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Baum BS, Man C. Race and geography impact validity of maximum allowable standing height equations for para-athletes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6551. [PMID: 38504109 PMCID: PMC10951375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
World Athletics use maximum allowable standing height (MASH) equations for para-athletes with bilateral lower extremity amputations to estimate stature and limit prosthesis length since longer prostheses can provide running performance advantages. The equations were developed using a white Spanish population; however, validation for other races and geographical groups is limited. This study aimed to determine the validity of the MASH equations for Black and white Americans and whether bias errors between calculated and measured stature were similar between these populations. Sitting height, thigh length, upper arm length, forearm length, and arm span of 1899 male and 1127 female Black and white Americans from the Anthropometric Survey of US Army Personnel database were input into the 6 sex-specific MASH equations to enable comparisons of calculated and measured statures within and between Black and white groups. Two of 12 MASH equations validly calculated stature for Black Americans and 3 of 12 equations were valid for white Americans. Bias errors indicated greater underestimation or lesser overestimation of calculated statures in 10 equations for Black compared to white Americans and in 2 equations for white compared to Black Americans. This study illustrates that race and geography impact the validity of MASH equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Baum
- , Cambridge, USA.
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA.
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Khan F, Khan S, Rana N, Rahim T, Arshad A, Khan I, Ogaly HA, Ahmed DAEM, Dera AA, Zaib S. Mutational analysis of consanguineous families and their targeted therapy against dwarfism. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38321911 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2307446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Dwarfism is a medical term used to describe individuals with a height-vertex measurement that falls below two standard deviations (-2SD) or the third percentile for their gender and age. Normal development of growth is a complicated dynamic procedure that depends upon the coordination of different aspects involving diet, genetics, and biological aspects like hormones in equilibrium. Any severe or acute pathologic procedure may disturb the individual's normal rate of growth. In this research, we examined four (A-D) Pakistani consanguineous families that exhibited syndromic dwarfism, which was inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. The genomic DNA of each family member was extracted by using phenol-chloroform and Kit methods. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) of affected family members (IV-11, III-5, IV-4 and III-13) from each group was performed at the Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Belgium. After filtering the exome data, the mutations in PPM1F, FGFR3, ERCC2, and PCNT genes were determined by Sanger sequencing of each gene by using specific primers. Afterward, FGFR3 was found to be a suitable drug target among all the mutations to treat achondroplasia also known as disproportionate dwarfism. BioSolveIT softwares were used to discover the lead active inhibitory molecule against FGFR3. This research will not only provide short knowledge to the concerned pediatricians, researchers, and family physicians for the preliminary assessment and management of the disorder but also provide a lead inhibitor for the treatment of disproportionate dwarfism.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroz Khan
- Department of Zoology Wild Life and Fishries, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sarmir Khan
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Nehal Rana
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Rahim
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abida Arshad
- Department of Zoology Wild Life and Fishries, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hanan A Ogaly
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ayed A Dera
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Rezende RC, Menezes de Andrade NL, Branco Dantas NC, de Polli Cellin L, Victorino Krepischi AC, Lerario AM, de Lima Jorge AA. Exome Sequencing Identifies Multiple Genetic Diagnoses in Children with Syndromic Growth Disorders. J Pediatr 2024; 265:113841. [PMID: 37995928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the presence of multiple genetic diagnoses in syndromic growth disorders. STUDY DESIGN We carried out a cross-sectional study to evaluate 115 patients with syndromic tall (n = 24) or short stature (n = 91) of unknown cause from a tertiary referral center for growth disorders. Exome sequencing was performed to assess germline single nucleotide, InDel, and copy number variants. All variants were classified according to ACMG/AMP guidelines. The main outcome measured was the frequency of multiple genetic diagnoses in a cohort of children with syndromic growth disorders. RESULTS The total diagnostic yield of the cohort was 54.8% (63/115). Six patients had multiple genetic diagnoses (tall stature group = 2; short stature group = 4). The proportion of multiple diagnoses within total cases was 5.2% (6/115), and within solved cases was 9.5% (6/63). No characteristics were significantly more frequent when compared with patients with single or multiple genetic findings. Among patients with multiple diagnoses, 3 had syndromes with overlapping clinical features, and the others had syndromes with distinct phenotypes. CONCLUSION Recognition of multiple genetic diagnoses as a possibility in complex cases of syndromic growth disorders opens a new perspective on treatment and genetic counseling for affected patients, defying the medical common sense of trying to fit all findings into one diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Carneiro Rezende
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)/Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Liberatoscioli Menezes de Andrade
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)/Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Naiara Castelo Branco Dantas
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)/Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laurana de Polli Cellin
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)/Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Marcondes Lerario
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Alexander Augusto de Lima Jorge
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)/Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Alyahyawi NY. Auxological, Clinical, and MRI Abnormalities in Pediatric Patients With Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency. Cureus 2024; 16:e54904. [PMID: 38410628 PMCID: PMC10895315 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the auxological, clinical, and MRI features of pediatric patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency (GHD) by analyzing the demographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohort. METHODS A cohort of 115 pediatric patients diagnosed with isolated GHD was included. The patients were evaluated at a tertiary center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Collected data included demographic information and auxological evaluations, such as height standard deviation (SD), height centile, weight SD, weight centile, and bone age SD. Neuroradiological assessments, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hypothalamic-pituitary region, were collected to identify any structural abnormalities contributing to GHD. RESULTS A total of 67 (SD 58.3) were males. The mean age was 9.55 years (SD 3.45). The mean bone age was 7.37 years (SD 3.24), indicating delayed bone development. Height measurements reflected a significant growth impairment, with a mean height SD of -2.45 (SD 1.12). Out of the 115 pediatric patients in the study cohort, 84 (73%) underwent neuroradiological assessments using brain MRI. Among these, 12% were found to have MRI abnormalities. The prevalence of MRI abnormality in the subgroup with severe growth hormone deficiency was higher, reaching 21%. The peak growth hormone (GH) in the growth hormone stimulation test was 6.38 ng/mL (SD 3.24). There was a significant difference in the peak GH levels between the subgroup of patients with normal MRI findings (mean 6.02 ng/mL, SD 2.47) and those with abnormal MRI findings (mean 3.2 ng/mL, SD 2.8) (p=0.01). CONCLUSION Children with isolated GHD exhibited significant growth impairment and clinical characteristics consistent with the disorder. Neuroradiological abnormalities are common among patients with severe growth hormone deficiency; therefore, radiological assessment including MRI of the pituitary gland is recommended in patients with severe isolated growth hormone deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem Y Alyahyawi
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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Wells JCK, Desoye G, Leon DA. Reconsidering the developmental origins of adult disease paradigm: The 'metabolic coordination of childbirth' hypothesis. Evol Med Public Health 2024; 12:50-66. [PMID: 38380130 PMCID: PMC10878253 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In uncomplicated pregnancies, birthweight is inversely associated with adult non-communicable disease (NCD) risk. One proposed mechanism is maternal malnutrition during pregnancy. Another explanation is that shared genes link birthweight with NCDs. Both hypotheses are supported, but evolutionary perspectives address only the environmental pathway. We propose that genetic and environmental associations of birthweight with NCD risk reflect coordinated regulatory systems between mother and foetus, that evolved to reduce risks of obstructed labour. First, the foetus must tailor its growth to maternal metabolic signals, as it cannot predict the size of the birth canal from its own genome. Second, we predict that maternal alleles that promote placental nutrient supply have been selected to constrain foetal growth and gestation length when fetally expressed. Conversely, maternal alleles that increase birth canal size have been selected to promote foetal growth and gestation when fetally expressed. Evidence supports these hypotheses. These regulatory mechanisms may have undergone powerful selection as hominin neonates evolved larger size and encephalisation, since every mother is at risk of gestating a baby excessively for her pelvis. Our perspective can explain the inverse association of birthweight with NCD risk across most of the birthweight range: any constraint of birthweight, through plastic or genetic mechanisms, may reduce the capacity for homeostasis and increase NCD susceptibility. However, maternal obesity and diabetes can overwhelm this coordination system, challenging vaginal delivery while increasing offspring NCD risk. We argue that selection on viable vaginal delivery played an over-arching role in shaping the association of birthweight with NCD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C K Wells
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gernot Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - David A Leon
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Ahlberg R, Garcia-Argibay M, Rietz ED, Butwicka A, Cortese S, D'Onofrio BM, Ludvigsson JF, Larsson H. Associations Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), ADHD Medication, and Shorter Height: A Quasi-Experimental and Family-Based Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:1316-1325. [PMID: 37084883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and shorter height is unclear. This study examined the risk of shorter height in individuals with ADHD, and the influence of prenatal factors, ADHD medication, psychiatric comorbidity, socioeconomic factors, and familial liability. METHOD We drew on Swedish National Registers for 2 different study designs. First, height data for 14,268 individuals with ADHD and 71,339 controls were stratified into 2 groups: (1) before stimulant treatment was introduced in Sweden, and (2) after stimulant treatment was introduced in Sweden. Second, we used a family-based design including 833,172 relatives without ADHD with different levels of relatedness to the individuals with ADHD and matched controls. RESULTS ADHD was associated with shorter height both before (below-average height: OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.22-1.41) and after (below-average height: OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.13-1.31) stimulants for ADHD were introduced in Sweden, and was of similar magnitude in both cohorts. The association between ADHD and shorter height attenuated after adjustment for prenatal factors, psychiatric disorders, and socioeconomic status. Relatives of individuals with ADHD had an increased risk of shorter height (below-average height in full siblings: OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.09-1.19; maternal half siblings: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01-1.20; paternal half siblings: OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.07-1.24, first full cousins: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.08-1.12). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that ADHD is associated with shorter height. On a population level, this association was present both before and after ADHD medications were available in Sweden. The association between ADHD and height was partly explained by prenatal factors, psychiatric comorbidity, low socioeconomic status, and a shared familial liability for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard Ahlberg
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Miguel Garcia-Argibay
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Agnieszka Butwicka
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Stockholm, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, New York; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Brian M D'Onofrio
