group, patients with low levels of HSPB11 expression were more sensitive to combined radiochemotherapy than those with high levels of HSPB11 expression, which may explain why some patients with HGG with a methylated MGMT promoter show tolerance to radiochemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS HSPB11 was identified as a novel prognostic marker in patients with HGG. Together with MGMT promoter methylation status, HSPB11 expression can predict outcome for patients with HGG and identify those who would most benefit from combined radiochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, 1 The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang;,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University;,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; and.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 1 The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang;,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; and.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group, Beijing, China
| | - Jinquan Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin;,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group, Beijing, China
| | - Kuanyu Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian;,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group, Beijing, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, 1 The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang;,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group, Beijing, China
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Ampie L, Choy W, Lamano JB, Fakurnejad S, Bloch O, Parsa AT. Heat shock protein vaccines against glioblastoma: from bench to bedside. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:441-8. [PMID: 26093618 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Current adjuvant treatment regimens available for the treatment of glioblastoma are widely ineffective and offer a dismal prognosis. Advancements in conventional treatment strategies have only yielded modest improvements in overall survival. Immunotherapy remains a promising adjuvant in the treatment of GBM through eliciting tumor specific immune responses capable of producing sustained antitumor response while minimizing systemic toxicity. Heat shock proteins (HSP) function as intracellular chaperones and have been implicated in the activation of both innate and adaptive immune systems. Vaccines formulated from HSP-peptide complexes, derived from autologous tumor, have been applied to the field of immunotherapy for glioblastoma. The results from the phase I and II clinical trials have been promising. Here we review the role of HSP in cellular function and immunity, and its application in the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Ampie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N. St. Clair Street, Suite 20-250, Chicago, IL, 60611-2911, USA
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27
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Wu ZB, Cai L, Lin SJ, Leng ZG, Guo YH, Yang WL, Chu YW, Yang SH, Zhao WG. Heat Shock Protein 47 Promotes Glioma Angiogenesis. Brain Pathol 2015; 26:31-42. [PMID: 25758142 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) is a collagen-binding protein, which has been recently found to express in glioma vessels. However, the expression profile of HSP47 in glioma patients and the underlying mechanisms of HSP47 on glioma angiogenesis are not fully explored. In the current study, we found that expression of HSP47 in glioma vessels was correlated with the grades of gliomas. HSP47 knockdown by siRNAs significantly decreased cell viability in vitro and tumor volume in vivo; moreover, it reduced the microvessel density (MVD) by CD31 immunohistochemistry in vivo. HSP47 knockdown significantly inhibited tube formation, invasion and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, conditional medium derived from HSP47 knockdown cells significantly inhibited HUVECs tube formation and migration, while it increased chemosensitivity of HUVECs cells to Avastin. Silencing of HSP47 decreased VEGF expression in glioma cells consistently, and reduced glioma vasculature. Furthermore, HSP47 promoted glioma angiogenesis through HIF1α-VEGFR2 signaling. The present study demonstrates that HSP47 promotes glioma angiogenesis and highlights the importance of HSP47 as an attractive therapeutic target of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Bao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shao Jian Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhi Gen Leng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Hang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen Lei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wei Chu
- Department of Immunology and Biotherapy Research Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Wei Guo Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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28
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Yin PT, Shah BP, Lee KB. Combined magnetic nanoparticle-based microRNA and hyperthermia therapy to enhance apoptosis in brain cancer cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:4106-12. [PMID: 24947843 PMCID: PMC4206574 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel therapy is demonstrated utilizing magnetic nanoparticles for the dual purpose of delivering microRNA and inducing magnetic hyperthermia. In particular, the combination of lethal-7a microRNA (let-7a), which targets a number of the survival pathways that typically limit the effectiveness of hyperthermia, with magnetic hyperthermia greatly enhances apoptosis in brain cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry T. Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Birju P. Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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29
