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Batalova AY, Krutovsky KV. Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Longevity in Forest Trees. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10403. [PMID: 37373550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trees are unique in terms of development, sustainability and longevity. Some species have a record lifespan in the living world, reaching several millennia. The aim of this review is to summarize the available data on the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of longevity in forest trees. In this review, we have focused on the genetic aspects of longevity of a few well-studied forest tree species, such as Quercus robur, Ginkgo biloba, Ficus benghalensis and F. religiosa, Populus, Welwitschia and Dracaena, as well as on interspecific genetic traits associated with plant longevity. A key trait associated with plant longevity is the enhanced immune defense, with the increase in gene families such as RLK, RLP and NLR in Quercus robur, the expansion of the CC-NBS-LRR disease resistance families in Ficus species and the steady expression of R-genes in Ginkgo biloba. A high copy number ratio of the PARP1 family genes involved in DNA repair and defense response was found in Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus sylvestris and Malus domestica. An increase in the number of copies of the epigenetic regulators BRU1/TSK/MGO3 (maintenance of meristems and genome integrity) and SDE3 (antiviral protection) was also found in long-lived trees. CHG methylation gradually declines in the DAL 1 gene in Pinus tabuliformis, a conservative age biomarker in conifers, as the age increases. It was shown in Larix kaempferi that grafting, cutting and pruning change the expression of age-related genes and rejuvenate plants. Thus, the main genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of longevity in forest trees were considered, among which there are both general and individual processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Y Batalova
- Genome Research and Education Center, Laboratory of Forest Genomics, Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Krutovsky
- Genome Research and Education Center, Laboratory of Forest Genomics, Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkin Str. 3, 119333 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific and Methodological Center, G.F. Morozov Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies, Timiryazeva Str. 8, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
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Du M, Zhang Y, Chen H, Han R. TaPCNA plays a role in programmed cell death after UV-B exposure in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Funct Plant Biol 2021; 48:1029-1038. [PMID: 34237246 DOI: 10.1071/fp21013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-B is a component of sunlight and shows a significant effect on DNA damage, which can be regulated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The role of TaPCNA in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) programmed cell death (PCD) under UV-B has not been investigated previously. Here, we explored the function of TaPCNA in wheat exposed to UV-B utilising Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus-virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). The results showed that the expression of TaPCNA was downregulated, and curly wheat leaves with several spots were determined by VIGS. The growth rate and mesophyll cell length were significantly inhibited after TaPCNA was silenced. The activity of superoxide dismutase and the contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein decreased, whereas the activities of peroxidase and catalase and malondialdehyde content increased in TaPCNA-silenced and UV-B treatment groups. DNA laddering and propidium iodide staining results showed that DNA fragments and micronucleus accumulated after TaPCNA silencing with or without UV-B. Thus, TaPCNA participates in plant growth and DNA damage and PCD under UV-B. This study suggests an idea for the exploration of the function of certain genes in such complex wheat genomes and offers a theoretical basis to improve wheat agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiting Du
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environment Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Linfen City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environment Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Linfen City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Huize Chen
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environment Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Linfen City, Shanxi Province, China; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
| | - Rong Han
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environment Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Linfen City, Shanxi Province, China; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
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Aoyagi Blue Y, Kusumi J, Satake A. Copy number analyses of DNA repair genes reveal the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in tree longevity. iScience 2021; 24:102779. [PMID: 34278274 PMCID: PMC8271160 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lived organisms are exposed to the risk of accumulating mutations due to DNA damage. Previous studies in animals have revealed the positive relationship between the copy number of DNA repair genes and longevity. However, the role of DNA repair in the lifespan of plants remains poorly understood. Using the recent accumulation of the complete genome sequences of diverse plant species, we performed systematic comparative analyses of the copy number variations of DNA repair genes in 61 plant species with different lifespans. Among 121 DNA repair gene families, PARP gene family was identified as a unique gene that exhibits significant expansion in trees compared to annual and perennial herbs. Among three paralogs of plant PARPs, PARP1 showed a close association with growth rate. PARPs catalyze poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and play pivotal roles in DNA repair and antipathogen defense. Our study suggests the conserved role of PARPs in longevity between plants and animals. Comparing the copy number variations of DNA repair genes in diverse plant species PARP gene family showed higher copy number in trees compared to herbs There was negative correlation between copy number of PARP1 and growth rate in trees Increased copy number of PARP would be evolutionary favored in plant longevity
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Aoyagi Blue
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Junko Kusumi
- Department of Environmental Changes, Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka819-0395, Japan
| | - Akiko Satake
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka819-0395, Japan
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Dias MC, Santos C, Silva S, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS. Physiological and Metabolite Reconfiguration of Olea europaea to Cope and Recover from a Heat or High UV-B Shock. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:11339-11349. [PMID: 32955863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To understand how olives reconfigure their metabolism to face stress shock episodes, plants from the economically relevant olive (Olea europaea cv. Cobrançosa) were exposed to high UV-B radiation (UV-B, 12 kJ m-2 d-1) or heat shock (HS, 40 °C) for two consecutive days. The physiological responses and some important lipophilic compounds were evaluated immediately (day 0) and 30 days after UV-B or HS episodes. Both treatments induced a reduction of the olive physiological performance, particularly increasing cell membrane damages and proline pool and at the same time reducing chlorophyll levels, the quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), and the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers (F'v/F'm). Nevertheless, the HS episode caused more adverse effects, additionally reducing the pool of protective pigments (carotenoids) and the maximum efficiency of PSII (with F0 increase). In the UV-B treatment, despite the higher lipid peroxidation, the activation of some stress protective mechanisms (e.g., increase of NPQ and carotenoids and remobilization of some metabolites, such as phytol and proline) might have contributed to avoiding photoinhibition. Thirty days after stress relief, the performance of olives from both treatments recovered similarly, in part due to the metabolites' adjustments that contributed to strengthened stress protection (an increase of long-chain alkanes) and provided energy (through the use of soluble sugars, mannitol, and myo-inositol) for re-establishment. Other metabolites, like anthocyanins and squalene, also have an important role in responding specifically to HS or UV-B recovery for helping in the oxidative damage control. These data contribute to understanding how young olive plants may deal with climatic episodes when being transferred from nurseries to field orchards, under the actual context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Celeste Dias
- Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Conceição Santos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana C G A Pinto
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Aghdam MS, Alikhani-Koupaei M. Exogenous phytosulfokine α (PSKα) applying delays senescence and relief decay in strawberry fruits during cold storage by sufficient intracellular ATP and NADPH availability. Food Chem 2020; 336:127685. [PMID: 32758803 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we employed exogenous phytosulfokine α (PSKα) for delaying senescence and lessening decay in strawberry fruits during storage at 4 °C for 18 days. Our results showed that the strawberry fruits treated with 150 nM PSKα exhibited lower expression of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) gene, leading to a higher intracellular NAD+ availability, beneficial for a sufficient provision of intracellular NADP+ with the activity of NAD kinase (NADK). Moreover, higher activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD) may be the reason for the sufficient intracellular availability of NADPH in strawberry fruits treated with 150 nM PSKα. In addition, strawberry fruits treated with 150 nM PSKα exhibited a sufficient availability of ATP resulted from higher activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO). Therefore, our results indicate that exogenous PSKα could be beneficial for delaying senescence and reducing decay in strawberry fruits during cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Soleimani Aghdam
- Department of Horticultural Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 34148-96818, Iran.
