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Sajadi F, Paluzzi JPV. Molecular characterization, localization, and physiological roles of ITP and ITP-L in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Front Insect Sci 2024; 4:1374325. [PMID: 38654748 PMCID: PMC11035804 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2024.1374325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The insect ion transport peptide (ITP) and its alternatively spliced variant, ITP-like peptide (ITP-L), belong to the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone family of peptides and are widely conserved among insect species. While limited, studies have characterized the ITP/ITP-L signaling system within insects, and putative functions including regulation of ion and fluid transport, ovarian maturation, and thirst/excretion have been proposed. Herein, we aimed to molecularly investigate Itp and Itp-l expression profiles in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, examine peptide immunolocalization and distribution within the adult central nervous system, and elucidate physiological roles for these neuropeptides. Transcript expression profiles of both AedaeItp and AedaeItp-l revealed distinct enrichment patterns in adults, with AedaeItp expressed in the brain and AedaeItp-l expression predominantly within the abdominal ganglia. Immunohistochemical analysis within the central nervous system revealed expression of AedaeITP peptide in a number of cells in the brain and in the terminal ganglion. Comparatively, AedaeITP-L peptide was localized solely within the pre-terminal abdominal ganglia of the central nervous system. Interestingly, prolonged desiccation stress caused upregulation of AedaeItp and AedaeItp-l levels in adult mosquitoes, suggesting possible functional roles in water conservation and feeding-related activities. RNAi-mediated knockdown of AedaeItp caused an increase in urine excretion, while knockdown of both AedaeItp and AedaeItp-l reduced blood feeding and egg-laying in females as well as hindered egg viability, suggesting roles in reproductive physiology and behavior. Altogether, this study identifies AedaeITP and AedaeITP-L as key pleiotropic hormones, regulating various critical physiological processes in the disease vector, A. aegypti.
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Mo N, Shao S, Zhuang Y, Yang Y, Cui Z, Bao C. Activation and characterization of G protein-coupled receptors for CHHs in the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111563. [PMID: 38122925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) superfamily peptides constitute a group of neurohormones, including the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), and gonad-inhibiting hormone (GIH) or vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone (VIH), which reportedly play an essential role in regulating various biological activities by binding to their receptors in crustaceans. Although bioinformatics analyses have identified G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as potential CHH receptors, no validation through binding experiments has been carried out. This study employed a eukaryotic expression system, HEK293T cell transient transfection, and ligand-receptor interaction tests to identify the GPCRs of CHHs in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. We found that four GPCRs (Sp-GPCR-A34-A37) were activated by their corresponding CHHs (Sp-CHH1-v1, Sp-MIH, Sp-VIH) in a dose-dependent manner. Of these, Sp-GPCR-A34 was exclusively activated by Sp-VIH; Sp-GPCR-A35 was activated by Sp-CHH1-v1 and Sp-VIH, respectively; Sp-GPCR-A36 was activated by Sp-CHH1-v1 and Sp-MIH; Sp-GPCR-A37 was exclusively activated by Sp-MIH. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values for all CHHs/GPCRs pairs (both Ca2+ and cAMP signaling) were in the nanomolar range. Overall, our study provided hitherto undocumented evidence of the presence of G protein-coupled receptors of CHH in crustaceans, providing the foothold for further studies on the signaling pathways of CHHs and their corresponding GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mo
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Shucheng Shao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Zhaoxia Cui
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Chenchang Bao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China.
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Klöcklerová V, Gáliková Z, Roller L, Žitňan D. Differential expression of ITP and ITPL indicate multiple functions in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Cell Tissue Res 2023. [PMID: 36849752 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport peptide (ITP) and a longer ITP-like (ITPL) are alternatively spliced insect neuropeptides involved in the regulation of development and water homeostasis. Using in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry, we determined site- and stage-specific expression of each peptide in Bombyx mori. Each peptide was differentially expressed, except for the prominent overlapping expression of both peptides in six pairs of the brain neurosecretory cells Ia2. After metamorphosis, ITP appeared in the male-specific neurons of the abdominal neuromere 9 (MAN9) that innervate the reproductive organs. ITPL was detected in a pair of dorsolateral interneurons (IN-DL) in each thoracic and abdominal ganglion, and in the thoracic neurosecretory cells (NS-VTL2) which terminate in the vicinity of the prothoracic gland. Feeding larvae showed ITPL expression in the abdominal neurosecretory cells M5. ITPL was also expressed in the peripheral L1 neurons that project axons into the thoracic and abdominal transverse nerves. Our results suggest that ITP and ITPL exhibit different sex- and stage-specific functions that may include regulation of reproduction and steroid production. For future functional studies, we identified an upstream regulatory region controlling ITP/ITPL expression in the brain and L1 neurons, and prepared stable transgenic line pITP-Gal4.2 using the piggyBac system.
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Ragionieri L, Verdonck R, Verlinden H, Marchal E, Vanden Broeck J, Predel R. Schistocerca neuropeptides - An update. J Insect Physiol 2022; 136:104326. [PMID: 34767790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We compiled a comprehensive list of 67 precursor genes encoding neuropeptides and neuropeptide-like peptides using the Schistocerca gregaria genome and several transcriptome datasets. 11 of these 67 precursor genes have alternative transcripts, bringing the total number of S. gregaria precursors identified in this study to 81. Based on this precursor information, we used different mass spectrometry approaches to identify the putative mature, bioactive peptides processed in the nervous system of S. gregaria. The thereby generated dataset for S. gregaria confirms significant conservation of the entire neuropeptidergic gene set typical of insects and also contains precursors typical of Polyneoptera only. This is in striking contrast to the substantial losses of peptidergic systems in some holometabolous species. The neuropeptidome of S. gregaria, apart from species-specific sequences within the known range of variation, is quite similar to that of Locusta migratoria and even to that of less closely related Polyneoptera. With the S. gregaria peptidomics data presented here, we have thus generated a very useful source of information that could also be relevant for the study of other polyneopteran species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Ragionieri
- University of Cologne, Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Rik Verdonck
- Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Heleen Verlinden
- Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Marchal
- Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Reinhard Predel
- University of Cologne, Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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Xu WY, Fang XD, Cao Q, Gao Q, Gao DM, Qiao JH, Zang Y, Xie L, Ding ZH, Yang YZ, Wang Y, Wang XB. A cytorhabdovirus-based expression vector in Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus, and Sogatella furcifera. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 140:103703. [PMID: 34933088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens), the small brown planthopper (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus), and the white-backed planthopper (WBPH, Sogatella furcifera) are problematic insect pests and cause severe yield losses through phloem sap-sucking and virus transmission. Barley yellow striate mosaic virus (BYSMV), a plant cytorhabdovirus, has been developed as versatile expression platforms in SBPHs and cereal plants. However, bio-safe overexpression vectors based on recombinant BYSMV (rBYSMV) remain to be developed and applied to the three kinds of planthoppers. Here, we found that rBYSMV was able to infect SBPHs, BPHs and WBPHs through microinjection with crude extracts from rBYSMV-infected barley leaves. To ensure bio-safety of the rBYSMV vectors, we generated an rBYSMV mutant by deleting the accessory protein P3, a putative viral movement protein. As expected, the resulting mutant abolished viral systemic infection in barley plants but had no effects on BYSMV infectivity in insect vectors. Subsequently, we used the modified rBYSMV vector to overexpress iron transport peptide (ITP) in the three kinds of planthoppers and revealed the potential functions of ITP. Overall, our results provide bio-safe overexpression platforms to facilitate functional genomics studies of planthoppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ya Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dong-Min Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ji-Hui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhi-Hang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xian-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Chen YR, Hsiao NW, Lee YZ, Huang SS, Chang CC, Tsai JR, Lin HC, Toullec JY, Lee CY, Lyu PC. Structure-Based Functional Analysis of a Hormone Belonging to an Ecdysozoan Peptide Superfamily: Revelation of a Common Molecular Architecture and Residues Possibly for Receptor Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11142. [PMID: 34681803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuropeptide (Sco-CHH-L), belonging to the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) superfamily and preferentially expressed in the pericardial organs (POs) of the mud crab Scylla olivacea, was functionally and structurally studied. Its expression levels were significantly higher than the alternative splice form (Sco-CHH) in the POs, and increased significantly after the animals were subjected to a hypo-osmotic stress. Sco-CHH-L, but not Sco-CHH, significantly stimulated in vitro the Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the posterior (6th) gills. Furthermore, the solution structure of Sco-CHH-L was resolved using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, revealing that it has an N-terminal tail, three α-helices (α2, Gly9-Asn28; α3, His34-Gly38; and α5, Glu62-Arg72), and a π-helix (π4, Cys43-Tyr54), and is structurally constrained by a pattern of disulfide bonds (Cys7-Cys43, Cys23-Cys39, and Cys26-Cys52), which is characteristic of the CHH superfamily-peptides. Sco-CHH-L is topologically most similar to the molt-inhibiting hormone from the Kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus with a backbone root-mean-square-deviation of 3.12 Å. Ten residues of Sco-CHH-L were chosen for alanine-substitution, and the resulting mutants were functionally tested using the gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity assay, showing that the functionally important residues (I2, F3, E45, D69, I71, and G73) are located at either end of the sequence, which are sterically close to each other and presumably constitute the receptor binding sites. Sco-CHH-L was compared with other members of the superfamily, revealing a folding pattern, which is suggested to be common for the crustacean members of the superfamily, with the properties of the residues constituting the presumed receptor binding sites being the major factors dictating the ligand-receptor binding specificity.