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Jurczyszyn A, Zebzda A, Czepiel J, Perucki W, Bazan-Socha S, Cibor D, Owczarek D, Majka M. Geldanamycin and Its Derivatives Inhibit the Growth of Myeloma Cells and Reduce the Expression of the MET Receptor. J Cancer 2014; 5:480-90. [PMID: 24959301 PMCID: PMC4066360 DOI: 10.7150/jca.8731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Geldanamycin (GA) is an ansamycin antibiotic that exhibits potent anti-neoplastic properties. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of GA and its derivatives on the growth and invasiveness of myeloma cell lines and CD138+ cells derived from the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. Materials and methods. We evaluated cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, cell cycle of myeloma cells, and the expression of cell surface proteins after incubation with geldanamycin or its derivatives. Results. GA and its analogs have an effect on myeloma cells by inhibiting their growth in a time and dose-dependent manner. Myeloma cell lines demonstrated decreased proliferation after incubation with 10 nM of GA or 100 nM GA analogs. The first significant effects of GA on U266 cells was observed after 24 hours. After 24 hours, U266 cells incubated with 100 nM GA were in both early and late stages of apoptosis; 17AEP and 17DMAG caused apoptosis of similar intensity to GA. It has been observed that GA and its derivatives cause caspase-3 activation. Analysis of the activity of AKT and MAP 42/44 kinases was performed by incubating U266 cells for 24 and 48 hours in100 nM of GA and its derivatives. After 24 hours incubation, no significant changes in protein expression were observed, while after 48 hours, the strongest changes were seen in AKT protein expression after incubation with GA and 17AEP-GA. In studies of the cell cycle, it was found that 100 nM 17AEP-GA and 17-DMAP-GA cause cell cycle abnormalities. We observed a nearly two-fold increase in U266 cells in the G1 phase and a simultaneous decrease in the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase, indicating that cells were halted in the G1 phase. In the case of the INA6 cells, proliferation was halted in both the G1 and G2/M phases. Conclusions. GA and the analogues that we tested can inhibit myeloma cell growth by induction of apoptosis and blockage of cell cycle progression, and have an effect on the down-regulation of the MET receptor. The GA derivatives tested, despite their modifications still retain strong anticancer properties. Specifically, two analogues of GA, 17AEP-GA and 17DMAG due to their properties can be more effective and safer chemotherapeutic agents than 17AAG, which is currently used and described in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Jurczyszyn
- 1. Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Zebzda
- 2. Department of Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Czepiel
- 3. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - William Perucki
- 4. Students' Scientific Society, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stanisława Bazan-Socha
- 5. Second Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Cibor
- 3. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Danuta Owczarek
- 3. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Majka
- 2. Department of Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Jackson C, Ruzevick J, Brem H, Lim M. Vaccine strategies for glioblastoma: progress and future directions. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:155-67. [PMID: 23413907 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in glioblastoma therapy have led to optimism that more effective therapies will improve outcomes. Immunotherapy is a promising approach that has demonstrated the potential to eradicate cancer cells with cellular-level accuracy while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Several vaccination strategies have been evaluated for activity against glioblastoma in clinical trials. These include peptide vaccines, polyvalent dendritic cell vaccines, heat shock protein vaccines and adoptive immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight clinical trials representative of each of these approaches and discuss strategies for integrating these therapies into routine patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jackson
- The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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31
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Romanucci M, Berardi I, Ciccarelli A, Bongiovanni L, Malatesta D, Oevermann A, Della Salda L. Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Heat Shock Protein Expression in Normal Canine Nerve and Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:216-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Lee JS, Kim HY, Jeong NY, Lee SY, Yoon YG, Choi YH, Yan C, Chu IS, Koh H, Park HT, Yoo YH. Expression of αB-crystallin overrides the anti-apoptotic activity of XIAP. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:1332-45. [PMID: 23074197 PMCID: PMC3480270 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although crystallins are major structural proteins in the lens, α-crystallins perform non-lens functions, and αB-crystallin has been shown to act as an anti-apoptotic mediator in various cells. The present study was undertaken to examine whether αB-crystallin expressed in human malignant glioma cells exerts anti-apoptotic activity. In addition, we sought to elucidate the mechanism underlying any observed anti-apoptotic function of αB-crystallin in these cells. Three glioma cell lines, U373MG, U118MG, and T98G, were used. We observed that only the U373MG cell line expresses αB-crystallin, whereas the other 2 glioma cell lines, U118MG and T98G, demonstrated no endogenous expression of αB-crystallin. We next observed that the silencing of αB-crystallin sensitized U373MG cells to suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)-induced apoptosis and that αB-crystallin associates with caspase-3 and XIAP. Because XIAP is the most potent suppressor of mammalian apoptosis through the direct binding with caspases, we assessed whether XIAP also plays an anti-apoptotic role in SAHA-induced apoptosis in αB-crystallin-expressing U373MG cells. Of note, the silencing of XIAP did not alter the amount of cell death induced by SAHA, indicating that XIAP does not exert an anti-apoptotic activity in U373MG cells. We then determined whether the ectopic expression of αB-crystallin in glioma cells caused a loss of the anti-apoptotic activity of XIAP. Accordingly, we established 2 αB-crystallin over-expressing glioma cell lines, U118MG and T98G, and found that the silencing of XIAP did not sensitize these cells to SAHA-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that αB-crystallin expressed in glioma cells overrides the anti-apoptotic activity exerted by XIAP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Young Hyun Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.S.L., H.Y.K., N.Y.J, Y.G.Y., Y.H.Y.); Department of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic ofKorea (S.Y.L.); Department of Biochemistry and Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (Y.H.C.); Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (C.Y.); Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic ofKorea (I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical Science Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea (H.T.P.)