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Örebro University Hospital, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Bowirrat A, Elman I, Dennen CA, Gondré-Lewis MC, Cadet JL, Khalsa J, Baron D, Soni D, Gold MS, McLaughlin TJ, Bagchi D, Braverman ER, Ceccanti M, Thanos PK, Modestino EJ, Sunder K, Jafari N, Zeine F, Badgaiyan RD, Barh D, Makale M, Murphy KT, Blum K. Neurogenetics and Epigenetics of Loneliness. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:4839-4857. [PMID: 38050640 PMCID: PMC10693768 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s423802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loneliness, an established risk factor for both, mental and physical morbidity, is a mounting public health concern. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying loneliness-related morbidity are not yet well defined. Here we examined the role of genes and associated DNA risk polymorphic variants that are implicated in loneliness via genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and may thus point to specific therapeutic targets. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Medline, and EMBASE databases using specific Medical Subject Headings terms such as loneliness and genes, neuro- and epigenetics, addiction, affective disorders, alcohol, anti-reward, anxiety, depression, dopamine, cancer, cardiovascular, cognitive, hypodopaminergia, medical, motivation, (neuro)psychopathology, social isolation, and reward deficiency. The narrative literature review yielded recursive collections of scientific and clinical evidence, which were subsequently condensed and summarized in the following key areas: (1) Genetic Antecedents: Exploration of multiple genes mediating reward, stress, immunity and other important vital functions; (2) Genes and Mental Health: Examination of genes linked to personality traits and mental illnesses providing insights into the intricate network of interaction converging on the experience of loneliness; (3) Epigenetic Effects: Inquiry into instances of loneliness and social isolation that are driven by epigenetic methylations associated with negative childhood experiences; and (4) Neural Correlates: Analysis of loneliness-related affective states and cognitions with a focus on hypodopaminergic reward deficiency arising in the context of early life stress, eg, maternal separation, underscoring the importance of parental support early in life. Identification of the individual contributions by various (epi)genetic factors presents opportunities for the creation of innovative preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for individuals who cope with persistent feelings of loneliness. The clinical facets and therapeutic prospects associated with the current understanding of loneliness, are discussed emphasizing the relevance of genes and DNA risk polymorphic variants in the context of loneliness-related morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Igor Elman
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Catherine A Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marjorie C Gondré-Lewis
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jag Khalsa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Diwanshu Soni
- Western University Health Sciences School of Medicine, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Thomas J McLaughlin
- Division of Reward Deficiency Clinics, TranspliceGen Therapeutics, Inc, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric R Braverman
- Division of Clinical Neurology, The Kenneth Blum Institute of Neurogenetics & Behavior, LLC, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mauro Ceccanti
- Alcohol Addiction Program, Latium Region Referral Center, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | | | - Keerthy Sunder
- Karma Doctors & Karma TMS, and Suder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Jafari
- Department of Human Development, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
| | - Foojan Zeine
- Awareness Integration Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
- Department of Health Science, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | | | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Purba Medinipur, WB, 721172, India
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Milan Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA
| | - Kevin T Murphy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
- Division of Reward Deficiency Clinics, TranspliceGen Therapeutics, Inc, Austin, TX, USA
- Division of Clinical Neurology, The Kenneth Blum Institute of Neurogenetics & Behavior, LLC, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Purba Medinipur, WB, 721172, India
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VA, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Gouveia MH, Bentley AR, Leal TP, Tarazona-Santos E, Bustamante CD, Adeyemo AA, Rotimi CN, Shriner D. Unappreciated subcontinental admixture in Europeans and European Americans and implications for genetic epidemiology studies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6802. [PMID: 37935687 PMCID: PMC10630423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
European-ancestry populations are recognized as stratified but not as admixed, implying that residual confounding by locus-specific ancestry can affect studies of association, polygenic adaptation, and polygenic risk scores. We integrate individual-level genome-wide data from ~19,000 European-ancestry individuals across 79 European populations and five European American cohorts. We generate a new reference panel that captures ancestral diversity missed by both the 1000 Genomes and Human Genome Diversity Projects. Both Europeans and European Americans are admixed at the subcontinental level, with admixture dates differing among subgroups of European Americans. After adjustment for both genome-wide and locus-specific ancestry, associations between a highly differentiated variant in LCT (rs4988235) and height or LDL-cholesterol were confirmed to be false positives whereas the association between LCT and body mass index was genuine. We provide formal evidence of subcontinental admixture in individuals with European ancestry, which, if not properly accounted for, can produce spurious results in genetic epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus H Gouveia
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Amy R Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thiago P Leal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44197, USA
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-910, Brazil
| | - Carlos D Bustamante
- Center for Computational, Evolutionary and Human Genomics (CEHG), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Adebowale A Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Daniel Shriner
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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9
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Chan TF, Rui X, Conti DV, Fornage M, Graff M, Haessler J, Haiman C, Highland HM, Jung SY, Kenny EE, Kooperberg C, Le Marchand L, North KE, Tao R, Wojcik G, Gignoux CR, Chiang CWK, Mancuso N. Estimating heritability explained by local ancestry and evaluating stratification bias in admixture mapping from summary statistics. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1853-1862. [PMID: 37875120 PMCID: PMC10645552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The heritability explained by local ancestry markers in an admixed population (hγ2) provides crucial insight into the genetic architecture of a complex disease or trait. Estimation of hγ2 can be susceptible to biases due to population structure in ancestral populations. Here, we present heritability estimation from admixture mapping summary statistics (HAMSTA), an approach that uses summary statistics from admixture mapping to infer heritability explained by local ancestry while adjusting for biases due to ancestral stratification. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that HAMSTA hγ2 estimates are approximately unbiased and are robust to ancestral stratification compared to existing approaches. In the presence of ancestral stratification, we show a HAMSTA-derived sampling scheme provides a calibrated family-wise error rate (FWER) of ∼5% for admixture mapping, unlike existing FWER estimation approaches. We apply HAMSTA to 20 quantitative phenotypes of up to 15,988 self-reported African American individuals in the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study. We observe hˆγ2 in the 20 phenotypes range from 0.0025 to 0.033 (mean hˆγ2 = 0.012 ± 9.2 × 10-4), which translates to hˆ2 ranging from 0.062 to 0.85 (mean hˆ2 = 0.30 ± 0.023). Across these phenotypes we find little evidence of inflation due to ancestral population stratification in current admixture mapping studies (mean inflation factor of 0.99 ± 0.001). Overall, HAMSTA provides a fast and powerful approach to estimate genome-wide heritability and evaluate biases in test statistics of admixture mapping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Fung Chan
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xinyue Rui
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heather M Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Su Yon Jung
- Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eimear E Kenny
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Genevieve Wojcik
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R Gignoux
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charleston W K Chiang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Mancuso
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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10
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Zhang R, Fang J, Qi T, Zhu S, Yao L, Fang G, Li Y, Zang X, Xu W, Hao W, Liu S, Yang D, Chen D, Yang J, Ma X, Wu L. Maternal aging increases offspring adult body size via transmission of donut-shaped mitochondria. Cell Res 2023; 33:821-834. [PMID: 37500768 PMCID: PMC10624822 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal age at childbearing has continued to increase in recent decades. However, whether and how it influences offspring adult traits are largely unknown. Here, using adult body size as the primary readout, we reveal that maternal rather than paternal age has an evolutionarily conserved effect on offspring adult traits in humans, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans. Elucidating the mechanisms of such effects in humans and other long-lived animals remains challenging due to their long life course and difficulties in conducting in vivo studies. We thus employ the short-lived and genetically tractable nematode C. elegans to explore the mechanisms underlying the regulation of offspring adult trait by maternal aging. By microscopic analysis, we find that old worms transmit aged mitochondria with a donut-like shape to offspring. These mitochondria are rejuvenated in the offspring's early life, with their morphology fully restored before adulthood in an AMPK-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that early-life mitochondrial dysfunction activates AMPK, which in turn not only alleviates mitochondrial abnormalities but also activates TGFβ signaling to increase offspring adult size. Together, our findings provide mechanistic insight into the ancient role of maternal aging in shaping the traits of adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runshuai Zhang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinan Fang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Qi
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shihao Zhu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luxia Yao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guicun Fang
- Microscopy Core Facility, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunsheng Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Zang
- Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weina Xu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wanyu Hao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shouye Liu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dan Yang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di Chen
- Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xianjue Ma
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lianfeng Wu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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11
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Womack SR, Beam CR, Giangrande EJ, Scharf RJ, Tong X, Ponnapalli M, Davis DW, Turkheimer E. Nonlinear Catch-Up Growth in Height, Weight, and Head Circumference from Birth to Adolescence: A Longitudinal Twin Study. Behav Genet 2023; 53:385-403. [PMID: 37634182 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Owing to high rates of prenatal complications, twins are, on average, substantially smaller than population norms on physical measurements including height, weight, and head circumference at birth. By early childhood, twins are physically average. This study is the first to explore the process of catch-up growth by fitting asymptotic growth models to age-standardized height, weight, and head circumference measurements in a community sample of twins (n = 1281, 52.3% female) followed at up to 17 time points from birth to 15 years. Catch-up growth was rapid over the first year and plateaued around the population mean by early childhood. Shared environmental factors accounted for the majority of individual differences in initial physical size (57.7-65.5%), whereas additive genetic factors accounted for the majority of individual differences in the upper asymptotes of height, weight, and head circumference (73.4-92.6%). Both additive genetic and shared environmental factors were associated with variance in how quickly twins caught up. Gestational age and family SES emerged as important environmental correlates of physical catch-up growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Womack
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | - Christopher R Beam
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evan J Giangrande
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Rebecca J Scharf
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Medha Ponnapalli
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Deborah W Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Norton Children's Research Institute Affiliated with the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Eric Turkheimer
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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12
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Veddum L, Greve AN, Gregersen M, Andreassen AK, Knudsen CB, Brandt JM, Krantz MF, Søndergaard A, Burton BK, Jepsen JRM, Hemager N, Werge T, Thorup AAE, Nordentoft M, Mors O, Nudel R. A study of the genetic architecture of social responsiveness in families with parental schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and population-based controls. Psychiatry Res 2023; 326:115280. [PMID: 37339530 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Twin-studies of social responsiveness have reported moderate to high heritabilities, but studies using parent-child data are lacking. Additionally, social impairments have been suggested as a vulnerability marker for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but the heritability of social responsiveness in this context is unknown. This study is part of the Danish High Risk and Resilience Study - VIA, comprising families with one parent with schizophrenia (n = 202) or bipolar disorder (n = 120) and population-based controls (PBC, n = 200). Social responsiveness was assessed with The Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2). Heritability was estimated from variance components, and a polygenic risk score (PRS) for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was calculated to assess the genetic relationship between ASD and SRS-2. SRS-2 heritability was moderate to high and significantly different from zero in all groups when the children were rated by the primary caregiver. With teacher ratings, the heritability was lower and only significant in the full cohort and PBC. We found no significant association between SRS-2 and PRS for ASD. Our study confirms that social responsiveness is heritable, but that heritability estimates are affected by the child-respondent relation and familial risk of mental illness. This has implications for clinical practice and research using SRS-2 and provides insight on the familial transmission of mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Veddum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Psychiatry, Denmark; iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark.