| | - Majid Alikhani-Koupaei
- Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Higher Educational Complex of Saravan, Saravan, Iran.
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Zhang M, Li W, Feng J, Gong Z, Yao Y, Zheng C. Integrative transcriptomics and proteomics analysis constructs a new molecular model for ovule abortion in the female-sterile line of Pinus tabuliformis Carr. Plant Sci 2020; 294:110462. [PMID: 32234230 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ovule development is critical to plant reproduction and free nuclear mitosis of megagametophyte (FNMM) is vital for ovule development. However, most results of ovule development were based on the studies in angiosperms, and its molecular regulation remained largely unknown in gymnosperms, particularly, during FNMM. In this context, we studied the genome-wide difference between sterile line (SL) and fertile line (FL) ovules using transcriptomics and proteomics approaches in Pinus tabuliformis Carr. Comparative analyses revealed that genes involved in DNA replication, DNA damage repair, Cell cycle, Apoptosis and Energy metabolism were highlighted. Further results showed the low expressions of MCM 2-7, RRM1, etc. perhaps led to abnormal DNA replication and damage repair, and the significantly different expressions of PARP2, CCs1, CCs3, etc. implied that the accumulated DNA double-stranded breaks were failed to be repaired and the cell cycle was arrested at G2/M in SL ovules, potentially resulting in the occurrence of apoptosis. Moreover, the deficiency of ETF-QO might hinder FNMM. Consequently, FNMM stopped and ovule aborted in SL ovules. Our results suggested a selective regulatory mechanism led to FNMM half-stop and ovule abortion in P. tabuliformis and these insights could be exploited to investigate the molecular regulations of ovule development in woody gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenhai Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Feng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zaixin Gong
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Yao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Caixia Zheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Sebastián D, Fernando FD, Raúl DG, Gabriela GM. Overexpression of Arabidopsis aspartic protease APA1 gene confers drought tolerance. Plant Sci 2020; 292:110406. [PMID: 32005402 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought is an environmental stress that severely affects plant growth and crop production. Different studies have focused on drought responses but the molecular bases that regulate these mechanisms are still unclear. We report the participation of Aspartic Protease (APA1) in drought tolerance. Overexpressing APA1 Arabidopsis plants (OE-APA1), showed a phenotype more tolerant to drought compared with WT. On the contrary, apa1 insertional lines were more sensitive to this stress compared to WT plants. Morphological and physiological differences related with the water loss were observed between leaves of OE- APA1 and WT plants. OE-APA1 leaves showed lower stomata index and stomata density as well as a smaller of the stomatic aperture compared to WT plants. qPCR analysis in OE-APA1 leaves, showed higher expression levels of genes related to ABA signaling and synthesis. Analysis of plant lines expressing APA1 promoter fused to GUS showed that APA1 is expressed in epidermal and stomata cells. In summary, this work suggests that APA1 is involved in ABA-dependent response that its overexpression confers drought tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D'Ippólito Sebastián
- Biological Research Institute, National Council of Scientific and Technique Research (CONICET), University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Argentina
| | - Fiol Diego Fernando
- Biological Research Institute, National Council of Scientific and Technique Research (CONICET), University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Argentina
| | - Daleo Gustavo Raúl
- Biological Research Institute, National Council of Scientific and Technique Research (CONICET), University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Argentina
| | - Guevara María Gabriela
- Biological Research Institute, National Council of Scientific and Technique Research (CONICET), University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Argentina.