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[Treatment of brain tumor patients: hyperthermia, hyperbaric oxygenation, electric fields or nanoparticles]. DER NERVENARZT 2012; 83:982-7. [PMID: 22801663 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-012-3569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable advancements in the therapy of malignant glioma in recent years with modern radiation and surgical techniques, alkylating and antiangiogenic chemotherapy, as well as molecular-based treatment decisions, treatment outcomes are mostly unsatisfactory. Understandably, patients often ask for experimental, sometimes unusual therapeutic modalities and this should be integrated into the clinical practice. In addition to experimental therapeutic approaches based on novel drugs, viral agents, immunotherapy and radiation approaches, experimental procedures of interest for patients particularly encompass mechanical approaches with the aim at physically altering the tumor tissue by temperature, oxygenation or magnetization. These mechanical procedures are based on intuitive concepts and promise fewer side effects than other experimental approaches. In addition, the requirements for approval by medical device regulations in terms of proof of efficacy are generally less stringent. As a consequence approaches, such as hyperbaric oxygenation, hyperthermia and electric fields, which are often heavily advertised and in part reimbursed by health insurances, have been used for many years, often by centers not specialized in the treatment of brain tumor patients, although sound data from prospective controlled clinical trials that determine which patients in which situation may benefit, are generally lacking. In this review we review these clinical therapeutic approaches.
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34
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Possible predictors of histopathological response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 138:387-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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35
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Hickey MJ, Malone CC, Erickson KL, Jadus MR, Prins RM, Liau LM, Kruse CA. Cellular and vaccine therapeutic approaches for gliomas. J Transl Med 2010; 8:100. [PMID: 20946667 PMCID: PMC2964608 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite new additions to the standard of care therapy for high grade primary malignant brain tumors, the prognosis for patients with this disease is still poor. A small contingent of clinical researchers are focusing their efforts on testing the safety, feasibility and efficacy of experimental active and passive immunotherapy approaches for gliomas and are primarily conducting Phase I and II clinical trials. Few trials have advanced to the Phase III arena. Here we provide an overview of the cellular therapies and vaccine trials currently open for patient accrual obtained from a search of http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. The search was refined with terms that would identify the Phase I, II and III immunotherapy trials open for adult glioma patient accrual in the United States. From the list, those that are currently open for patient accrual are discussed in this review. A variety of adoptive immunotherapy trials using ex vivo activated effector cell preparations, cell-based and non-cell-based vaccines, and several combination passive and active immunotherapy approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Hickey
- The Joan S, Holmes Memorial Biotherapeutics Research Laboratory, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Shen G, Liang S, Xu Z, Zhou L, Xiao S, Xia X, Li R, Liao Y, You C, Wei Y. Downregulated expression of HSP27 in human low-grade glioma tissues discovered by a quantitative proteomic analysis. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:17. [PMID: 20346134 PMCID: PMC2858726 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins (HSPs), including mainly HSP110, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60 and small HSP families, are evolutionary conserved proteins involved in various cellular processes. Abnormal expression of HSPs has been detected in several tumor types, which indicates that specific HSPs have different prognostic significance for different tumors. In the current studies, the expression profiling of HSPs in human low-grade glioma tissues (HGTs) were investigated using a sensitive, accurate SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture)-based quantitative proteomic strategy. RESULTS The five HSP family members were detected and quantified in both HGTs and autologous para-cancerous brain tissues (PBTs) by the SILAC-based mass spectrometry (MS) simultaneously. HSP90 AB1, HSP A5(70 KDa), and especially HSP27 were significantly downregulated in HGTs, whereas the expression level of HSPA9 (70 KDa) was little higher in HGTs than that in PBTs. It was noted that the downregulation ratio of HSP27 was 0.48-fold in HGTs versus PBTs, which was further