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Liang R, Tan H, Jin H, Wang J, Tang Z, Lu X. The tumour-promoting role of protein homeostasis: Implications for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2023; 573:216354. [PMID: 37625777 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis, an important aspect of cellular fitness that encompasses the balance of production, folding and degradation of proteins, has been linked to several diseases of the human body. Multiple interconnected pathways coordinate to maintain protein homeostasis within the cell. Recently, the role of the protein homeostasis network in tumorigenesis and tumour progression has gradually come to light. Here, we summarize the involvement of the most prominent components of the protein quality control mechanisms (HSR, UPS, autophagy, UPR and ERAD) in tumour development and cancer immunity. In addition, evidence for protein quality control mechanisms and targeted drugs is outlined, and attempts to combine these drugs with cancer immunotherapy are discussed. Altogether, combination therapy represents a promising direction for future investigations, and this exciting insight will be further illuminated by the development of drugs that can reach a balance between the benefits and hazards associated with protein homeostasis interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huabing Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lab of Liver Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Honglin Jin
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Zijian Tang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
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2
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Clark GC, Hampton JD, Koblinski JE, Quinn B, Mahmoodi S, Metcalf O, Guo C, Peterson E, Fisher PB, Farrell NP, Wang XY, Mikkelsen RB. Radiation induces ESCRT pathway dependent CD44v3 + extracellular vesicle production stimulating pro-tumor fibroblast activity in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:913656. [PMID: 36106109 PMCID: PMC9465418 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.913656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in radiotherapeutic strategies, acquired resistance remains a major obstacle, leading to tumor recurrence for many patients. Once thought to be a strictly cancer cell intrinsic property, it is becoming increasingly clear that treatment-resistance is driven in part by complex interactions between cancer cells and non-transformed cells of the tumor microenvironment. Herein, we report that radiotherapy induces the production of extracellular vesicles by breast cancer cells capable of stimulating tumor-supporting fibroblast activity, facilitating tumor survival and promoting cancer stem-like cell expansion. This pro-tumor activity was associated with fibroblast production of the paracrine signaling factor IL-6 and was dependent on the expression of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan CD44v3 on the vesicle surface. Enzymatic removal or pharmaceutical inhibition of its heparan sulfate side chains disrupted this tumor-fibroblast crosstalk. Additionally, we show that the radiation-induced production of CD44v3+ vesicles is effectively silenced by blocking the ESCRT pathway using a soluble pharmacological inhibitor of MDA-9/Syntenin/SDCBP PDZ1 domain activity, PDZ1i. This population of vesicles was also detected in the sera of human patients undergoing radiotherapy, therefore representing a potential biomarker for radiation therapy and providing an opportunity for clinical intervention to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Chatman Clark
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,*Correspondence: Gene Chatman Clark,
| | - James David Hampton
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Koblinski
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Bridget Quinn
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Sitara Mahmoodi
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Olga Metcalf
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Chunqing Guo
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Erica Peterson
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Farrell
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ross B. Mikkelsen
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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3
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de Ruiter BM, van Hattum JW, Lipman D, de Reijke TM, van Moorselaar RJA, van Gennep EJ, Maartje Piet AH, Donker M, van der Hulle T, Voortman J, Oddens JR, Hulshof MCCM, Bins AD. Phase 1 Study of Chemoradiotherapy Combined with Nivolumab ± Ipilimumab for the Curative Treatment of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol 2022; 82:518-526. [PMID: 35933242 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) has a poor prognosis. Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in selected patients has comparable results to radical cystectomy. Results of neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) before radical cystectomy are promising. We hypothesize that ICI concurrent to CRT (iCRT) is safe and may improve treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVE To determine the safety of iCRT for MIBC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter, phase 1b, open-label, dose-escalation study determined the safety of CRT with three ICI regimens in patients with nonmetastatic (T2-4aN0-1) MIBC. Twenty-six patients received mitomycin C/capecitabine and 20 × 2.75 Gy to the bladder. Tolerability was evaluated in a cohort of up to ten patients. If two or fewer out of the first six patients or three or fewer of ten patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), accrual continued in the next cohort. INTERVENTION Patients received nivolumab 480 mg (NIVO480), nivolumab 3 mg/kg and ipilimumab 1 mg/kg (NIVO3 + IPI1), or nivolumab 1 mg/kg and ipilimumab 3 mg/kg (IPI3 + NIVO1). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The primary endpoint was safety. Secondary objectives were response rate, disease-free survival, metastatic-free survival (MFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS In the NIVO480 cohort, no patients experienced DLT. The NIVO3 + IPI1 2 patients experienced DLT, thrombocytopenia (grade 4), and asystole (grade 5). IPI3 + NIVO1 was discontinued after three out of six patients experienced DLT. Clinically significant adverse events (AEs) of grade ≥3 occurred in zero, three, and five patients in the NIVO480, NIVO3 + IPI1, and IPI3 + NIVO1 groups, respectively. The most common AEs were immune related and gastrointestinal. MFS and OS were 90% at 2 yr for NIVO480 and 90% at 1 yr for NIVO3 + IPI1. Limitations include the absence of a centralized pathology and radiology review, and a lack of biomarker analysis. CONCLUSIONS In this dose-finding study of iCRT, the regimens of nivolumab monotherapy and nivolumab 3 mg/kg with ipilimumab 1 mg/kg have acceptable toxicity. PATIENT SUMMARY We tested the safety of a new bladder-sparing treatment modality for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients, combining immune checkpoint inhibitors simultaneously with chemoradiotherapy. We report that two regimens, nivolumab monotherapy and nivolumab 3 mg/kg with ipilimumab 1 mg/kg, are safe and can be used in phase 3 trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Max de Ruiter
- Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jons W van Hattum
- Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Djoeri Lipman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Isala Hospital Zwolle, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M de Reijke
- Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen A van Moorselaar
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiotherapy, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J van Gennep
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A H Maartje Piet
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiotherapy, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mila Donker
- Department of Radiotherapy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Hulle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Voortman
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorg R Oddens
- Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten C C M Hulshof
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiotherapy, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan D Bins
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sengedorj A, Hader M, Frey B, Fietkau R, Ott OJ, Gaipl US, Rückert M. Interaction of Radiotherapy and Hyperthermia with the Immune System: a Brief Current Overview. Curr Stem Cell Rep. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-022-00215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
This review focuses on the opposing effects on the immune system of radiotherapy (RT) and the consequences for combined cancer treatment strategies of RT with immunotherapies, including hyperthermia (HT). How RT and HT might affect cancer stem cell populations is also briefly outlined in this context.
Recent Findings
RT is one of the crucial standard cancer therapies. Most patients with solid tumors receive RT for curative and palliative purposes in the course of their disease. RT achieves a local tumor control by inducing DNA damage which can lead to tumor cell death. In recent years, it has become evident that RT does not only have local effects, but also systemic effects which involves induction of anti-tumor immunity and possible alteration of the immunosuppressive properties of the tumor microenvironment. Though, often RT alone is not able to induce potent anti-tumor immune responses since the effects of RT on the immune system can be both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive.
Summary
RT with additional therapies such as HT and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are promising approaches to induce anti-tumor immunity effectively. HT is not only a potent sensitizer for RT, but it might also improve the efficacy of RT and certain chemotherapeutic agents (CT) by additionally sensitizing resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs).