| | - Aja Neergaard Greve
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Psychiatry, Denmark; iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - Maja Gregersen
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; CORE - Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Krogh Andreassen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Psychiatry, Denmark; iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - Christina Bruun Knudsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Psychiatry, Denmark; iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - Julie Marie Brandt
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; CORE - Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen - Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Denmark
| | - Mette Falkenberg Krantz
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; CORE - Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Research Unit, Capital Region of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Søndergaard
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; CORE - Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen - Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Klee Burton
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Research Unit, Capital Region of Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen - Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatry Region Zealand, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; CORE - Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Research Unit, Capital Region of Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicoline Hemager
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; CORE - Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Research Unit, Capital Region of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Amalie Elgaard Thorup
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Research Unit, Capital Region of Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen - Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; CORE - Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen - Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Psychiatry, Denmark; iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - Ron Nudel
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; CORE - Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Kun E, Javan EM, Smith O, Gulamali F, de la Fuente J, Flynn BI, Vajrala K, Trutner Z, Jayakumar P, Tucker-Drob EM, Sohail M, Singh T, Narasimhan VM. The genetic architecture and evolution of the human skeletal form. Science 2023; 381:eadf8009. [PMID: 37471560 PMCID: PMC11075689 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf8009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The human skeletal form underlies bipedalism, but the genetic basis of skeletal proportions (SPs) is not well characterized. We applied deep-learning models to 31,221 x-rays from the UK Biobank to extract a comprehensive set of SPs, which were associated with 145 independent loci genome-wide. Structural equation modeling suggested that limb proportions exhibited strong genetic sharing but were independent of width and torso proportions. Polygenic score analysis identified specific associations between osteoarthritis and hip and knee SPs. In contrast to other traits, SP loci were enriched in human accelerated regions and in regulatory elements of genes that are differentially expressed between humans and great apes. Combined, our work identifies specific genetic variants that affect the skeletal form and ties a major evolutionary facet of human anatomical change to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eucharist Kun
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Emily M. Javan
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Olivia Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Faris Gulamali
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Javier de la Fuente
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Brianna I. Flynn
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kushal Vajrala
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Zoe Trutner
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Prakash Jayakumar
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Mashaal Sohail
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas (CCG), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 62209 Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Tarjinder Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- The New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vagheesh M. Narasimhan
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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14
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Noorwali EA, Aljaadi AM. A Review of Anthropometric Measurements for Saudi Adults and Elderly, Directions for Future Work and Recommendations to Establish Saudi Guidelines in Line with the Saudi 2030 Vision. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1982. [PMID: 37510422 PMCID: PMC10378928 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11141982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Body weight is a significant risk factor for the disease burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Anthropometric measurements are the first step in determining NCDs risk, and clinicians must have access to valid cutoffs. This study aims to review the literature of Saudi national guidelines and studies previously conducted in Saudi Arabia (SA) and to provide insights and recommendations to establish national guidelines in anthropometric measurements for Saudi adults/elderly in line with the Saudi 2030 Vision. In total, 163 studies were included, and 12 of them contributed to the development of specific anthropometric cutoffs. Cutoffs for metabolic syndrome, waist circumference, and body mass index were established in Saudi adults. However, limited studies were conducted in the elderly. This review warrants establishing standard cutoffs of Saudi adult anthropometrics to avoid over/underreporting of malnutrition and adiposity. This review will help policymakers and the Ministry of Health to establish national guidelines and standard cutoffs to be used in SA for anthropometric measurements that may assist in detecting malnutrition and NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essra A Noorwali
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer M Aljaadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Wang X, Li W, Feng X, Li J, Liu GE, Fang L, Yu Y. Harnessing male germline epigenomics for the genetic improvement in cattle. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:76. [PMID: 37277852 PMCID: PMC10242889 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm is essential for successful artificial insemination in dairy cattle, and its quality can be influenced by both epigenetic modification and epigenetic inheritance. The bovine germline differentiation is characterized by epigenetic reprogramming, while intergenerational and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance can influence the offspring's development through the transmission of epigenetic features to the offspring via the germline. Therefore, the selection of bulls with superior sperm quality for the production and fertility traits requires a better understanding of the epigenetic mechanism and more accurate identifications of epigenetic biomarkers. We have comprehensively reviewed the current progress in the studies of bovine sperm epigenome in terms of both resources and biological discovery in order to provide perspectives on how to harness this valuable information for genetic improvement in the cattle breeding industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Konge Larsen ApS, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xia Feng
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianbing Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - George E Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.
| | - Ying Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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16
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Smith DM, Loughnan R, Friedman NP, Parekh P, Frei O, Thompson WK, Andreassen OA, Neale M, Jernigan TL, Dale AM. Heritability Estimation of Cognitive Phenotypes in the ABCD Study ® Using Mixed Models. Behav Genet 2023; 53:169-188. [PMID: 37024669 PMCID: PMC10154273 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Twin and family studies have historically aimed to partition phenotypic variance into components corresponding to additive genetic effects (A), common environment (C), and unique environment (E). Here we present the ACE Model and several extensions in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study (ABCD Study®), employed using the new Fast Efficient Mixed Effects Analysis (FEMA) package. In the twin sub-sample (n = 924; 462 twin pairs), heritability estimates were similar to those reported by prior studies for height (twin heritability = 0.86) and cognition (twin heritability between 0.00 and 0.61), respectively. Incorporating SNP-derived genetic relatedness and using the full ABCD Study® sample (n = 9,742) led to narrower confidence intervals for all parameter estimates. By leveraging the sparse clustering method used by FEMA to handle genetic relatedness only for participants within families, we were able to take advantage of the diverse distribution of genetic relatedness within the ABCD Study® sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Smith
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pravesh Parekh
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
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17
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Chan TF, Rui X, Conti DV, Fornage M, Graff M, Haessler J, Haiman C, Highland HM, Jung SY, Kenny E, Kooperberg C, Marchland LL, North KE, Tao R, Wojcik G, Gignoux CR, Chiang CWK, Mancuso N. Estimating heritability explained by local ancestry and evaluating stratification bias in admixture mapping from summary statistics. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.10.536252. [PMID: 37131817 PMCID: PMC10153181 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.536252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The heritability explained by local ancestry markers in an admixed population h γ 2 provides crucial insight into the genetic architecture of a complex disease or trait. Estimation of h γ 2 can be susceptible to biases due to population structure in ancestral populations. Here, we present a novel approach, Heritability estimation from Admixture Mapping Summary STAtistics (HAMSTA), which uses summary statistics from admixture mapping to infer heritability explained by local ancestry while adjusting for biases due to ancestral stratification. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that HAMSTA h γ 2 estimates are approximately unbiased and are robust to ancestral stratification compared to existing approaches. In the presence of ancestral stratification, we show a HAMSTA-derived sampling scheme provides a calibrated family-wise error rate (FWER) of ~5% for admixture mapping, unlike existing FWER estimation approaches. We apply HAMSTA to 20 quantitative phenotypes of up to 15,988 self-reported African American individuals in the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study. We observe h ˆ γ 2 in the 20 phenotypes range from 0.0025 to 0.033 (mean h ˆ γ 2 = 0.012 + / - 9.2 × 10 - 4 ), which translates to h ˆ 2 ranging from 0.062 to 0.85 (mean h ˆ 2 = 0.30 + / - 0.023 ). Across these phenotypes we find little evidence of inflation due to ancestral population stratification in current admixture mapping studies (mean inflation factor of 0.99 +/- 0.001). Overall, HAMSTA provides a fast and powerful approach to estimate genome-wide heritability and evaluate biases in test statistics of admixture mapping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Fung Chan