validated by results from RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we detected HSP27 expression changes along with cell growth under heat shock treatment in glioma H4 cells. CONCLUSION The SILAC-MS technique is an applicable and efficient novel method, with a high-throughput manner, to quantitatively compare the relative expression level of HSPs in brain tumors. Different HSP family members have specific protein expression levels in human low-grade glioma discovered by SILAC-MS analysis. HSP27 expression was obviously downregulated in HGTs versus PBTs, and it exhibited temporal and spatial variation under heat shock treatment (43 degrees C/0-3 h) in vitro. HSP27's rapid upregulation was probably correlated with the temporary resistance to heat shock in order to maintain the survival of human glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Fischer JDSDG, Liao L, Carvalho PC, Barbosa VC, Domont GB, Carvalho MDGDC, Yates JR. Dynamic proteomic overview of glioblastoma cells (A172) exposed to perillyl alcohol. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1018-27. [PMID: 20083244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Perillyl alcohol (POH) is a naturally occurring terpene and a promising chemotherapeutic agent for glioblastoma multiform; yet, little is known about its molecular effects. Here we present results of a semi-quantitative proteomic analysis of A172 cells exposed to POH for different time-periods (1', 10', 30', 60', 4h, and 24h). The analysis identified more than 4000 proteins; which were clustered using PatternLab for proteomics and then linked to Ras signaling, tissue homeostasis, induction of apoptosis, metallopeptidase activity, and ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. Our results make available one of the most complete protein repositories for the A172. Moreover, we detected the phosphorylation of GSK3beta (Glycogen synthase kinase) and the inhibition of ERK's (extracellular signal regulated kinase) phosphorylation after 10', which suggests a new mechanism of POH's activation for apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Saldanha da Gama Fischer
- Laboratory for Protein Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, and the Rio de Janeiro Proteomic Network, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Wismeth C, Dudel C, Pascher C, Ramm P, Pietsch T, Hirschmann B, Reinert C, Proescholdt M, Rümmele P, Schuierer G, Bogdahn U, Hau P. Transcranial electro-hyperthermia combined with alkylating chemotherapy in patients with relapsed high-grade gliomas: phase I clinical results. J Neurooncol 2009; 98:395-405. [PMID: 20033471 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-0093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive loco-regional electro-hyperthermia (EHT) plus alkylating chemotherapy is occasionally used as salvage treatment in the relapse of patients with high-grade gliomas. Experimental data and retrospective studies suggest potential effects. However, no prospective clinical results are available. We performed a single-center prospective non-controlled single-arm Phase I trial. Main inclusion criteria were recurrent high-grade glioma WHO Grade III or IV, age 18-70, and Karnofsky performance score > or = 70. Primary endpoints were dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) with the combined regimen. Groups of 3 or 4 patients were treated 2-5 times a week in a dose-escalation scheme with EHT. Alkylating chemotherapy (ACNU, nimustin) was administered at a dose of 90 mg/m(2) on day 1 of 42 days for up to six cycles or until tumor progression (PD) or DLT occurred. Fifteen patients with high-grade gliomas were included. Relevant toxicities were local pain and increased focal neurological signs or intracranial pressure. No DLT occurred. In some patients, the administration of mannitol during EHT or long-term use of corticosteroids was necessary to resolve symptoms. Although some patients showed responses in their primarily treated sites, the pattern of response was not well defined. EHT plus alkylating chemotherapy is tolerable in patients with relapse of high-grade gliomas. Episodes of intracranial pressure were, at least, possibly attributed to EHT but did not cause DLTs. A Phase II trial targeting treatment effects is warranted on the basis of the results raised in this trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caecilia Wismeth
