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Cui L, Zou S, Liu J, Lv H, Li H, Zhang Z. Potential effects of sodium hyaluronate on constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111404. [PMID: 38128311 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Treatment strategies for constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) continue to improve. However, effective drugs are still lacking. Herein, we explored whether sodium hyaluronate (SH) could be used to treat IBS-C. The effects of SH with different molecular weights were compared in a rat model of IBS-C. Low-molecular-weight SH (LMW-SH, 5 ∼ 10 kDa), medium-molecular-weight SH (MMW-SH, 200 ∼ 400 kDa), and high-molecular-weight SH (HMW-SH, 1300 ∼ 1500 kDa) were screened for efficacy in IBS-C using the following indicators: body weight, number of fecal pellets, fecal moisture, visceral hypersensitivity, and gastrointestinal transit rate. H-HMW-SH was the most effective in improving IBS-C symptoms. The ELISA kits indicated that H-HMW-SH reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α in IBS-C rats. In addition, both western blot and immunofluorescence analyses showed that H-HMW-SH increased the protein expressions of claudin-1, occludin and zonula occludens-1. Furthermore, H-HMW-SH restored the balance of intestinal flora in different intestinal contents (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon) and feces of rats with IBS-C. Overall, our study illustrates the therapeutic potential of H-HMW-SH in the treatment of IBS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cui
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 210028 Nanjing, China
| | - Shuting Zou
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 210028 Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 210028 Nanjing, China
| | - Huixia Lv
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 210028 Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 210028 Nanjing, China.
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2
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Luo Z, Liu C, Hu Y, Xia T, Zhang B, Chen F, Tan X, Zheng Z. Gegen Qinlian decoction restores the intestinal barrier in bacterial diarrhea piglets by promoting Lactobacillus growth and inhibiting the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113719. [PMID: 36152417 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute bacterial diarrhea is a severe global problem with a particularly high incidence rate in children. The microecology inhabiting the intestinal mucosa is the key factor leading to diarrhea. Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQD) is used to treat bacterial diarrhea, however, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to clarify the restorative effect of GQD on the intestinal barrier from the perspective of gut microbiota. A Tibetan piglet model with bacterial diarrhea was established through orally administered Escherichia coli, and diarrheal piglets were treated with GQD for three days. After treatment, GQD significantly ameliorated the diarrheal symptoms. GQD decreased the levels of IL-6, LPS, and DAO, and increased SIgA, ZO-1, and occludin levels in intestinal mucosa, indicating the restoration of intestinal barrier. GQD modulated the microbial compositions inhabited on the intestinal mucosa, especially an increase of the Lactobacillus. Spearman analysis showed that Lactobacillus was the key genus of intestinal barrier-related bacteria. Bacterial culture in vitro validated that GQD directly promoted Lactobacillus growth and inhibited E. coli proliferation. Moreover, the expressions of TLR2, MyD88, and NF-κB in the colon decreased after GQD treatment. In conclusion, GQD may treat diarrhea and restore the intestinal mucosal barrier by facilitating Lactobacillus growth and inhibiting the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenye Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Changshun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Yannan Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Ting Xia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Baoping Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Feilong Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Xiaomei Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- South China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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Xi M, Zhao P, Li F, Bao H, Ding S, Ji L, Yan J. MicroRNA-16 inhibits the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and maintains tight junction integrity in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102461. [PMID: 36067883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorder in which pathogenesis has been shown to be in part the result of miRNA-mediated signaling. Here, we investigated the alleviatory role of miR-16 in IBS-D. First, we established an IBS-D mouse model using colonic instillation of acetic acid and developed an IBS-D cell model using lipopolysaccharide exposure. The experimental data demonstrated that miR-16 was underexpressed in the serum of IBS-D patients, as well as in the colorectal tissues of IBS-D mouse models and lipopolysaccharide-exposed intestinal epithelial cells. Next, miR-16 and TLR4 were overexpressed or inhibited to characterize their roles in the viability and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells, inflammation, and epithelial tight junction. We found that miR-16 overexpression increased the viability of intestinal epithelial cells, maintained tight junction integrity, and inhibited cell apoptosis and inflammation. We showed that miR-16 targeted TLR4 and inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, inhibition of NF-κB suppressed the long noncoding RNA XIST, thereby promoting enterocyte viability, inhibiting apoptosis and cytokine production, and maintaining tight junction integrity. In vivo experiments further verified the alleviatory effect of miR-16 on IBS-D symptoms in mice. Taken together, we conclude that miR-16 downregulates XIST through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, thereby relieving IBS-D. This study suggests that miR-16 may represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention against IBS-D.