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Cohen E, Sawyer JK, Peterson NG, Dow JAT, Fox DT. Physiology, Development, and Disease Modeling in the Drosophila Excretory System. Genetics 2020; 214:235-264. [PMID: 32029579 PMCID: PMC7017010 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect excretory system contains two organ systems acting in concert: the Malpighian tubules and the hindgut perform essential roles in excretion and ionic and osmotic homeostasis. For over 350 years, these two organs have fascinated biologists as a model of organ structure and function. As part of a recent surge in interest, research on the Malpighian tubules and hindgut of Drosophila have uncovered important paradigms of organ physiology and development. Further, many human disease processes can be modeled in these organs. Here, focusing on discoveries in the past 10 years, we provide an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the Drosophila excretory system. We describe the major developmental events that build these organs during embryogenesis, remodel them during metamorphosis, and repair them following injury. Finally, we highlight the use of the Malpighian tubules and hindgut as accessible models of human disease biology. The Malpighian tubule is a particularly excellent model to study rapid fluid transport, neuroendocrine control of renal function, and modeling of numerous human renal conditions such as kidney stones, while the hindgut provides an outstanding model for processes such as the role of cell chirality in development, nonstem cell-based injury repair, cancer-promoting processes, and communication between the intestine and nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica K Sawyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
| | | | - Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Donald T Fox
- Department of Cell Biology and
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
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Sun D, Lv J, Gao B, Liu P, Li J. Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone of Portunus trituberculatus: evidence of alternative splicing and potential roles in osmoregulation. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:517-525. [PMID: 30767165 PMCID: PMC6527729 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-00980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) gene of Portunus trituberculatus (Pt-CHH) consists of four exons and three introns spanning 3849 bp in size and generating two mature mRNA, Pt-CHH1, and Pt-CHH2. The primary gene transcript produces a cDNA encoding for the putative Pt-CHH2 from exons 1, 2, 3, and 4 and an alternative transcript encodes for a putative Pt-CHH1 peptide from exons 1, 2, and 4. A promoter fragment of about 3 kb was obtained by genomic walking. The tissue-specific expression pattern is examined by reverse transcriptase chain reaction, and the results show that Pt-CHH1 is detected in the eyestalk, brain, muscle, and blood. However, Pt-CHH2 is detected in the ganglia thoracalis and gill. The results indicate that the expression of Pt-CHH2 in the gill might suggest a potential role in osmoregulation. The Pt-CHH transcript level in the gill increases when the crab is exposed to low salinity. The injection of dsRNA for Pt-CHH causes a significant reduction in Pt-CHH2 transcript level and the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA) show a serious decrease. In conclusion, this study provides molecular evidence to support the osmoregulatory function of Pt-CHH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R.China, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jianjian Lv
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R.China, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Jimo, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoquan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R.China, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Jimo, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R.China, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Jimo, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R.China, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Jimo, Qingdao, China
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Nässel DR, Zandawala M. Recent advances in neuropeptide signaling in Drosophila, from genes to physiology and behavior. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 179:101607. [PMID: 30905728 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on neuropeptides and peptide hormones, the largest and most diverse class of neuroactive substances, known in Drosophila and other animals to play roles in almost all aspects of daily life, as w;1;ell as in developmental processes. We provide an update on novel neuropeptides and receptors identified in the last decade, and highlight progress in analysis of neuropeptide signaling in Drosophila. Especially exciting is the huge amount of work published on novel functions of neuropeptides and peptide hormones in Drosophila, largely due to the rapid developments of powerful genetic methods, imaging techniques and innovative assays. We critically discuss the roles of peptides in olfaction, taste, foraging, feeding, clock function/sleep, aggression, mating/reproduction, learning and other behaviors, as well as in regulation of development, growth, metabolic and water homeostasis, stress responses, fecundity, and lifespan. We furthermore provide novel information on neuropeptide distribution and organization of peptidergic systems, as well as the phylogenetic relations between Drosophila neuropeptides and those of other phyla, including mammals. As will be shown, neuropeptide signaling is phylogenetically ancient, and not only are the structures of the peptides, precursors and receptors conserved over evolution, but also many functions of neuropeptide signaling in physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Meet Zandawala
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Li R, Tian JZ, Wang MR, Zhu LN, Sun JS. EsGLUT4 and CHHBP are involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in the crustacean Eriocheir sinensis. Biol Open 2017; 6:1279-1289. [PMID: 28751307 PMCID: PMC5612244 DOI: 10.1242/bio.027532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is an essential energy source for both vertebrates and invertebrates. In mammals, glucose uptake is mediated primarily by glucose transporters (GLUTs), members of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of passive transporters. Among the GLUTs, GLUT4 is the main glucose transporter in muscles and adipocytes. In skeletal muscle cells, GLUT4 interacts with the lipid raft protein flotillin to transport glucose upon stimulation by insulin. Although several studies have examined GLUT4 function in mammals, few have been performed in crustaceans, which also use glucose as their main energy source. Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) is a multifunctional neurohormone found only in arthropods, and one of its roles is to regulate glucose homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanism that underlies CHH regulation and whether GLUT4 is involved in its regulation in crustaceans remain unclear. In the present study, we identified a full-length GLUT4 cDNA sequence (defined herein as EsGLUT4) from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis and analyzed its tissue distribution and cellular localization. By the ForteBio Octet system, two large hydrophilic regions within EsGLUT4 were found to interact with the CHH binding protein (CHHBP), an E. sinensis flotillin-like protein. Interestingly, live-cell imaging indicated that EsGLUT4 and CHHBP responded simultaneously upon stimulation by CHH, resulting in glucose release. In contrast to insulin-dependent GLUT4, however, EsGLUT4 and CHHBP were present within cytoplasmic vesicles, both translocating to the plasma membrane upon CHH stimulation. In conclusion, our results provide new evidence for the involvement of EsGLUT4 and CHHBP in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in crustacean carbohydrate metabolism. Summary: Here we identified that Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) could interact with CHH binding protein (CHHBP) to regulate CHH-stimulated glucose release in Eriocheir sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ze Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo-Ran Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Department of Fisheries Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Sheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China .,Tianjin Center for Control and Prevention of Aquatic Animal Infectious Disease, Tianjin 300221, People's Republic of China
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11
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Yu B, Li DT, Wang SL, Xu HJ, Bao YY, Zhang CX. Ion transport peptide (ITP) regulates wing expansion and cuticle melanism in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Insect Mol Biol 2016; 25:778-787. [PMID: 27515909 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport peptide (ITP) and its alternatively spliced homologous ITP-like (ITPL) products play important roles in various insect developmental processes. We found for the first time that alternative 5' untranslated regions (5' UTRs) of ITPL (NilluITPLs-1, -2, -3 and -4) control spatiotemporal expression in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, as demonstrated by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. By using an alternative 5' UTR, NilluITPL-1 was expressed exclusively in the male reproductive system, resulting in the production of the NilluITPL seminal fluid protein. Interestingly, NilluITPLs-3 and -4 were expressed exclusively in the integument, indicating a specialized function for NilluITPL during ecdysis and eclosion. We investigated the functions of NilluITP and NilluITPL using RNA interference (RNAi). We did not observe apparent phenotypes when expression of NilluITPLs was suppressed. However, when NilluITP expression was suppressed, the insect exhibited melanism and failed wing expansion, indicating that NilluITP is a neuropeptide associated with wing expansion in addition to bursicon. Additionally, in contrast to bursicon, the insects showed increased melanism when NilluITP was eliminated by RNAi. Unlike previous studies of ITP/ITPL in other species, NilluITP was very important in the control of N. lugens postecdysial behaviours but was not critical during ecdysis. Thus, the functions of ITP and ITPL are more complex in insects than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - D-T Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - S-L Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - H-J Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y-Y Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - C-X Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Yu B, Li DT, Lu JB, Zhang WX, Zhang CX. Seminal fluid protein genes