Graphical abstract
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5
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Sengedorj A, Hader M, Heger L, Frey B, Dudziak D, Fietkau R, Ott OJ, Scheidegger S, Barba SM, Gaipl US, Rückert M. The Effect of Hyperthermia and Radiotherapy Sequence on Cancer Cell Death and the Immune Phenotype of Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2050. [PMID: 35565180 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hyperthermia (HT) is a cancer treatment which locally heats the tumor to supraphysiological temperature, and it is an effective sensitizer for radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy. HT is further capable of modulating the immune system. Thus, a better understanding of its effect on the immune phenotype of tumor cells, and particularly when combined with RT, would help to optimize combined anti-cancer treatments. Since in clinics, no standards about the sequence of RT and HT exist, we analyzed whether this differently affects the cell death and immunological phenotype of human breast cancer cells. We revealed that the sequence of HT and RT does not strongly matter from the immunological point of view, however, when HT is combined with RT, it changes the immunophenotype of breast cancer cells and also upregulates immune suppressive immune checkpoint molecules. Thus, the additional application of immune checkpoint inhibitors with RT and HT should be beneficial in clinics. Abstract Hyperthermia (HT) is an accepted treatment for recurrent breast cancer which locally heats the tumor to 39–44 °C, and it is a very potent sensitizer for radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy. However, currently little is known about how HT with a distinct temperature, and particularly, how the sequence of HT and RT changes the immune phenotype of breast cancer cells. Therefore, human MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with HT of different temperatures (39, 41 and 44 °C), alone and in combination with RT (2 × 5 Gy) in different sequences, with either RT or HT first, followed by the other. Tumor cell death forms and the expression of immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs) were analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were differentiated and co-cultured with the treated cancer cells. In both cell lines, RT was the main stressor for cell death induction, with apoptosis being the prominent cell death form in MCF-7 cells and both apoptosis and necrosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. Here, the sequence of the combined treatments, either RT or HT, did not have a significant impact on the final outcome. The expression of all of the three examined immune suppressive ICMs, namely PD-L1, PD-L2 and HVEM, was significantly increased on MCF-7 cells 120 h after the treatment of RT with HT of any temperature. Of special interest for MDA-MB-231 cells is that only combinations of RT with HT of both 41 and 44 °C induced a significantly increased expression of PD-L2 at all examined time points (24, 48, 72, and 120 h). Generally, high dynamics of ICM expression can be observed after combined RT and HT treatments. There was no significant difference between the different sequences of treatments (either HT + RT or RT + HT) in case of the upregulation of ICMs. Furthermore, the co-culture of moDCs with tumor cells of any treatment had no impact on the expression of activation markers. We conclude that the sequence of HT and RT does not strongly affect the immune phenotype of breast cancer cells. However, when HT is combined with RT, it results in an increased expression of distinct immune suppressive ICMs that should be considered by including immune checkpoint inhibitors in multimodal tumor treatments with RT and HT. Further, combined RT and HT affects the immune system in the effector phase rather than in the priming phase.
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Li M, Hou X, Sai K, Wu L, Chen J, Zhang B, Wang N, Wu L, Zheng H, Zhang J, Mou Y, Chen L. Immune suppressive microenvironment in brain metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: comprehensive immune microenvironment profiling of brain metastases versus paired primary lung tumors (GASTO 1060). Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2059874. [PMID: 35402080 PMCID: PMC8986255 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2059874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of brain metastases and is always associated with poor prognosis. We investigated the immunophenotypes of primary lung tumors and paired brain metastases, as well as immunophenotypes in the synchronous group (patients with brain metastases upon initial diagnosis) and metachronous group (patients developed brain metastases during the course of their disease). RNA sequencing of eighty-six samples from primary lung tumors and paired brain metastases of 43 patients was conducted to analyze the tumor immune microenvironment. Our data revealed that matched brain metastases compared with primary lung tumors exhibited reduced tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), a higher fraction of neutrophils infiltration, decreased scores of immune-related signatures, and a lower proportion of tumor microenvironment immune type I (high PD-L1/high CD8A) tumors. Additionally, we found a poor correlation of PD-L1 expression between paired brain metastases and primary lung tumors. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that some gene sets associated with the immune response were enriched in the metachronous group, while other gene sets associated with differentiation and metastasis were enriched in the synchronous group in the primary lung tumors. Moreover, the tumor immune microenvironment between paired brain metastases and primary lung tumors displayed more differences in the metachronous group than in the synchronous group. Our work illustrates that brain metastatic tumors are more immunosuppressed than primary lung tumors, which may help guide immunotherapeutic strategies for NSCLC brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xue Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ke Sai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Wu
- Genecast Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Baishen Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lijia Wu
- Genecast Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Zheng
- Genecast Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Genecast Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Yonggao Mou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Likun Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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van Hattum JW, de Ruiter BM, Oddens JR, Hulshof MCCM, de Reijke TM, Bins AD. Bladder-Sparing Chemoradiotherapy Combined with Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for Locally Advanced Urothelial Bladder Cancer-A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:38. [PMID: 35008202 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has provided durable treatment responses in advanced, metastatic, bladder cancer patients. The first trials using checkpoint inhibitors before surgery, when the cancer is still confined to the pelvis, without signs of metastasis, have reported promising results. We reviewed the literature to identify clinical trials combining ICI with bladder-sparing chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Radiotherapy stimulates the immune system, thereby possibly inducing an additive effect in combination with checkpoint inhibition. Currently, twelve trials are treating patients with this immunochemoradiotherapy (iCRT) combination treatment. Several combinations with different chemotherapeutics and ICI added to CRT appear safe and feasible. Further research and comparative trials are needed to prove whether iCRT has additional clinical value for bladder cancer patients. Abstract Despite current treatment strategies, the 5-year overall survival of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is approximately 50%. Historically, radical cystectomy (RC) with neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been the first-choice treatment for this patient group. Recently, several studies have reported encouraging results of using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) prior to RC. However, in recent years, bladder-sparing alternatives such as CRT have gained popularity. The effect of radiotherapy on the tumor microenvironment is an important rationale for combining CRT with ICI therapy. Worldwide, twelve immunochemoradiotherapy (iCRT) trials are ongoing. Each study employs a different chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimen and varies the timing of ICI administration concurrent to radiotherapy, adjuvant, or both. Five studies have presented (preliminary) results showing promising safety and short-term survival data. The first peer-reviewed publications are expected in the near future. The preclinical evidence and preliminary patient data demonstrate the potential of iCRT bladder-sparing treatment for bladder cancer.
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Clasen K, Welz S, Faltin H, Zips D, Eckert F. Dynamics of HMBG1 (High Mobility Group Box 1) during radiochemotherapy correlate with outcome of HNSCC patients. Strahlenther Onkol 2021. [PMID: 34671818 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-021-01860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) protein has been described as a consensus marker for immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer. To personalize treatments, there is a need for biomarkers to adapt dose prescription, concomitant chemotherapy, and follow-up in radiation oncology. Thus, we investigated the levels of HMGB1 in plasma of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) during the course of radiochemotherapy and follow-up in correlation with oncologic outcome and clinical confounders. Methods In our pilot study, 11 patients with advanced HNSCC were treated with definitive radiochemotherapy. Blood samples were taken weekly during treatment and frequently at follow-up visits. HMGB1 levels as well as routine laboratory values were measured and clinical information was collected including tumor volume, infections, toxicity, and follow-up data. Results In total, 85 samples were analyzed. In eight patients, HMGB1 levels (baseline vs. last available sample during treatment) were increasing and in three patients HMGB1 values were decreasing toward the end of treatment. All three patients with decreasing values developed tumor recurrence. By contrast, no relapse occurred in patients that showed increasing HMGB1 levels during therapy. Moreover, a positive correlation of HMGB1 levels with tumor volumes, C‑reactive protein (CRP) levels, infections, and grade three toxicity (RTOG) was observed. Conclusion HMGB1 might be a promising marker to monitor ICD in HNSCC during the course of radiochemotherapy. However, HMGB1 seems to reflect complex and diverse immunogenic responses and potential confounders. Infections and treatment-associated toxicity should be considered when interpreting the dynamics of HMGB1.