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Mallaret G, Lashermes A, Meleine M, Boudieu L, Barbier J, Aissouni Y, Gelot A, Chassaing B, Gewirtz AT, Ardid D, Carvalho FA. Involvement of toll-like receptor 5 in mouse model of colonic hypersensitivity induced by neonatal maternal separation. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3903-3916. [PMID: 36157543 PMCID: PMC9367235 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i29.3903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic abdominal pain is the most common cause for gastroenterology consultation and is frequently associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. These disorders present similar brain/gut/microbiota trialogue alterations, associated with abnormal intestinal permeability, intestinal dysbiosis and colonic hypersensitivity (CHS). Intestinal dysbiosis can alter colon homeostasis leading to abnormal activation of the innate immunity that promotes CHS, perhaps involving the toll-like receptors (TLRs), which play a central role in innate immunity.
AIM To understand the mechanisms between early life event paradigm on intestinal permeability, fecal microbiota composition and CHS development in mice with TLRs expression in colonocytes.
METHODS Maternal separation model (NMS) CHS model, which mimics deleterious events in childhood that can induce a wide range of chronic disorders during adulthood were used. Colonic sensitivity of NMS mice was evaluated by colorectal distension (CRD) coupled with intracolonic pressure variation (IPV) measurement. Fecal microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing from weaning to CRD periods. TLR mRNA expression was evaluated in colonocytes. Additionally, the effect of acute intrarectal instillation of the TLR5 agonist flagellin (FliC) on CHS in adult naive wildtype mice was analyzed.
RESULTS Around 50% of NMS mice exhibited increased intestinal permeability and CHS associated with intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by a significant decrease of species richness, an alteration of the core fecal microbiota and a specific increased relative abundance of flagellated bacteria. Only TLR5 mRNA expression was increased in colonocytes of NMS mice with CHS. Acute intrarectal instillation of FliC induced transient increase of IPV, reflecting transient CHS appearance.
CONCLUSION Altogether, these data suggest a pathophysiological continuum between intestinal dysbiosis and CHS, with a role for TLR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy Mallaret
- Department of Pharmacology, UMR 1107 NeuroDol, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Amandine Lashermes
- Department of Microbiology, Université Paris-Saclay, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Mathieu Meleine
- Department of Pharmacology, UMR 1107 NeuroDol, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Ludivine Boudieu
- Department of Pharmacology, UMR 1107 NeuroDol, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Julie Barbier
- Department of Pharmacology, UMR 1107 NeuroDol, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Youssef Aissouni
- Department of Pharmacology, UMR 1107 NeuroDol, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Agathe Gelot
- Department of Pharmacology, UMR 1107 NeuroDol, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Team “Mucosal Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases”, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA30033, United States
| | - Denis Ardid
- Department of Pharmacology, UMR 1107 NeuroDol, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Frederic Antonio Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, INSERM 1107 NeuroDOL/University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
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Nozu T, Miyagishi S, Ishioh M, Takakusaki K, Okumura T. Peripheral apelin mediates visceral hypersensitivity and impaired gut barrier in a rat irritable bowel syndrome model. Neuropeptides 2022; 94:102248. [PMID: 35526468 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that visceral hypersensitivity and impaired gut barrier play an important role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In animal models, these changes are known to be mediated via corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)-proinflammatory cytokine signaling. Apelin, an endogenous ligand of APJ, was reported to modulate CRF-induced enhanced colonic motility. In this context, we hypothesized that apelin also modulates visceral sensation and gut barrier, and tested this hypothesis. We measured visceral pain threshold in response to colonic balloon distention by abdominal muscle contractions assessed by electromyogram in rats. Colonic permeability was estimated by quantifying the absorbed Evans blue in colonic tissue. Intraperitoneal (ip) administration of [Ala13]-apelin-13, an APJ antagonist, blocked lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or CRF-induced visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability (IBS model) in a dose-response manner. These inhibitory effects were blocked by compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibitor or naloxone in the LPS model. On the other hand, ip [Pyr1]-apelin-13, an APJ agonist, caused visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability, and these effects were reversed by astressin, a CRF receptor antagonist, TAK-242, a TLR4 antagonist or anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. APJ system modulated CRF-TLR4-proinflammatory cytokine signaling to cause visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability. APJ antagonist blocked these GI changes in IBS models, which were mediated via AMPK, NO and opioid signaling. Apelin may contribute to the IBS pathophysiology, and the inhibition of apelinergic signaling may be a promising therapeutic option for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nozu