of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:654. [PMID: 27538518 PMCID: PMC4990865 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) are produced mainly in the accessory gland of male insects and transferred to females during mating, in which they induce numerous physiological and post-mating behavioral changes. The brown plant hopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is an economically important hemipterous pest of rice. The behavior and physiology of the female of this species is significantly altered by mating. SFPs in hemipteran species are still unclear. Results We applied high-throughput mass spectrometry proteomic analyses to characterize the SFP composition in N. lugens. We identified 94 putative secreted SFPs, and the expression levels of these proteins was determined from the male accessory gland digital gene expression database. The 94 predicted SFPs showed high expression in the male accessory gland. Comparing N. lugens and other insect SFPs, the apparent expansion of N. lugens seminal fluid trypsins and carboxylesterases was observed. The number of N. lugens seminal fluid trypsins (20) was at least twice that in other insects. We detected 6 seminal fluid carboxylesterases in N. lugens seminal fluid, while seminal fluid carboxylesterases were rarely detected in other insects. Otherwise, new insect SFPs, including mesencephalic astrocyte–derived neurotrophic factor, selenoprotein, EGF (epidermal growth factor) domain–containing proteins and a neuropeptide ion transport-like peptide were identified. Conclusion This work represents the first characterization of putative SFPs in a hemipeteran species. Our results provide a foundation for future studies to investigate the functions of SFPs in N. lugens and are an important addition to the available data for comparative studies of SFPs in insects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3013-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dan-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jia-Bao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Nagai-Okatani C, Nagasawa H, Nagata S. Tachykinin-Related Peptides Share a G Protein-Coupled Receptor with Ion Transport Peptide-Like in the Silkworm Bombyx mori. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156501. [PMID: 27248837 PMCID: PMC4889062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we identified an orphan Bombyx mori neuropeptide G protein-coupled receptor (BNGR)-A24 as an ion transport peptide-like (ITPL) receptor. BNGR-A24 belongs to the same clade as BNGR-A32 and -A33, which were recently identified as natalisin receptors. Since these three BNGRs share high similarities with known receptors for tachykinin-related peptides (TRPs), we examined whether these BNGRs can function as physiological receptors for five endogenous B. mori TRPs (TK-1–5). In a heterologous expression system, BNGR-A24 acted as a receptor for all five TRPs. In contrast, BNGR-A32 responded only to TK-5, and BNGR-A33 did not respond to any of the TRPs. These findings are consistent with recent studies on the ligand preferences for B. mori natalisins. Furthermore, we evaluated whether the binding of ITPL and TRPs to BNGR-A24 is competitive by using a Ca2+ imaging assay. Concomitant addition of a TRP receptor antagonist, spantide I, reduced the responses of BNGR-A24 not only to TK-4 but also to ITPL. The results of a binding assay using fluorescent-labeled BNGR-A24 and ligands demonstrated that the binding of ITPL to BNGR-A24 was inhibited by TK-4 as well as by spantide I, and vice versa. In addition, the ITPL-induced increase in cGMP levels of BNGR-A24-expressing BmN cells was suppressed by the addition of excess TK-4 or spantide I. The intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP, as second messenger candidates of the TRP signaling, were not altered by the five TRPs, suggesting that these peptides act via different signaling pathways from cAMP and cGMP signaling at least in BmN cells. Taken together, the present findings suggest that ITPL and TRPs are endogenous orthosteric ligands of BNGR-A24 that may activate discrete signaling pathways. This receptor, which shares orthosteric ligands, may constitute an important model for studying ligand-biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Nagai-Okatani
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (SN); (CNO)
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail: (SN); (CNO)
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Christie AE, Chi M. Identification of the first neuropeptides from the enigmatic hexapod order Protura. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 224:18-37. [PMID: 26055220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Hexapoda consists of two classes, the Entognatha and the Insecta, with the former group considered basal to the latter. The Protura is a basal order within the Entognatha, the members of which are minute soil dwellers first identified in the early 20th century. Recently, a transcriptome shotgun assembly (TSA) was generated for the proturan Acerentomon sp., providing the first significant molecular resource for this enigmatic hexapod order. As part of an ongoing effort to predict peptidomes for little studied members of the Arthropoda, we have mined this TSA dataset for transcripts encoding putative neuropeptide precursors and predicted the structures of mature peptides from the deduced proteins. Forty-seven peptide-encoding transcripts were mined from the Acerentomon TSA dataset, with 202 distinct peptides predicted from them. The peptides identified included isoforms of adipokinetic hormone, adipokinetic hormone-corazonin-like peptide, allatostatin A, allatostatin B, allatostatin C, allatotropin, bursicon α, bursicon β, CCHamide, corazonin, crustacean cardioactive peptide, crustacean hyperglycemic hormone/ion transport peptide, diuretic hormone 31, diuretic hormone 44, ecdysis-triggering hormone, eclosion hormone, FMRFamide-like peptide, GSEFLamide, insulin-like peptide, intocin, leucokinin, myosuppressin, neuropeptide F, orcokinin, proctolin, pyrokinin, RYamide, short neuropeptide F, SIFamide, sulfakinin and tachykinin-related peptide; these are the first neuropeptides described from any proturan. Comparison of the Acerentomon precursors and mature peptides with those from other arthropods revealed features characteristic of both the insects and the crustaceans, which is consistent with the hypothesized phylogenetic position of the Protura within the Pancrustacea, i.e. at or near the point of divergence of the hexapods from the crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Christie
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Megan Chi
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Liu CJ, Huang SS, Toullec JY, Chang CY, Chen YR, Huang WS, Lee CY. Functional Assessment of Residues in the Amino- and Carboxyl-Termini of Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormone (CHH) in the Mud Crab Scylla olivacea Using Point-Mutated Peptides. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134983. [PMID: 26261986 PMCID: PMC4532461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess functional importance of the residues in the amino- and carboxyl-termini of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone in the mud crab Scylla olivacea (Sco-CHH), both wild-type and point-mutated CHH peptides were produced with an amidated C-terminal end. Spectral analyses of circular dichroism, chromatographic retention time, and mass spectrometric analysis of the recombinant peptides indicate that they were close in conformation to native CHH and were produced with the intended substitutions. The recombinant peptides were subsequently used for an in vivo hyperglycemic assay. Two mutants (R13A and I69A rSco-CHH) completely lacked hyperglycemic activity, with temporal profiles similar to that of vehicle control. Temporal profiles of hyperglycemic responses elicited by 4 mutants (I2A, F3A, D12A, and D60A Sco-CHH) were different from that elicited by wild-type Sco-CHH; I2A was unique in that it exhibited significantly higher hyperglycemic activity, whereas the remaining 3 mutants showed lower activity. Four mutants (D4A, Q51A, E54A, and V72A rSco-CHH) elicited hyperglycemic responses with temporal profiles similar to those evoked by wild-type Sco-CHH. In contrast, the glycine-extended version of V72A rSco-CHH (V72A rSco-CHH-Gly) completely lost hyperglycemic activity. By comparing our study with previous ones of ion-transport peptide (ITP) and molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) using deleted or point-mutated mutants, detail discussion is made regarding functionally important residues that are shared by both CHH and ITP (members of Group I of the CHH family), and those that discriminate CHH from ITP, and Group-I from Group-II peptides. Conclusions summarized in the present study provide insights into understanding of how functional diversification occurred within a peptide family of multifunctional members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jing Liu
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shiau-Shan Huang
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jean-Yves Toullec
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7144 CNRS, Equipe ABICE, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Cheng-Yen Chang
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-San Huang
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-YL); (W-SH)
| | - Chi-Ying Lee
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-YL); (W-SH)
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Veenstra JA. The contribution of the genomes of a termite and a locust to our understanding of insect neuropeptides and neurohormones. Front Physiol 2014; 5:454. [PMID: 25477824 PMCID: PMC4237046 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria and the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis were mined for the presence of genes encoding neuropeptides, neurohormones, and their G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Both species have retained a larger number of neuropeptide and neuropeptide GPCRs than the better known holometabolous insect species, while other genes that in holometabolous species appear to have a single transcript produce two different precursors in the locust, the termite or both. Thus, the recently discovered CNMa neuropeptide gene has two transcripts predicted to produce two structurally different CNMa peptides in the termite, while the locust produces two different myosuppressin peptides in the same fashion. Both these species also have a calcitonin gene, which is different from the gene encoding the calcitonin-like insect diuretic hormone. This gene produces two types of calcitonins, calcitonins A and B. It is also present in Lepidoptera and Coleoptera and some Diptera, but absent from mosquitoes and Drosophila. However, in holometabolous insect species, only the B transcript is produced. Their putative receptors were also identified. In contrast, Locusta has a highly unusual gene that codes for a salivation stimulatory peptide. The Locusta genes for neuroparsin and vasopressin are particularly interesting. The neuroparsin gene produces five different transcripts, of which only one codes for the neurohormone identified from the corpora cardiaca. The other four transcripts code for neuroparsin-like proteins, which lack four amino acid residues, and that for that reason we called neoneuroparsins. The number of transcripts for the neoneuroparsins is about 200 times larger than the number of neuroparsin transcripts. The first exon and the putative promoter of the vasopressin genes, of which there are about seven copies in the genome, is very well-conserved, but the remainder of these genes is not. The relevance of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Veenstra