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Feyissa BA, Arshad M, Gruber MY, Kohalmi SE, Hannoufa A. The interplay between miR156/SPL13 and DFR/WD40-1 regulate drought tolerance in alfalfa. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:434. [PMID: 31638916 PMCID: PMC6802326 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) cultivars tolerant to drought is critical for the crop's sustainable production. miR156 regulates various plant biological functions by silencing SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors. RESULTS To understand the mechanism of miR156-modulated drought stress tolerance in alfalfa we used genotypes with altered expression levels of miR156, miR156-regulated SPL13, and DIHYDROFLAVONOL-4-REDUCTASE (DFR) regulating WD40-1. Previously we reported the involvement of miR156 in drought tolerance, but the mechanism and downstream genes involved in this process were not fully studied. Here we illustrate the interplay between miR156/SPL13 and WD40-1/DFR to regulate drought stress by coordinating gene expression with metabolite and physiological strategies. Low to moderate levels of miR156 overexpression suppressed SPL13 and increased WD40-1 to fine-tune DFR expression for enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis. This, in combination with other accumulated stress mitigating metabolites and physiological responses, improved drought tolerance. We also demonstrated that SPL13 binds in vivo to the DFR promoter to regulate its expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results reveal that moderate relative miR156 transcript levels are sufficient to enhance drought resilience in alfalfa by silencing SPL13 and increasing WD40-1 expression, whereas higher miR156 overexpression results in drought susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruk A. Feyissa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3 Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A4B7 Canada
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3 Canada
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Margaret Y. Gruber
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N OX2 (retired) Canada
| | - Susanne E. Kohalmi
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A4B7 Canada
| | - Abdelali Hannoufa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3 Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A4B7 Canada
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Gu Z, Pan W, Chen W, Lian Q, Wu Q, Lv Z, Cheng X, Ge X. New perspectives on the plant PARP family: Arabidopsis PARP3 is inactive, and PARP1 exhibits predominant poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in response to DNA damage. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:364. [PMID: 31426748 PMCID: PMC6701155 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly (ADP-ribosyl) ation (PARylation) is an important posttranslational modification that regulates DNA repair, gene transcription, stress responses and developmental processes in multicellular organisms. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) catalyzes PARylation by consecutively adding ADP-ribose moieties from NAD+ to the amino acid receptor residues on target proteins. Arabidopsis has three canonical PARP members, and two of these members, AtPARP1 and AtPARP2, have been demonstrated to be bona fide poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases and to regulate DNA repair and stress response processes. However, it remains unknown whether AtPARP3, a member that is highly expressed in seeds, has similar biochemical activity to that of AtPARP1 and AtPARP2. Additionally, although both the phylogenetic relationships and structural similarities indicate that AtPARP1 and AtPARP2 correspond to animal PARP1 and PARP2, respectively, two previous studies have indicated that AtPARP2, and not AtPARP1, accounts for most of the PARP activity in Arabidopsis, which is contrary to the knowledge that PARP1 is the predominant PARP in animals. RESULTS In this study, we obtained both in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrating that AtPARP3 does not act as a typical PARP in Arabidopsis. Domain swapping and point mutation assays indicated that AtPARP3 has lost NAD+-binding capability and is inactive. In addition, our results showed that AtPARP1 was responsible for most of the PARP enzymatic activity in response to the DNA damage-inducing agents zeocin and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and was more rapidly activated than AtPARP2, which supports that AtPARP1 remains the predominant PARP member in Arabidopsis. AtPARP1 might first become activated by binding to damaged sites, and AtPARP2 is then poly (ADP-ribosyl) ated by AtPARP1 in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our biochemical and genetic analysis results strongly support the notion that AtPARP3 has lost poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in plants and performs different functions from those of AtPARP1 and AtPARP2. AtPARP1, instead of AtPARP2, plays the predominant role in PAR synthesis in both seeds and seedlings. These data bring new insights into our understanding of the physiological functions of plant PARP family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Weiyang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Qichao Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Qiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Zeyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Xuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Xiaochun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
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Rissel D, Peiter E. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases in Plants and Their Human Counterparts: Parallels and Peculiarities. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1638. [PMID: 30986964 PMCID: PMC6479469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a rapid and transient post-translational protein modification that was described first in mammalian cells. Activated by the sensing of DNA strand breaks, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase1 (PARP1) transfers ADP-ribose units onto itself and other target proteins using NAD⁺ as a substrate. Subsequently, DNA damage responses and other cellular responses are initiated. In plants, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) have also been implicated in responses to DNA damage. The Arabidopsis genome contains three canonical PARP genes, the nomenclature of which has been uncoordinated in the past. Albeit assumptions concerning the function and roles of PARP proteins in planta have often been inferred from homology and structural conservation between plant PARPs and their mammalian counterparts, plant-specific roles have become apparent. In particular, PARPs have been linked to stress responses of plants. A negative role under abiotic stress has been inferred from studies in which a genetic or, more commonly, pharmacological inhibition of PARP activity improved the performance of stressed plants; in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, a positive role has been suggested. However, reports have been inconsistent, and the effects of PARP inhibitors appear to be more robust than the genetic abolition of PARP gene expression, indicating the presence of alternative targets of those drugs. Collectively, recent evidence suggests a conditionality of stress-related phenotypes of parp mutants and calls for a reconsideration of PARP inhibitor studies on plants. This review critically summarizes our current understanding of poly(ADP-ribosylation) and PARP proteins in plants, highlighting similarities and differences to human PARPs, areas of controversy, and requirements for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Rissel
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Agrochemisches Institut Piesteritz e.V. (AIP), Möllensdorfer Strasse 13, 06886 Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany.
- Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), 38104 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Agrochemisches Institut Piesteritz e.V. (AIP), Möllensdorfer Strasse 13, 06886 Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany.
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Brady PN, Goel A, Johnson MA. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inflammation, and Immunity. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:e00038-18. [PMID: 30567936 DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00038-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature review presented here details recent research involving members of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of proteins. Among the 17 recognized members of the family, the human enzyme PARP1 is the most extensively studied, resulting in a number of known biological and metabolic roles. This review is focused on the roles played by PARP enzymes in host-pathogen interactions and in diseases with an associated inflammatory response. In mammalian cells, several PARPs have specific roles in the antiviral response; this is perhaps best illustrated by PARP13, also termed the zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP). Plant stress responses and immunity are also regulated by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. PARPs promote inflammatory responses by stimulating proinflammatory signal transduction pathways that lead to the expression of cytokines and cell adhesion molecules. Hence, PARP inhibitors show promise in the treatment of inflammatory disorders and conditions with an inflammatory component, such as diabetes, arthritis, and stroke. These functions are correlated with the biophysical characteristics of PARP family enzymes. This work is important in providing a comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenesis and host responses, as well as in the identification of inhibitors. This is important because the identification of inhibitors has been shown to be effective in arresting the progression of disease.