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Xinyue Rui
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - David V Conti
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Heather M Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Su Yon Jung
- Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eimear Kenny
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchland
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Genevieve Wojcik
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R Gignoux
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charleston W K Chiang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California
| | - Nicholas Mancuso
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California
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18
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Srivastava AK, Williams SM, Zhang G. Heritability Estimation Approaches Utilizing Genome-Wide Data. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e734. [PMID: 37068172 PMCID: PMC10923601 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Prior to the development of genome-wide arrays and whole genome sequencing technologies, heritability estimation mainly relied on the study of related individuals. Over the past decade, various approaches have been developed to estimate SNP-based narrow-sense heritability (h SNP 2 ${\rm{h}}_{{\rm{SNP}}}^2$ ) in unrelated individuals. These latter approaches use either individual-level genetic variations or summary results from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Recently, several studies compared these approaches using extensive simulations and empirical datasets. However, sparse information on hands-on training necessitates revisiting these approaches from the perspective of a stepwise guide for practical applications. Here, we provide an overview of the commonly used SNP-heritability estimation approaches utilizing genome-wide array, imputed or whole genome data from unrelated individuals, or summary results. We not only discuss these approaches based on their statistical concepts, utility, advantages, and limitations, but also provide step-by-step protocols to apply these approaches. For illustration purposes, we estimateh SNP 2 ${\rm{h}}_{{\rm{SNP}}}^2$ of height and BMI utilizing individual-level data from The Northern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC) and summary results from the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT;) consortium. We present this review as a template for the researchers who estimate and use heritability in their studies and as a reference for geneticists who develop or extend heritability estimation approaches. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: GREML (GCTA) Alternate Protocol 1: Stratified GREML Basic Protocol 2: LDAK Alternate Protocol 2: Stratified LDAK Basic Protocol 3: Threshold GREML Basic Protocol 4: LD score (LDSC) regression Basic Protocol 5: SumHer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Srivastava
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, USA; The Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, USA; March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA
| | - Scott M. Williams
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, USA; Institute of Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Ge Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, USA; The Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, USA; March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA
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19
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Chmielewski PP, Kozieł S, Borysławski K. Do the short die young? Evidence from a large sample of deceased Polish adults. AR 2023. [DOI: 10.18778/1898-6773.86.1.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Body height is associated with various socioeconomic and health-related outcomes. Despite numerous studies, the relationship between stature and longevity remains uncertain. This study explores the association between self-reported height and lifespan. Data from 848,860 adults who died between 2004 and 2008 in Poland were collected. After excluding a small proportion of records due to missing data or errors, we examined records for 848,387 individuals (483,281 men, age range: 20–110 years; 365,106 women, age range: 20–112 years). Height was expressed as standardized residual variance derived from linear regression in order to eliminate the variance of year of birth on height. After the elimination of the cohort effect, five height classes were designated using centiles: very short, short, medium, tall and very tall. The differences between sexes and among classes were evaluated with two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test. The effect size was assessed using partial eta squared (η2). Pearson’s r coefficients of correlation were calculated. The effect of sex on lifespan was nearly 17 times stronger than the effect of height. No correlation between height and lifespan was found. In conclusion, these findings do not support the hypothesis that taller people have a longevity advantage. We offer tentative explanations for the obtained results.
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Loosen SH, Krieg S, Krieg A, Luedde T, Kostev K, Roderburg C. Adult Body Height Is Associated with the Risk of Type 2 but Not Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 783,029 Individuals in Germany. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062199. [PMID: 36983200 PMCID: PMC10053566 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major global health burden associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although a short adult body height has been associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), there are large inconsistencies between the studies. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between body height and T2D in a large cohort of adult outpatients in Germany. Methods: A total of 783,029 adult outpatients with available body height data from the Disease Analyzer (IQVIA) database were included in Germany between 2010 and 2020. The incidence of diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) was evaluated as a function of the patients’ body height stratified by age, sex, and body-mass-index (BMI). Results: In both women and men in all age groups, incidence of T2D decreased with the increasing body height (<50, 51–60, 61–70, and >70 years). There was no association between the body height and the individual HbA1c value. In multivariable Cox regression analyses adjusted for patient age and BMI, hazard ratios for the development of T2D were 1.15 (95% CI: 1.13–1.17) for each 10 cm decrease in body height in women and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.09–1.12) in men. No significant association was found between body height and the development of T1D. Conclusions: We present the first data from a large cohort of outpatients in Germany, providing strong evidence for an association between adult body height and T2D. These data add to the current literature and might help in implementing body height into existing diabetes risk stratification tools to further reduce morbidity and mortality worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven H. Loosen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.H.L.); (S.K.); Tel.: +49-211-81-16630 (S.H.L. & S.K.); Fax: +49-211-81-04489 (S.H.L. & S.K.)
| | - Sarah Krieg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.H.L.); (S.K.); Tel.: +49-211-81-16630 (S.H.L. & S.K.); Fax: +49-211-81-04489 (S.H.L. & S.K.)
| | | | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.R.)
| | - Karel Kostev
- Department of Surgery (A), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.R.)
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21
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Bello R, Lazar L, Phillip M, de Vries L. Compromised Adult Height in Females with Non-Classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Diagnosed in Childhood. Horm Res Paediatr 2023; 96:465-472. [PMID: 36806217 DOI: 10.1159/000529772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Data on adult height (AHt) in individuals with non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH) are inconsistent. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of 109 females diagnosed with NCCAH at age <18 years who reached AHt. We studied AHt compared to target height (THt) and the correlation of AHt with clinical parameters. RESULTS The mean age at diagnosis was 9.7 ± 4.4 years; the mean follow-up was 10.9 ± 6.3 years. Hydrocortisone treatment (11.0 ± 5.0 mg/m2) was initiated at age 9.7 ± 4.0 years. Bone age was more advanced in girls who presented with central precocious puberty or early puberty (CPP/EP) (n = 43) than with timely puberty. AHt-standard deviation score (SDS) was lower than Ht-SDS at diagnosis (-0.8 ± 1.0 vs. +0.2 ± 1.3; p < 0.001) and -0.3 SDS shorter than THt (p < 0.001). Height, weight, and body mass index-SDS at last visits were similar between patients treated with glucocorticoids (n = 92) and those never treated (n = 17). AHt was comparable between patients with timely puberty and with CPP/EP, with no difference between those treated or not by GnRH analogue. AHt was similar between patients who were fully pubertal (Tanner 5), pre-pubertal (Tanner 1), and pubertal (Tanner 2-4) at diagnosis (158.0 ± 7.6, 158.1 ± 6.1, and 157.5 ± 6.5, respectively; p = 0.9). AHt-SDS was correlated with THt (R = 0.67, p < 0.001) and Ht-SDS at diagnosis (R = 0.7, p < 0.001) but not with age at diagnosis (R = -0.05, p = 0.6), the extent of bone age advancement (R = -0.04, p = 0.72), glucocorticoid treatment duration (R = -0.11, p = 0.34), or dose (R = -0.04, p = 0.70). CONCLUSION AHt of females diagnosed with NCCAH in childhood was lower than their THt. Glucocorticoid treatment duration and dose, pubertal status at diagnosis, and having CPP or EP were not correlated with AHt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Bello
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Liora Lazar
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Phillip
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat de Vries
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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22
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Womack SR, Beam CR, Giangrande EJ, Scharf RJ, Tong X, Ponnapalli M, Davis DW, Turkheimer E. Nonlinear Catch-Up Growth in Height, Weight, and Head Circumference from Birth to Adolescence: A Longitudinal Twin Study. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2005347. [PMID: 36798196 PMCID: PMC9934774 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2005347/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to high rates of prenatal complications, twins are, on average, substantially smaller than population norms on physical measurements including height, weight, and head circumference at birth. By early childhood, twins are physically average. This study is the first to explore the process of catch-up growth by fitting asymptotic growth models to age-standardized height, weight, and head circumference measurements in a community sample of twins ( n = 1,281, 52.3% female) followed at up to 17 time points from birth to 15 years. Catch-up growth was rapid over the first year and plateaued around the population mean by early childhood. Shared environmental factors accounted for the majority of individual differences in initial physical size (57.7%-65.5%), whereas additive genetic factors accounted for the majority of individual differences in the upper asymptotes of height, weight, and head circumference (73.4%-92.6%). Both additive genetic and shared environmental factors were associated with variance in how quickly twins caught up. Gestational age and family SES emerged as important environmental correlates of physical catch-up growth.