- INCIA UMR 5287 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux Pessac, France
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Nagai C, Mabashi-Asazuma H, Nagasawa H, Nagata S. Identification and characterization of receptors for ion transport peptide (ITP) and ITP-like (ITPL) in the silkworm Bombyx mori. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32166-32177. [PMID: 25278025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.590646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion transport peptide (ITP) and its alternatively spliced variant, ITP-like (ITPL), are insect peptides that belong to the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone family. These peptides modulate the homeostatic mechanisms for regulating energy metabolism, molting, and reproduction and are specifically conserved in ecdysozoans. Many of the details of the molecular mechanisms by which crustacean hyperglycemic hormone family peptides exert pleiotropy remain to be elucidated, including characterization of their receptors. Here we identified three Bombyx mori orphan neuropeptide G protein-coupled receptors (BNGRs), BNGR-A2, -A24, and -A34, as receptors for ITP and ITPL (collectively referred to as ITPs). BNGR-A2 and -A34 and BNGR-A24 respond to recombinant ITPs, respectively, with EC50 values of 1.1-2.6 × 10(-8) M, when expressed in a heterologous expression system. These three candidate BNGRs are expressed at larval B. mori tissues targeted by ITPs, with cGMP elevation observed after exposure to recombinant ITPs. ITPs also increased the cGMP level in B. mori ovary-derived BmN cells via membrane-bound and soluble guanylyl cyclases. The simultaneous knockdown of bngr-A2 and -A34 significantly decreased the response of BmN cells to ITP, whereas knockdown of bngr-A24 led to decreased responses to ITPL. Conversely, transient expression of bngr-A24 potentiated the response of BmN cells to ITPL. An in vitro binding assay showed direct interaction between ITPs and heterologously expressed BNGRs in a ligand-receptor-specific manner. Taken together, these data demonstrate that BNGR-A2 and -A34 are ITP receptors and that BNGR-A24 is an ITPL receptor in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Nagai
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hideaki Mabashi-Asazuma
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Chintapalli VR, Wang J, Herzyk P, Davies SA, Dow JAT. Data-mining the FlyAtlas online resource to identify core functional motifs across transporting epithelia. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:518. [PMID: 23895496 PMCID: PMC3734111 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Comparative analysis of tissue-specific transcriptomes is a powerful technique to uncover tissue functions. Our FlyAtlas.org provides authoritative gene expression levels for multiple tissues of Drosophila melanogaster (1). Although the main use of such resources is single gene lookup, there is the potential for powerful meta-analysis to address questions that could not easily be framed otherwise. Here, we illustrate the power of data-mining of FlyAtlas data by comparing epithelial transcriptomes to identify a core set of highly-expressed genes, across the four major epithelial tissues (salivary glands, Malpighian tubules, midgut and hindgut) of both adults and larvae. Method Parallel hypothesis-led and hypothesis-free approaches were adopted to identify core genes that underpin insect epithelial function. In the former, gene lists were created from transport processes identified in the literature, and their expression profiles mapped from the flyatlas.org online dataset. In the latter, gene enrichment lists were prepared for each epithelium, and genes (both transport related and unrelated) consistently enriched in transporting epithelia identified. Results A key set of transport genes, comprising V-ATPases, cation exchangers, aquaporins, potassium and chloride channels, and carbonic anhydrase, was found to be highly enriched across the epithelial tissues, compared with the whole fly. Additionally, a further set of genes that had not been predicted to have epithelial roles, were co-expressed with the core transporters, extending our view of what makes a transporting epithelium work. Further insights were obtained by studying the genes uniquely overexpressed in each epithelium; for example, the salivary gland expresses lipases, the midgut organic solute transporters, the tubules specialize for purine metabolism and the hindgut overexpresses still unknown genes. Conclusion Taken together, these data provide a unique insight into epithelial function in this key model insect, and a framework for comparison with other species. They also provide a methodology for function-led datamining of FlyAtlas.org and other multi-tissue expression datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswara R Chintapalli
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Audsley N, Jensen D, Schooley DA. Signal transduction for Schistocerca gregaria ion transport peptide is mediated via both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. Peptides 2013; 41:74-80. [PMID: 23147644 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The second messengers involved in the signal transduction for Schistocerca gregaria, ion transport peptide (Schgr-ITP) that regulates ion and fluid transport across the ileum of the desert locust S. gregaria, were measured using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Synthetic Schgr-ITP elevates intracellular levels of both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, measured over a 15 min period in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, crude corpora cardiaca (CC) extracts elevate intracellular cyclic AMP levels 2-fold greater than Schgr-ITP, suggesting that factors present in the CC, other than Schgr-ITP, also act via this second messenger. These results suggest that the interaction of Schgr-ITP with two separate receptors, most likely a G-protein coupled receptor and a membrane bound guanylate cyclase, elevates intracellular levels of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP to regulate ion and fluid transport across the locust ileum. Cyclic AMP stimulates Cl(-), K(+) and Na(+) reabsorption, whereas secretion of H(+) into the lumen of the ileum is most likely mediated via cyclic GMP. Cyclic GMP also stimulates Cl(-) uptake in a similar manner to cyclic AMP. The measurement of tissue (central nervous system) levels of Schgr-ITP using an indirect ELISA confirms that the peptide is only present in the locust brain and the CC. The amounts present are greatest in the CC, where the peptide is presumably stored for release into the hemolymph when locusts feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Audsley
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK.
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Abstract
Insects have adapted to live in a wide variety of habitats and utilize an array of feeding strategies that present challenges to their ability to maintain osmotic balance. Regardless of the feeding strategy, water and ion levels within the haemolymph (insect blood) are maintained within a narrow range. This homeostasis involves the action of a variety of tissues, but is often chiefly regulated by the excretory system. Until recently, most research on the hormonal control of the excretory tissues has focused on factors known to have diuretic activities. In this mini-review, the current state of knowledge on anti-diuretic factors in insects will be discussed with a particular emphasis on the CAPA peptides in the blood-feeding Chagas' disease vector, Rhodnius prolixus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul V Paluzzi
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1.
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Jeon JM, Kim BK, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Kang CK, Mykles DL, Kim HW. Two type I crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) genes in Morotoge shrimp (Pandalopsis japonica): cloning and expression of eyestalk and pericardial organ isoforms produced by alternative splicing and a novel type I CHH with predicted structure shared with type II CHH peptides. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 162:88-99. [PMID: 22525298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) peptide family members play critical roles in growth and reproduction in decapods. Three cDNAs encoding CHH family members (Pj-CHH1ES, Pj-CHH1PO, and Pj-CHH2) were isolated by a combination of bioinformatic analysis and conventional cloning strategies. Pj-CHH1ES and Pj-CHH1PO were products of the same gene that were generated by alternative mRNA splicing, whereas Pj-CHH2 was the product of a second gene. The Pj-CHH1 and Pj-CHH2 genes had four exons and three introns, suggesting the two genes arose from gene duplication. The three cDNAs were classified in the type I CHH subfamily, as the deduced amino acid sequences had a CHH precursor-related peptide sequence positioned between the N-terminal signal sequence and C-terminal mature peptide sequence. The Pj-CHH1ES isoform was expressed at a higher level in the eyestalk X-organ/sinus gland (XO/SG) complex and at a lower level in the gill. The Pj-CHH1PO isoform was expressed at higher levels in the XO/SG complex, brain, abdominal ganglion, and thoracic ganglion and at a lower level in the epidermis. Pj-CHH2 was expressed at a higher level in the thoracic ganglion and at a lower level in the gill. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the effects of eyestalk ablation on the mRNA levels of the three Pj-CHHs in the brain, thoracic ganglion, and gill. Eyestalk ablation reduced expression of Pj-CHH1ES in the brain and Pj-CHH1PO and Pj-CHH2 in the thoracic ganglion. Sequence alignment of the Pj-CHHs with CHHs from other species indicated that Pj-CHH2 had an additional alanine at position #9 of the mature peptide. Molecular modeling showed that the Pj-CHH2 mature peptide had a short alpha helix (α1) in the N-terminal region, which is characteristic of type II CHHs. This suggests that Pj-CHH2 differs in function from other type I CHHs.