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Frey ME, D'Ippolito S, Pepe A, Daleo GR, Guevara MG. Transgenic expression of plant-specific insert of potato aspartic proteases (StAP-PSI) confers enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytochemistry 2018; 149:1-11. [PMID: 29428248 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific insert of Solanum tuberosum aspartic proteases (StAP-PSI) has high structural similarity with NK-lysin and granulysin, two saposin-like proteins (SAPLIPs) with antimicrobial activity. Recombinant StAP-PSI and some SAPLIPs show antimicrobial activity against pathogens that affect human and plants. In this work, we transformed Arabidopsis thaliana plants with StAP-PSI encoding sequence with its corresponding signal peptide under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Results obtained show that StAP-PSI significantly enhances Arabidopsis resistance against Botrytis cinerea infection. StAP-PSI is secreted into the leaf apoplast and acts directly against pathogens; thereby complementing plant innate immune responses. Data obtained from real-time PCR assays show that the constitutive expression of StAP-PSI induces the expression of genes that regulate jasmonic acid signalling pathway, such as PDF1.2, in response to infection due to necrotrophic pathogens. On the other hand, according to the data described for other antimicrobial peptides, the presence of the StAP-PSI protein in the apoplast of A. thaliana leaves is responsible for the expression of salicylic acid-associated genes, such as PR-1, irrespective of infection with B. cinerea. These results indicate that the increased resistance demonstrated by A. thaliana plants that constitutively express StAP-PSI owing to B. cinerea infection compared to the wild-type plants is a consequence of two factors, i.e., the antifungal activity of StAP-PSI and the overexpression of A. thaliana defense genes induced by the constitutive expression of StAP-PSI. We suggest that the use of this protein would help in minimizing the ecological and health risks that arise from the use of pesticides. We suggest that the use of this protein would help in minimizing the ecological and health risks that arise from the spreading of resistance of agriculturally important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Frey
- Biological Research Institute, National Council of Scientific and Technique Research (CONICET), University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Argentina
| | - Sebastián D'Ippolito
- Biological Research Institute, National Council of Scientific and Technique Research (CONICET), University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Argentina
| | - Alfonso Pepe
- Biological Research Institute, National Council of Scientific and Technique Research (CONICET), University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Argentina
| | - Gustavo Raúl Daleo
- Biological Research Institute, National Council of Scientific and Technique Research (CONICET), University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Guevara
- Biological Research Institute, National Council of Scientific and Technique Research (CONICET), University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Argentina.
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Keppler BD, Song J, Nyman J, Voigt CA, Bent AF. 3-Aminobenzamide Blocks MAMP-Induced Callose Deposition Independently of Its Poly(ADPribosyl)ation Inhibiting Activity. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1907. [PMID: 30619442 PMCID: PMC6305757 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall reinforcement with callose is a frequent plant response to infection. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a protein post-translational modification mediated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation has well-known roles in DNA damage repair and has more recently been shown to contribute to plant immune responses. 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) is an established PARP inhibitor and it blocks the callose deposition elicited by flg22 or elf18, two microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). However, we report that an Arabidopsis parp1parp2parp3 triple mutant does not exhibit loss of flg22-induced callose deposition. Additionally, the more specific PARP inhibitors PJ-34 and INH2BP inhibit PARP activity in Arabidopsis but do not block MAMP-induced callose deposition. These data demonstrate off-target activity of 3AB and indicate that 3AB inhibits callose deposition through a mechanism other than poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT 4 (PMR4) is the callose synthase responsible for the majority of MAMP- and wound-induced callose deposition in Arabidopsis. 3AB does not block wound-induced callose deposition, and 3AB does not reduce the PMR4 mRNA abundance increase in response to flg22. Levels of PMR4-HA protein increase in response to flg22, and increase even more in flg22 + 3AB despite no callose being produced. The callose synthase inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose does not cause similar impacts on PMR4-HA protein levels. Beyond MAMPs, we find that 3AB also reduces callose deposition induced by powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum) and impairs the penetration resistance of a PMR4 overexpression line. 3AB thus reveals pathogenesis-associated pathways that activate callose synthase enzymatic activity distinct from those that elevate PMR4 mRNA and protein abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Keppler
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Junqi Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jackson Nyman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christian A. Voigt
- Phytopathology and Biochemistry, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew F. Bent
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrew F. Bent,
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Briggs AG, Adams-Phillips LC, Keppler BD, Zebell SG, Arend KC, Apfelbaum AA, Smith JA, Bent AF. A transcriptomics approach uncovers novel roles for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the basal defense response in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190268. [PMID: 29284022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) or loss of Arabidopsis thaliana PARG1 (poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase) disrupt a subset of plant defenses. In the present study we examined the impact of altered poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation on early gene expression induced by the microbe-associate molecular patterns (MAMPs) flagellin (flg22) and EF-Tu (elf18). Stringent statistical analyses and filtering identified 178 genes having MAMP-induced mRNA abundance patterns that were altered by either PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) or PARG1 knockout. From the identified set of 178 genes, over fifty Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion lines were chosen and screened for altered basal defense responses. Subtle alterations in callose deposition and/or seedling growth in response to those MAMPs were observed in knockouts of At3g55630 (FPGS3, a cytosolic folylpolyglutamate synthetase), At5g15660 (containing an F-box domain), At1g47370 (a TIR-X (Toll-Interleukin Receptor domain)), and At5g64060 (a predicted pectin methylesterase inhibitor). Over-represented GO terms for the gene expression study included "innate immune response" for elf18/parg1, highlighting a subset of elf18-activated defense-associated genes whose expression is altered in parg1 plants. The study also allowed a tightly controlled comparison of early mRNA abundance responses to flg22 and elf18 in wild-type Arabidopsis, which revealed many differences. The PARP inhibitor 3-methoxybenzamide (3MB) was also used in the gene expression profiling, but pleiotropic impacts of this inhibitor were observed. This transcriptomics study revealed targets for further dissection of MAMP-induced plant immune responses, impacts of PARP inhibitors, and the molecular mechanisms by which poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation regulates plant responses to MAMPs.
