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Puri B, Meena S, Kumar M H S, Shelke PA, Sabikhi L. Encapsulation and Assessment of Antidiabetic Potential of α-Lactalbumin-Derived Hydrolysates. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:5547-5553. [PMID: 36989115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) is an exopeptidase mainly present in epithelial tissues of the liver, kidney, and intestine. It is involved in the cleavage of a variety of substrates including the incretin hormones like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 binds to the GLP-1 receptors of pancreatic β-cells and leads to β-cell proliferation and increases insulin secretion through associated gene expression. In diabetes, a constant increase in the glucose level leads to glucotoxicity, which destroys pancreatic β-cells, decreases the insulin level, and further increases the blood glucose level. Inhibition of DPP-IV is one of the strategies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In recent years, peptides derived from a variety of dietary proteins have been reported to exhibit inhibitory activity against the DPP-IV enzyme. Such peptides should also be protected from the action of digestive enzymes to keep their bioactivity intact. Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to evaluate the in vitro DPP-IV inhibition potential and in vivo antidiabetic potential of α-lactalbumin in non-encapsulated hydrolysate (NEH), freeze-dried encapsulated hydrolysate (FDEH), and emulsified encapsulated hydrolysate (EEH) forms. Percent DPP-IV inhibition by the NEH, FDEH, and EEH after simulated gastrointestinal digestion was 36 ± 2.28, 54 ± 2.02, and 64 ± 2.02, respectively. The oral administration of the NEH, FDEH, and EEH at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight was evaluated in nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic experimental rats in a study of 30 days. Rats in the diabetic control group showed an increase in the blood glucose level and liver function enzymes and a decrease in GLP-1, insulin, and antioxidative enzymes. Administration of hydrolysates reversed the parameters by lowering the blood glucose level and increasing GLP-1 and insulin levels in plasma. The blood lipid profile, liver enzyme (ALT, AST, and AP) levels, and catalase and superoxide dismutase activity were also found to be normalized and better managed in experimental diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Puri
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Sunita Meena
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Sathish Kumar M H
- Dairy Technology Section, SRS-ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560030, India
| | - Prashant Ashok Shelke
- Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Latha Sabikhi
- Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
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Xu Z, Liu Z, Wang Y, Xue J, Chang T, Cui Y, Cheng Y, Liu G, Wang W, Zhou Y, Yu S, Ren Q, Yang W, Qu X, Chen J, Chen X, Deng Q, Yang H, Wang X. Comparing the bioequivalence and safety of liraglutide in healthy Chinese subjects: an open, single-dose, randomized, repeated, two-sequence, two-cycle phase I clinical trial. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023; 16:363-370. [PMID: 36883362 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2188192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous incretin hormone. Liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, can lower blood sugar by increasing insulin production and inhibiting the production of glucagon. This study researched the bioequivalence and safety of the test and reference drugs in healthy Chinese subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Subjects (N = 28) were randomly divided into group A and group B at a ratio of 1:1 for a two-cycle cross-over study. There was single dose per cycle with subcutaneous injection of the test and reference drugs, respectively. The washout was set at 14 days. Plasma drug concentrations were detected by specific liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays. Statistical analysis of major pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters was conducted to assess drug bioequivalence. In addition, we evaluated the safety of the drugs throughout the trial. RESULTS The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ for the test and reference drugs were 107.11%, 106.56%, 106.09%, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) were all within 80%-125%, meeting the bioequivalence standards. In addition, both had good safety in this study. CONCLUSION The study shows that the two drugs had similar bioequivalence and safety. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION DCTR: CTR20190914; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05029076.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongnan Xu
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co.,Ltd, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengzhi Liu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Jinling Xue
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co.,Ltd, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianying Chang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Yingzi Cui
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Guangwen Liu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Wanhua Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Yannan Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Qing Ren
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyao Qu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Quality Control Room of Clinical Trial, Ansiterui Medical Technology Consulting Co., Ltd, Jilin, China
| | - Qiaohuan Deng
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Haimiao Yang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Xiuge Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