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Park Y. Endocrine regulation of insect diuresis in the early postgenomic era1This review is part of a virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z2012-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diuresis, the removal of excess metabolic waste through production of primary urine while maintaining homeostasis, is an important biological process that is tightly regulated by endocrine factors. Several hormonal components that act as diuretic or antidiuretic factors in insects have been identified in the last few decades. Physiological mechanisms responsible for ion and water transport across biological membranes have been intensively studied. The large amount of data rapidly accumulating in the genomics era has led to an increased dependence on reverse genetic and physiological approaches, first identifying candidate genes and subsequently deriving functions. In many cases, the reverse approaches have been highly successful, especially in studies of the receptors for diuretic factors, which are mainly G-protein-coupled receptors. This review summarizes research on insect diuretic and antidiuretic endocrine factors, and their receptors. Emphases of the review are given to the genomics of ligands and their receptors, as well as to their implications for evolution and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Veenstra JA, Rombauts S, Grbić M. In silico cloning of genes encoding neuropeptides, neurohormones and their putative G-protein coupled receptors in a spider mite. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 42:277-95. [PMID: 22214827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the spider mite was prospected for the presence of genes coding neuropeptides, neurohormones and their putative G-protein coupled receptors. Fifty one candidate genes were found to encode neuropeptides or neurohormones. These include all known insect neuropeptides and neurohormones, with the exception of sulfakinin, corazonin, neuroparsin and PTTH. True orthologs of adipokinetic hormone (AKH) were neither found, but there are three genes encoding peptides similar in structure to both AKH and the AKH-corazonin-related peptide. We were also unable to identify the precursors for pigment dispersing factor (PDF) or the recently discovered trissin. However, the spider mite probably does have such genes, as we found their putative receptors. A novel arthropod neuropeptide gene was identified that shows similarity to previously described molluscan neuropeptide genes and was called EFLamide. A total of 65 putative neuropeptide GPCR genes were also identified, of these 58 belong to the A-family and 7 to the B-family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 50 of them are closely related to insect GPCRs, which allowed the identification of their putative ligand in 39 cases with varying degrees of certainty. Other spider mite GPCRs however have no identifiable orthologs in the genomes of the four holometabolous insect species best analyzed. Whereas some of the latter have orthologs in hemimetabolous insect species, crustaceans or ticks, for others such arthropod homologs are currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Veenstra
- Université Bordeaux, Avenue des Facultés, INCIA UMR 5287 CNRS, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
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Paluzzi JPV, Naikkhwah W, O'Donnell MJ. Natriuresis and diuretic hormone synergism in R. prolixus upper Malpighian tubules is inhibited by the anti-diuretic hormone, RhoprCAPA-α2. J Insect Physiol 2012; 58:534-542. [PMID: 22154955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Insects contain an array of hormones that coordinate the actions of the excretory system to achieve osmotic and ionic balance. In the hematophagous insect, Rhodnius prolixus, two diuretic hormones have been identified, serotonin (5HT) and a corticotropin releasing factor-related peptide (RhoprDH), and both lead to an increase in fluid secretion by Malpighian tubules (MTs). However, only 5HT activates reabsorption by the lower MTs to recover K(+) and Cl(-). An anti-diuretic hormone (RhoprCAPA-α2) is believed to coordinate the cessation of the rapid diuresis following blood meal engorgement. However, the role of RhoprCAPA-α2 on fluid secretion by MTs stimulated by RhoprDH was previously unknown. Here we demonstrate that, unlike the inhibitory effect on 5HT-stimulated secretion by MTs, RhoprCAPA-α2 does not inhibit secretion stimulated by RhoprDH although it does abolish the synergism that occurs between the two diuretic hormones. In addition, we show that the natriuresis elicited by either diuretic hormone is reduced by RhoprCAPA-α2. Using electrophysiological tools, we investigate the possible mechanism by which this complex regulatory pathway is achieved. Analysis of the pH of secreted fluid as well as the triphasic response in transepithelial potential in MTs treated with diuretic hormones, suggests that RhoprCAPA-α2 does not inhibit the V-type H(+) ATPase. Taken together, these results indicate that RhoprCAPA-α2 functions to reduce the rapid diuresis following blood feeding, and in addition, it inhibits the natriuresis associated with diuretic hormone stimulated MTs. This may reflect an important regulatory mechanism related to the slow diuresis that occurs as the K(+)-rich blood cells are digested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul V Paluzzi
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1.
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Webster SG, Keller R, Dircksen H. The CHH-superfamily of multifunctional peptide hormones controlling crustacean metabolism, osmoregulation, moulting, and reproduction. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 175:217-33. [PMID: 22146796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apart from providing an up-to-date review of the literature, considerable emphasis was placed in this article on the historical development of the field of "crustacean eyestalk hormones". A role of the neurosecretory eyestalk structures of crustaceans in endocrine regulation was recognized about 80 years ago, but it took another half a century until the first peptide hormones were identified. Following the identification of crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH) and moult-inhibiting hormone (MIH), a large number of homologous peptides have been identified to this date. They comprise a family of multifunctional peptides which can be divided, according to sequences and precursor structure, into two subfamilies, type-I and -II. Recent results on peptide sequences, structure of genes and precursors are described here. The best studied biological activities include metabolic control, moulting, gonad maturation, ionic and osmotic regulation and methyl farnesoate synthesis in mandibular glands. Accordingly, the names CHH, MIH, and GIH/VIH (gonad/vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone), MOIH (mandibular organ-inhibiting hormone) were coined. The identification of ITP (ion transport peptide) in insects showed, for the first time, that CHH-family peptides are not restricted to crustaceans, and data mining has recently inferred their occurrence in other ecdysozoan clades as well. The long-held tenet of exclusive association with the eyestalk X-organ-sinus gland tract has been challenged by the finding of several extra nervous system sites of expression of CHH-family peptides. Concerning mode of action and the question of target tissues, second messenger mechanisms are discussed, as well as binding sites and receptors. Future challenges are highlighted.
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Badisco L, Huybrechts J, Simonet G, Verlinden H, Marchal E, Huybrechts R, Schoofs L, De Loof A, Vanden Broeck J. Transcriptome analysis of the desert locust central nervous system: production and annotation of a Schistocerca gregaria EST database. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17274. [PMID: 21445293 PMCID: PMC3061863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) displays a fascinating type of phenotypic plasticity, designated as 'phase polyphenism'. Depending on environmental conditions, one genome can be translated into two highly divergent phenotypes, termed the solitarious and gregarious (swarming) phase. Although many of the underlying molecular events remain elusive, the central nervous system (CNS) is expected to play a crucial role in the phase transition process. Locusts have also proven to be interesting model organisms in a physiological and neurobiological research context. However, molecular studies in locusts are hampered by the fact that genome/transcriptome sequence information available for this branch of insects is still limited. METHODOLOGY We have generated 34,672 raw expressed sequence tags (EST) from the CNS of desert locusts in both phases. These ESTs were assembled in 12,709 unique transcript sequences and nearly 4,000 sequences were functionally annotated. Moreover, the obtained S. gregaria EST information is highly complementary to the existing orthopteran transcriptomic data. Since many novel transcripts encode neuronal signaling and signal transduction components, this paper includes an overview of these sequences. Furthermore, several transcripts being differentially represented in solitarious and gregarious locusts were retrieved from this EST database. The findings highlight the involvement of the CNS in the phase transition process and indicate that this novel annotated database may also add to the emerging knowledge of concomitant neuronal signaling and neuroplasticity events. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we met the need for novel sequence data from desert locust CNS. To our knowledge, we hereby also present the first insect EST database that is derived from the complete CNS. The obtained S. gregaria EST data constitute an important new source of information that will be instrumental in further unraveling the molecular principles of phase polyphenism, in further establishing locusts as valuable research model organisms and in molecular evolutionary and comparative entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Badisco
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Huybrechts
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Simonet
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heleen Verlinden
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Marchal
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnold De Loof
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
The nomenclature currently in use for insect neuropeptide and peptide hormone families is reviewed and suggestions are made as to how it can be rationalized. Based upon this review, a number of conventions are advanced as a guide to a more rationale nomenclature. The scheme that is put forward builds upon the binomial nomenclature scheme proposed by Raina and Gäde in 1988, when just over 20 insect neuropeptides had been identified. Known neuropeptides and peptide hormones are assigned to 32 structurally distinct families, frequently with overlapping functions. The names given to these families are those that are currently in use, and describe a biological function, homology to known invertebrate/vertebrate peptides, or a conserved structural motif. Interspecific isoforms are identified using a five-letter code to indicate genus and species names, and intraspecific isoforms are identified by Roman or Arabic numerals, with the latter used to signify the order in which sequences are encoded on a prepropeptide. The proposed scheme is sufficiently flexible to allow the incorporation of novel peptides, and could be extended to other arthropods and non-arthropod invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Coast
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck (University of London), Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
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Abstract
In a search for more environmentally benign alternatives to chemical pesticides, insect neuropeptides have been suggested as ideal candidates. Neuropeptides are neuromodulators and/or neurohormones that regulate most major physiological and behavioral processes in insects. The major neuropeptide structures have been identified through peptide purification in insects (peptidomics) and insect genome projects. Neuropeptide receptors have been identified and characterized in Drosophila and similar receptors are being targeted in other insects considered to be economically detrimental pests in agriculture and forestry. Defining neuropeptide action in different insect systems has been more challenging and as a consequence, identifying unique targets for potential pest control is also a challenge. In this chapter, neuropeptide biosynthesis as well as select physiological processes are examined with a view to pest control targets. The application of molecular techniques to transform insects with neuropeptide or neuropeptide receptor genes, or knockout genes to identify potential pest control targets, is a relatively new area that offers promise to insect control. Insect immune systems may also be manipulated through neuropeptides which may aid in compromising the insects ability to defend against foreign invasion.