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15
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Berglund T, Wallström A, Nguyen TV, Laurell C, Ohlsson AB. Nicotinamide; antioxidative and DNA hypomethylation effects in plant cells. Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 118:551-560. [PMID: 28780454 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nicotinamide (NIC) and its natural plant metabolites nicotinic acid (NIA) and trigonelline (TRIG) were studied with respect to defense in plant cell cultures. NIC and NIA could protect against oxidative stress damage caused by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), which generates free radicals. Damage was analyzed as DNA strand breaks in cell cultures of Pisum sativum (garden pea), Daucus carota (carrot), Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides (hybrid aspen) and Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle), monitored by single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay), and assays of cell leakage in C. roseus. The activities of aconitase and fumarase enzymes, which have key roles in energy metabolism, were analyzed in P. sativum cultures after treatment with NIC or NIA. Aconitase activity was increased by NIA, and fumarase activity was increased by both compounds. These compounds were shown to promote glutathione metabolism in P. sativum cultures, and NIC was shown to have a global DNA hypomethylating effect. Neither TRIG nor poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide offered any protection against DNA damage or cell leakage, nor did they promote aconitase or fumarase activities, or glutathione metabolism. By this broad approach addressing multiple biochemical factors and different plant species, we demonstrate that NIC and NIA protect plant cells from oxidative stress, and that NIC clearly exerts an epigenetic effect; decreased DNA methylation. This indicates that these compounds have important roles in the regulation of metabolism in plant cells, especially in connection to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torkel Berglund
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Tuong-Van Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Cecilia Laurell
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna B Ohlsson
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Liu C, Wu Q, Liu W, Gu Z, Wang W, Xu P, Ma H, Ge X. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases regulate cell division and development in Arabidopsis roots. J Integr Plant Biol 2017; 59:459-474. [PMID: 28263025 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Root organogenesis involves cell division, differentiation and expansion. The molecular mechanisms regulating root development are not fully understood. In this study, we identified poly(adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) as new players in root development. PARP catalyzes poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of proteins by repeatedly adding ADP-ribose units onto proteins using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) as the donor. We found that inhibition of PARP activities by 3-aminobenzomide (3-AB) increased the growth rates of both primary and lateral roots, leading to a more developed root system. The double mutant of Arabidopsis PARPs, parp1parp2, showed more rapid primary and lateral root growth. Cyclin genes regulating G1-to-S and G2-to-M transition were up-regulated upon treatment by 3-AB. The proportion of 2C cells increased while cells with higher DNA ploidy declined in the roots of treated plants, resulting in an enlarged root meristematic zone. The expression level of PARP2 was very low in the meristematic zone but high in the maturation zone, consistent with a role of PARP in inhibiting mitosis and promoting cell differentiation. Our results suggest that PARPs play an important role in root development by negatively regulating root cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zongyin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ping Xu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR47TJ, UK
| | - Hong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaochun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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17
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Zou B, Wan D, Li R, Han X, Li G, Wang R. Calmodulin-binding protein CBP60g functions as a negative regulator in Arabidopsis anthocyanin accumulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173129. [PMID: 28253311 PMCID: PMC5333885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins, a kind of flavonoid, normally accumulate in the flowers and fruits and make them colorful. Anthocyanin accumulation is regulated via the different temporal and spatial expression of anthocyanin regulatory and biosynthetic genes. CBP60g, a calmodulin binding protein, has previously been shown to have a role in pathogen resistance, drought tolerance and ABA sensitivity. In this study, we found that CBP60g repressed anthocyanin accumulation induced by drought, sucrose and kinetin. The expression pattern of CBP60g was in accordance with the anthocyanin accumulation tissues. Real-time qPCR analysis revealed that the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes CHS, CHI and DFR, as well as two members of MBW complex, PAP1, a MYB transcription factor, and TT8, a bHLH transcription factor, were down regulated by CBP60g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Dongli Wan
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Ruili Li
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Wulanchabu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Han
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, P. R. China
| | - Guojing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Ruigang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Rissel D, Heym PP, Thor K, Brandt W, Wessjohann LA, Peiter E. No Silver Bullet - Canonical Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases (PARPs) Are No Universal Factors of Abiotic and Biotic Stress Resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:59. [PMID: 28220129 PMCID: PMC5292411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic stress can have a detrimental impact on plant growth and productivity. Hence, there is a substantial demand for key factors of stress responses to improve yield stability of crops. Members of the poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) protein family, which post-translationally modify (PARylate) nuclear proteins, have been suggested as such universal determinants of plant stress responses. A role under abiotic stress has been inferred from studies in which a genetic or, more commonly, pharmacological inhibition of PARP activity improved the performance of stressed plants. To further elucidate the role of PARP proteins under stress, T-DNA knockout mutants for the three Arabidopsis thaliana PARP genes were subjected to drought, osmotic, salt, and oxidative stress. To exclude a functional redundancy, which was indicated by a transcriptional upregulation of the remaining parp genes, a parp triple mutant was generated. Surprisingly, parp mutant plants did not differ from wild type plants in any of these stress experiments, independent from the number of PARP genes mutated. The parp triple mutant was also analyzed for callose formation in response to the pathogenassociated molecular pattern flg22. Unexpectedly, callose formation was unaltered in the mutant, albeit pharmacological PARP inhibition robustly blocked this immune response, confirming previous reports. Evidently, pharmacological inhibition appears to be more robust than the abolition of all PARP genes, indicating the presence of so-far undescribed proteins with PARP activity. This was supported by the finding that protein PARylation was not absent, but even increased in the parp triple mutant. Candidates for novel PARP-inhibitor targets may be found in the SRO protein family. These proteins harbor a catalytic PARP-like domain and are centrally involved in stress responses. Molecular modeling analyses, employing animal PARPs as templates, indeed indicated a capability of the SRO proteins RCD1 and SRO1 to bind nicotinamide-derived inhibitors. Collectively, the results of our study suggest that the stress-related phenotypes of parp mutants are highly conditional, and they call for a reconsideration of PARP inhibitor studies. In the context of this study, we also propose a unifying nomenclature of PARP genes and parp mutants, which is currently highly inconsistent and redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Rissel
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle (Saale), Germany
- Agrochemisches Institut Piesteritz e.V.Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Peter P. Heym
- Agrochemisches Institut Piesteritz e.V.Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kathrin Thor