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg Medical School (UKR), Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common primary central nervous system tumor. The prognosis for these malignant brain tumors is poor, with a median survival of 14 months and a 5-year survival rate below 2%. Development of novel treatments is essential to improving survival and quality of life for these patients. Endogenous heat shock proteins have been implicated in mediation of both adaptive and innate immunity, and there is a rising interest in the use of this safe and multifaceted heat shock protein vaccine therapy as a promising treatment for human cancers, including glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Yang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Room M779, Campus 0112, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Graner MW, Raynes DA, Bigner DD, Guerriero V. Heat shock protein 70-binding protein 1 is highly expressed in high-grade gliomas, interacts with multiple heat shock protein 70 family members, and specifically binds brain tumor cell surfaces. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1870-9. [PMID: 19659607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperone proteins and heat shock proteins (HSP) are essential components of cellular protein folding systems under normal conditions; their expression and activities are upregulated during stress. Chronically stressed tumors frequently exhibit high chaperone protein levels, exploiting their anti-apoptotic mechanisms and general proteome homeostasis amidst a background of genetic instability. Co-chaperones interact with chaperones as malleable regulatory components of protein folding activity and may represent a conduit for modification of chaperone activity to the detriment of the tumor. We have initially characterized one such co-chaperone, heat shock protein 70-binding protein (HspBP) 1 from human brain tumors, their xenografts grown in immune-compromised mice, and in syngeneic murine models in immune-competent mice. Immunohistochemical analyses show HspBP1 overexpression (with unusual subcellular localizations) in patient brain tumors relative to normal brain tissue. This holds true for the xenograft and syngeneic murine tumor models. In biochemical affinity chromatography assays, HspBP1 interacts with members of the HSP70 family from brain tumor lysates and from surface-derived samples, including HSP70, glucose regulated protein (GRP)75, GRP78, and HSP110. From normal brain lysates, only heat shock cognate (HSC)70, GRP75, and HSP110 bind to HspBP1. FACS analyses indicate that HspBP1 binds to brain tumor cell surfaces, possibly via HSP70 family members, and internalizes into cells. This has implications for HspBP1 biology as well as its utility as a tumor-targeting agent. Our results suggest that HspBP1 may play a role in tumor (dys)regulation of chaperone proteins, and that HspBP1 may have extracellular roles with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Graner
- Department of Pathology, and the Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Siegelin MD, Habel A, Gaiser T. 17-AAG sensitized malignant glioma cells to death-receptor mediated apoptosis. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 33:243-9. [PMID: 19027068 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
17-AAG is a selective HSP90-inhibitor that exhibited therapeutic activity in cancer. In this study three glioblastoma cell lines (U87, LN229 and U251) were treated with 17-AAG, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) or the combination of both. Treatment with subtoxic doses of 17-AAG in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces rapid apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant glioma cells, suggesting that this combined treatment may offer an attractive strategy for treating gliomas. 17-AAG treatment down-regulated survivin through proteasomal degradation. In addition, over-expression of survivin attenuated cytotoxicity induced by the combination of 17-AAG and TRAIL. In summary, survivin is a key regulator of TRAIL-17-AAG mediated cell death in malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus David Siegelin
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Golembieski WA, Thomas SL, Schultz CR, Yunker CK, McClung HM, Lemke N, Cazacu S, Barker T, Sage EH, Brodie C, Rempel SA. HSP27 mediates SPARC-induced changes in glioma morphology, migration, and invasion. Glia 2008; 56:1061-75. [PMID: 18442089 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) regulates cell-extracellular matrix interactions that influence cell adhesion and migration. We have demonstrated that SPARC is highly expressed in human gliomas, and it promotes brain tumor invasion in vitro and in vivo. To further our understanding regarding SPARC function in glioma migration, we transfected SPARC-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and control GFP vectors into U87MG cells, and assessed the effects of SPARC on cell morphology, migration, and invasion after 24 h. The expression of SPARC was associated with elongated cell morphology, and increased migration and invasion. The effects of SPARC on downstream signaling were assessed from 0 to 6 h and 24 h. SPARC increased the levels of total and phosphorylated HSP27; the latter was preceded by activation of p38 MAPK and inhibited by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Augmented expression of SPARC was correlated with increased levels of HSP27 mRNA. In a panel of glioma cell lines, increasing levels of SPARC correlated with increasing total and phosphorylated HSP27. SPARC and HSP27 were colocalized to invading cells in vivo. Inhibition of HSP27 mRNA reversed the SPARC-induced changes in cell morphology, migration, and invasion in vitro. These data indicate that HSP27, a protein that regulates actin polymerization, cell contraction, and migration, is a novel downstream effector of SPARC-regulated cell morphology and migration. As such, it is a potential therapeutic target to inhibit SPARC-induced glioma invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Golembieski