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan; Center for Medical Education, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Saori Miyagishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Masatomo Ishioh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takakusaki
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan; Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
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Ye Y, Liu Y, Cheng K, Wu Z, Zhang P, Zhang X. Effects of Intestinal Flora on Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Therapeutic Significance of Polysaccharides. Front Nutr 2022; 9:810453. [PMID: 35634403 PMCID: PMC9131006 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.810453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the relevant research on intestinal flora has been in full swing, and it has become an extremely important research direction in clinical medicine and life science. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disease characterized by changes in intestinal function and accompanied by comorbid anxiety. At present, the pathogenic mechanism of IBS is not yet clear. The gut-brain axis (GBA), as a two-way information exchange system between the gut and the brain, has an important influence on the prevention of IBS. Present studies have shown that polysaccharides are important for maintaining the steady status of intestinal micro-environment. This review summarized the relationship between intestinal flora, GBA and immune activation, and provided a new idea for the preventive treatment of IBS from the perspective of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Kejun Cheng
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, China
| | - Zufang Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Student Affairs, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Hassanin TM, Fouad Y, Mohamed FE, Abdel-Hafeez EH, Hassnine A. Colonic mucosal eosinophilia and immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 and NF-kB in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 34:512-517. [PMID: 35275879 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that eosinophilic infiltration can release mediators which are harmful to the intestinal epithelium in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Although cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-kB) expression had been previously reported to increase in many inflammatory conditions, there is a paucity in data investigating their expressions in IBS. Our aim was to evaluate colonic mucosal eosinophilia and immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 and NF-kB in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. METHODS A total of 80 patients who met the inclusion criteria of IBS based on Rome IV symptoms questionnaire were subjected to abdominal ultrasound, laboratory investigations, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level assessment and colonoscopic examination. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect COX-2 and NF-kB expression in colonic biopsies obtained from IBS patients. RESULTS Histopathological examination showed that 60 colonic biopsy specimens (75%) showed few mixed inflammatory cells ≤3 cells/ HPF, 12 biopsy specimens (15%) showed eosinophilic infiltration ≥25 eosinophils/HPF and 8 biopsy specimens (10%) showed severe lymphocytic infiltration and aggregation. Colonic eosinophilic infiltrate was significantly higher among patients presented with IBS-D subtype. Serum IgE was significantly higher among patients with colonic eosinophilic infiltrate than the others. In IBS-D patients, colonic mucosa showed positive expression of COX-2 and NF-kB in 52.1% and 81.25% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSION Patients with IBS -particularly IBS-D subtype- should undergo colonoscopy and biopsy to exclude underlying inflammatory pathology. Moreover, patients with positive COX-2 and NF-kB need further evaluation and follow-up.
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Zhang HY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Jiang ZP, Cui YL, Wang QS. ROS-responsive thioketal-linked alginate/chitosan carriers for irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2022:S0141-8130(22)00588-8. [PMID: 35351547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A colon-specific carrier that can protect drugs from the destruction in the gastrointestinal tract is critical for treating irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D). In this study, chitosan was cross-linked by the thioketal (TK) bond to serve as a ROS-sensitive core of microspheres. Then the chitosan core was coated with an alginate shell. The alginate/chitosan microspheres can protect puerarin against the destruction and elimination in the gastrointestinal tract and release puerarin at the lesion sites in large quantities. The microspheres were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The swelling study showed that microspheres would shrink in an acidic environment. The in vitro release analysis indicated that little puerarin was released at gastric pH but burst release was observed in simulated colonic fluid containing H2O2. Fluorescent tracer revealed that the fluorescence of microspheres lasted up to 30 h in the colon, which was beneficial to prolong the action time between puerarin and colon. The in vivo studies indicated that puerarin-loaded microspheres are more effective in the treatment of IBS-D than free puerarin. Altogether, the ROS-responsive alginate/chitosan microspheres may be a promising strategy for IBS-D.