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Agrochemisches Institut Piesteritz e.V.Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Agrochemisches Institut Piesteritz e.V.Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle (Saale), Germany
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle (Saale), Germany
- Agrochemisches Institut Piesteritz e.V.Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany
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Noshi M, Mori D, Tanabe N, Maruta T, Shigeoka S. Arabidopsis clade IV TGA transcription factors, TGA10 and TGA9, are involved in ROS-mediated responses to bacterial PAMP flg22. Plant Sci 2016; 252:12-21. [PMID: 27717447 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in chloroplasts have been proposed to act as signaling molecules for plant immunity through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as flg22. To elucidate this process, we herein conducted genetic screening of flg22-sensitive mutants from T-DNA insertion lines lacking chloroplastic H2O2-responsive genes. The results obtained showed that knockout mutants lacking a clade IV TGA transcription factor, TGA10, were more sensitive to the flg22 treatment than wild-type plants. Furthermore, although no flg22-sensitive phenotype was detected in the knockout mutant of another clade IV TGA9, double knockout tga9 tga10 mutants showed more sensitivity to flg22 than single knockout mutants. Transcripts of TGA10 and TGA9 were strongly induced by flg22 in leaves, and this was facilitated by the double knockout of stromal and thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidases (APX), which are major H2O2 scavengers in chloroplasts. The flg22-induced H2O2 accumulation was maintained at high level in these APXs mutants, indicating the clade IV TGAs may be induced by the ROS. Furthermore, TGA10 was required for the complete activation of the expression of several flg22-responsive genes in plants treated with this PAMP. These have provided a new insight into the relationship between the TGA transcription factors and ROS-mediated signaling in PAMPs responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Noshi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
| | - Noriaki Tanabe
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
| | - Takanori Maruta
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
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20
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Rybaczek D. Hydroxyurea-induced replication stress causes poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 accumulation and changes its intranuclear location in root meristems of Vicia faba. J Plant Physiol 2016; 198:89-102. [PMID: 27155387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Replication stress induced by 24 and 48h exposure to 2.5mM hydroxyurea (HU) increased the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 (PARP-2; EC 2.4.2.30) in root meristem cells of Vicia faba. An increase in the number of PARP-2 foci was accompanied by their delocalization from peripheral areas to the interior of the nucleus. Our results indicate that the increase in PARP-2 was connected with an increase in S139-phosphorylated H2AX histones. The findings suggest the possible role of PARP-2 in replication stress. We also confirm that the intranuclear location of PARP-2 depends on the duration of HU-induced replication stress, confirming the role of PARP-2 as an indicator of stress intensity. Finally, we conclude that the more intense the HU-mediated replication stress, the greater the probability of PARP-2 activation or H2AXS139 phosphorylation, but also the greater the chance of increasing the efficiency of repair processes and a return to normal cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Rybaczek
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90236 Łódź, Poland.
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21
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Filippou P, Antoniou C, Obata T, Van Der Kelen K, Harokopos V, Kanetis L, Aidinis V, Van Breusegem F, Fernie AR, Fotopoulos V. Kresoxim-methyl primes Medicago truncatula plants against abiotic stress factors via altered reactive oxygen and nitrogen species signalling leading to downstream transcriptional and metabolic readjustment. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:1259-74. [PMID: 26712823 PMCID: PMC4762377 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic stresses, such as fungal infection and drought, cause major yield losses in modern agriculture. Kresoxim-methyl (KM) belongs to the strobilurins, one of the most important classes of agricultural fungicides displaying a direct effect on several plant physiological and developmental processes. However, the impact of KM treatment on salt and drought stress tolerance is unknown. In this study we demonstrate that KM pre-treatment of Medicago truncatula plants results in increased protection to drought and salt stress. Foliar application with KM prior to stress imposition resulted in improvement of physiological parameters compared with stressed-only plants. This protective effect was further supported by increased proline biosynthesis, modified reactive oxygen and nitrogen species signalling, and attenuation of cellular damage. In addition, comprehensive transcriptome analysis identified a number of transcripts that are differentially accumulating in drought- and salinity-stressed plants (646 and 57, respectively) after KM pre-treatment compared with stressed plants with no KM pre-treatment. Metabolomic analysis suggests that the priming role of KM in drought- and to a lesser extent in salinity-stressed plants can be attributed to the regulation of key metabolites (including sugars and amino acids) resulting in protection against abiotic stress factors. Overall, the present study highlights the potential use of this commonly used fungicide as a priming agent against key abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Filippou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, PO Box 50329 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Chrystalla Antoniou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, PO Box 50329 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Katrien Van Der Kelen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Vaggelis Harokopos
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 34 Fleming Street, 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - Loukas Kanetis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, PO Box 50329 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 34 Fleming Street, 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, PO Box 50329 Limassol, Cyprus
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Jiang CH, Huang ZY, Xie P, Gu C, Li K, Wang DC, Yu YY, Fan ZH, Wang CJ, Wang YP, Guo YH, Guo JH. Transcription factors WRKY70 and WRKY11 served as regulators in rhizobacterium Bacillus cereus AR156-induced systemic resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:157-74. [PMID: 26433201 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The activation of both the SA and JA/ETsignalling pathways may lead to more efficient general and broad resistance to Pst DC3000 by non-pathogenic rhizobacteria. However, the mechanisms that govern this simultaneous activation are unclear. Using Arabidopsis as a model system, two transcription factors, WRKY11 and WRKY70, were identified as important regulators involved in Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) triggered by Bacillus cereus AR156. The results revealed that AR156 treatment significantly stimulated the transcription of WRKY70, but suppressed that of WRKY11 in Arabidopsis leaves. Furthermore, they were shown to be required for AR156 enhancing the activation of cellular defence responses and the transcription level of the plant defence response gene. Overexpression of the two transcription factors in Arabidopsis also showed that they were essential for AR156 to elicit ISR. AR156-triggered ISR was completely abolished in the double mutant of the two transcription factors, but still partially retained in the single mutants, indicating that the regulation of the two transcription factors depend on two different pathways. The target genes of the two transcription factors and epistasis analysis suggested that WRKY11 regulated AR156-triggered ISR through activating the JA signalling pathway, and WRKY70 regulated the ISR through activating the SA signalling pathway. In addition, both WRKY11 and WRKY70 modulated AR156-triggered ISR in a NPR1-dependent manner. In conclusion, WRKY11 and WRKY70 played an important role in regulating the signalling transduction pathways involved in AR156-triggered ISR. This study is the first to illustrate the mechanism by which a single rhizobacterium elicits ISR by simultaneously activating both the SA and JA/ET signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yang Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Chen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Yang Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hang Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Juan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Plant Protection Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning Guangxi 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Peng Wang