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9
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Chen KJ, Li FZ, Ye Q, Jia M, Fang S. HSP105 expression in cutaneous malignant melanoma: Correlation with clinicopathological characteristics. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258053. [PMID: 34618840 PMCID: PMC8496777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins can protect against stress-associated cellular challenges, but they can also protect some tumors from human immune system monitoring. Heat shock protein 105 (HSP105/110) is a high molecular weight protein whose expression has been reported in many cancers, but few studies on its role in cutaneous malignant melanoma have been published. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between HSP105 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of CMM. METHODS This retrospective study included 91 patients with CMM. The clinicopathological characteristics of CMM patients, including age, lesion duration, location, pathological classification, Clark's level, Breslow thickness, metastasis and recurrence, were collected. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis for HSP105 were performed. Pigmented nevi (n = 20) served as a control. The staining intensity and percentage of stained cells were expressed as a histochemical score (HSCORE). RESULTS HSP105 was overexpressed in melanoma compared with nevi. Differences in the HSCORE between nevi (HSCORE = 1.05(0.15,1.50)) and CMM (HSCORE = 2.68(1.80,3.60)) were remarkable (P<0.001). Exposed site lesions, recurrent and metastatic lesions, nodular melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma were closely associated with higher HSP105 expression (P = 0.011, P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). Moreover, no significant difference was observed in Clark's level, Breslow thickness, or lesion duration (P>0.05). CONCLUSION HSP105 is overexpressed in CMM. Higher HSP105 expression in lesions is associated with different clinicopathological variables. HSP105 may be a potential target for the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic prediction of CMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jun Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng-Zeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Ye
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Jia
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng Fang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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10
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Shan Q, Ma F, Wei J, Li H, Ma H, Sun P. Physiological Functions of Heat Shock Proteins. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:751-760. [PMID: 31713482 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666191111113726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones involved in a variety of life activities. HSPs function in the refolding of misfolded proteins, thereby contributing to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Heat shock factor (HSF) is activated in response to environmental stresses and binds to heat shock elements (HSEs), promoting HSP translation and thus the production of high levels of HSPs to prevent damage to the organism. Here, we summarize the role of molecular chaperones as anti-heat stress molecules and their involvement in immune responses and the modulation of apoptosis. In addition, we review the potential application of HSPs to cancer therapy, general medicine, and the treatment of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fengtao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingya Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Beijing Sunlon Livestock Development Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
Beijing, 100193, China
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Fares J, Ulasov I, Timashev P, Lesniak MS. Emerging principles of brain immunology and immune checkpoint blockade in brain metastases. Brain 2021; 144:1046-1066. [PMID: 33893488 PMCID: PMC8105040 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are the most common type of brain tumours, harbouring an immune microenvironment that can in principle be targeted via immunotherapy. Elucidating some of the immunological intricacies of brain metastases has opened a therapeutic window to explore the potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors in this globally lethal disease. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that tumour cells hijack the immune regulatory mechanisms in the brain for the benefit of their own survival and progression. Nonetheless, the role of the immune checkpoint in the complex interplays between cancers cells and T cells and in conferring resistance to therapy remains under investigation. Meanwhile, early phase trials with immune checkpoint inhibitors have reported clinical benefit in patients with brain metastases from melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. In this review, we explore the workings of the immune system in the brain, the immunology of brain metastases, and the current status of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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12
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Khan M, Zhao Z, Arooj S, Fu Y, Liao G. Soluble PD-1: Predictive, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Value for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587460. [PMID: 33329567 PMCID: PMC7710690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) interaction with PD-L1 deliver immunosuppressive environment for tumor growth, and its blockade with directed monoclonal antibodies (anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1) has shown remarkable clinical outcome. Lately, their soluble counterparts, sPD-1 and sPD-L1, have been detected in plasma, and elevated levels have been associated with advanced disease, clinical stages, and worst prognosis for cancer patients. Elevated plasma levels of sPD-L1 have been correlated with worst prognosis in several studies and has displayed a persistent outlook. On the other hand, sPD-1 levels have been inconsistent in their predictive and prognostic ability. Pretherapeutic higher sPD-1 plasma levels have shown to predict advanced disease state and to a lesser extent worst prognosis. Any increase in sPD-1 plasma level post therapeutically have been correlated with improved survival for various cancers. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown sPD-1 ability to bind PD-L1 and PD-L2 and block PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Local delivery of sPD-1 in cancer tumor microenvironment through local gene therapy have demonstrated an increase in tumor specific CD8+ T cell immunity and tumor growth reduction. It had also exhibited enhancement of T cell immunity induced by vaccination and other gene therapeutic agents. Furthermore, it may also lessen the inhibitory effect of circulating sPD-L1 and enhance the effects of mAb-based immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight various aspects of sPD-1 role in cancer prediction, prognosis, and anti-cancer immunity, as well as, its therapeutic value for local gene therapy or systemic immunotherapy in blocking the PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine Centre, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sumbal Arooj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Yuxiang Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guixiang Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Liao Y, Liu S, Fu S, Wu J. HMGB1 in Radiotherapy: A Two Headed Signal Regulating Tumor Radiosensitivity and Immunity. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:6859-6871. [PMID: 32764978 PMCID: PMC7369309 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s253772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay of cancer treatment. Recent studies have shown that RT not only directly induces cell death but also has late and sustained immune effects. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein released during RT, with location-dependent functions. It is essential for normal cellular function but also regulates the proliferation and migration of tumor cells by binding to high-affinity receptors. In this review, we summarize recent evidence on the functions of HMGB1 in RT according to the position, intracellular HMGB1 and extracellular HMGB1. Intracellular HMGB1 induces radiation tolerance in tumor cells by promoting DNA damage repair and autophagy. Extracellular HMGB1 plays a more intricate role in radiation-related immune responses, wherein it not only stimulates the anti-tumor immune response by facilitating the recognition of dying tumor cells but is also involved in maintaining immunosuppression. Factors that potentially affect the role of HMGB1 in RT-induced cytotoxicity have also been discussed in the context of possible therapeutic applications, which helps to develop effective and targeted radio-sensitization therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuya Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaozhi Fu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
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14
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Fellinger H, Stangl S, Hernandez Schnelzer A, Schwab M, Di Genio T, Pieper M, Werner C, Shevtsov M, Haller B, Multhoff G. Time- and Dose-Dependent Effects of Ionizing Irradiation on the Membrane Expression of Hsp70 on Glioma Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040912. [PMID: 32276468 PMCID: PMC7226755 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major stress-inducible protein Hsp70 (HSPA1A) is overexpressed in the cytosol of many highly aggressive tumor cells including glioblastoma multiforme and presented on their plasma membrane. Depending on its intracellular or membrane localization, Hsp70 either promotes tumor growth or serves as a target for natural killer (NK) cells. The kinetics of the membrane Hsp70 (mHsp70) density on human glioma cells (U87) was studied after different irradiation doses to define the optimal therapeutic window for Hsp70-targeting NK cells. To maintain the cells in the exponential growth phase during a cultivation period of 7 days, different initial cell counts were seeded. Although cytosolic Hsp70 levels remained unchanged on days 4 and 7 after a sublethal irradiation with 2, 4 and 6 Gy, a dose of 2 Gy resulted in an upregulated mHsp70 density in U87 cells which peaked on day 4 and started to decline on day 7. Higher radiation doses (4 Gy, 6 Gy) resulted in an earlier and more rapid onset of the mHsp70 expression on days 2 and 1, respectively, followed by a decline on day 5. Membrane Hsp70 levels were higher on cells in G2/M than in G1; however, an irradiation-induced cell cycle arrest on days 4 and 7 was not associated with an increase in the mHsp70 density. Extracellular Hsp70 concentrations in the supernatant of irradiated cells were significantly higher than sham (0 Gy) irradiated cells on days 4 and 7, but not on day 1. Functionally, elevated mHsp70 densities were associated with a significantly better lysis by Hsp70-targeting NK cells. In summary, the kinetics of changes in the mHsp70 density upon irradiation on tumor cells is time- and dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fellinger
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Alicia Hernandez Schnelzer
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Melissa Schwab
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Tommaso Di Genio
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Marija Pieper
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Caroline Werner
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
- Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (H.F.); (S.S.); (A.H.S.); (M.S.); (T.D.G.); (M.P.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-4514
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15
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Das JK, Xiong X, Ren X, Yang JM, Song J. Heat Shock Proteins in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Oncol 2019; 2019:3267207. [PMID: 31885572 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3267207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved molecular chaperones with divergent roles in various cellular processes. The HSPs are classified according to their molecular size as HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90. The HSPs prevent nonspecific cellular aggregation of proteins by maintaining their native folding energetics. The disruption of this vital cellular process, driven by the aberrant expression of HSPs, is implicated in the progression of several different carcinomas. Many HSPs are also actively involved in promoting the proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells, contributing to their metastatic phenotype. Upregulation of these HSPs is associated with the poor outcome of anticancer therapy in clinical settings. On the other hand, these highly expressed HSPs may be exploited as viable immunotherapeutic targets for different types of cancers. This review discusses recent advances and perspectives on the research of HSP-based cancer immunotherapy.