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9
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Lorestani S, Bahari A, Asadi M, Zahedi Avval F. Evaluation of glutathione reductase activity in colon tissue of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2021; 42:195-198. [PMID: 34090318 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2020-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is known as one of the most common irritating gastrointestinal disorders. The mechanism behind IBS is still under investigation and it is thought that it may arose from multi factors among which free radicals have been previously mentioned. Studies have found an association between oxidative stress and IBS; however, little is known about the mechanisms and oxidative stress components status during IBS. One of the key factors playing a central role in oxidative stress network is glutathione reductase (GR). Here we report the GR activity in colon tissue samples during IBS to explore a part of contributing components in IBS pathogenesis. METHODS The GR enzyme activity was measured in 15 active IBS colon biopsy samples and was compared to our best available age and sex matched colorectal tissue samples from normal marginal tissue of resected colon cancers (n=15). The enzyme activity in the two groups was determined and compared using a commercial GR Assay Kit (Cayman chemical). RESULTS A significant decrease in GR activity among IBS tissue samples was observed compared to anatomically normal marginal colon tissue samples (p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS Lower GR activity may increase oxidized glutathione there by in turn could contribute as a main component in oxidative stress network. The lower GR activity results in hampered defense mechanism against produced free radical species. This finding may clarify a part of IBS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Lorestani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Bahari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Asadi
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Zahedi Avval
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Dickson K, Malitan H, Lehmann C. Imaging of the Intestinal Microcirculation during Acute and Chronic Inflammation. Biology (Basel) 2020; 9:E418. [PMID: 33255906 PMCID: PMC7760140 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Because of its unique microvascular anatomy, the intestine is particularly vulnerable to microcirculatory disturbances. During inflammation, pathological changes in blood flow, vessel integrity and capillary density result in impaired tissue oxygenation. In severe cases, these changes can progress to multiorgan failure and possibly death. Microcirculation may be evaluated in superficial tissues in patients using video microscopy devices, but these techniques do not allow the assessment of intestinal microcirculation. The gold standard for the experimental evaluation of intestinal microcirculation is intravital microscopy, a technique that allows for the in vivo examination of many pathophysiological processes including leukocyte-endothelial interactions and capillary blood flow. This review provides an overview of changes in the intestinal microcirculation in various acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Acute conditions discussed include local infections, severe acute pancreatitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis. Inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome are included as examples of chronic conditions of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayle Dickson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Hajer Malitan
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Perioperative Management, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Perioperative Management, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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11
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Bruning EE, Coller JK, Wardill HR, Bowen JM. Site-specific contribution of Toll-like receptor 4 to intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory disease. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:877-888. [PMID: 32730645 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a highly conserved protein of innate immunity, responsible for the regulation and maintenance of homeostasis, as well as immune recognition of external and internal ligands. TLR4 is expressed on a variety of cell types throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including on epithelial and immune cell populations. In a healthy state, epithelial cell expression of TLR4 greatly assists in homeostasis by shaping the host microbiome, promoting immunoglobulin A production, and regulating follicle-associated epithelium permeability. In contrast, immune cell expression of TLR4 in healthy states is primarily centred on the maturation of dendritic cells in response to stimuli, as well as adequately priming the adaptive immune system to fight infection and promote immune memory. Hence, in a healthy state, there is a clear distinction in the site-specific roles of TLR4 expression. Similarly, recent research has indicated the importance of site-specific TLR4 expression in inflammation and disease, particularly the impact of epithelial-specific TLR4 on disease progression. However, the majority of evidence still remains ambiguous for cell-specific observations, with many studies failing to provide the distinction of epithelial versus immune cell expression of TLR4, preventing specific mechanistic insight and greatly impacting the translation of results. The following review provides a critical overview of the current understanding of site-specific TLR4 activity and its contribution to intestinal/immune homeostasis and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise E Bruning
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Janet K Coller