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Hui Guo
- Agriculture Institute, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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Pham PA, Wahl V, Tohge T, de Souza LR, Zhang Y, Do PT, Olas JJ, Stitt M, Araújo WL, Fernie AR. Analysis of knockout mutants reveals non-redundant functions of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase isoforms in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol 2015; 89:319-38. [PMID: 26428915 PMCID: PMC4631723 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) has a dual function being involved both in the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and being a constituent of the NAD(+) salvage pathway. To date most studies, both in plant and non-plant systems, have focused on the signaling role of PARP in poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation rather than any role that can be ascribed to its metabolic function. In order to address this question we here used a combination of expression, transcript and protein localization studies of all three PARP isoforms of Arabidopsis alongside physiological analysis of the corresponding mutants. Our analyses indicated that whilst all isoforms of PARP were localized to the nucleus they are also present in non-nuclear locations with parp1 and parp3 also localised in the cytosol, and parp2 also present in the mitochondria. We next isolated and characterized insertional knockout mutants of all three isoforms confirming a complete knockout in the full length transcript levels of the target genes as well as a reduced total leaf NAD hydrolase activity in the two isoforms (PARP1, PARP2) that are highly expressed in leaves. Physiological evaluation of the mutant lines revealed that they displayed distinctive metabolic and root growth characteristics albeit unaltered leaf morphology under optimal growth conditions. We therefore conclude that the PARP isoforms play non-redundant non-nuclear metabolic roles and that their function is highly important in rapidly growing tissues such as the shoot apical meristem, roots and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Anh Pham
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Vanessa Wahl
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Laise Rosado de Souza
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Phuc Thi Do
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Justyna J Olas
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Max-Planck-Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Zhang H, Gu Z, Wu Q, Yang L, Liu C, Ma H, Xia Y, Ge X. Arabidopsis PARG1 is the key factor promoting cell survival among the enzymes regulating post-translational poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15892. [PMID: 26516022 PMCID: PMC4626836 DOI: 10.1038/srep15892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins, characterized by the addition of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) to proteins by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and removal of PAR by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Three PARPs and two PARGs have been found in Arabidopsis, but their respective roles are not fully understood. In this study, the functions of each PARP and PARG in DNA repair were analyzed based on their mutant phenotypes under genotoxic stresses. Double or triple mutant analysis revealed that PARP1 and PARP2, but not PARP3, play a similar but not critical role in DNA repair in Arabidopsis seedlings. PARG1 and PARG2 play an essential and a minor role, respectively under the same conditions. Mutation of PARG1 results in increased DNA damage level and enhanced cell death in plants after bleomycin treatment. PARG1 expression is induced primarily in root and shoot meristems by bleomycin and induction of PARG1 is dependent on ATM and ATR kinases. PARG1 also antagonistically modulates the DNA repair process by preventing the over-induction of DNA repair genes. Our study determined the contribution of each PARP and PARG member in DNA repair and indicated that PARG1 plays a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zongying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Caifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yiji Xia
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaochun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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25
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Song J, Keppler BD, Wise RR, Bent AF. PARP2 Is the Predominant Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase in Arabidopsis DNA Damage and Immune Responses. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005200. [PMID: 25950582 PMCID: PMC4423837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) catalyze the transfer of multiple poly(ADP-ribose) units onto target proteins. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation plays a crucial role in a variety of cellular processes including, most prominently, auto-activation of PARP at sites of DNA breaks to activate DNA repair processes. In humans, PARP1 (the founding and most characterized member of the PARP family) accounts for more than 90% of overall cellular PARP activity in response to DNA damage. We have found that, in contrast with animals, in Arabidopsis thaliana PARP2 (At4g02390), rather than PARP1 (At2g31320), makes the greatest contribution to PARP activity and organismal viability in response to genotoxic stresses caused by bleomycin, mitomycin C or gamma-radiation. Plant PARP2 proteins carry SAP DNA binding motifs rather than the zinc finger domains common in plant and animal PARP1 proteins. PARP2 also makes stronger contributions than PARP1 to plant immune responses including restriction of pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato growth and reduction of infection-associated DNA double-strand break abundance. For poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) enzymes, we find that Arabidopsis PARG1 and not PARG2 is the major contributor to poly(ADP-ribose) removal from acceptor proteins. The activity or abundance of PARP2 is influenced by PARP1 and PARG1. PARP2 and PARP1 physically interact with each other, and with PARG1 and PARG2, suggesting relatively direct regulatory interactions among these mediators of the balance of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. As with plant PARP2, plant PARG proteins are also structurally distinct from their animal counterparts. Hence core aspects of plant poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation are mediated by substantially different enzymes than in animals, suggesting the likelihood of substantial differences in regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Keppler
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Wise
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew F. Bent
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Xu W, Dubos C, Lepiniec L. Transcriptional control of flavonoid biosynthesis by MYB-bHLH-WDR complexes. Trends Plant Sci 2015; 20:176-85. [PMID: 25577424 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 865] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely known for the colors they confer to plant tissues, their contribution to plant fitness and health benefits, and impact on food quality. As convenient biological markers, flavonoids have been instrumental in major genetic and epigenetic discoveries. We review recent advances in the characterization of the underlying regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis, with a special focus on the MBW (MYB-bHLH-WDR) protein complexes. These proteins are well conserved in higher plants. They participate in different types of controls ranging from fine-tuned transcriptional regulation by environmental factors to the initiation of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway by positive regulatory feedback. The MBW protein complexes provide interesting models for investigating developmentally or environmentally controlled transcriptional regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Xu
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, ERL-CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, ERL-CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- INRA and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) SupAgro-M, Université Montpellier 2 (UM2), Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, ERL-CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, ERL-CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France.