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16
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Shevtsov M, Stangl S, Nikolaev B, Yakovleva L, Marchenko Y, Tagaeva R, Sievert W, Pitkin E, Mazur A, Tolstoy P, Galibin O, Ryzhov V, Steiger K, Smirnov O, Khachatryan W, Chester K, Multhoff G. Granzyme B Functionalized Nanoparticles Targeting Membrane Hsp70-Positive Tumors for Multimodal Cancer Theranostics. Small 2019; 15:e1900205. [PMID: 30828968 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have emerged as potential clinical tools for cancer theranostics. Membrane-bound 70 kDa heat shock protein (mHsp70) is ubiquitously expressed on the cell membrane of various tumor types but not normal cells and therefore provides a tumor-specific target. The serine protease granzyme B (GrB) that is produced as an effector molecule by activated T and NK cells has been shown to specifically target mHsp70 on tumor cells. Following binding to Hsp70, GrB is rapidly internalized into tumor cells. Herein, it is demonstrated that GrB functionalized SPIONs act as a contrast enhancement agent for magnetic resonance imaging and induce specific tumor cell apoptosis. Combinatorial regimens employing stereotactic radiotherapy and/or magnetic targeting are found to further enhance the therapeutic efficacy of GrB-SPIONs in different tumor mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Shevtsov
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno-Oncology group, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky ave., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, L'va Tolstogo str. 6/8, St. Petersburg, 197022, Russia
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Russian Polenov Neurosurgical Institute, Mayakovskogo str. 12, St. Petersburg, 191104, Russia
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno-Oncology group, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Boris Nikolaev
- Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhskaya str. 12, St. Petersburg, 191014, Russia
| | - Ludmila Yakovleva
- Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhskaya str. 12, St. Petersburg, 191014, Russia
| | - Yaroslav Marchenko
- Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhskaya str. 12, St. Petersburg, 191014, Russia
| | - Ruslana Tagaeva
- Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhskaya str. 12, St. Petersburg, 191014, Russia
| | - Wolfgang Sievert
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno-Oncology group, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Emil Pitkin
- Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Walnut Street 3730, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anton Mazur
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Peter Tolstoy
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Oleg Galibin
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, L'va Tolstogo str. 6/8, St. Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Ryzhov
- NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, 188300, Russia
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 18, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Oleg Smirnov
- NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, 188300, Russia
| | - William Khachatryan
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Russian Polenov Neurosurgical Institute, Mayakovskogo str. 12, St. Petersburg, 191104, Russia
| | - Kerry Chester
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno-Oncology group, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
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Mahmoudi K, Bouras A, Bozec D, Ivkov R, Hadjipanayis C. Magnetic hyperthermia therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma: a review of the therapy's history, efficacy and application in humans. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 34:1316-1328. [PMID: 29353516 PMCID: PMC6078833 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1430867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia therapy (HT) is the exposure of a region of the body to elevated temperatures to achieve a therapeutic effect. HT anticancer properties and its potential as a cancer treatment have been studied for decades. Techniques used to achieve a localised hyperthermic effect include radiofrequency, ultrasound, microwave, laser and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The use of MNPs for therapeutic hyperthermia generation is known as magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) and was first attempted as a cancer therapy in 1957. However, despite more recent advancements, MHT has still not become part of the standard of care for cancer treatment. Certain challenges, such as accurate thermometry within the tumour mass and precise tumour heating, preclude its widespread application as a treatment modality for cancer. MHT is especially attractive for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer in adults, which has no cure. In this review, the application of MHT as a therapeutic modality for GBM will be discussed. Its therapeutic efficacy, technical details, and major experimental and clinical findings will be reviewed and analysed. Finally, current limitations, areas of improvement, and future directions will be discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Mahmoudi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandros Bouras
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dominique Bozec
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Constantinos Hadjipanayis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA
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Lee YS, Heo W, Nam J, Jeung YH, Bae J. The combination of ionizing radiation and proteasomal inhibition by bortezomib enhances the expression of NKG2D ligands in multiple myeloma cells. J Radiat Res 2018; 59:245-252. [PMID: 29518205 PMCID: PMC5967576 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bortezomib, which is a potent proteasome inhibitor, has been used as a first-line drugs to treat multiple myeloma for a few decades, and radiotherapy has frequently been applied to manage acute bone lesions in the patients. Therefore, it was necessary to investigate what the benefits might be if the two therapies were applied simultaneously in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Since it was known that radiotherapy and proteasome inhibitors could increase the expression of NKG2D ligands through induction of protein synthesis and suppression of protein degradation of NKG2D ligands, respectively, we supposed that the combined treatment might further enhance the expression of NKG2D ligands. In this study, we analyzed the expression level of NKG2D ligands using multiplex PCR and flow cytometry after treatment of IM-9 and RPMI-8226 myeloma cells with bortezomib and ionizing radiation; we then assayed the susceptibility to NK-92 cells. Although the expression of only some kinds of NKG2D ligands were increased by treatment with bortezomib alone, five kinds of NKG2D ligands that we assayed were further induced at the surface protein level after combined treatment with ionizing radiation and bortezomib. Furthermore, combined treatment made myeloma cells more susceptible to NK-92 cells, compared with treatment with bortezomib alone. In conclusion, the combination therapy of ionizing radiation plus the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is a promising therapeutical strategy for enhancing NK cell-mediated anticancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busandaehakro-49, Mulgeum-eup Yangsan-si Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, South Korea
- PNU BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Education Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busandaehakro-49, Mulgeum-eup Yangsan-si Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, South Korea
| | - Woong Heo
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busandaehakro-49, Mulgeum-eup Yangsan-si Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, South Korea
- PNU BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Education Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busandaehakro-49, Mulgeum-eup Yangsan-si Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, South Korea
| | - Jiho Nam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Geumo-ro 20, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, South Korea
| | - Young Hwa Jeung
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jaeho Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busandaehakro-49, Mulgeum-eup Yangsan-si Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, South Korea
- PNU BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Education Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busandaehakro-49, Mulgeum-eup Yangsan-si Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, South Korea
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Tovar C, Patchett AL, Kim V, Wilson R, Darby J, Lyons AB, Woods GM. Heat shock proteins expressed in the marsupial Tasmanian devil are potential antigenic candidates in a vaccine against devil facial tumour disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196469. [PMID: 29702669 PMCID: PMC5922574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), the largest extant carnivorous marsupial and endemic to Tasmania, is at the verge of extinction due to the emergence of a transmissible cancer known as devil facial tumour disease (DFTD). DFTD has spread over the distribution range of the species and has been responsible for a severe decline in the global devil population. To protect the Tasmanian devil from extinction in the wild, our group has focused on the development of a prophylactic vaccine. Although this work has shown that vaccine preparations using whole DFTD tumour cells supplemented with adjuvants can induce anti-DFTD immune responses, alternative strategies that induce stronger and more specific immune responses are required. In humans, heat shock proteins (HSPs) derived from tumour cells have been used instead of whole-tumour cell preparations as a source of antigens for cancer immunotherapy. As HSPs have not been studied in the Tasmanian devil, this study presents the first characterisation of HSPs in this marsupial and evaluates the suitability of these proteins as antigenic components for the enhancement of a DFTD vaccine. We show that tissues and cancer cells from the Tasmanian devil express constitutive and inducible HSP. Additionally, this study suggests that HSP derived from DFTD cancer cells are immunogenic supporting the future development of a HSP-based vaccine against DFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Tovar
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda L. Patchett
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Vitna Kim
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Darby
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - A. Bruce Lyons
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory M. Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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20
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Wang J, Xu Y, Huang Z, Lu X. T cell exhaustion in cancer: Mechanisms and clinical implications. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4279-4286. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Cheng Wang
- Department of General SurgeryLiver Transplantation CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of NephrologyHuai'an Second People's Hospital and The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityHuai'anChina
| | - Zheng‐Ming Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology302 Hospital of PLABeijingChina
| | - Xiao‐Jie Lu
- Department of General SurgeryLiver Transplantation CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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Mazaira GI, Daneri-Becerra C, Zgajnar NR, Lotufo CM, Galigniana MD. Gene expression regulation by heat-shock proteins: the cardinal roles of HSF1 and Hsp90. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:51-65. [PMID: 29273620 DOI: 10.1042/BST20170335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability to permit gene expression is managed by a set of relatively well known regulatory mechanisms. Nonetheless, this property can also be acquired during a life span as a consequence of environmental stimuli. Interestingly, some acquired information can be passed to the next generation of individuals without modifying gene information, but instead by the manner in which cells read and process such information. Molecular chaperones are classically related to the proper preservation of protein folding and anti-aggregation properties, but one of them, heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90), is a refined sensor of protein function facilitating the biological activity of properly folded client proteins that already have a preserved tertiary structure. Interestingly, Hsp90 can also function as a critical switch able to regulate biological responses due to its association with key client proteins such as histone deacetylases or DNA methylases. Thus, a growing amount of evidence has connected the action of Hsp90 to post-translational modifications of soluble nuclear factors, DNA, and histones, which epigenetically affect gene expression upon the onset of an unfriendly environment. This response is commanded by the activation of the transcription factor heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1). Even though numerous stresses of diverse nature are known to trigger the stress response by activation of HSF1, it is still unknown whether there are different types of molecular sensors for each type of stimulus. In the present review, we will discuss various aspects of the regulatory action of HSF1 and Hsp90 on transcriptional regulation, and how this regulation may affect genetic assimilation mechanisms and the health of individuals.