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23
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Abstract
Genetic factors are involved in the etiology of most diseases, but prior to 2000, the methods for identifying such factors were very limited. Genome-wide association study (GWAS), developed in the 2000s, is an analytical method that can be applied to most diseases, including endocrine disorders. GWAS has provided a wealth of information on disease risks and the molecular pathogenesis of many human diseases. This review summarizes key findings from GWAS for thyroid physiology and diseases, and illustrates how GWAS is a powerful research tool to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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24
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Young KL, Fisher V, Deng X, Brody JA, Graff M, Lim E, Lin BM, Xu H, Amin N, An P, Aslibekyan S, Fohner AE, Hidalgo B, Lenzini P, Kraaij R, Medina-Gomez C, Prokić I, Rivadeneira F, Sitlani C, Tao R, van Rooij J, Zhang D, Broome JG, Buth EJ, Heavner BD, Jain D, Smith AV, Barnes K, Boorgula MP, Chavan S, Darbar D, De Andrade M, Guo X, Haessler J, Irvin MR, Kalyani RR, Kardia SLR, Kooperberg C, Kim W, Mathias RA, McDonald ML, Mitchell BD, Peyser PA, Regan EA, Redline S, Reiner AP, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Smith JA, Weiss S, Wiggins KL, Yanek LR, Arnett D, Heard-Costa NL, Leal S, Lin D, McKnight B, Province M, van Duijn CM, North KE, Cupples LA, Liu CT. Whole-exome sequence analysis of anthropometric traits illustrates challenges in identifying effects of rare genetic variants. HGG Adv 2023; 4:100163. [PMID: 36568030 PMCID: PMC9772568 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropometric traits, measuring body size and shape, are highly heritable and significant clinical risk factors for cardiometabolic disorders. These traits have been extensively studied in genome-wide association studies (GWASs), with hundreds of genome-wide significant loci identified. We performed a whole-exome sequence analysis of the genetics of height, body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR). We meta-analyzed single-variant and gene-based associations of whole-exome sequence variation with height, BMI, and WHR in up to 22,004 individuals, and we assessed replication of our findings in up to 16,418 individuals from 10 independent cohorts from Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed). We identified four trait associations with single-nucleotide variants (SNVs; two for height and two for BMI) and replicated the LECT2 gene association with height. Our expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis within previously reported GWAS loci implicated CEP63 and RFT1 as potential functional genes for known height loci. We further assessed enrichment of SNVs, which were monogenic or syndromic variants within loci associated with our three traits. This led to the significant enrichment results for height, whereas we observed no Bonferroni-corrected significance for all SNVs. With a sample size of ∼20,000 whole-exome sequences in our discovery dataset, our findings demonstrate the importance of genomic sequencing in genetic association studies, yet they also illustrate the challenges in identifying effects of rare genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Virginia Fisher
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xuan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Misa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Elise Lim
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Bridget M Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Hanfei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, the Netherlands
| | - Ping An
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Alison E Fohner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Bertha Hidalgo
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Petra Lenzini
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, the Netherlands
| | - Ivana Prokić
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, the Netherlands
| | - Colleen Sitlani
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeroen van Rooij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015CN, the Netherlands
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jai G Broome
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Erin J Buth
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Benjamin D Heavner
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Deepti Jain
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathleen Barnes
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Tempus Labs, Chicago, IL 60654, USA
| | - Meher Preethi Boorgula
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sameer Chavan
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dawood Darbar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mariza De Andrade
- Health Quantitative Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marguerite R Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Rita R Kalyani
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wonji Kim
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Merry-Lynn McDonald
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Susan Redline
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerri L Wiggins
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donna Arnett
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Suzanne Leal
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Danyu Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Michael Province
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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25
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Andrade NLM, Cellin LP, Rezende RC, Vasques GA, Jorge AAL. Idiopathic Short Stature: What to Expect from Genomic Investigations. Endocrines 2023; 4:1-17. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Short stature is a common concern for physicians caring for children. In traditional investigations, about 70% of children are healthy, without producing clinical and laboratory findings that justify their growth disorder, being classified as having constitutional short stature or idiopathic short stature (ISS). In such scenarios, the genetic approach has emerged as a great potential method to understand ISS. Over the last 30 years, several genes have been identified as being responsible for isolated short stature, with almost all of them being inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern. Most of these defects are in genes related to the growth plate, followed by genes related to the growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis and RAS-MAPK pathway. These patients usually do not have a specific phenotype, which hinders the use of a candidate gene approach. Through multigene sequencing analyses, it has been possible to provide an answer for short stature in 10–30% of these cases, with great impacts on treatment and follow-up, allowing the application of the concept of precision medicine in patients with ISS. This review highlights the historic aspects and provides an update on the monogenic causes of idiopathic short stature and suggests what to expect from genomic investigations in this field.
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Swinford N, Gallagher B, Sheehama J, Lin M, Prall S, Scelza B, Henn BM. Examination of runs of homozygosity in relation to height in an endogamous Namibian population. Am J Biol Anthropol 2023; 180:207-215. [PMID: 36790690 PMCID: PMC9937629 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Height is a complex, highly heritable polygenic trait subject to both genetic composition and environmental influences. Recent studies suggest that a large proportion of height heritability is determined by the cumulative effect of many low allele frequency variants across the genome. Previous research has also identified an inverse relationship between height and runs of homozygosity (ROH); however, this has yet to be examined within African populations. We aim to identify this association within the Himba, an endogamous Namibian population who are recently bottlenecked, resulting in elevated haplotype sharing and increased homozygosity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we calculate the fraction of the genome composed of long runs of homozygosity (FROH) in a sample of 245 adults and use mixed effects models to assess its effect on height. RESULTS We find that Himba adults exhibit increased homozygosity. However, in contrast to previous studies in other populations, we do not find a significant effect of FROH on height within the Himba. We further estimated heritability of height, noting both an enrichment of distant relatives and greater developmental homogeneity across households; we find that h g 2 = 0.59 (SE ± 0.146), comparable to estimates reported in Europeans. DISCUSSION Our results may be due to other environmental variables we were not able to include, measurement error, or low statistical power, but may also imply that phenotypic expression resulting from increased homozygosity may vary from population to population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Swinford
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Brenna Gallagher
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - Meng Lin
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | | | | | - Brenna M. Henn
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, USA,UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, USA
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Andrade NLM, Funari MFDA, Malaquias AC, Collett-Solberg PF, Gomes NLRA, Scalco R, Dantas NCB, Rezende RC, Tiburcio AMFP, Souza MAR, Freire BL, Krepischi ACV, Longui CA, Lerario AM, Arnhold IJP, Jorge AAL, Vasques GA. Diagnostic yield of a multigene sequencing approach in children classified as idiopathic short stature. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e220214. [PMID: 36373817 PMCID: PMC9716379 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Most children with short stature remain without an etiologic diagnosis after extensive clinical and laboratory evaluation and are classified as idiopathic short stature (ISS). This study aimed to determine the diagnostic yield of a multigene analysis in children classified as ISS. Design and methods We selected 102 children with ISS and performed the genetic analysis as part of the initial investigation. We developed customized targeted panel sequencing, including all genes already implicated in the isolated short-stature phenotype. Rare and deleterious single nucleotide or copy number variants were assessed by bioinformatic tools. Results We identified 20 heterozygous pathogenic (P) or likely pathogenic (LP) genetic variants in 17 of 102 patients (diagnostic yield = 16.7%). Three patients had more than one P/LP genetic alteration. Most of the findings were in genes associated with the growth plate differentiation: IHH (n = 4), SHOX (n = 3), FGFR3 (n = 2), NPR2 (n = 2), ACAN (n = 2), and COL2A1 (n = 1) or involved in the RAS/MAPK pathway: NF1 (n = 2), PTPN11 (n = 1), CBL (n = 1), and BRAF (n = 1). None of these patients had clinical findings to guide a candidate gene approach. The diagnostic yield was higher among children with severe short stature (35% vs 12.2% for height SDS ≤ or > -3; P = 0.034). The genetic diagnosis had an impact on clinical management for four children. Conclusion A multigene sequencing approach can determine the genetic etiology of short stature in up to one in six children with ISS, removing the term idiopathic from their clinical classification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Ferreira de Assis Funari
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Paulo Ferrez Collett-Solberg
- Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Ciências Medicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Nathalia L R A Gomes
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Unidade de Crescimento, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Renata Scalco
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Naiara Castelo Branco Dantas
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Raissa C Rezende
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Angelica M F P Tiburcio
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Unidade de Crescimento, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Micheline A R Souza
- Serviço de Endocrinologia do Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagao Gesteira/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Bruna L Freire
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana C V Krepischi
- Centro de Pesquisa em Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Carlos Alberto Longui
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Antonio Marcondes Lerario
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ivo J P Arnhold
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Andrade Vasques
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Thompson K, Portrait F, Lindeboom M. Is paternal height related to fertility outcomes? Evidence from the Netherlands during the secular growth trend. Econ Hum Biol 2022; 47:101172. [PMID: 35961262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two centuries, the Dutch experienced a tremendous secular trend in height, and ultimately became the tallest nation in the world. Improving environmental conditions likely played the largest role in explaining these developments. But it is not yet precisely clear what factor set the Dutch head and shoulders above other nations, who were also experiencing improving environmental conditions. Could fertility also have played a role? To understand this, we would first need to know whether height and fertility were related during the secular growth trend. In this study, we investigated whether this was the case. A sample of Dutch men, birth years 1850-1900 (n = 3396), was examined. We tested the extents to which height was associated with having a certain number of children, and with having a certain number of children survive infancy. Multinomial logistic regressions were used. In terms of findings, height's relationship to fertility outcomes was curvilinear: being shorter-than-average (0.75-0.5 standard deviations below the mean height) was associated with a higher probability of being married and having five to seven children, while being moderately tall (0.5 standard deviations above the mean height) was associated with the lowest probability of being unmarried. There was no relationship between paternal height and children surviving infancy in the sample overall, but taller height was associated with a decreased risk of being in a high-mortality family among men born between 1880 and 1900. If paternal fertility played a role in the secular growth trend, we would expect to see very tall men have the most children, and clearly have the most children surviving infancy. Given this study's findings, it is unlikely that this was the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Thompson
- Health and Society, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - France Portrait
- School of Business Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Lindeboom
- School of Business Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Brødholt ET, Gautvik KM, Günther CC, Sjøvold T, Holck P. Social stratification reflected in bone mineral density and stature: Spectral imaging and osteoarchaeological findings from medieval Norway. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275448. [PMID: 36260599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents skeletal material from five medieval burial sites in Eastern Norway, confined to one royal burial church, one Dominican monastery, and three burial sites representing parish populations. We combine osteological analysis and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, studying the remains of 227 individuals (102 females and 125 males) employing young, middle, and old adult age categories. The aim is to assess bone mineral density as a skeletal indicator of socioeconomic status including stature as a variable. We detected that socioeconomic status significantly affected bone mineral density and stature. Individuals of high status had higher bone mineral density (0.07 g/cm2, p = 0.003) and taller stature (1.85 cm, p = 0.017) than individuals from the parish population. We detected no significant relationship between young adult bone mineral density and socioeconomic status (p = 0.127 and 0.059 for females and males, respectively). For males, high young adult bone mineral density and stature varied concordantly in both status groups. In contrast, females of high status were significantly taller than females in the parish population (p = 0.011). Our findings indicate quite different conditions during growth and puberty for the two groups of females. The age-related pattern of bone variation also portrayed quite different trajectories for the two socioeconomic status groups of both sexes. We discuss sociocultural practices (living conditions during childhood and puberty, as well as nutritional and lifestyle factors in adult life), possibly explaining the differences in bone mineral density between the high-status and parish population groups. The observation of greater differences in bone mineral density and stature for females than males in the medieval society of Norway is also further discussed.