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Sellami A, Agricola HJ, Veenstra JA. Neuroendocrine cells in Drosophila melanogaster producing GPA2/GPB5, a hormone with homology to LH, FSH and TSH. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 170:582-8. [PMID: 21118692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyrostimulin is a dimer hormone formed from glycoprotein A2 (GPA2) and glycoprotein B5 (GPB5) that activates the TSH receptor in vertebrates. A Drosophila GPA2/GPB5 homolog has recently been characterized. Cells producing this novel hormone were localized by in situ hybridization using both the GPA2 and GPB5 DNA sequences and by making transgenic flies in which the GPB5 promoter drives the expression of gal4. Endocrine cells producing GPA2/GPB5 were found in the abdominal neuromeres and are different from the endocrine cells producing crustacean cardioactive peptide or those making leucokinin. They are also not immunoreactive to antisera to the CRF- or calcitonin-like diuretic hormones. Their axons leave the central nervous system through the segmental nerves and project to the periphery were they likely release GPA2/GPB5 into the hemolymph. As has been described for the leucokinin endocrine cells their axons run over the surface of the abdominal musculature, however, the projection patterns of the leucokinin and GPA2/GPB5 neuroendocrine cells are not identical. The chances of adult eclosion of insects from which the GPA2/GPB5 cells have been genetically ablated or have been made to express GPB5-RNAi are severely compromised, demonstrating the physiological importance of the cells producing this hormone. As the receptor for GPA2/GPB5 stimulates the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and is highly expressed in the hindgut, where cAMP stimulates water reabsorption in locusts, it is suggested that GPA2/GPB5 may be an insect anti-diuretic hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Sellami
- Université de Bordeaux, CNIC UMR 5228 CNRS, 33400 Talence, France
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Donohue KV, Khalil SMS, Ross E, Grozinger CM, Sonenshine DE, Michael Roe R. Neuropeptide signaling sequences identified by pyrosequencing of the American dog tick synganglion transcriptome during blood feeding and reproduction. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 40:79-90. [PMID: 20060044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are important vectors of numerous pathogens that impact human and animal health. The tick central nervous system represents an understudied area in tick biology and no tick synganglion-specific transcriptome has been described to date. Here we characterize whole or partial cDNA sequences of fourteen putative neuropeptides (allatostatin, insulin-like peptide, ion-transport peptide, sulfakinin, bursicon alpha/beta, eclosion hormone, glycoprotein hormone alpha/beta, corazonin, four orcokinins) and five neuropeptide receptors (gonadotropin receptor, leucokinin-like receptor, sulfakinin receptor, calcitonin receptor, pyrokinin receptor) translated from cDNA synthesized from the synganglion of unfed, partially fed and replete female American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis. Their homology to the same neuropeptides in other taxa is discussed. Many of these neuropeptides such as an allatostatin, insulin-like peptide, eclosion hormone, bursicon alpha and beta and glycoprotein hormone alpha and beta have not been previously described in the Chelicerata. An insulin-receptor substrate protein was also found indicating that an insulin signaling network is present in ticks. A putative type-2 proprotein processing convertase was also sequenced that may be involved in cleavage at monobasic and dibasic endoproteolytic cleavage sites in prohormones. The possible physiological role of the proteins discovered in adult tick blood feeding and reproduction will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V Donohue
- Department of Entomology, Campus Box 7647, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7647, USA
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Begum K, Li B, Beeman RW, Park Y. Functions of ion transport peptide and ion transport peptide-like in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 39:717-725. [PMID: 19715761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport peptide (ITP) and ITP-like (ITPL) are highly conserved neuropeptides in insects and crustaceans. We investigated the alternatively spliced variants of ITP/ITPL in Tribolium castaneum to understand their functions. We identified three alternatively spliced transcripts named itp, itpl-1, and itpl-2. Expression patterns of the splice variants investigated by exon-specific in situ hybridization were somewhat different from those previously reported in other insect species. Most importantly, we found for the first time that itpl-1 transcripts are abundantly expressed in the midgut at the late larval stage, showing an expression pattern similar to that of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) in the crab Carcinus maenas. CHH was shown to function by increasing the body volume through fluid absorption, resulting in breakage of the outer shell at the time of molt. Exon-specific RNA interference (RNAi) was designed to distinguish between itp and itpl-1, but we were unable to design a dsRNA uniquely targeting or uniquely excluding itpl-2; therefore, RNAi targeting was limited to either itp/itpl-2 or itpl-1/itpl-2. For dsRNA injections in the larval stages, either RNAi led to gradually increasing mortality in the larval and pupal stages, with 100% cumulative mortality at the time of eclosion or shortly afterward. Developmental deficiencies in the adult tarsal segments were observed after RNAi suppressing either itp/itpl-2 or itpl-1/itpl-2. After dsRNA injections at the pupal stage, the most striking observation was a significant reduction in egg numbers (8% of control) and reduced survival of the offspring (5%) in RNAi targeting itpl-1/itpl-2, while a milder degree of the same phenotype was observed in that targeting itp/itpl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurshida Begum
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Clynen E, Schoofs L. Peptidomic survey of the locust neuroendocrine system. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 39:491-507. [PMID: 19524670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are important controlling agents in animal physiology. In order to understand their role and the ways in which neuropeptides behave and interact with one another, information on their time and sites of expression is required. We here used a combination of MALDI-TOF and ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry to make an inventory of the peptidome of different parts (ganglia and nerves) of the central nervous system from the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria and the African migratory locust Locusta migratoria. This way, we analysed the brain, suboesophageal ganglion, retrocerebral complex, stomatogastric nervous system, thoracic ganglia, abdominal ganglia and abdominal neurohemal organs. The result is an overview of the distribution of sixteen neuropeptide families, i.e. pyrokinins, pyrokinin-like peptides, periviscerokinins, tachykinins, allatotropin, accessory gland myotropin, FLRFamide, (short) neuropeptide F, allatostatins, insulin-related peptide co-peptide, ion-transport peptide co-peptide, corazonin, sulfakinin, orcokinin, hypertrehalosaemic hormone and adipokinetic hormones (joining peptides) throughout the locust neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Clynen
- Research Group Functional Genomics and Proteomics, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Dircksen H. Insect ion transport peptides are derived from alternatively spliced genes and differentially expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:401-12. [PMID: 19151215 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.026112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Insect ionic and fluid homeostasis relies upon the Malpighian tubules (MT) and different hindgut compartments. Primary urine formed in MTs is finally modified by ion, solute and water reabsorptive processes primarily in the hindgut under the control of several large peptide hormones. One of these, the ion transport peptide (ITP), is a chloride transport-stimulating and acid secretion-inhibiting hormone similar to crustacean hyperglycaemic hormones (CHHs). In locusts, moths and fruit flies, ITP together with the slightly longer ITPL isoforms, inactive in hindgut bioassays, arise by alternative splicing from very similar itp genes. ITP and ITPL are differentially distributed in (1) pars lateralis/retrocerebral complex neurosecretory cells (NSCs) containing both splice forms, (2) interneurons with either one of the splice forms, (3) hindgut-innervating abdominal ITP neurons (in Drosophila only), and (4) intrinsic, putative sensory NSCs in peripheral neurohaemal perisympathetic/perivisceral organs or transverse nerves (usually containing ITPL). Both splice forms occur as hormones released into the haemolymph in response to feeding or stress stimuli. ITPL mainly released from the peripheral NSCs is discussed as a competitive inhibitor (as established in vitro) of ITP action on yet to be identified hindgut ITP receptors. Furthermore, some evidence has been provided for possible ecdysis-related functions of ITP and/or ITPL in moths. The comparative data on the highly similar gene, precursor and primary structures and similar differential distributions in insect and crustacean NSCs suggest that CHH/ITP and ITPL neuropeptide-producing cells and their gene products share common phylogenetic ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Dircksen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 14, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
The last several decades have seen an explosion of knowledge in the field of structural biology. With critical advances in spectroscopic techniques in examining structures of biomacromolecules, in maturation of molecular biology techniques, as well as vast improvements in computation prowess, protein structures are now being elucidated at an unprecedented rate. In spite of all the recent advances, the protein folding puzzle remains as one of the fundamental biochemical challenges. A facet to this empiric problem is the structural determinants of protein folding. What are the driving forces that pivot a polypeptide chain to a specific conformation amongst the vast conformation space? In this review, we shall discuss some of the structural determinants to protein folding that have been identified in the recent decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse Siang Kang