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Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Baatout S, Moreels M. Impact of Particle Irradiation on the Immune System: From the Clinic to Mars. Front Immunol 2017; 8:177. [PMID: 28275377 PMCID: PMC5319970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the generalized use of photon-based radiation (i.e., gamma rays and X-rays) to treat different cancer types, particle radiotherapy (i.e., protons and carbon ions) is becoming a popular, and more effective tool to treat specific tumors due to the improved physical properties and biological effectiveness. Current scientific evidence indicates that conventional radiation therapy affects the tumor immunological profile in a particular manner, which in turn, might induce beneficial effects both at local and systemic (i.e., abscopal effects) levels. The interaction between radiotherapy and the immune system is being explored to combine immune and radiation (including particles) treatments, which in many cases have a greater clinical effect than any of the therapies alone. Contrary to localized, clinical irradiation, astronauts are exposed to whole body, chronic cosmic radiation, where protons and heavy ions are an important component. The effects of this extreme environment during long periods of time, e.g., a potential mission to Mars, will have an impact on the immune system that could jeopardize the health of the astronauts, hence the success of the mission. To this background, the purpose of this mini review is to briefly present the current knowledge in local and systemic immune alterations triggered by particle irradiation and to propose new lines of future research. Immune effects induced by particle radiation relevant to clinical applications will be covered, together with examples of combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Then, the focus will move to outer space, where the immune system alterations induced by cosmic radiation during spaceflight will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN , Mol , Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN , Mol , Belgium
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN , Mol , Belgium
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Chang L, Zhang Z, Chen F, Zhang W, Song S, Song S. Irradiation enhances dendritic cell potential antitumor activity by inducing tumor cell expressing TNF-α. Med Oncol 2017; 34:44. [PMID: 28194716 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs)-based tumor vaccines have shown to be the promising methods for inducing therapeutic antitumor response. However, DCs alone rarely carry curative antitumor activity, and the immunosuppressive microenvironment may contribute to this defect of DC vaccinal function. Irradiation in combination with DCs has been shown to promote immune-mediated tumor destruction in preclinical studies. However, little is known about how irradiation alters the tumor microenvironment, and what host pathways modulate the activity of administrated DCs. In this study, BALB/c mice and the 4T1 breast cancer cell line were used in a tumor-bearing model. The tumor-bearing mice were irradiated locally up to 10 Gy for 3 consecutive days or a single dose of 30 Gy using a cesium source. Studies of dynamic change of the tumor microenvironment in irradiated versus untreated tumors revealed that there was no obvious change on IL-10, IL-6 and TGF-β expression or production, whereas increased TNF-α level within the first 2 weeks of irradiation. The increased TNF-α level is exactly right timing window for DCs injection, corresponding to the significant elevation of intratumoral CD8+ T infiltration and the regression of tumor size. With attention to scheduling, combination X-ray with DCs i.t. injection may offer a practical strategy to improve treatment outcomes.
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Abstract
More than 0.5 million new cases of head and neck cancer are diagnosed worldwide each year, and approximately 75% of them are treated with radiation alone or in combination with other cancer treatments. A majority of patients treated with radiotherapy develop significant oral off-target effects because of the unavoidable irradiation of normal tissues. Salivary glands that lie within treatment fields are often irreparably damaged and a decline in function manifests as dry mouth or xerostomia. Limited ability of the salivary glands to regenerate lost acinar cells makes radiation-induced loss of function a chronic problem that affects the quality of life of the patients well beyond the completion of radiotherapy. The restoration of saliva production after irradiation has been a daunting challenge, and this review provides an overview of promising gene therapeutics that either improve the gland’s ability to survive radiation insult, or alternately, restore fluid flow after radiation. The salient features and shortcomings of each approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjith Parameswaran Nair
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States of America
| | - Gulshan Sunavala-Dossabhoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States of America
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Abstract
Heat shock protein 70, (Hsp70) constitutes a powerful system of cytoprotection in all organisms studied to date. Exerting such activity, Hsp70 rescues cancer cells from antitumor therapy, posing a great challenge for oncologists. In contrast to its protective action, Hsp70 was found to be released from cancer cells, prompting cytotoxic lymphocytes to target and kill the tumor. A great number of vaccines have been developed on the basis of the ability of Hsp70 to present tumor antigen or to elevate the sensitivity of cancer cells to cytotoxic lymphocytes. In this commentary, we consider novel data on the employment of pure Hsp70 in the therapy of glioma and melanoma malignancies. We show that intratumorally delivered Hsp70 penetrates cancer cells and pulls its intracellular analog outside of the cell. This displacement may activate cells, constituting both innate and adaptive immunity. In vivo delivery of Hsp70 was found to inhibit tumor growth and to extend survival. The technology of intratumoral injection of pure Hsp70 passed through preclinical trials and was investigated in clinics for children with brain cancer; the results show the safety and feasibility of a new approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Guzhova
- a Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Boris A Margulis
- a Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences , St. Petersburg , Russia
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Rochani AK, Ravindran Girija A, Borah A, Maekawa T, Sakthi Kumar D. Heat-Shock Protein 90–Targeted Nano Anticancer Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1454-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shevtsov MA, Nikolaev BP, Ryzhov VA, Yakovleva LY, Marchenko YY, Parr MA, Rolich VI, Mikhrina AL, Dobrodumov AV, Pitkin E, Multhoff G. Ionizing radiation improves glioma-specific targeting of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated with cmHsp70.1 monoclonal antibodies (SPION-cmHsp70.1). Nanoscale 2015; 7:20652-20664. [PMID: 26599206 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06521f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The stress-inducible 72 kDa heat shock protein Hsp70 is known to be expressed on the membrane of highly aggressive tumor cells including high-grade gliomas, but not on the corresponding normal cells. Membrane Hsp70 (mHsp70) is rapidly internalized into tumor cells and thus targeting of mHsp70 might provide a promising strategy for theranostics. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are contrast negative agents that are used for the detection of tumors with MRI. Herein, we conjugated the Hsp70-specific antibody (cmHsp70.1) which is known to recognize mHsp70 to superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles to assess tumor-specific targeting before and after ionizing irradiation. In vitro experiments demonstrated the selectivity of SPION-cmHsp70.1 conjugates to free and mHsp70 in different tumor cell types (C6 glioblastoma, K562 leukemia, HeLa cervix carcinoma) in a dose-dependent manner. High-resolution MRI (11 T) on T(2)-weighted images showed the retention of the conjugates in the C6 glioma model. Accumulation of SPION-cmHsp70.1 nanoparticles in the glioma resulted in a nearly 2-fold drop of T*(2) values in comparison to non-conjugated SPIONs. Biodistribution analysis using NLR-M(2) measurements showed a 7-fold increase in the tumor-to-background (normal brain) uptake ratio of SPION-cmHsp70.1 conjugates in glioma-bearing rats in comparison to SPIONs. This accumulation within Hsp70-positive glioma was further enhanced after a single dose (10 Gy) of ionizing radiation. Elevated accumulation of the magnetic conjugates in the tumor due to radiosensitization proves the combination of radiotherapy and application of Hsp70-targeted agents in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Shevtsov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky ave., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