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, The University of Groningen (University Medical Centre Groningen), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Bosi A, Banfi D, Bistoletti M, Giaroni C, Baj A. Tryptophan Metabolites Along the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: An Interkingdom Communication System Influencing the Gut in Health and Disease. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920928984. [PMID: 32577079 PMCID: PMC7290275 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920928984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘microbiota-gut-brain axis’ plays a fundamental role in maintaining host homeostasis, and different immune, hormonal, and neuronal signals participate to this interkingdom communication system between eukaryota and prokaryota. The essential aminoacid tryptophan, as a precursor of several molecules acting at the interface between the host and the microbiota, is fundamental in the modulation of this bidirectional communication axis. In the gut, tryptophan undergoes 3 major metabolic pathways, the 5-HT, kynurenine, and AhR ligand pathways, which may be directly or indirectly controlled by the saprophytic flora. The importance of tryptophan metabolites in the modulation of the gastrointestinal tract is suggested by several preclinical and clinical studies; however, a thorough revision of the available literature has not been accomplished yet. Thus, this review attempts to cover the major aspects on the role of tryptophan metabolites in host-microbiota cross-talk underlaying regulation of gut functions in health conditions and during disease states, with particular attention to 2 major gastrointestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), both characterized by psychiatric disorders. Research in this area opens the possibility to target tryptophan metabolism to ameliorate the knowledge on the pathogenesis of both diseases, as well as to discover new therapeutic strategies based either on conventional pharmacological approaches or on the use of pre- and probiotics to manipulate the microbial flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Banfi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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13
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Zhang Y, Wu XX, Li S, Wu JF, Han S, Lin ZJ, Ding SZ, Gong WJ. Peroxiredoxin 1 as an inflammatory marker in diarrhea-predominant and postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13741. [PMID: 31613423 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade inflammation occurs in some patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, the exact inflammatory markers of IBS and the relationship of these markers with IBS subtypes and symptoms are poorly defined. Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) plays an important role in inflammatory responses, including intestinal inflammation. We investigated whether PRDX1 is associated with the diagnosis, subtypes, and symptom severity of IBS. METHODS A total of 177 IBS patients and 174 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. The PRDX1 levels in the sera and colonic mucosa of the participants were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunohistochemistry. The severity of IBS symptoms was assessed using the IBS Severity Scoring System (SSS) questionnaire. RESULTS The PRDX1 levels in the sera (F = 71.81, P < .001) and colonic mucosa (F = 5.359, P < .001) of postinfectious (PI-IBS) and diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) groups were significantly higher than those of the other three IBS subtypes and HC group. The PRDX1 level in the serum and colonic mucosa of IBS-D (serum, P < .01, mucosa, P < .001) and PI-IBS (serum, P < .05, mucosa, P < .001) groups with the most severe symptoms was significantly higher than that in the groups with mild and moderate symptoms. Correlation analysis revealed that in patients with IBS-D (P < .001) and PI-IBS (P < .05), the levels of PRDX1 and TNF-α in sera had a significant positive correlation with IBS-SSS. CONCLUSION Elevated PRDX1 in the serum and colon mucosa may be closely related to the progression of IBS (especially IBS-D and PI-IBS) and the expression of gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xia-Xin Wu
- School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Feng Wu
- School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sen Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Zhen Ding
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Juan Gong
- School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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14
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Arie H, Nozu T, Miyagishi S, Ida M, Izumo T, Shibata H. Grape Seed Extract Eliminates Visceral Allodynia and Colonic Hyperpermeability Induced by Repeated Water Avoidance Stress in Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2646. [PMID: 31689935 PMCID: PMC6893525 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape seed extract (GSE) is rich in polyphenols composed mainly of proanthocyanidins, which are known to attenuate proinflammatory cytokine production. Repeated water avoidance stress (WAS) induces visceral allodynia and colonic hyperpermeability via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and proinflammatory cytokine pathways, which is a rat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) model. Thus, we explored the effects of GSE on repeated WAS (1 h for 3 days)-induced visceral allodynia and colonic hyperpermeability in Sprague-Dawley rats. Paracellular permeability, as evaluated by transepithelial electrical resistance and flux of carboxyfluorescein, was analyzed in Caco-2 cell monolayers treated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β. WAS caused visceral allodynia and colonic hyperpermeability, and intragastric administration of GSE (100 mg/kg, once daily for 11 days) inhibited these changes. Furthermore, GSE also suppressed the elevated colonic levels of IL-6, TLR4, and claudin-2 caused by WAS. Paracellular permeability was increased in Caco-2 cell monolayers in the presence of IL-6 and IL-1β, which was inhibited by GSE. Additionally, GSE suppressed the claudin-2 expression elevated by cytokine stimulation. The effects of GSE on visceral changes appear to be evoked by suppressing colonic TLR4-cytokine signaling and maintaining tight junction integrity. GSE may be useful for treating IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Arie
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Limited, Seikadai 8-1-1, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Nozu
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Saori Miyagishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Ida
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Limited, Seikadai 8-1-1, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Izumo
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Limited, Seikadai 8-1-1, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Shibata
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Limited, Seikadai 8-1-1, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan.