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Sha J, Song J, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Suo H. Inhibitory Effect and Potential Mechanism of Lactobacillus plantarum YE4 against Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4. Foods 2021; 11:foods11010080. [PMID: 35010205 PMCID: PMC8750294 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the inhibitory effect and mechanism of 12 LAB strains isolated from Chinese fermented foods on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) using the Caco-2 cell model. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of cell-free extracts (CFEs) collected from each LAB strain on DPP-4 was higher than that of the cell-free excretory supernatants. The CFEs from Lactobacillus plantarum YE4 (YE4-CFE) exhibited the strongest DPP-4 inhibitory activity (24.33% inhibition). Furthermore, YE4-CFE altered the TNF and MAPK signaling pathways. Additionally, the YE4-CFE ultrafiltration fraction (<3 kDa) displayed a similar DPP-4 inhibitory activity to YE4-CFE. UHPLC-MS/MS identified 19 compounds with a relative proportion of more than 1% in the <3 kDa fraction, and adenine, acetylcholine, and L-phenylalanine were the top three substances in terms of proportion. Altogether, the inhibitory effect of YE4-CFE on DPP-4 was associated with the TNF and MAPK signaling pathways, and with the high proportion of adenine, acetylcholine, and L-phenylalanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sha
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiajia Song
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yechuan Huang
- College of Bioengineering, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huayi Suo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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McLaughlin CM, Harnedy-Rothwell PA, Lafferty RA, Sharkey S, Parthsarathy V, Allsopp PJ, McSorley EM, FitzGerald RJ, O'Harte FPM. Macroalgal protein hydrolysates from Palmaria palmata influence the 'incretin effect' in vitro via DPP-4 inhibition and upregulation of insulin, GLP-1 and GIP secretion. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4439-4452. [PMID: 34081167 PMCID: PMC8572210 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated metabolic benefits of protein hydrolysates from the macroalgae Palmaria palmata, previously shown to inhibit dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) activity in vitro. METHODS Previously, Alcalase/Flavourzyme-produced P. palmata protein hydrolysate (PPPH) improved glycaemia and insulin production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Here the PPPH, was compared to alternative Alcalase, bromelain and Promod-derived hydrolysates and an unhydrolysed control. All PPPH's underwent simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) to establish oral bioavailability. PPPH's and their SGID counterparts were tested in pancreatic, clonal BRIN-BD11 cells to assess their insulinotropic effect and associated intracellular mechanisms. PPPH actions on the incretin effect were assessed via measurement of DPP-4 activity, coupled with GLP-1 and GIP release from GLUTag and STC-1 cells, respectively. Acute in vivo effects of Alcalase/Flavourzyme PPPH administration on glucose tolerance and satiety were assessed in overnight-fasted mice. RESULTS PPPH's (0.02-2.5 mg/ml) elicited varying insulinotropic effects (p < 0.05-0.001). SGID of the unhydrolysed protein control, bromelain and Promod PPPH's retained, or improved, bioactivity regarding insulin secretion, DPP-4 inhibition and GIP release. Insulinotropic effects were retained for all SGID-hydrolysates at higher PPPH concentrations. DPP-4 inhibitory effects were confirmed for all PPPH's and SGID counterparts (p < 0.05-0.001). PPPH's were shown to directly influence the incretin effect via upregulated GLP-1 and GIP (p < 0.01-0.001) secretion in vitro, largely retained after SGID. Alcalase/Flavourzyme PPPH produced the greatest elevation in cAMP (p < 0.001, 1.7-fold), which was fully retained post-SGID. This hydrolysate elicited elevations in intracellular calcium (p < 0.01) and membrane potential (p < 0.001). In acute in vivo settings, Alcalase/Flavourzyme PPPH improved glucose tolerance (p < 0.01-0.001) and satiety (p < 0.05-0.001). CONCLUSION Bioavailable PPPH peptides may be useful for the management of T2DM and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M McLaughlin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - P A Harnedy-Rothwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - R A Lafferty
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - S Sharkey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - V Parthsarathy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - P J Allsopp
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - E M McSorley
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - R J FitzGerald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - F P M O'Harte
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
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Sarkar P, Valacchi G, Duary RK. Proteome composition and profiling of bioactive peptides of edible Antheraea assamensis pupae by sequential enzymatic digestion and kinetic modeling of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Eur Food Res Technol. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Harnedy-rothwell PA, Mclaughlin CM, Le Gouic AV, Mullen C, Parthsarathy V, Allsopp PJ, Mcsorley EM, Fitzgerald RJ, O’harte FPM. In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Palmaria palmata Derived Peptides on Glucose Metabolism. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 27:1667-1676. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThree synthetic peptides, ILAP, LLAP and MAGVDHI, derived from a Palmaria palmata protein hydrolysate were assessed for their antidiabetic potential in vitro and in vivo. In addition to inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase-IV in a cell-based in situ assay all three peptides significantly increased the half-life of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). ILAP and LLAP mediated a significant increase (p < 0.001) in insulin secretion from BRIN-BD11 cells compared to the glucose control, while MAGVDHI had no insulinotropic activity at an eqimolar concentration (10–6 M). A significant increase in the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate production in BRIN-BD11 cells mediated by ILAP (p < 0.001) and LLAP (p < 0.01) compared to the basal control, would indicate that insulin secretion may be mediated by membrane based activation. Furthermore, ILAP and LLAP acted as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) secretagogues, stimulating a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the concentration of GIP released from enteroendocrine STC-1 cells compared to the glucose control. When tested in vivo in healthy male NIH Swiss mice, ILAP and LLAP, mediated a significant increase (p < 0.01) in plasma insulin and decrease (p < 0.05) in blood