- Barbara Jane Levy Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Molecular targeting in the treatment of either advanced or metastatic bladder cancer or both according to the signalling pathways. Curr Opin Urol 2008; 18:524-32. [PMID: 18670279 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e3283097889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An estimated 300,000 new cases of bladder cancer worldwide are diagnosed annually. Although new cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents for either advanced or metastatic bladder cancer or both are used, no improvement in survival has been observed. Indeed, the 5-year survival rate of metastatic bladder cancer is very low (6%). The target-directed approach is an attractive challenge for treating specific genetic alterations involved in progression and metastasis development. This article aims to describe the new targeted therapies available to cure advanced cancer or metastatic bladder cancer or both according to the signalling pathways potentially involved. RECENT FINDINGS The rapidly expanding understanding of the pathogenesis of bladder cancer at the molecular level has led to the identification of signalling pathways involved in this disease and provided molecular targets for new biological agents directed against tumorigenesis and progression. The recent results of clinical trials have not only highlighted the need to select patients who could benefit from such a therapy but also the fact that oncology has completely entered into a new era. SUMMARY Toxic chemotherapeutic agents are slowly being supplemented by a new generation of drugs that recognize specific targets in or on cancer cells. Recent technological advances in pharmacogenomics and proteomics have led to an improvement in identifying biomarkers predictive of response and thereby to identify patients who would be more likely to respond to such a therapy. There is a real hope to improve both the efficiency and the tolerability of bladder cancer treatment.
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Pozsgai E, Gomori E, Szigeti A, Boronkai A, Gallyas F, Sumegi B, Bellyei S. Correlation between the progressive cytoplasmic expression of a novel small heat shock protein (Hsp16.2) and malignancy in brain tumors. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:233. [PMID: 18154656 PMCID: PMC2234428 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones that protect proteins against stress-induced aggregation. They have also been found to have anti-apoptotic activity and to play a part in the development of tumors. Recently, we identified a new small heat shock protein, Hsp16.2 which displayed increased expression in neuroectodermal tumors. Our aim was to investigate the expression of Hsp16.2 in different types of brain tumors and to correlate its expression with the histological grade of the tumor. Methods Immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal antibody to Hsp16.2 was carried out on formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded sections using the streptavidin-biotin method. 91 samples were examined and their histological grade was defined. According to the intensity of Hsp16.2 immunoreactivity, low (+), moderate (++), high (+++) or none (-) scores were given. Immunoblotting was carried out on 30 samples of brain tumors using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western-blotting. Results Low grade (grades 1–2) brain tumors displayed low cytoplasmic Hsp16.2 immunoreactivity, grade 3 tumors showed moderate cytoplasmic staining, while high grade (grade 4) tumors exhibited intensive cytoplasmic Hsp16.2 staining. Immunoblotting supported the above mentioned results. Normal brain tissue acted as a negative control for the experiment, since the cytoplasm did not stain for Hsp16.2. There was a positive correlation between the level of Hsp16.2 expression and the level of anaplasia in different malignant tissue samples. Conclusion Hsp16.2 expression was directly correlated with the histological grade of brain tumors, therefore Hsp16.2 may have relevance as becoming a possible tumor marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pozsgai