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15
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Baj A, Moro E, Bistoletti M, Orlandi V, Crema F, Giaroni C. Glutamatergic Signaling Along The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1482. [PMID: 30934533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex bidirectional communication system exists between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. Initially termed the “gut-brain axis” it is now renamed the “microbiota-gut-brain axis” considering the pivotal role of gut microbiota in maintaining local and systemic homeostasis. Different cellular and molecular pathways act along this axis and strong attention is paid to neuroactive molecules (neurotransmitters, i.e., noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid and glutamate and metabolites, i.e., tryptophan metabolites), sustaining a possible interkingdom communication system between eukaryota and prokaryota. This review provides a description of the most up-to-date evidence on glutamate as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in this bidirectional communication axis. Modulation of glutamatergic receptor activity along the microbiota-gut-brain axis may influence gut (i.e., taste, visceral sensitivity and motility) and brain functions (stress response, mood and behavior) and alterations of glutamatergic transmission may participate to the pathogenesis of local and brain disorders. In this latter context, we will focus on two major gut disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, both characterized by psychiatric co-morbidity. Research in this area opens the possibility to target glutamatergic neurotransmission, either pharmacologically or by the use of probiotics producing neuroactive molecules, as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of gastrointestinal and related psychiatric disorders.
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16
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Nozu T, Miyagishi S, Kumei S, Nozu R, Takakusaki K, Okumura T. Metformin inhibits visceral allodynia and increased gut permeability induced by stress in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:186-193. [PMID: 29966173 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Metformin has been shown to have anti-cytokine property. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced or repeated water avoidance stress (WAS)-induced visceral allodynia and increased gut permeability were pro-inflammatory cytokine-dependent responses, which were considered to be animal models of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We hypothesized that metformin improves symptoms in the patients with IBS by attenuating these visceral changes and tested the hypothesis in rats. METHODS The threshold of the visceromotor response induced by colonic balloon distention was measured. Colonic permeability was determined in vivo by quantifying the absorbed Evans blue for 15 min spectrophotometrically. RESULTS Subcutaneously injected LPS (1 mg/kg) reduced the threshold of visceromotor response, and metformin (5-50 mg/kg for 3 days) intraperitoneally attenuated this response in a dose-dependent manner. Repeated WAS (1 h daily for 3 days) induced visceral allodynia, which was also blocked by metformin. The antinociceptive effect of metformin on the LPS-induced allodynia was reversed by compound C, an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibitor or NG -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor but not modified by naloxone. Additionally, it was blocked by sulpiride, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, but domperidone, a peripheral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, did not alter it. Metformin also blocked the LPS-induced or repeated WAS-induced increased colonic permeability. CONCLUSIONS Metformin attenuated the visceral allodynia and increased gut permeability in animal IBS models. These actions may be evoked via activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, nitric oxide, and central dopamine D2 pathways. These results indicate the possibility that metformin can be useful for treating IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nozu
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Saori Miyagishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shima Kumei
- Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Rintaro Nozu
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takakusaki
- Research Center for Brain Function and Medical Engineering, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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17
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Bautzova T, Hockley JRF, Perez-Berezo T, Pujo J, Tranter MM, Desormeaux C, Barbaro MR, Basso L, Le Faouder P, Rolland C, Malapert P, Moqrich A, Eutamene H, Denadai-Souza A, Vergnolle N, Smith ESJ, Hughes DI, Barbara G, Dietrich G, Bulmer DC, Cenac N. 5-oxoETE triggers nociception in constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome through MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor D. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/561/eaal2171. [PMID: 30563864 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that is characterized by chronic abdominal pain concurrent with altered bowel habit. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites are increased in abundance in IBS and are implicated in the alteration of sensation to mechanical stimuli, which is defined as visceral hypersensitivity. We sought to quantify PUFA metabolites in patients with IBS and evaluate their role in pain. Quantification of PUFA metabolites by mass spectrometry in colonic biopsies showed an increased abundance of 5-oxoeicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxoETE) only in biopsies taken from patients with IBS with predominant constipation (IBS-C). Local administration of 5-oxoETE to mice induced somatic and visceral hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli without causing tissue inflammation. We found that 5-oxoETE directly acted on both human and mouse sensory neurons as shown by lumbar splanchnic nerve recordings and Ca2+ imaging of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. We showed that 5-oxoETE selectively stimulated nonpeptidergic, isolectin B4 (IB4)-positive DRG neurons through a phospholipase C (PLC)- and pertussis toxin-dependent mechanism, suggesting that the effect was mediated by a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The MAS-related GPCR D (Mrgprd) was found in mouse colonic DRG afferents and was identified as being implicated in the noxious effects of 5-oxoETE. Together, these data suggest that 5-oxoETE, a potential biomarker of IBS-C, induces somatic and visceral hyperalgesia without inflammation in an Mrgprd-dependent manner. Thus, 5-oxoETE may play a pivotal role in the abdominal pain associated with IBS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Bautzova