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Ma Y, Patil S, Zhou X, Mukherjee B, Fritsche LG. ExPRSweb: An online repository with polygenic risk scores for common health-related exposures. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:1742-1760. [PMID: 36152628 PMCID: PMC9606385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex traits are influenced by genetic risk factors, lifestyle, and environmental variables, so-called exposures. Some exposures, e.g., smoking or lipid levels, have common genetic modifiers identified in genome-wide association studies. Because measurements are often unfeasible, exposure polygenic risk scores (ExPRSs) offer an alternative to study the influence of exposures on various phenotypes. Here, we collected publicly available summary statistics for 28 exposures and applied four common PRS methods to generate ExPRSs in two large biobanks: the Michigan Genomics Initiative and the UK Biobank. We established ExPRSs for 27 exposures and demonstrated their applicability in phenome-wide association studies and as predictors for common chronic conditions. Especially the addition of multiple ExPRSs showed, for several chronic conditions, an improvement compared to prediction models that only included traditional, disease-focused PRSs. To facilitate follow-up studies, we share all ExPRS constructs and generated results via an online repository called ExPRSweb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Snehal Patil
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Precision Health Data Science, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Precision Health Data Science, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lars G Fritsche
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Precision Health Data Science, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Xia K, Shabalin AA, Yin Z, Chung W, Sullivan PF, Wright FA, Styner M, Gilmore JH, Santelli RC, Zou F. TwinEQTL: Ultra Fast and Powerful Association Analysis for eQTL and GWAS in Twin Studies. Genetics 2022; 221:6605853. [PMID: 35689615 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a computationally efficient alternative, TwinEQTL, to a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) for twin genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. Instead of analyzing all twin samples together with LMM, TwinEQTL first splits twin samples into two independent groups on which multiple linear regression analysis can be validly performed separately, followed by an appropriate meta-analysis-like approach to combine the two non-independent test results. Through mathematical derivations, we prove the validity of TwinEQTL algorithm and show that the correlation between two dependent test statistics at each single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) are independent of its minor allele frequency (MAF). Thus the correlation is constant across all SNPs. Through simulations, we show empirically that TwinEQTL has well controlled type I error with negligible power loss compared to the gold-standard linear mixed effects models. To accommodate eQTL analysis with twin subjects, we further implement TwinEQTL into a R package with much improved computational efficiency. Our approaches provide a significant leap in terms of computing speed for GWAS and eQTL analysis with twin samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xia
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrey A Shabalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Yin
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Wonil Chung
- School of Public Health, Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fred A Wright
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca C Santelli
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48912, USA
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Nicaise G, Malaval L. [Sex, gender and stature: From biology to culture - and back]. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:464-471. [PMID: 35608470 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of sexual dimorphism of stature (SSD) in the human species is a subject of debate, likely to have a sociocultural impact. Stature is optimally expressed in good environmental conditions, notably good food, with a strong hereditary determinism. The common academic interpretation, already proposed by Darwin, is that SSD results from sexual selection of stronger males, in most species of mammals, including humans. An alternative hypothesis proposes that it might result from alimentary gender coercion in humans. There is practically no SSD until female growth stops, by ossification of cartilage in the growth plates of long bones, largely under the action of estrogens. The mechanism is the same in males, with a delay due to a lesser and/or later concentration of estrogens. This explanation for SSD has the advantage of being valid for most mammalian species, including those like Pan paniscus where females are dominant. The fitness resulting from high estrogen levels would explain the relatively small stature of women, in spite of obstetric difficulties inversely correlated with height. If patriarchy is involved, it would be by the injunction of fertility rather than by alimentary coercion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc Malaval
- Laboratoire de biologie des tissus ostéo-articulaires, UMR Inserm U1059-SAINBIOSE (santé ingéniérie biologie St-Étienne), Université Jean Monnet, Campus santé innovation, 10 rue de la Marandière, 42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
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Tang M, Wang T, Zhang X. A review of SNP heritability estimation methods. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6548385. [PMID: 35289357 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, statistical methods have been developed to estimate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability, which measures the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by all measured SNPs in the data. Estimates of SNP heritability measure the degree to which the available genetic variants influence phenotypes and improve our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex phenotypes. In this article, we review the recently developed and commonly used SNP heritability estimation methods for continuous and binary phenotypes from the perspective of model assumptions and parameter optimization. We primarily focus on their capacity to handle multiple phenotypes and longitudinal measurements, their ability for SNP heritability partition and their use of individual-level data versus summary statistics. State-of-the-art statistical methods that are scalable to the UK Biobank dataset are also elucidated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Tang
- Division of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, No.56 Xin jian South Road, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Division of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, No.56 Xin jian South Road, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuefen Zhang
- Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, No.56 Xin jian South Road, 030001, Shanxi, China
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Trapp NT, Martyna MR, Siddiqi SH, Bajestan SN. The Neuropsychiatric Approach to the Assessment of Patients in Neurology. Semin Neurol 2022; 42:88-106. [PMID: 35477181 PMCID: PMC9177704 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1745741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatry is a clinical neuroscience specialty focused on the evaluation and treatment of patients who present with symptoms at the intersection of neurology and psychiatry. Neuropsychiatrists assess and manage the cognitive, affective, behavioral, and perceptual manifestations of disorders of the central nervous system. Although fellowship training in behavioral neurology-neuropsychiatry exists in the United States and several other countries internationally, the need for neuropsychiatric expertise greatly outweighs the number of specialists in practice or training. This article serves as a primer for both neurologists and psychiatrists seeking to improve or refresh their knowledge of the neuropsychiatric assessment, including detailing aspects of the history-taking, physical exam, psychometric testing, and associated diagnostic work-up. In doing so, we urge the next generation of neurologists and psychiatrists to take on both the opportunity and challenge to work at the intersection of both clinical neuroscience specialties using an integrated neuropsychiatric perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T. Trapp
- Stanford University Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA, USA
- University of Iowa Department of Psychiatry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael R. Martyna
- Stanford University Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA, USA
- University of Alberta Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, CAN
| | - Shan H. Siddiqi
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sepideh N. Bajestan
- Stanford University Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA, USA
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36
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Graham BE, Plotkin B, Muglia L, Moore JH, Williams SM. Estimating prevalence of human traits among populations from polygenic risk scores. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:70. [PMID: 34903281 PMCID: PMC8670062 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of phenotypic variation across populations has not been well explained for most traits. Several factors may cause disparities, from variation in environments to divergent population genetic structure. We hypothesized that a population-level polygenic risk score (PRS) can explain phenotypic variation among geographic populations based solely on risk allele frequencies. We applied a population-specific PRS (psPRS) to 26 populations from the 1000 Genomes to four phenotypes: lactase persistence (LP), melanoma, multiple sclerosis (MS) and height. Our models assumed additive genetic architecture among the polymorphisms in the psPRSs, as is convention. Linear psPRSs explained a significant proportion of trait variance ranging from 0.32 for height in men to 0.88 for melanoma. The best models for LP and height were linear, while those for melanoma and MS were nonlinear. As not all variants in a PRS may confer similar, or even any, risk among diverse populations, we also filtered out SNPs to assess whether variance explained was improved using psPRSs with fewer SNPs. Variance explained usually improved with fewer SNPs in the psPRS and was as high as 0.99 for height in men using only 548 of the initial 4208 SNPs. That reducing SNPs improves psPRSs performance may indicate that missing heritability is partially due to complex architecture that does not mandate additivity, undiscovered variants or spurious associations in the databases. We demonstrated that PRS-based analyses can be used across diverse populations and phenotypes for population prediction and that these comparisons can identify the universal risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney E Graham
- Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences and Genetics and Genome Scenes, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Brian Plotkin
- Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences and Genetics and Genome Scenes, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Louis Muglia
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27614, USA.,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jason H Moore
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Scott M Williams
- Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences and Genetics and Genome Scenes, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Arnatkeviciute A, Fulcher BD, Bellgrove MA, Fornito A. Where the genome meets the connectome: Understanding how genes shape human brain connectivity. Neuroimage 2021; 244:118570. [PMID: 34508898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of modern neuroimaging methods with genetically informative designs and data can shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the structural and functional organization of the human connectome. Here, we review studies that have investigated the genetic basis of human brain network structure and function through three complementary frameworks: (1) the quantification of phenotypic heritability through classical twin designs; (2) the identification of specific DNA variants linked to phenotypic variation through association and related studies; and (3) the analysis of correlations between spatial variations in imaging phenotypes and gene expression profiles through the integration of neuroimaging and transcriptional atlas data. We consider the basic foundations, strengths, limitations, and discoveries associated with each approach. We present converging evidence to indicate that anatomical connectivity is under stronger genetic influence than functional connectivity and that genetic influences are not uniformly distributed throughout the brain, with phenotypic variation in certain regions and connections being under stronger genetic control than others. We also consider how the combination of imaging and genetics can be used to understand the ways in which genes may drive brain dysfunction in different clinical disorders.