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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The heat shock response and chaperones/heat shock proteins in brain tumors: surface expression, release, and possible immune consequences. J Neurosci 2007; 27:11214-27. [PMID: 17942716 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3588-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock response is a highly conserved "stress response" mechanism used by cells to protect themselves from potentially damaging insults. It often involves the upregulated expression of chaperone and heat shock proteins (HSPs) to prevent damage and aggregation at the proteome level. Like most cancers, brain tumor cells often overexpress chaperones/HSPs, probably because of the stressful atmosphere in which tumors reside, but also because of the benefits of HSP cytoprotection. However, the cellular dynamics and localization of HSPs in either stressed or unstressed conditions has not been studied extensively in brain tumor cells. We have examined the changes in HSP expression and in cell surface/extracellular localization of selected brain tumor cell lines under heat shock or normal environments. We herein report that brain tumor cell lines have considerable heat shock responses or already high constitutive HSP levels; that those cells express various HSPs, chaperones, and at least one cochaperone on their cell surfaces; and that HSPs may be released into the extracellular environment, possibly as exosome vesicular content. In studies with a murine astrocytoma cell line, heat shock dramatically reduces tumorigenicity, possibly by an immune mechanism. Additional evidence indicative of an HSP-driven immune response comes from immunization studies using tumor-derived chaperone protein vaccines, which lead to antigen-specific immune responses and reduced tumor burden in treated mice. The heat shock response and HSPs in brain tumor cells may represent an area of vulnerability in our attempts to treat these recalcitrant and deadly tumors.
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Hayashi Y, Edwards NA, Proescholdt MA, Oldfield EH, Merrill MJ. Regulation and function of aquaporin-1 in glioma cells. Neoplasia 2007; 9:777-87. [PMID: 17898873 PMCID: PMC1993862 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiformes (GBMs) express increased aquaporin (AQP) 1 compared to normal brain. AQPs may contribute to edema, cell motility, and shuttling of H(2)O and H(+) from intracellular to extracellular space. We sought to gain insight into AQP1 function in GBM. In cultured 9L gliosarcoma cells, AQP1 expression was induced by dexamethasone, platelet-derived growth factor, NaCl, hypoxia, D-glucose (but not L-glucose), and fructose. Induction of AQP1 expression correlated with the level of glycolysis, maximized by increasing medium D-glucose or fructose and decreasing O(2), and was quantified by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and medium lactate concentration. Upregulation of the protease cathepsin B was also observed in 9L cells cultured under glycolytic conditions. Immunohistochemical staining of human GBM specimens revealed increased coincident expression of AQP1, LDH, and cathepsin B in glioma cells associated with blood vessels at the tumor periphery. GBMs are known to exhibit aerobic glycolysis. Increased glucose metabolism at the tumor periphery may provide a scenario by which upregulation of AQP1, LDH, and cathepsin B contributes to acidification of the extracellular milieu and to invasive potential of glioma cells in perivascular space. The specific upregulation and metabolic consequences of increased AQP1 in gliomas may provide a therapeutic target, both as a cell surface marker and as a functional intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Hayashi
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Hamamoto T, Suzuki K, Kodama S, Sasaki H, Abe K, Hayashi T, Watanabe M. Correlation of malignant phenotypes of human tumour cell lines with augmented expression of Hsp72 protein measured by laser scanning cytometry. Int J Hyperthermia 2007; 23:363-70. [PMID: 17558735 DOI: 10.1080/02656730701302528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Augmented expression of members of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family are frequently observed in various human cancers. In this study, we examined applicability of laser scanning cytometer (LSC) to evaluate the level of Hsp72, which is the member constitutively expressed and significantly induced after heat shock, in human tumour cell lines. The relative nuclear content of Hsp72 measured by LSC correlated well with the relative intracellular content determined by Western blotting (R = 0.906). Furthermore, there was a close relationship between the relative nuclear content of Hsp72 measured by LSC and the colony-forming ability in soft agar, one of the malignant characteristics of tumour cells (R = 0.880). These results indicate that LSC measurement is useful for predicting the degree of malignancy of cancer cells, as it is reliable, faster than Western blotting and more objective and quantitative than visual measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hamamoto
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