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27
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Maruta T, Noshi M, Nakamura M, Matsuda S, Tamoi M, Ishikawa T, Shigeoka S. Ferulic acid 5-hydroxylase 1 is essential for expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-associated genes and anthocyanin accumulation under photooxidative stress in Arabidopsis. Plant Sci 2014; 219-220:61-8. [PMID: 24576765 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important for preventing photoinhibition and photodamage. By comprehensive reverse genetic analysis of chloroplast-produced H2O2-responsive genes, we isolated here an anthocyanin-deficient mutant under photooxidative stress, which lacked ferulate 5-hydroxylase 1 (FAH1) involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Interestingly, the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-associated genes was also inhibited in this mutant. These findings suggest that FAH1 is essential for expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-associated genes and anthocyanin accumulation under photooxidative stress in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we found that estrogen-inducible silencing of thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase, which is a major H2O2-scavenging enzyme in chloroplasts, enhances the expression of FAH1 and anthocyanin biosynthesis-associated genes and accumulation of anthocyanin without any application of stress. Thus, it is likely that chloroplastic H2O2 activates FAH1 expression to induce anthocyanin accumulation for protecting cells from photooxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Maruta
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan; Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Masahiro Noshi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Maki Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Shun Matsuda
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tamoi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
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Schulz P, Jansseune K, Degenkolbe T, Méret M, Claeys H, Skirycz A, Teige M, Willmitzer L, Hannah MA. Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase activity controls plant growth by promoting leaf cell number. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90322. [PMID: 24587323 PMCID: PMC3938684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A changing global environment, rising population and increasing demand for biofuels are challenging agriculture and creating a need for technologies to increase biomass production. Here we demonstrate that the inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity is a promising technology to achieve this under non-stress conditions. Furthermore, we investigate the basis of this growth enhancement via leaf series and kinematic cell analysis as well as single leaf transcriptomics and plant metabolomics under non-stress conditions. These data indicate a regulatory function of PARP within cell growth and potentially development. PARP inhibition enhances growth of Arabidopsis thaliana by enhancing the cell number. Time course single leaf transcriptomics shows that PARP inhibition regulates a small subset of genes which are related to growth promotion, cell cycle and the control of metabolism. This is supported by metabolite analysis showing overall changes in primary and particularly secondary metabolism. Taken together the results indicate a versatile function of PARP beyond its previously reported roles in controlling plant stress tolerance and thus can be a useful target for enhancing biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schulz
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karel Jansseune
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Thomas Degenkolbe
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Michaël Méret
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hannes Claeys
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Skirycz
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Markus Teige
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lothar Willmitzer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Matthew A. Hannah
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Maintaining the length of the telomere tract at chromosome ends is a complex process vital to normal cell division. Telomere length is controlled through the action of telomerase as well as a cadre of telomere-associated proteins that facilitate replication of the chromosome end and protect it from eliciting a DNA damage response. In vertebrates, multiple poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) have been implicated in the regulation of telomere length, telomerase activity and chromosome end protection. Here we investigate the role of PARPs in plant telomere biology. We analyzed Arabidopsis thaliana mutants null for PARP1 and PARP2 as well as plants treated with the PARP competitive inhibitor 3-AB. Plants deficient in PARP were hypersensitive to genotoxic stress, and expression of PARP1 and PARP2 mRNA was elevated in response to MMS or zeocin treatment or by the loss of telomerase. Additionally, PARP1 mRNA was induced in parp2 mutants, and conversely, PARP2 mRNA was induced in parp1 mutants. PARP3 mRNA, by contrast, was elevated in both parp1 and parp2 mutants, but not in seedlings treated with 3-AB or zeocin. PARP mutants and 3-AB treated plants displayed robust telomerase activity, no significant changes in telomere length, and no end-to-end chromosome fusions. Although there remains a possibility that PARPs play a role in Arabidopsis telomere biology, these findings argue that the contribution is a minor one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A. Boltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Madhu Jasti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Townley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dorothy E. Shippen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Swigonska S, Weidner S. Proteomic analysis of response to long-term continuous stress in roots of germinating soybean seeds. J Plant Physiol 2013; 170:470-9. [PMID: 23394790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Germination is a complex process, highly dependent on various environmental factors, including temperature and water availability. Germinating soybean seeds are especially vulnerable to unfavorable environmental conditions and exposure to long-term abiotic stresses may result in diminishing much of the yield and most importantly - restrained germination. In the present study, a proteomic approach was employed to analyze influence of cold and osmotic stress on roots of germinated soybean (Glycine max, L.) seeds. Seeds were germinating under continuous conditions of cold stress (+10°C/H2O), osmotic stress (+25°C/-0.2MPa) as well as cold and osmotic stress combined (+10°C/-0.2MPa). Proteome maps established for control samples and stress-treated samples displayed 1272 CBB-stained spots. A total of 59 proteins, present in both control and stress-treated samples and showing significant differences in volume, were identified with LC/nanoESI-MS. Identified proteins divided into functional categories, revealed 9 proteins involved in plant defense, 8 proteins responsible for plant destination and storage and 10 proteins involved in various tracks of carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, a number of proteins were assigned to electron transport, range of metabolic pathways, secondary metabolism, protein synthesis, embryogenesis and development, signal transduction, cellular transport, translocation and storage. By analyzing differences in expression patterns, it was possible to trace the soybean response to long-term abiotic stress as well as to distinguish similarities and differences between response to cold and osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Swigonska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Street 1a, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland.
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31
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Schnaubelt D, Schulz P, Hannah MA, Yocgo RE, Foyer CH. A phenomics approach to the analysis of the influence of glutathione on leaf area and abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:416. [PMID: 24204368 PMCID: PMC3817356 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reduced glutathione (GSH) is an abundant low molecular weight plant thiol. It fulfills multiple functions in plant biology, many of which remain poorly characterized. A phenomics approach was therefore used to investigate the effects of glutathione homeostasis on growth and stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Rosette leaf area was compared in mutants that are either defective in GSH synthesis (cad2, pad2, and rax1) or the export of γ-glutamylcysteine and GSH from the chloroplast (clt) and in wild-type plants under standard growth conditions and following exposure to a range of abiotic stress treatments, including oxidative stress, water stress, and high salt. In the absence of stress, the GSH synthesis mutants had a significantly lower leaf area than the wild type. Conversely, the clt mutant has a greater leaf area and a significantly reduced lateral root density than the wild type. These findings demonstrate that cellular glutathione homeostasis exerts an influence on root architecture and on rosette area. An impaired capacity to synthesize GSH or a specific depletion of the cytosolic GSH pool did not adversely affect leaf area in plants exposed to short-term abiotic stress. However, the negative effects of long-term exposure to oxidative stress and high salt on leaf area were less marked in the GSH synthesis mutants than the wild type. These findings demonstrate the importance of cellular glutathione homeostasis in the regulation of plant growth under optimal and stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schnaubelt
- Centre of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | | | | | - Rosita E. Yocgo
- Centre of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
- Botany Department, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- Centre of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
- *Correspondence: Christine H. Foyer, Centre of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK e-mail:
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