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Guo CX, Wang J, Huang LH, Li JG, Chen X. Impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms on radiation pneumonitis in cancer patients. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 4:3-10. [PMID: 26870349 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is one of the most important dose-limiting toxicities in the radiotherapy of thoracic tumors, which reduces the rate of local tumor control and overall survival and severely affects the patients' quality of life. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have recently attracted increasing attention as biomarkers for predicting the development of RP. SNPs in inflammation-related, DNA repair-related, stress response-related and angiogenesis-related genes were proved to be associated with RP, with different underlying mechanisms. Radiogenomics focuses on the differences in radiosensitivity caused by gene sequence variation, which may prove helpful in investigating the abovementioned associations. In this review, we aimed to investigate the associations between RP and SNPs reported in recent studies and highlight the main content and prospects of radiogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xian Guo
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Huang
- Center for Experimental Medical Research, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Gao Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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van Vliet AR, Martin S, Garg AD, Agostinis P. The PERKs of damage-associated molecular patterns mediating cancer immunogenicity: From sensor to the plasma membrane and beyond. Semin Cancer Biol. 2015;33:74-85. [PMID: 25882379 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are emerging as key adaptation mechanisms in response to loss of proteostasis, with major cell autonomous and non-autonomous functions impacting cancer progression and therapeutic responses. In recent years, vital physiological roles of the ER in maintenance of proteostasis, Ca(2+) signaling and trafficking through the secretory pathway have emerged. Some of these functions have been shown to be decisive for mobilizing certain signals from injured/dying cancer cells in response to certain anticancer treatments, toward the plasma membrane and ultimately emit them into the extracellular environment, where they may act as danger signals. The spatiotemporally defined emission of these signals, better known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), distinguishes this type of cancer cell death from physiological apoptosis, which is tolerogenic in nature, thereby enabling these dying cancer cells to alert the immune system and "re-activate" antitumor immunity. The emission of DAMPs, decisive for immunogenic cell death (ICD) and which include the ER chaperone calreticulin and ATP, is reliant on a danger signaling module induced by certain assorted anticancer treatments through oxidative-ER stress. The main focus of this review is to discuss the emerging role of ER-stress regulated pathways and processes in danger signaling thereby regulating the cancer cell-immune cell interface by the extracellular emission of DAMPs. In particular, we discuss signaling contexts existing upstream and around PERK, a major ER-stress sensor in ICD context, which have not been emphatically discussed in the context of antitumor immunity and ICD up until now. Finally, we briefly discuss the pros and cons of targeting PERK in the context of ICD.
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Abstract
The ability to recognize and respond to universal molecular patterns on invading microorganisms allows our immune system to stay on high alert, sensing danger to our self-integrity. Our own damaged cells and tissues in pathological situations activate similar warning systems as microbes. In this way, the body is able to mount a response that is appropriate to the danger. Toll-like receptors are at the heart of this pattern recognition system that initiates innate pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory signaling cascades and ultimately bridges recognition of danger to adaptive immunity. The acute inflammatory lesions that are formed segue into resolution of inflammation, repair and healing or, more dysfunctionally, into chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, excessive tissue damage and carcinogenesis. Redox is at the nexus of this decision making process and is the point at which ionizing radiation initially intercepts to trigger similar responses to self-damage. In this review we discuss our current understanding of how radiation-damaged cells interact with Toll-like receptors and how the immune systems interprets these radiation-induced danger signals in the context of whole-body exposures and during local tumor irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Shahabi V, Postow MA, Tuck D, Wolchok JD. Immune-priming of the tumor microenvironment by radiotherapy: rationale for combination with immunotherapy to improve anticancer efficacy. Am J Clin Oncol 2015; 38:90-7. [PMID: 25616204 DOI: 10.1097/COC.0b013e3182868ec8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A clear contribution of the immune system to eradication of tumors has been supported by recent developments in the field of immunotherapy. Durable clinical responses obtained after treatment with immunomodulatory agents such as ipilimumab (Yervoy) and anti-PD-1 antibody (BMS-936558), have established that harnessing the immune response against chemoresistant tumors can result in their complete eradication. However, only a subset of patients benefit from these therapeutic approaches. Accumulating evidence suggests that tumors with a preexisting active immune microenvironment might have a better response to immunotherapy. In a number of preclinical and clinical studies, many cytotoxic agents elicit changes within tumors and their microenvironment that may make these malignant cells more sensitive to an efficient immune cell attack. Therefore, it is plausible that combining immunotherapy with standard anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy will provide synergistic antitumor effects. Despite a large collection of preclinical data, the immune mechanisms that might contribute to the efficacy of conventional cytotoxic therapies and their combinations with immunotherapeutic approaches have not yet been extensively studied in the clinical setting and warrant further investigation. This review will focus on current knowledge of the immunomodulatory effects of one such cytotoxic treatment, radiotherapy, and explore different pathways by which its combination with immunomodulatory antibodies might contribute toward more efficacious antitumor immunity.
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Abstract
Baicalein is a new drug that has shown promising anti-cancer effects against a broad spectrum of tumors. However, the potential effect on osteosarcoma cells and the mechanisms involved are still largely unknown. Resistance to chemotherapy remains a major obstacle in cancer therapy. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-tumor effect of baicalein on human osteosarcoma cancer cells and the molecular mechanism involved, as well as identify possible mechanisms of drug resistance. Our results revealed that baicalein-induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells was via a mitochondrial pathway involving both caspase-dependent and independent mechanisms. Notably, baicalein treatment upregulated the expression of HSP70, which partially prevented human osteosarcoma cells from undergoing apoptosis. Moreover, it was revealed that HSP70 expression decreased the sensitivity of osteosarcoma cells to baicalein via activation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways. These results suggest that targeting HSP70-mediated drug resistance, in combination with chemotherapy drugs, may provide novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, No 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
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Dang VT, Tanabe K, Tanaka Y, Tokumoto N, Misumi T, Saeki Y, Fujikuni N, Ohdan H. Fasting enhances TRAIL-mediated liver natural killer cell activity via HSP70 upregulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110748. [PMID: 25356750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute starvation, which is frequently observed in clinical practice, sometimes augments the cytolytic activity of natural killer cells against neoplastic cells. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the enhancement of natural killer cell function by fasting in mice. The total number of liver resident natural killer cells in a unit weight of liver tissue obtained from C57BL/6J mice did not change after a 3-day fast, while the proportions of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)+ and CD69+ natural killer cells were significantly elevated (n = 7, p <0.01), as determined by flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, we found that TRAIL- natural killer cells that were adoptively transferred into Rag-2-/- γ chain-/- mice could convert into TRAIL+ natural killer cells in fasted mice at a higher proportion than in fed mice. Liver natural killer cells also showed high TRAIL-mediated antitumor function in response to 3-day fasting. Since these fasted mice highly expressed heat shock protein 70 (n = 7, p <0.05) in liver tissues, as determined by western blot, the role of this protein in natural killer cell activation was investigated. Treatment of liver lymphocytes with 50 µg/mL of recombinant heat shock protein 70 led to the upregulation of both TRAIL and CD69 in liver natural killer cells (n = 6, p <0.05). In addition, HSP70 neutralization by intraperitoneally injecting an anti- heat shock protein 70 monoclonal antibody into mice prior to fasting led to the downregulation of TRAIL expression (n = 6, p <0.05). These findings indicate that acute fasting enhances TRAIL-mediated liver natural killer cell activity against neoplastic cells through upregulation of heat shock protein 70.