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Nomura N, Nomura M, Sugiyama K, Hamada JI. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced migration of glioblastoma cells is mediated via p38MAPK/Hsp27 pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:690-701. [PMID: 17640620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced migration of glioblastoma cells focusing on the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) pathway. PMA-induced cell migration and activation of p38MAPK in A172 glioblastoma cells. PMA-induced formation of lamellipodia and focal complexes was blocked by inhibiting p38MAPK with SB203580 or small interfering RNA (siRNA). Furthermore, activation of p38MAPK resulted in phosphorylation of an F-actin polymerization regulator, Hsp27. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that upon PMA stimulation, both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated Hsp27 were translocated to the lamellipodia. SB203580 or p38MAPK siRNA blocked these phenomena, indicating that Hsp27 phosphorylation and translocation from cytosol to membrane were mediated by p38MAPK. To address the question of whether endogenous Hsp27 participates in PMA-induced migration, we inhibited the expression of Hsp27 using Hsp27 siRNA. Although knockdown of Hsp27 by siRNA had little effect on p38MAPK activation, lamellipodia and focal complex formation was markedly inhibited. Migration was also abolished in Hsp27 siRNA-transfected cells. In conclusion, p38MAPK activation followed by Hsp27 phosphorylation was required for PMA-induced migration. Furthermore, Hsp27 itself played critical roles in PMA-induced migration. Our data provide substantial evidence for a model elucidating the molecular mechanisms of regulation of actin dynamics and migration by PMA-activated protein kinase C in glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nomura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-0935, Japan
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Nomura N, Nomura M, Newcomb EW, Zagzag D. Geldanamycin induces G2 arrest in U87MG glioblastoma cells through downregulation of Cdc2 and cyclin B1. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 73:1528-36. [PMID: 17324379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression requires precise expression and activation of several cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Geldanamycin (GA) affects cell cycle progression in various kinds of cells. We analyzed GA-induced cell cycle regulation in glioblastoma cells. GA-induced G2 or M arrest in glioblastoma cells in a cell line-dependent manner. GA decreased the expression of Cdc2 and cyclin B1 in U87MG cells. And phosphorylated Cdc2 decreased along with Cdc2 in the GA-treated cells. This cell line showed G2 arrest after GA treatment. In contrast, GA failed to down-regulate these cell cycle regulators in U251MG cells. In U251MG cells, the cell cycle was arrested at M phase in addition to G2 by GA. Next, we analyzed the mechanism of the GA-induced regulation of Cdc2 and cyclin B1 in U87MG cells. Cdc2 and cyclin B1 were ubiquitinated by GA. MG132 abrogated the GA-induced decrease of Cdc2 and cyclin B1 indicating that these proteins were degraded by proteasomes. In conclusion, GA controls the stability of Cdc2 and cyclin B1 in glioblastomas cell species-dependently. Cdc2 and cyclin B1 might be responsible for the different responses of glioblastoma cell lines to GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nomura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Social Insurance Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Hauser P, Hanzély Z, Jakab Z, Oláh L, Szabó E, Jeney A, Schuler D, Fekete G, Bognár L, Garami M. Expression and prognostic examination of heat shock proteins (HSP 27, HSP 70, and HSP 90) in medulloblastoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2006; 28:461-6. [PMID: 16825994 DOI: 10.1097/01.mph.0000212954.35727.ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is of prognostic significance in several tumor types. HSP expression levels were determined in medulloblastomas and tested whether HSPs expression was associated with prognostic parameters. Expression of antiapoptotic HSP 27, HSP 70, and HSP 90 was investigated by immunohistochemistry, on paraffin-embedded sections from 65 patients. Expression of HSPs was validated on internal vascular controls and by Western blotting analysis. Sample evaluation was based on the estimated percentage of HSP positive tumor cells. For survival analysis Kaplan-Meier method, for statistical analysis chi2 test, univariate analysis, and log rank test were applied. Expression of HSPs varied in medulloblastomas. On the basis of the average expression rate of HSPs, at HSP 27 and HSP 90 with a 10% cut off, and at HSP 70 with a 70% cut off 2 groups were created. The amount of expression of any of the HSP types was not significantly associated with known prognostic factors (age of patient, extent of resection, presence of metastasis) and histologic subtype. After an average follow-up period of 4.30 years, no significant difference was observed in survival depending on the expression of HSP 27 or HSP 70 or HSP 90. The high expression of HSPs indicates that these proteins are potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Hauser
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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