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Dircksen H, Tesfai LK, Albus C, Nässel DR. Ion transport peptide splice forms in central and peripheral neurons throughout postembryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Neurol 2008; 509:23-41. [PMID: 18418898 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ion transport peptides (ITPs) belong to a large arthropod neuropeptide family including crustacean hyperglycaemic hormones and are antidiuretic hormones in locusts. Because long and short ITP isoforms are generated by alternative splicing from a single gene in locusts and moths, we investigated whether similarly spliced gene products occur in the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster throughout postembryogenesis. The itp gene CG13586 was reanalyzed, and we found three instead of the two previously annotated alternatively spliced mRNAs. These give rise to three different neuropeptides, two long C-terminally carboxylated isoforms (DrmITPL1 and DrmITPL2, both 87 amino acids) and one short amidated DrmITP (73 amino acids), which were partially identified biochemically. Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization reveal nine larval and 14 adult identified neurons: four pars lateralis neurosecretory neurons, three hindgut-innervating neurons in abdominal ganglia, and a stage-specific number of interneurons and peripheral bipolar neurons. The neurosecretory neurons persist throughout postembryogenesis, form release sites in corpora cardiaca, and invade corpora allata. One type of ITP-expressing interneuron exists only in the larval and prepupal subesophageal ganglia, whereas three types of interneurons in the adult brain arise in late pupae and invade circumscribed neuropils in superior median and lateral brain areas. One peripheral bipolar and putative sensory neuron type occurs in the larval, pupal, and adult preterminal abdominal segments. Although the neurosecretory neurons may release DrmITP and DrmITPL2 into the haemolymph, possible physiological roles of the hindgut-innervating and peripheral neurons as well as the interneurons are yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Dircksen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tsai KW, Chang SJ, Wu HJ, Shih HY, Chen CH, Lee CY. Molecular cloning and differential expression pattern of two structural variants of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone family from the mud crab Scylla olivacea. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 159:16-25. [PMID: 18713635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2007] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two full-length cDNA sequences encoding a crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) precursor were cloned from tissues of the mud crab Scylla olivacea. Sco-CHH (S. olivacea CHH) was cloned from eyestalk ganglia, whereas Sco-CHH-L (S. olivacea CHH-like peptide) was cloned from extra-eyestalk tissues (pericardial organ and thoracic ganglia). Each conceptually translated precursor is expected to be processed into a signal peptide, a CHH precursor-related peptide (CPRP), and a mature CHH or CHH-like peptide. The two precursors are identical in amino acid sequence through the 40th residue of the mature peptide, but different from each other substantially in the C-terminus. Both CHH variants contain the six highly conserved cysteine residues characteristic of the CHH family peptides, and share higher sequence identities with other brachyuran CHH sequences than with those of other taxonomic groups. As determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the transcripts of Sco-CHH and Sco-CHH-L were present in eyestalk ganglia and several extra-eyestalk tissues (the thoracic ganglia, pericardial organ, brain, circumesophageal connectives, and gut). Sco-CHH was the predominant form in eyestalk ganglia, while Sco-CHH-L was the predominant form in several extra-eyestalk tissues. Neither transcript was expressed in the muscle, hepatopancreas, ovary, testis, heart, or gill. Antisera were raised against synthetic peptides corresponding to a stretch of sequence-specific to the C-terminus of Sco-CHH or Sco-CHH-L. Western blot analyses of tissues expressing Sco-CHH and Sco-CHH-L detected a Sco-CHH immunoreactive protein in the sinus gland, and a Sco-CHH-L immunoreactive protein in the pericardial organ. Immunohistochemical analyses of the eyestalk ganglia localized both Sco-CHH and Sco-CHH-L immunoreactivity to the sinus gland, and only Sco-CHH immunoreactivity to the X-organ somata; analyses of the pericardial organs also localized both Sco-CHH and Sco-CHH-L immunoreactivity to the anterior and posterior bars, as well as to longitudinal trunks joining the two bars. The combined data provided supporting evidence that Sco-CHH and Sco-CHH-L are co-localized in the same tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Wei Tsai
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Montagné N, Soyez D, Gallois D, Ollivaux C, Toullec JY. New insights into evolution of crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone in decapods--first characterization in Anomura. FEBS J 2008; 275:1039-52. [PMID: 18298796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptides of the crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH) family are encoded by a multigene family and are involved in a wide spectrum of essential functions. In order to characterize CHH family peptides in one of the last groups of decapods not yet investigated, CHH was studied in two anomurans: the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus and the squat lobster Galathea strigosa. Using RT-PCR and 3' and 5' RACE methods, a preproCHH cDNA was cloned from the major neuroendocrine organs (X-organs) of these two species. Hormone precursors deduced from these cDNAs in P. bernhardus and G. strigosa are composed of signal peptides of 29 and 31 amino acids, respectively, and CHH precursor-related peptides (CPRPs) of 50 and 40 amino acids, respectively, followed by a mature hormone of 72 amino acids. The presence of these predicted CHHs and their related CPRPs was confirmed by performing MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry on sinus glands, the main neurohaemal organs of decapods. These analyses also suggest the presence, in sinus glands of both species, of a peptide related to the moult-inhibiting hormone (MIH), another member of the CHH family. Accordingly, immunostaining of the X-organ/sinus gland complex of P. bernhardus with heterologous anti-CHH and anti-MIH sera showed the presence of distinct cells producing CHH and MIH-like proteins. A phylogenetic analysis of CHHs, including anomuran sequences, based on maximum-likelihood methods, was performed. The phylogenetic position of this taxon, as a sister group to Brachyura, is in agreement with previously reported results, and confirms the utility of CHH as a molecular model for understanding inter-taxa relationships. Finally, the paraphyly of penaeid CHHs and the structural diversity of CPRPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montagné
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, FRE 2852 CNRS-Protéines: Biochimie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Equipe Biogenèse des Peptides Isomères, Paris, France.
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Tiu SHK, He JG, Chan SM. The LvCHH-ITP gene of the shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) produces a widely expressed putative ion transport peptide (LvITP) for osmo-regulation. Gene 2007; 396:226-35. [PMID: 17466469 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The LvCHH-ITP gene of Litopenaeus vannamei consists of 4 exons and 3 introns spanning 3.8 kb in size. The primary gene transcript produced a cDNA encoded for the putative ion transport pxeptide (LvITP) from exons 1, 2, 3, 4 and an alternative spliced transcript encoded for a putative CHH-like peptide from exons 1, 2 and 4. The mature LvITP is identical to the eyestalk CHH-like peptides at the N-terminal end but it only shows low amino acid sequence identity at the C-terminal end. In inter-molt shrimp, LvITP transcripts level is low in the eyestalk but is high in other non-eyestalk nervous tissues (i.e. brain, thoracic ganglion and ventral nerve cord), the epidermis, gill and gut. The transcript levels increase gradually towards the pre-molt and reach the maximum at the post-molt (stages A and B). In the gill and nerve cord, LvITP transcript level is low in the post-molt and early inter-molt but is high at the late inter-molt and pre-molt. Because of its high degree of amino acid sequence homology to the insect ion transport peptide, we studied the expression of LvITP in the gills of shrimp. The results indicated that a much higher level of LvITP transcript in the posterior gills which suggests its potential role in osmo-regulation. LvITP transcript level in the gill decreased when shrimp were exposed to both salinity extremes. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) that stimulate the pre-molt condition could cause a significant increase in LvITP transcript level in 48 h. Injection of dsRNA for LvITP, on the contrary, caused a significant reduction in LvITP transcript level and shrimp showed a serious hemorrhage of the posterior gill in a dose-dependent manner. Shrimp injected with high concentration of dsRNA for LvITP died within 24 h. In conclusion, this study provides molecular evidence to support the osmo-regulatory function of LvITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley H K Tiu
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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Abstract
An overview is given of the role of Malpighian (renal) tubules and the hindgut (ileum and rectum) in the excretory process of insects. The review focuses on the mechanism of primary urine production by Malpighian tubules and its control by neurohormones, which includes serotonin and neuropeptides resembling mammalian corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and calcitonin. Particular emphasis is given to in vitro studies of the effect of neurohormones on Malpighian tubule ion transport and a consideration of their likely role in the regulation of salt balance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Coast
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck (University of London), Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
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Drexler AL, Harris CC, dela Pena MG, Asuncion-Uchi M, Chung S, Webster S, Fuse M. Molecular characterization and cell-specific expression of an ion transport peptide in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 329:391-408. [PMID: 17450383 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) peptides regulate diverse physiological processes from reproduction to metabolism and molting in arthropods. In insects, the ion transport peptides (ITP), also members of the CHH family, have only been implicated in ion transport. In this study, we sequenced a nucleotide fragment spanning the conserved A1/A2 region of the putative CHH/ITP gene. This fragment was amplified from larval cDNA of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta and showed a high degree of sequence conservation with the same region from other insects and, to a lesser degree, with that of crustacean species, suggesting the presence of a Manduca-specific CHH/ITP mRNA (MasITP mRNA). CHH-like immunocytochemical analyses with two crustacean antisera (from Carcinus maenas and Cancer pagurus) identified the presence of CHH-like immunoreactivity in nervous tissue of all developmental stages, but not in the gut of M. sexta. Specifically, CHH-like peptides localized to paired type IA(2) neurosecretory cells of the pars lateralis of the brain (projecting ipsilaterallly to the corpora cardiaca-allata complex) and to neurosecretory cells and transverse nerves of the ventral nerve cord in larvae, pupae, and adults. The distribution of the putative MasITP peptide shifted during development in a manner consistent with metamorphic reorganization. A comparison of hemolymph equivalents of CHH detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with CHH-like immunoreactivity in transverse nerves provided evidence for the release of MasITP from the transverse nerves into the hemolymph at insect ecdysis. These data suggest the presence of an insect ITP in M. sexta and a role for this hormone during ecdysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Drexler
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
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Toullec JY, Serrano L, Lopez P, Soyez D, Spanings-Pierrot C. The crustacean hyperglycemic hormones from an euryhaline crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus and a fresh water crab Potamon ibericum: eyestalk and pericardial isoforms. Peptides 2006; 27:1269-80. [PMID: 16413086 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The structures of crustacean hyperglycemic hormones (CHH) were investigated in two crabs, the coastal euryhaline crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus and the fresh water crab Potamon ibericum. The neuropeptide mRNAs were extracted from pericardial and X-organs (PO and XO), and the sequences of the cDNA encoding the hormones' precursors were determined. The X-organ preprohormones are composed of 29 and 28 amino acid signal peptides in P. marmoratus and P. ibericum respectively, followed by 43 and 41 amino acid crustacean hyperglycemic hormone precursor related peptide (CPRP) flanking the 72 amino acid crustacean hyperglycemic hormones. A similar organization is reported for pericardial preprohormones with identical sequences for the signal peptide, the CPRP and the N-terminal sequences of CHH (1-40), but remaining sequences (41-72 and 41-71) differing considerably. In P. marmoratus two CHH cDNAs were characterized from XO and evidences were obtained for the existence of at least two forms in the PO. From our results and by comparison with other known sequences, a consensus pattern for crab pericardial CHH could be pointed out. Analysis of the data presented in this article using phylogenetic methods reveals that the two crab species studied are much closer than previously predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Toullec
- Groupe Biogenèse des Peptides Isomères, CNRS FRE 2852, Protéines: Biochimie structurale et fonctionnelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai St. Bernard, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France.