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - James R F Hockley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB1 2PD, UK.,National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AJ, UK
| | - Teresa Perez-Berezo
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Pujo
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael M Tranter
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AJ, UK
| | - Cleo Desormeaux
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Lilian Basso
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Le Faouder
- INSERM UMR1048, Lipidomic Core Facility, Metatoul Platform, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Rolland
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Malapert
- Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Aziz Moqrich
- Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Helene Eutamene
- Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Team, UMR 1331, INRA Toxalim, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ewan St John Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB1 2PD, UK
| | - David I Hughes
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - David C Bulmer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB1 2PD, UK.,National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AJ, UK
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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18
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Nozu T, Miyagishi S, Nozu R, Takakusaki K, Okumura T. Altered colonic sensory and barrier functions by CRF: roles of TLR4 and IL-1. J Endocrinol 2018; 239:241-252. [PMID: 30139928 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Visceral allodynia and increased colonic permeability are considered to be crucial pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and immune-mediated mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to these changes in IBS, but the precise roles have not been determined. We explored these issues in rats in vivo. The threshold of visceromotor response, i.e., abdominal muscle contractions induced by colonic balloon distention was electrophysiologically measured. Colonic permeability was estimated by quantifying the absorbed Evans blue in colonic tissue. Intraperitoneal injection of CRF increased the permeability, which was blocked by astressin, a non-selective CRF receptor antagonist, but astressin2-B, a selective CRF receptor subtype 2 (CRF2) antagonist did not modify it. Urocortin 2, a selective CRF2 agonist inhibited the increased permeability by CRF. Eritoran, a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist or anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocked the visceral allodynia and the increased gut permeability induced by CRF. Subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (immune stress) or repeated water avoidance stress (WAS, psychological stress), 1 h daily for 3 days induced visceral allodynia and increased gut permeability (animal IBS models), which were also blocked by astressin, eritoran or anakinra. In conclusion, stress-induced visceral allodynia and increased colonic permeability were mediated via peripheral CRF receptors. CRF induced these visceral changes via TLR4 and cytokine system, which were CRF1 dependent, and activation of CRF2 inhibited these CRF1-triggered responses. CRF may modulate immune system to alter visceral changes, which are considered to be pivotal pathophysiology of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nozu
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Saori Miyagishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Rintaro Nozu
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takakusaki
- Research Center for Brain Function and Medical Engineering, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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19
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Viganò D, Zara F, Usai P. Irritable bowel syndrome and endometriosis: New insights for old diseases. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50:213-219. [PMID: 29396128 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome and endometriosis are two diseases affecting a significant part of the female population, either together or individually, with remarkable consequences in the quality of life. Several studies suggest an epidemiological association between them. Their association may not be just an epidemiological phenomenon, but the manifestation of a pathophysiological correlation, which probably generates a mutual promotion phenomenon. In particular, both clinical entities share the presence of a chronic low-grade inflammatory state at the basis of the disease persistence. Recognizing this association is highly significant due to their prevalence and the common clinical manifestation occurring with a chronic abdominal pain. A further multi disciplinary approach is suggested in these patients' management in order to achieve an adequate diagnostic work up and a targeted therapy. This paper analyses some common pathophysiological mechanisms, such as activation of mast cell line, neuronal inflammation, dysbiosis and impaired intestinal permeability. The aim was to investigate their presence in both IBS and endometriosis, and to show the complexity of their relationship in the generation and maintenance of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Viganò
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy; Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Zara
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy; Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Usai
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy; Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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20