glucose, respectively, compared to the control. MAGVDHI mediated a significant (p < 0.001) sustained reduction in food intake in food deprived trained mice. These results demonstrate that the Palmaria palmata peptides studied herein have prospective antidiabetic activity and have the potential to act as agents that can be used alone or in combination with drugs, to aid in the prevention and management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Tacias-Pascacio VG, Morellon-Sterling R, Siar EH, Tavano O, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Use of Alcalase in the production of bioactive peptides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2143-2196. [PMID: 33091472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to cover the uses of the commercially available protease Alcalase in the production of biologically active peptides since 2010. Immobilization of Alcalase has also been reviewed, as immobilization of the enzyme may improve the final reaction design enabling the use of more drastic conditions and the reuse of the biocatalyst. That way, this review presents the production, via Alcalase hydrolysis of different proteins, of peptides with antioxidant, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory, metal binding, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities (among other bioactivities) and peptides that improve the functional, sensory and nutritional properties of foods. Alcalase has proved to be among the most efficient proteases for this goal, using different protein sources, being especially interesting the use of the protein residues from food industry as feedstock, as this also solves nature pollution problems. Very interestingly, the bioactivities of the protein hydrolysates further improved when Alcalase is used in a combined way with other proteases both in a sequential way or in a simultaneous hydrolysis (something that could be related to the concept of combi-enzymes), as the combination of proteases with different selectivities and specificities enable the production of a larger amount of peptides and of a smaller size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | | | - El-Hocine Siar
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Equipe TEPA, Laboratoire LNTA, INATAA, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of the External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Harnedy-Rothwell PA, McLaughlin CM, O'Keeffe MB, Le Gouic AV, Allsopp PJ, McSorley EM, Sharkey S, Whooley J, McGovern B, O'Harte FPM, FitzGerald RJ. Identification and characterisation of peptides from a boarfish (Capros aper) protein hydrolysate displaying in vitro dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory and insulinotropic activity. Food Res Int 2020; 131:108989. [PMID: 32247474 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.108989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-two novel dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides (with IC50 values <200 µM) and fifteen novel insulinotropic peptides were identified in a boarfish protein hydrolysate generated at semi-pilot scale using Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L. This was achieved by bioassay-driven semi-preparative reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography fractionation, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and confirmatory studies with synthetic peptides. The most potent DPP-IV inhibitory peptide (IPVDM) had a DPP-IV half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 21.72 ± 1.08 µM in a conventional in vitro and 44.26 ± 0.65 µM in an in situ cell-based (Caco-2) DPP-IV inhibition assay. Furthermore, this peptide stimulated potent insulin secretory activity (1.6-fold increase compared to control) from pancreatic BRIN-BD11 cells grown in culture. The tripeptide IPV exhibited potent DPP-IV inhibitory activity (IC50: 5.61 ± 0.20 µM) comparable to that reported for the known DPP-IV inhibitor IPI (IC50: 3.20 µM). Boarfish proteins contain peptide sequences with potential to play a role in glycaemic management in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris M McLaughlin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Martina B O'Keeffe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Aurélien V Le Gouic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Philip J Allsopp
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Emeir M McSorley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Sharkey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Whooley
- Bio-Marine Ingredients Ireland Ltd., Lough Egish Food Park, Castleblaney, Co. Monaghan, Ireland
| | - Brian McGovern
- Bio-Marine Ingredients Ireland Ltd., Lough Egish Food Park, Castleblaney, Co. Monaghan, Ireland
| | - Finbarr P M O'Harte
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Sannikova EP, Bulushova NV, Cheperegin SE, Zalunin IA, Klebanov FA, Gracheva TS, Yurin VL, Rykalina NV, Askerova EV, Yarotskii SV, Tatarnikova OG, Bobkova NV, Kozlov DG. Specific Activity of Recombinant Modified Human Glucagon-Like Peptide 1. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819070068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Tan H, Su W, Zhang W, Wang P, Sattler M, Zou P. Recent Advances in Half-life Extension Strategies for Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4932-4946. [PMID: 30727869 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins are two classes of molecules with attractive possibilities for therapeutic applications. However, the bottleneck for the therapeutic application of many peptides and proteins is their short halflives in vivo, typically just a few minutes to hours. Half-life extension strategies have been extensively studied and many of them have been proven to be effective in the generation of long-acting therapeutics with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in half-life extension strategies, illustrate their potential applications and give some examples, highlighting the strategies that have been used in approved drugs and for drugs in clinical trials. Meanwhile, several novel strategies that are still in the process of discovery or at a preclinical stage are also introduced. In these strategies, the two most frequently used half-life extension methods are the reduction in the rate of renal clearance or the exploitation of the recycling mechanism of FcRn by binding to the albumin or IgG-Fc. Here, we discuss half-life extension strategies of recombinant therapeutic protein via genetic fusion, rather than chemical conjugation such as PEGylation. With the rapid development of genetic engineering and protein engineering, novel strategies for half-life extension have been emerged consistently. Some of these will be evaluated in clinical trials and may become viable alternatives to current strategies for making next-generation biodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Tan