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Kanegasaki S, Matsushima K, Shiraishi K, Nakagawa K, Tsuchiya T. Macrophage inflammatory protein derivative ECI301 enhances the alarmin-associated abscopal benefits of tumor radiotherapy. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5070-8. [PMID: 25038226 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy can produce antitumor benefits beyond the local site of irradiation, an immune-based phenomenon known as the abscopal effect, but the mechanisms underlying these benefits are poorly understood. Preclinical studies of ECI301, a mutant derivative of macrophage inhibitory protein-1α, have shown that its administration can improve the antitumor effects of radiotherapy in a manner associated with a tumor-independent abscopal effect. In this article, we report that i.v. administration of ECI301 after intratumoral injection of tumor cell lysates can inhibit tumor growth, not only at the site of injection but also at nontreated sites. Effects of the tumor lysate were further recapitulated by intratumoral injection [corrected] of the alarmins HSP70 or HMGB1, but not HSP60, and i.v. administration [corrected] of ECI301 + HSP70 were sufficient to inhibit tumor growth. Although i.v. administration [corrected] of ECI301 + HMGB1 did not inhibit tumor growth, we found that administration of a neutralizing HMGB1 antibody neutralized the cooperative effects of ECI301 on tumor irradiation. Moreover, mice genetically deficient in TLR4, an immune pattern receptor that binds alarmins, including HMGB1 and HSP70, did not exhibit antitumor responses to irradiation with ECI301 administration. Although ECI301 was cleared rapidly from peripheral blood, it was found to bind avidly to HSP70 and HMGB1 in vitro. Our results suggest a model in which sequential release of the alarmins HSP70 and HMGB1 from a tumor by irradiation may trap circulating ECI301, thereby licensing or restoring tumor immunosurveillance capabilities of natural killer cells or CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells against tumor cells that may evade irradiation. Cancer Res; 74(18); 5070-8. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kanegasaki
- Central Laboratory, Effector Cell Institute (ECI) Inc., Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan. YU-ECI Research Center for Medical Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Shiraishi
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Nakagawa
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tsuchiya
- Central Laboratory, Effector Cell Institute (ECI) Inc., Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan. YU-ECI Research Center for Medical Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyongbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Rubner Y, Muth C, Strnad A, Derer A, Sieber R, Buslei R, Frey B, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. Fractionated radiotherapy is the main stimulus for the induction of cell death and of Hsp70 release of p53 mutated glioblastoma cell lines. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:89. [PMID: 24678590 PMCID: PMC3994240 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-9-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Despite a multimodal therapy consisting of resection followed by fractionated radiotherapy (RT) combined with the chemotherapeutic agent (CT) temozolomide (TMZ), its recurrence is almost inevitable. Since the immune system is capable of eliminating small tumor masses, a therapy should also aim to stimulate anti-tumor immune responses by induction of immunogenic cell death forms. The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) might foster this. Methods Reflecting therapy standards, we applied in our in vitro model fractionated RT with a single dose of 2Gy and clinically relevant concentrations of CT. Not only the impact of RT and/or CT with TMZ and/or VPA on the clonogenic potential and cell cycle of the glioblastoma cell lines T98G, U251MG, and U87MG was analyzed, but also the resulting cell death forms and release of danger signals such as heat-shock protein70 (Hsp70) and high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1). Results The clonogenic assays revealed that T98G and U251MG, having mutated tumor suppressor protein p53, are more resistant to RT and CT than U87MG with wild type (WT) p53. In all glioblastoma cells lines, fractionated RT induced a G2 cell cycle arrest, but only in the case of U87MG, TMZ and/or VPA alone resulted in this cell cycle block. Further, fractionated RT significantly increased the number of apoptotic and necrotic tumor cells in all three cell lines. However, only in U87MG, the treatment with TMZ and/or VPA alone, or in combination with fractionated RT, induced significantly more cell death compared to untreated or irradiated controls. While necrotic glioblastoma cells were present after VPA, TMZ especially led to significantly increased amounts of U87MG cells in the radiosensitive G2 cell cycle phase. While CT did not impact on the release of Hsp70, fractionated RT resulted in significantly increased extracellular concentrations of Hsp70 in p53 mutated and WT glioblastoma cells. Conclusions Our results indicate that fractionated RT is the main stimulus for induction of glioblastoma cell death forms with immunogenic potential. The generated tumor cell microenvironment might be beneficial to include immune therapies for GBM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Bayer C, Liebhardt ME, Schmid TE, Trajkovic-Arsic M, Hube K, Specht HM, Schilling D, Gehrmann M, Stangl S, Siveke JT, Wilkens JJ, Multhoff G. Validation of heat shock protein 70 as a tumor-specific biomarker for monitoring the outcome of radiation therapy in tumor mouse models. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 88:694-700. [PMID: 24521683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor cells, in contrast to normal cells, frequently overexpress heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in the cytosol, present it on their cell surface, and actively release it. Therefore, soluble Hsp70 (sHsp70) was investigated as a potential tumor biomarker for monitoring the outcome of radiation therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS Plasma from mice bearing membrane Hsp70 (mHsp70)-positive FaDu human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and spontaneous pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) was investigated. A cohort of mice with FaDu tumors (0.32 cm(3)) was irradiated with 30 Gy, and plasma was collected 24 hours after irradiation, after the tumors had shrunk to 50% of their starting volume and after complete remission. sHsp70 levels in the plasma were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS sHsp70 levels were significantly higher in the blood of tumor-bearing mice than that of control animals. A correlation between increasing sHsp70 plasma levels and tumor volume in the range of 0.01 cm(3) to 0.66 cm(3) was observed. Radiation-induced regression of the tumors was associated with significantly decreased sHsp70 levels, which returned to the level of control animals after complete remission. CONCLUSION We propose sHsp70 as an innovative biomarker for detecting tumors and for monitoring the clinical outcome of radiation therapy in cancer patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/blood
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/radiotherapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/blood
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/blood
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Mice
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Radiation Dosage
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/radiation effects
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Burden
- Pancreatic Neoplasms
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bayer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael E Liebhardt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas E Schmid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marija Trajkovic-Arsic
- II Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Hube
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanno M Specht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Schilling
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Clinical Kooperation Group, Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology, HelmholtzZentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Gehrmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens T Siveke
- II Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan J Wilkens
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Clinical Kooperation Group, Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology, HelmholtzZentrum München, Munich, Germany.
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Durante M, Reppingen N, Held KD. Immunologically augmented cancer treatment using modern radiotherapy. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:565-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gameiro SR, Higgins JP, Dreher MR, Woods DL, Reddy G, Wood BJ, Guha C, Hodge JW. Combination therapy with local radiofrequency ablation and systemic vaccine enhances antitumor immunity and mediates local and distal tumor regression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70417. [PMID: 23894654 PMCID: PMC3722166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive energy delivery technique increasingly used for focal therapy to eradicate localized disease. RFA-induced tumor-cell necrosis generates an immunogenic source of tumor antigens known to induce antitumor immune responses. However, RFA-induced antitumor immunity is insufficient to control metastatic progression. We sought to characterize (a) the role of RFA dose on immunogenic modulation of tumor and generation of immune responses and (b) the potential synergy between vaccine immunotherapy and RFA aimed at local tumor control and decreased systemic progression. Experimental Design Murine colon carcinoma cells expressing the tumor-associated (TAA) carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (MC38-CEA+) were studied to examine the effect of sublethal hyperthermia in vitro on the cells’ phenotype and sensitivity to CTL-mediated killing. The effect of RFA dose was investigated in vivo impacting (a) the phenotype and growth of MC38-CEA+ tumors and (b) the induction of tumor-specific immune responses. Finally, the molecular signature was evaluated as well as the potential synergy between RFA and poxviral vaccines expressing CEA and a TRIad of COstimulatory Molecules (CEA/TRICOM). Results In vitro, sublethal hyperthermia of MC38-CEA+ cells (a) increased cell-surface expression of CEA, Fas, and MHC class I molecules and (b) rendered tumor cells more susceptible to CTL-mediated lysis. In vivo, RFA induced (a) immunogenic modulation on the surface of tumor cells and (b) increased T-cell responses to CEA and additional TAAs. Combination therapy with RFA and vaccine in CEA-transgenic mice induced a synergistic increase in CD4+ T-cell immune responses to CEA and eradicated both primary CEA+ and distal CEA– s.c. tumors. Sequential administration of low-dose and high-dose RFA with vaccine decreased tumor recurrence compared to RFA alone. These studies suggest a potential clinical benefit in combining RFA with vaccine in cancer patients, and augment support for this novel translational paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R. Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack P. Higgins
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Dreher
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology, and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David L. Woods
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology, and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Goutham Reddy
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology, and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bradford J. Wood
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology, and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James W. Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Ermakov AV, Konkova MS, Kostyuk SV, Izevskaya VL, Baranova A, Veiko NN. Oxidized extracellular DNA as a stress signal in human cells. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013; 2013:649747. [PMID: 23533696 DOI: 10.1155/2013/649747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The term “cell-free DNA” (cfDNA) was recently coined for DNA fragments from plasma/serum, while DNA present in in vitro cell culture media is known as extracellular DNA (ecDNA). Under oxidative stress conditions, the levels of oxidative modification of cellular DNA and the rate of cell death increase. Dying cells release their damaged DNA, thus, contributing oxidized DNA fragments to the pool of cfDNA/ecDNA. Oxidized cell-free DNA could serve as a stress signal that promotes irradiation-induced bystander effect. Evidence points to TLR9 as a possible candidate for oxidized DNA sensor. An exposure to oxidized ecDNA stimulates a synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that evokes an adaptive response that includes transposition of the homologous loci within the nucleus, polymerization and the formation of the stress fibers of the actin, as well as activation of the ribosomal gene expression, and nuclear translocation of NF-E2 related factor-2 (NRF2) that, in turn, mediates induction of phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, the oxidized DNA is a stress signal released in response to oxidative stress in the cultured cells and, possibly, in the human body; in particular, it might contribute to systemic abscopal effects of localized irradiation treatments.