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Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder associated with abdominal pain and alterations in bowel habits. The presence of IBS greatly impairs patients' quality of life and imposes a high economic burden on the community; thus, there is intense pressure to reveal its elusive pathogenesis. Many etiological mechanisms have been implicated, but the pathophysiology of the syndrome remains unclear. As a result, novel drug development has been slow and no pharmacological intervention is universally accepted. A growing evidence implicates the role of low-grade inflammation and innate immune system dysfunction, although contradictory results have frequently been presented. Mast cells (MC), eosinophils and other key immune cells together with their mediators seem to play an important role, at least in subgroups of IBS patients. Cytokine imbalance in the systematic circulation and in the intestinal mucosa may also characterize IBS presentation. Toll-like receptors and their emerging role in pathogen recognition have also been highlighted recently, as dysregulation has been reported to occur in patients with IBS. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the involvement of any immunological alteration in the development of IBS. There is substantial evidence to support innate immune system dysfunction in several IBS phenotypes, but additional studies are required to better clarify the underlying pathogenetic pathways. IBS heterogeneity could potentially be attributed to multiple causes that lead to different disease phenotypes, thus explaining the variability found between study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Lazaridis
- Gastroenterology Department, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Germanidis
- Gastroenterology Department, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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21
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Ibarra-Coronado EG, Pérez-Torres A, Pantaleón-Martínez AM, Velazquéz-Moctezuma J, Rodriguez-Mata V, Morales-Montor J. Innate immunity modulation in the duodenal mucosa induced by REM sleep deprivation during infection with Trichinella spirallis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45528. [PMID: 28374797 DOI: 10.1038/srep45528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is considered to be an important predictor of the immunity, since the absence of sleep can affect the development of the immune response, and consequently increase the susceptibility to contract an infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate if sleep deprivation and stress induce dysregulation of the duodenal mucous membrane during the acute infection with Trichinella spiralis. Our results shows that, in the intestinal mucous membrane, stress and sleep deprivation, produces different effect in the cells, and this effect depends on the studied duodenal compartment, glands or villi. The sleep deprivation affect mast cells mainly, and the stress response is more heterogeneous. Interestingly, in the duodenal mucous membrane, none population of cells in the infected groups responded equally to both conditions. These findings suggest that the response of the intestinal mucous membrane during the infection caused for T. spiralis turns out to be affected in the sleep-deprived rats, therefore, the results of the present study sustain the theory that sleep is a fundamental process that is capable of modulating the immune response of mucous membranes, particularly the one generated against the parasite Trichinella spiralis.
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22
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Qu T, Wang E, Jin B, Li W, Liu R, Zhao ZB. 5-Aminosalicylic acid inhibits inflammatory responses by suppressing JNK and p38 activity in murine macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 39:45-53. [PMID: 28071183 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1274997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), as an anti-inflammatory drug, has been extensively used for the treatment of mild to moderate active ulcerative colitis (UC), but the possible mechanisms of action remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of 5-ASA on the production of inflammatory mediators by murine macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and determine the underlying pharmacological mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured by Varioskan Flash and IL-6 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay sets. Real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the level of induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The effects of 5-ASA on iNOS, the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), p38 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways were examined using western blotting. RESULTS 5-ASA suppressed the production of NO and IL-6, and also decreased the expression of iNOS in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. 5-ASA inhibited the phosphorylation of JNKs and p38, but did not block NF-κB activation at all doses tested. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results indicated that the anti-inflammatory effect of 5-ASA was mainly regulated by the inhibition of the JNKs, p38 pathways rather than NF-κB pathway. Further research is required to clarify the detailed mechanism of the action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingli Qu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science of Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Erbing Wang
- b Chemical and Biological Engineering College of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology , Taiyuan , Shanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Baofen Jin
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science of Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , People's Republic of China.,c Fuyong People's Hospital , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Li
- d Department of Pharmacology , Fenyang College Shanxi Medical University , Fenyang , Shanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiling Liu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science of Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Bao Zhao
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science of Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , People's Republic of China
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