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Wei Q. ACE and ACTN3 Gene Polymorphisms and Genetic Traits of Rowing Athletes in the Northern Han Chinese Population. Front Genet 2021; 12:736876. [PMID: 34721527 PMCID: PMC8551674 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.736876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation aimed to explore the effects of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X gene polymorphisms on specific quantitative variables, including height, weight, arm span, biacromial breadth, forced vital capacity (FVC), FVC/weight, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), prone bench pull (PBP), loaded barbell squat (LBS), and 3,000-m run, in 243 Chinese rowing athletes. The ACE and ACTN3 genotypes were obtained for each athlete via polymerase chain reaction on saliva samples, and the genotype frequency was analyzed. The ACE genotype frequency of rowing athletes were 45.8% II, 42.2% ID, and 12% DD for males and 33.6% II, 48% ID, and 18.4% DD for females. There were significant differences in weight in male athletes, PBP in female athletes, and ACE genotypes. A linear regression analysis using PBP and LBS as different dependent variables and ACE genotypes as independent variables based on the ACE I allele additive genetic effect showed a statistical significance in female athletes (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the distribution of the three genotypes among male athletes (36.7% XX, 38.5% RX, and 24.8% RR, χ2 = 5.191, df = 2, p = 0.022 < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the distribution of the three genotypes among female athletes (23.8% XX, 47.8% RX, 28.4% RR, χ 2 = 0.24, df = 2, p = 0.619 > 0.05). The ACTN3 gene polymorphism of male rowing athletes was dominated by the ACTN3 577X allele. There were significant differences in the χ 2 test between groups of male athletes. The ACTN3 R577 allele was dominant in female athletes. There were significant differences between PBP and FVC/body weight and ACTN3 genotypes in male athletes by ANOVA, respectively (p < 0.05). A linear regression analysis using FVC and FVC/body weight as dependent variables and ACTN3 genotypes as independent variables based on the ACTN3 577X allele recessive genetic effect showed statistical significance in male athletes (p < 0.05). These results suggested that ACE and ACTN3 gene polymorphisms may be used as biomarkers of genetic traits in Chinese rowing athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport of China, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Sports Science, Wuhan, China
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Lee YB, Lee JH, Kim YH, Seo JM, Yu DS, Park YG, Han KD. Positive association between actinic keratosis and internal malignancies: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19769. [PMID: 34611257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the comorbidities in actinic keratosis patients. To evaluate the association of actinic keratosis with certain malignancies. All patients with actinic keratosis (n = 61,438) and age- and sex-matched control subjects (n = 307,190) at a 5:1 ratio were enrolled using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service between the years 2007 and 2014. In subjects with actinic keratosis, overall cancer incidence was higher than that for controls after income level, habitat, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were adjusted (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 1.43 [95% confidence interval 1.38–1.47]). The positive association of specific cancers were observed in the following order: skin cancer (HR = 3.43 [2.47–4.75]), oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer (HR = 1.99 [1.57–2.52]), lymphoma (HR = 1.59 [1.28–1.96]), leukemia (HR = 1.35 [1.03–1.77]), prostate cancer (HR = 1.35 [1.21–1.51]), renal cancer (HR = 1.29 [1.02–1.63]), liver cancer (HR = 1.21 [1.09–1.35]), thyroid cancer (HR = 1.20 [1.05–1.38]), and gastric cancer (HR = 1.13 [1.03–1.23]). Although further research on pathologic mechanism is needed, the implications of a positive correlation between actinic keratosis and internal organ malignancies has great significance.
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Jones G, Parr J, Nithiarasu P, Pant S. A physiologically realistic virtual patient database for the study of arterial haemodynamics. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng 2021; 37:e3497. [PMID: 33973397 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study creates a physiologically realistic virtual patient database (VPD), representing the human arterial system, for the primary purpose of studying the effects of arterial disease on haemodynamics. A low dimensional representation of an anatomically detailed arterial network is outlined, and a physiologically realistic posterior distribution for its parameters constructed through the use of a Bayesian approach. This approach combines both physiological/geometrical constraints and the available measurements reported in the literature. A key contribution of this work is to present a framework for including all such available information for the creation of virtual patients (VPs). The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method is used to sample random VPs from this posterior distribution, and the pressure and flow-rate profiles associated with each VP computed through a physics based model of pulse wave propagation. This combination of the arterial network parameters (representing a virtual patient) and the haemodynamics waveforms of pressure and flow-rates at various locations (representing functional response and potential measurements that can be acquired in the virtual patient) makes up the VPD. While 75,000 VPs are sampled from the posterior distribution, 10,000 are discarded as the initial burn-in period of the MCMC sampler. A further 12,857 VPs are subsequently removed due to the presence of negative average flow-rate, reducing the VPD to 52,143. Due to undesirable behaviour observed in some VPs-asymmetric under- and over-damped pressure and flow-rate profiles in left and right sides of the arterial system-a filter is proposed to remove VPs showing such behaviour. Post application of the filter, the VPD has 28,868 subjects. It is shown that the methodology is appropriate by comparing the VPD statistics to those reported in literature across real populations. Generally, a good agreement between the two is found while respecting physiological/geometrical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Jones
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Jim Parr
- Applied Technologies, McLaren Technology Centre, Woking, UK
| | | | - Sanjay Pant
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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El-Boraie A, Tanner JA, Zhu AZX, Claw KG, Prasad B, Schuetz EG, Thummel KE, Fukunaga K, Mushiroda T, Kubo M, Benowitz NL, Lerman C, Tyndale RF. Functional characterization of novel rare CYP2A6 variants and potential implications for clinical outcomes. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 15:204-220. [PMID: 34476898 PMCID: PMC8742641 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP2A6 activity, phenotyped by the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), is a predictor of several smoking behaviors, including cessation and smoking‐related disease risk. The heritability of the NMR is 60–80%, yet weighted genetic risk scores (wGRSs) based on common variants explain only 30–35%. Rare variants (minor allele frequency <1%) are hypothesized to explain some of this missing heritability. We present two targeted sequencing studies where rare protein‐coding variants are functionally characterized in vivo, in silico, and in vitro to examine this hypothesis. In a smoking cessation trial, 1687 individuals were sequenced; characterization measures included the in vivo NMR, in vitro protein expression, and metabolic activity measured from recombinant proteins. In a human liver bank, 312 human liver samples were sequenced; measures included RNA expression, protein expression, and metabolic activity from extracted liver tissue. In total, 38 of 47 rare coding variants identified were novel; characterizations ranged from gain‐of‐function to loss‐of‐function. On a population level, the portion of NMR variation explained by the rare coding variants was small (~1%). However, upon incorporation, the accuracy of the wGRS was improved for individuals with rare protein‐coding variants (i.e., the residuals were reduced), and approximately one‐third of these individuals (12/39) were re‐assigned from normal to slow metabolizer status. Rare coding variants can alter an individual’s CYP2A6 activity; their integration into wGRSs through precise functional characterization is necessary to accurately assess clinical outcomes and achieve precision medicine for all. Investigation into noncoding variants is warranted to further explain the missing heritability in the NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Boraie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Andy Z X Zhu
- Department of Quantitative Translational Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katrina G Claw
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Erin G Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Koya Fukunaga
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Michiaki Kubo
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Department of Psychiatry, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Norris T, Mansukoski L, Gilthorpe MS, Hamer M, Hardy R, Howe LD, Li L, Ong KK, Ploubidis GB, Viner RM, Johnson W. Early childhood weight gain: Latent patterns and body composition outcomes. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2021; 35:557-568. [PMID: 33960515 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite early childhood weight gain being a key indicator of obesity risk, we do not have a good understanding of the different patterns that exist. OBJECTIVES To identify and characterise distinct groups of children displaying similar early-life weight trajectories. METHODS A growth mixture model captured heterogeneity in weight trajectories between 0 and 60 months in 1390 children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Differences between the classes in characteristics and body size/composition at 9 years were investigated. RESULTS The best model had five classes. The "Normal" (45%) and "Normal after initial catch-down" (24%) classes were close to the 50th centile of a growth standard between 24 and 60 months. The "High-decreasing" (21%) and "Stable-high" (7%) classes peaked at the ~91st centile at 12-18 months, but while the former declined to the ~75th centile and comprised constitutionally big children, the latter did not. The "Rapidly increasing" (3%) class gained weight from below the 50th centile at 4 months to above the 91st centile at 60 months. By 9 years, their mean body mass index (BMI) placed them at the 98th centile. This class was characterised by the highest maternal BMI; highest parity; highest levels of gestational hypertension and diabetes; and the lowest socio-economic position. At 9 years, the "Rapidly increasing" class was estimated to have 68.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 48.3, 88.1) more fat mass than the "Normal" class, but only 14.0% (95% CI 9.1, 18.9) more lean mass. CONCLUSIONS Criteria used in growth monitoring practice are unlikely to consistently distinguish between the different patterns of weight gain reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Norris
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Liina Mansukoski
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark S Gilthorpe
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Alan Turing Institute, British Library, London, UK
| | - Mark Hamer
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Faculty Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- CLOSER, Department of Social Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura D Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Leah Li
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit and Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George B Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Russell M Viner
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - William Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Lee YB, Kim HS. Height and Risk of Vitiligo: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173958. [PMID: 34501405 PMCID: PMC8432081 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult height is linked to the risk of several diseases, but its association with vitiligo has not been established. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between adult height and vitiligo incidence. Korean nationwide claims data from 15,980,754 individuals (20 years of age or older) who received a health checkup during the period 2005–2008, were examined. Subjects were categorized into age- and gender-specific height quintiles. Participants were followed until vitiligo diagnosis or until the end of 2015. The Cox proportional-hazards model for cumulative risk was computed for height categories. During the follow-up period, 29,196 cases (136,020,214 person-years) of newly diagnosed vitiligo were reported. A positive association was found between height and risk of vitiligo in which the hazard ratio between the highest and lowest quintiles of height was 1.36 (95% confidence interval: 1.31–1.42). While more diverse cohort studies are needed, our findings suggest that taller stature increases the risk of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Bok Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Hei-Sung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-280-5100
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Domené S, Scaglia PA, Gutiérrez ML, Domené HM. Applying Bioinformatic Platforms, In Vitro, and In Vivo Functional Assays in the Characterization of Genetic Variants in the GH/IGF Pathway Affecting Growth and Development. Cells 2021; 10:2063. [PMID: 34440832 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heritability accounts for over 80% of adult human height, indicating that genetic variability is the main determinant of stature. The rapid technological development of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), particularly Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), has resulted in the characterization of several genetic conditions affecting growth and development. The greatest challenge of NGS remains the high number of candidate variants identified. In silico bioinformatic tools represent the first approach for classifying these variants. However, solving the complicated problem of variant interpretation requires the use of experimental approaches such as in vitro and, when needed, in vivo functional assays. In this review, we will discuss a rational approach to apply to the gene variants identified in children with growth and developmental defects including: (i) bioinformatic tools; (ii) in silico modeling tools; (iii) in vitro functional assays; and (iv) the development of in vivo models. While bioinformatic tools are useful for a preliminary selection of potentially pathogenic variants, in vitro—and sometimes also in vivo—functional assays are further required to unequivocally determine the pathogenicity of a novel genetic variant. This long, time-consuming, and expensive process is the only scientifically proven method to determine causality between a genetic variant and a human genetic disease.