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Ingrosso G, Fantini M, Nardi A, Benvenuto M, Sacchetti P, Masuelli L, Ponti E, Frajese GV, Lista F, Schillaci O, Santoni R, Modesti A, Bei R. Local radiotherapy increases the level of autoantibodies to ribosomal P0 protein but not to heat shock proteins, extracellular matrix molecules and EGFR/ErbB2 receptors in prostate cancer patients. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:1167-74. [PMID: 23254686 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common cancer among men in developed countries. Although hormonotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) represent valid therapies for prostate cancer treatment, novel immunological approaches have been explored. The development of clinical trials employing cancer vaccines has indicated that immune response to tumor antigens can be boosted and that vaccine administration can improve patient survival. Immune response to tumor antigens could also be enhanced after standard therapies. In the present study, we determined the occurrence of antibodies to extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, heat shock protein (HSP), ribosomal P0 protein, EGFR, ErbB2 and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in 35 prostate cancer patients prior to and following local RT and hormonotherapy. We demonstrated that immunity to P0, ECM molecules [collagens (C) CI, CIII, CV, fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LM)] and to HSP90 was associated with malignancy in untreated patients. None of the patient sera showed antibodies to EGFR, while 2 and 1 patients showed reactivity to ErbB2 and PSA, respectively. We also demonstrated that 8 months after therapy the IgG serum levels to CI, CIII, FN and HSP90 significantly decreased. Conversely, the level of P0 autoantibodies increased after therapy in 10 patients. Five of the 10 patients with increased levels of P0 autoantibodies were treated with RT plus hormonotherapy. Treatment of patients did not change the levels of antibodies against EGFR, ErbB2 and PSA. Our results indicated that the modification of antibody level to self molecules after standard treatment of prostate cancer patients is influenced by the type of antigen. Ribosomal P0 protein appears to be a high immunogenic antigen and its immunogenicity increases following RT. In addition, 10 patients with increased levels of autoantibodies to P0 showed PSA mean levels lower than the remaining 25 patients at 18 months. This study may contribute to a better understanding of the immunobiological behavior of prostate cancer patients following standard treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ingrosso
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiotherapy, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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41
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Payne KK, Toor AA, Wang XY, Manjili MH. Immunotherapy of cancer: reprogramming tumor-immune crosstalk. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:760965. [PMID: 23097673 DOI: 10.1155/2012/760965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advancement of cancer immunotherapy faces barriers which limit its efficacy. These include weak immunogenicity of the tumor, as well as immunosuppressive mechanisms which prevent effective antitumor immune responses. Recent studies suggest that aberrant expression of cancer testis antigens (CTAs) can generate robust antitumor immune responses, which implicates CTAs as potential targets for immunotherapy. However, the heterogeneity of tumor cells in the presence and quantity of CTA expression results in tumor escape from CTA-specific immune responses. Thus, the ability to modulate the tumor cell epigenome to homogenously induce expression of such antigens will likely render the tumor more immunogenic. Additionally, emerging studies suggest that suppression of antitumor immune responses may be overcome by reprogramming innate and adaptive immune cells. Therefore, this paper discusses recent studies which address barriers to successful cancer immunotherapy and proposes a strategy of modulation of tumor-immune cell crosstalk to improve responses in carcinoma patients.
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42
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Weiss EM, Wunderlich R, Ebel N, Rubner Y, Schlücker E, Meyer-Pittroff R, Ott OJ, Fietkau R, Gaipl US, Frey B. Selected anti-tumor vaccines merit a place in multimodal tumor therapies. Front Oncol 2012; 2:132. [PMID: 23087898 PMCID: PMC3466463 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal approaches are nowadays successfully applied in cancer therapy. Primary locally acting therapies such as radiotherapy (RT) and surgery are combined with systemic administration of chemotherapeutics. Nevertheless, the therapy of cancer is still a big challenge in medicine. The treatments often fail to induce long-lasting anti-tumor responses. Tumor recurrences and metastases result. Immunotherapies are therefore ideal adjuncts to standard tumor therapies since they aim to activate the patient's immune system against malignant cells even outside the primary treatment areas (abscopal effects). Especially cancer vaccines may have the potential both to train the immune system against cancer cells and to generate an immunological memory, resulting in long-lasting anti-tumor effects. However, despite promising results in phase I and II studies, most of the concepts finally failed. There are some critical aspects in development and application of cancer vaccines that may decide on their efficiency. The time point and frequency of medication, usage of an adequate immune adjuvant, the vaccine's immunogenic potential, and the tumor burden of the patient are crucial. Whole tumor cell vaccines have advantages compared to peptide-based ones since a variety of tumor antigens (TAs) are present. The master requirements of cell-based, therapeutic tumor vaccines are the complete inactivation of the tumor cells and the increase of their immunogenicity. Since the latter is highly connected with the cell death modality, the inactivation procedure of the tumor cell material may significantly influence the vaccine's efficiency. We therefore also introduce high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) as an innovative inactivation technology for tumor cell-based vaccines and outline that HHP efficiently inactivates tumor cells by enhancing their immunogenicity. Finally studies are presented proving that anti-tumor immune responses can be triggered by combining RT with selected immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Weiss
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen, Germany
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Dajas F. Life or death: neuroprotective and anticancer effects of quercetin. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 143:383-96. [PMID: 22820241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Quercetin is a ubiquitous flavonoid that is present in numerous plants that are utilized in many different cultures for their nervous system and anticancer effects. To better understand the neuroprotective and antiproliferative activities of quercetin, we present a comprehensive review of the divergent actions that contribute to the ethnopharmacological profile of these plants. RESULTS The pharmacological activities of quercetin that modulate antioxidation/oxidation/kinase-signaling pathways might be differentially elicited in neurons compared with malignant cells, ultimately promoting cell survival or death in a cell type- and metabolism-specific manner. Whereas the broad antioxidation and anti-inflammatory activities of quercetin are important for neuronal survival, the oxidative, kinase- and cell cycle-inhibitory, apoptosis-inducing effects of quercetin are essential for its anticancer effects. The diverse mechanistic interactions and activities of quercetin that modulate the phosphorylation state of molecules as well as gene expression would alter the interconnected and concerted intracellular signaling equilibrium, either inhibiting or strengthening survival signals. These mechanisms, which have been mainly observed in in vitro studies, cannot be easily translated into an explanation of the divergent simultaneous neuroprotective and anticancer effects observed in vivo. This is in part due to low bioavailability in plasma and in the brain, as well as the nature of the actual active molecules. CONCLUSIONS Numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of chronic quercetin intake, which is ethnopharmacologically meaningful, as many plants that are chronically ingested by people contain quercetin. Although quercetin and quercetin-containing plants exhibit potential as therapeutic modalities in neuropathology and in cancer, the data collectively highlight the need to elucidate issues such as bioavailability as well as its correlation with effectiveness at biomarkers in vivo. There would be an increased potentential of these plants for chemoprevention and neuropathology prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Dajas
- UNESCO CHAIR Neuroactive natural products, Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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