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Abstract
Structurally related ion transport peptides (ITP) and crustacean hyperglycemic hormones (CHH) are increasingly implicated in diverse metabolic and developmental functions in arthropods. We identified a conserved ITP gene encoding two peptides by alternative splicing in Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori, and Aedes aegypti: A C-terminally amidated ITP and a C-terminally unblocked ITP-like peptide (ITPL), which share common N-terminal sequences but have divergent C-termini. In the moth M. sexta, these peptides are expressed in two, regionally distinct neuronal populations in the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS, PNS). MasITP expression is confined to the brain in five pairs of lateral neurosecretory cells (type Ia(2)) projecting ipsilateral axons into the retrocerebral complex and three to five pairs of adjacent small neurons that arborize extensively within the brain. Expression of MasITPL is comparatively weak in the brain but strong in the ventral ganglia and the PNS, where MasITP is absent. MasITPL occurs in bilaterally paired neurons of all thoracic and abdominal ganglia. In the PNS, MasITPL is coexpressed with crustacean cardioactive peptide in type II link nerve neurons (L1) of abdominal segments 2-7, which project axons into neurohemal transverse nerves. During metamorphosis, additional expression of MasITPL is observed in two pairs of small lateral neurons in the brain and one pair of ventromedial neurons in each of AG2-6. A similar pattern of differential ITP and ITPL expression was observed in the CNS and PNS of B. mori and Schistocerca americana. These distinctive cellular expression patterns suggest that ITP and ITPL have evolved specialized physiological functions in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dai
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Ohira T, Katayama H, Tominaga S, Takasuka T, Nakatsuji T, Sonobe H, Aida K, Nagasawa H. Cloning and characterization of a molt-inhibiting hormone-like peptide from the prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus. Peptides 2005; 26:259-68. [PMID: 15629537 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Revised: 09/04/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it was demonstrated by PCR amplification that an additional molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH)-like peptide was present in the kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus. In this study, a cDNA encoding this peptide designated Pej-MIH-B was cloned. The Pej-MIH-B gene was expressed strongly in the nerve cord, and weakly in the eyestalk. It was possible to isolate Pej-MIH-B from the sinus glands in the eyestalks. The recombinant Pej-MIH-B expressed in Escherichia coli showed low molt-inhibiting activity, but did not exhibit hyperglycemic activity. These results suggest that Pej-MIH-B does not function as MIH or CHH intrinsically, but may have some unknown functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ohira
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Zhao Y, Meredith J, Brock HW, Phillips JE. Mutational analysis of the N-terminus in Schistocerca gregaria ion-transport peptide expressed in Drosophila Kc1 cells. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2005; 58:27-38. [PMID: 15599935 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The functions of the 6-7 amino acid N-terminal domain conserved in insect and crustacean members of the hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) family were assayed by site-directed mutagenesis of Schistocerca gregaria ion-transport peptide (SchgrITP). Mutant peptides were expressed in Drosophila Kc1 cells and tested in a biological assay measuring stimulation of active Cl(-) transport across the locust ileum. We exchanged the N-terminal domain of SchgrITP with that of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus hyperglycemic hormone leaving the remainder of SchgrITP intact. The chimeric peptide was completely inactive in the ileal bioassay, showing that the N-terminus of SchgrITP is essential and that the 2 amino acids (phenylalanine-3 and aspartate-4) conserved in the shrimp and locust peptides are not sufficient for function. We made all possible alanine substitutions in the SchgrITP N-terminal domain. Only phenylalanines 2 and 3 were essential for function in the locust ileal bioassay. All N-terminal mutations were cleaved correctly from the prepropeptide, and expressed in similar concentrations as wild-type ITP suggesting the specific amino acids are not essential for these functions. Post-translational modification may explain a minor ITP isomorph observed in Drosophila Kc1 cell expression. Alanine substitution at position 2 produced a weak ITP antagonist. These structure-function studies, the first for any member of the CHH family, show that both conserved and unconserved amino acids contribute to SchgrITP ion-transport function and that the conserved aspartate in position 4 is required for a yet uncharacterized function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T1Z4, Canada
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Marco HG. Unity and diversity in chemical signals of arthropods: the role of neuropeptides in crustaceans and insects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1275:126-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2004.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mettulio R, Giulianini PG, Ferrero EA, Lorenzon S, Edomi P. Functional analysis of crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormone by in vivo assay with wild-type and mutant recombinant proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 119:189-97. [PMID: 15120480 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Revised: 01/28/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The neuro-endocrine X-organ sinus-gland complex regulates important crustacean physiological processes, such as growth, reproduction and molting. Its major products are the neuropeptides of the cHH/MIH/GIH family. Until now the structure-function relationships of these neuropeptides were established by sequence comparison. To study the functional relevance of conserved amino acid residues or peptide motifs, we generated point and deletion mutants of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus cHH. The wild type mature neuropeptide cHH and its mutant forms were expressed in bacteria as fusion proteins and assayed in vivo to assess their hyperglycemic activity. The wild type cHH had a hyperglycemic activity similar to that of cHH present in an eyestalk extract, and it was blocked by an anti-recombinant cHH antibody. Bioassays of cHHs, obtained by a progressive deletion of five highly conserved motifs, showed that the only deleted cHH, which conserves a hyperglycemic activity, is the one lacking the C-terminal motif, but still retaining all the motifs reported to be important for functional specificity and three-dimensional structure. All the cHH point mutants lacked a hyperglycemic activity. These results identify amino acid residues that are required for the hyperglycemic activity of cHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mettulio
- BRAIN Center, Department of Biology, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 7, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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Abstract
Neuropeptides regulate all important physiological, developmental, and behavioral processes in insects. Here, I review two major physiological events that are hormonally controlled, namely intermediary metabolism and ion and water transport. Peptides belonging to the family of adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) increase hemolymph carbohydrates, lipids, and proline by activating the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase or lipase in the fat body. Moreover, these pleiotropic and multifunctional peptides inhibit protein-, lipid-, and RNA synthesis, and stimulate the frequency of contraction of certain muscles. Diuretic hormones that are related to the vertebrate corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF-related DHs) or belong to the family of kinins (which also have a myotropic action) or the cardioacceleratory peptides (CAPs), which increase the frequency of the heartbeat, all stimulate the secretion of fluid in Malpighian tubules (MTs) in vitro. Only a few true antidiuretic hormones are known: those from mealworms that inhibit the fluid transport in MTs in vitro, probably neuroparsins that stimulate water absorption by everted rectal sacs in vitro, and the desert locust's ion-transport peptide (ITP). Biosynthesis, release, receptors, mode of action, inactivation, structure-activity studies, and biological functions are discussed for the various peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Gäde
- Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
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Bulau P, Meisen I, Reichwein-Roderburg B, Peter-Katalinić J, Keller R. Two genetic variants of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) from the Australian crayfish, Cherax destructor: detection of chiral isoforms due to posttranslational modification. Peptides 2003; 24:1871-9. [PMID: 15127939 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
From sinus glands of the Australian crayfish Cherax destructor, two genetic variants of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) were isolated by HPLC and fully characterized by mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing. Both CHH A (8350.38 Da) and CHH B (8370.34 Da) consist of 72 amino acid residues, with pyroGlu as N-terminus and an amidated (Val-NH2) C-terminus. They differ in 14 residues (81% identity). Both sequences are significantly different from those of the hitherto known three CHHs of Astacoidea species (Northern hemisphere crayfish), which among themselves are extremely conserved. This may reflect the long, separate evolution of the Astacoidea lineage and the Parastacoidea (Southern hemisphere crayfish) lineage, to which Cherax belongs. CHH A and CHH B genes are expressed at comparable levels, as indicated by the similar amounts of mature peptides in the sinus gland. In addition to each of the major peptides, which share the identical N-terminal tripeptide pyroGlu-Val-L-Phe, one chiral isoform containing pyroGlu-Val-D-Phe was identified. Compared to the main peptides, the amounts of the D-isoforms are lower, but significant, amounting to 30-40% of L-isoforms. These results demonstrate that two genes can give rise to a total of four different peptides in the secretory terminals of the sinus gland. All peptides gave a highly significant hyperglycemic in vivo response in C. destructor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bulau
- Institute for Zoophysiology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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