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Hailer NP, Kuja-Halkola R, Brüggemann A, Pedersen NL, Michaëlsson K. Body Mass Index Differentially Moderates Heritability of Total Joint Replacement Due to Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Cohort Study of 29,893 Swedish Twin Pairs. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2021; 103:1319-1327. [PMID: 33844661 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.20.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis and obesity are diseases with high prevalence, and they share common etiologies. We investigated the sex-specific genetic susceptibility to hip and knee osteoarthritis necessitating total joint replacement (TJR), and how body mass index (BMI) moderated the heritability of these osteoarthritis phenotypes. METHODS We linked 29,893 twin pairs with information on BMI in the Swedish Twin Registry with the Swedish National Patient Register to identify twins who underwent primary TJR of the hip or knee combined with a concomitant diagnosis of primary osteoarthritis of these joints. Structural equation modeling was used to calculate the heritability of hip and knee osteoarthritis treated with TJR, with estimates adjusted for the first available BMI, birth year, and sex. We also investigated how heritability varied with BMI treated as a continuous variable. RESULTS Similar heritability estimates for hip replacement (0.65 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.59 to 0.70]) and knee replacement (0.57 [95% CI, 0.50 to 0.64]) were found. Heritability decreased with higher BMI in both sexes for hip replacement and in men for knee replacement. In contrast, heritability for knee replacement increased with higher BMI in women; the estimate was 0.37 (90% likelihood interval [LI], 0.25 to 0.49) for a BMI of 20 kg/m2 and 0.87 (90% LI, 0.68 to 0.94) for a BMI of 35 kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS In our population, heritability explained, on average, about half of the susceptibility to undergo primary TJR of the hip or knee with the indication of primary osteoarthritis, but it varied with BMI and sex. We demonstrated substantial heritability for knee replacement in obese women. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils P Hailer
- Section of Orthopedics, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ralf Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Brüggemann
- Section of Orthopedics, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Section of Orthopedics, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Olowo A, Samuel M, Adetona MO. Discriminant evaluations on adolescent facial phenotypic morphological variations between two ethnic groups resident in Ibadan (Nigeria) metropolis – A regional baseline geometric pilot study. Forensic Science International: Reports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2021.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES To explore the possibility of predicting final body height at maturity based on associating parameters at the time of diagnosing adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), while examining the effect of curve magnitude and deterioration. METHODS A total of 284 female patients with AIS (mean age 12.2 ± 1.1 years, 52.5% premenarchal) were followed till skeletal maturity, indicated by ≥Risser stage 4, static body height and arm span over the past 6 months, and postmenarche 2 years. Standing body height, arm span, menarchal status, Risser staging, distal radius and ulna (DRU) classification, Sanders staging (SS), Cobb angles (major and minor curves), and Lenke curve types at initial presentation were examined. Patients with/without curve deterioration were compared. Multiple linear regression was used for predicting final body height (cm), and remaining height increase (%). RESULTS Baseline body height was 152.1 ± 7.1 cm and major curve Cobb angle was 27.1° ± 7.4°, whereas at maturity they were 159.5 ± 5.4 cm and 32.5° ± 9.3°, respectively. For patients presented at Risser stage 0 or 1, radius grade (R) 6, ulnar grade (U) 5, or SS3, those with curve deterioration exhibited greater height increase potential at initial presentation (P < .05) than those without deterioration. No intergroup difference was found for patients presented at ≥Risser 2, R7, U6, SS4. Predictive baseline parameters were age, body height, Cobb angle (major curve), curve type, and DRU grades. Prediction models of final body height (R 2 = 0.735, P < .001) and remaining height increase (R 2 = 0.742, P < .001) were established. CONCLUSIONS Final body height prediction model was derived for female patients with AIS, with baseline body height and ulnar grading having larger impacts than other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason Pui Yin Cheung
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Jason Pui Yin Cheung, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, 5/F, Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Tang NLS, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA, Qiu Y, Lam TP, Cheng JCY, Hadley-Miller N. A Decade in Review after Idiopathic Scoliosis Was First Called a Complex Trait-A Tribute to the Late Dr. Yves Cotrel for His Support in Studies of Etiology of Scoliosis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1033. [PMID: 34356049 PMCID: PMC8306836 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is a prevalent and important spine disorder in the pediatric age group. An increased family tendency was observed for a long time, but the underlying genetic mechanism was uncertain. In 1999, Dr. Yves Cotrel founded the Cotrel Foundation in the Institut de France, which supported collaboration of international researchers to work together to better understand the etiology of AIS. This new concept of AIS as a complex trait evolved in this setting among researchers who joined the annual Cotrel meetings. It is now over a decade since the first proposal of the complex trait genetic model for AIS. Here, we review in detail the vast information about the genetic and environmental factors in AIS pathogenesis gathered to date. More importantly, new insights into AIS etiology were brought to us through new research data under the perspective of a complex trait. Hopefully, future research directions may lead to better management of AIS, which has a tremendous impact on affected adolescents in terms of both physical growth and psychological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson L. S. Tang
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Functional Genomics and Biostatistical Computing Laboratory, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Matthew B. Dobbs
- Dobbs Clubfoot Center, Paley Orthopedic and Spine Institute, West Palm Beach, FL 33401, USA;
| | - Christina A. Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Yong Qiu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210000, China;
| | - T. P. Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology and SH Ho Scoliosis Research Lab, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (T.P.L.); (J.C.Y.C.)
| | - Jack C. Y. Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology and SH Ho Scoliosis Research Lab, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (T.P.L.); (J.C.Y.C.)
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80012, USA;
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Rosário R, Händel MN, Rohde JF, Olsen NJ, Heitmann BL. Longitudinal Associations between Intake of Fruit and Vegetables and Height Attainment from Preschool to School Entry. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:6106. [PMID: 34198900 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To examine associations between fruit and vegetable intake in young childhood and height attainment during preschool and at school entry. Data for this study was based on "The Healthy Start" primary intervention study, which included 635 obesity-prone children, (58% boys), from the greater Copenhagen area, with a mean (SD) age of 4.0 (1.1) years (age range 2-6 years) at baseline. In the current study, 553 children (57% boys) were included with information on dietary intake at baseline and height measured at baseline (preschool age), and 511 children (56.8% boys) with the height measured at school entry (~6 years old). Height was measured by trained health professionals during the intervention and by school nurses at school entry. Information on intakes of fruit and vegetables, separately and combined, was gathered with four-day dietary records reported by parents. Participants were grouped into tertiles for their intakes at baseline. Compared to boys with low consumption, those with a moderate and high intakes of fruit and vegetables (F&V) had a greater attained height at preschool of 1.3 cm (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.3; 2.3) and at school entry of 2.4 cm (95% CI: 0.8; 3.9) and 1.8 cm (95% CI: 0.2; 3.4), respectively, also after adjustment for differences in age, body mass index (BMI), and total energy intake. Additional adjustment for mid-parental height and parents' education did not alter the significant associations between moderate consumption of F&V and attained height at preschool and school entry. There was no association among girls. Our results showed that a moderate consumption of F&V was directly associated with higher attainment in height at preschool and school entry in boys. From a public health perspective, it should be prioritized to continue developing intervention programs to improve fruit and vegetable intake.
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Tang H, He Z. Advances and challenges in quantitative delineation of the genetic architecture of complex traits. Quant Biol 2021; 9:168-184. [PMID: 35492964 PMCID: PMC9053444 DOI: 10.15302/j-qb-021-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been widely adopted in studies of human complex traits and diseases. Results This review surveys areas of active research: quantifying and partitioning trait heritability, fine mapping functional variants and integrative analysis, genetic risk prediction of phenotypes, and the analysis of sequencing studies that have identified millions of rare variants. Current challenges and opportunities are highlighted. Conclusion GWAS have fundamentally transformed the field of human complex trait genetics. Novel statistical and computational methods have expanded the scope of GWAS and have provided valuable insights on the genetic architecture underlying complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zihuai He
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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