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wencheng Su
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengju Wang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Michael Sattler
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Peijian Zou
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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Ahmad S, Ullah F, Ayaz M, Ahmad A, Sadiq A, Mohani SNUH. Nutritional and medicinal aspects of Rumex hastatus D. Don along with in vitro anti-diabetic activity. International Journal of Food Properties 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2019.1666868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science & Technology, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Farhat Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science & Technology, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KPK, Pakistan
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Pan H, Xie Y, Lu W, Chen Y, Lu Z, Zhen J, Wang W, Shang A. Engineering an enhanced thrombin-based GLP-1 analog with long-lasting glucose-lowering and efficient weight reduction. RSC Adv 2019; 9:30707-30714. [PMID: 35529389 PMCID: PMC9072222 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06771j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are considered as potent therapeutic drugs primarily due to the exquisite potency and selectivity to targets. However, the development and clinical application of peptide drugs were severely limited by the poor in vivo lifespans. Here, we designed an improved small albumin-binding polypeptide that can associate with human serum albumin (HSA) and liberate the bioactive peptide. Using glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) as a model, two new long-lasting GLP-1 analogs (termed XTS1 and XTS2) containing an albumin-binding domain, a protease-cleavable linker and a mutated GLP-1(A8Aib) were designed to demonstrate the sustained release of GLP-1 due to the plasma thrombin (TBN) digestion. Two XTS peptides were prepared of high purity (>99%) and accurate molecular weight determined by reversed high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, respectively. In vitro measurements of surface plasmon resonance indicated that XTS1 associate with serum albumins of all species with higher affinity compared with XTS2. Metabolic stability of XTS1 in vitro in human plasma was also better than that of XTS2. Protease cleavage assay results of XTS peptides demonstrated the controlled-release of transient GLP-1 from the XTS1 and XTS2 mixture after thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis. Then the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) showed that the glucose-lowering efficacies of XTS1 were in a dosage-dependent manner within the range of 0.1–0.9 mg kg−1. In addition, XTS1 showed similar hypoglycemic intensity and significantly longer action duration compared to Liraglutide in both multiple IPGTTs and hypoglycemic duration test. Apparently extended plasma half-lives of ∼2.3 and ∼3.5 days were observed after a single subcutaneous administration of XTS1 (0.9 mg kg−1) in rats and cynomolgus monkeys, respectively. Furthermore, twice-weekly subcutaneously dosed XTS1 in db/db mice achieved long-term beneficial effects on body weight, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) lowering and the function of pancreatic beta cells. These studies support that XTS1 exerts potential as a therapeutic drug for the treatment of T2DM. Peptides are considered as potent therapeutic drugs primarily due to the exquisite potency and selectivity to targets.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Simple Gene Medical Laboratory Shanghai 200025 P.R. China
| | - Yini Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Jiedong Jieyang 515500 P. R. China
| | - Wenying Lu
- Department of Experimental Medicine Center, The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City Yancheng 224001 P. R. China
| | - Yin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicine, Department of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University 51000 P. R. China
| | - Zhao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210000 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210000 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Experimental Medicine Center, The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City Yancheng 224001 P. R. China
| | - Anquan Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University Shanghai 200065 P. R. China
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Akhtar N, Jafri L, Green BD, Kalsoom S, Mirza B. A Multi-Mode Bioactive Agent Isolated From Ficus microcarpa L. Fill. With Therapeutic Potential for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1376. [PMID: 30542284 PMCID: PMC6277780 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder, characterized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. Natural products and its derived active compounds may be achievable alternatives for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In present study we investigated the antidiabetic potential of Ficus microcarpa and isolated bioactive compounds i.e., Plectranthoic acid A (PA-A) and 3,4,5,7-Flavantetrol (FL). Anti-hyperglycemic potential was evaluated via α-glucosidase, α-amylase and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) assays. 5'AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) activation potential was assessed by using primary hepatocytes. Distribution of PA-A in different parts of Ficus microcarpa was evaluated by using rapid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ethyl acetate fraction (FME) exhibited significant inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and DPP-4, therefore, was selected for isolation of bioactive compounds. Among isolated compounds PA-A was more potent and possessed pleotropic inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 39.5, 55.5, and 51.4 μM against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and DPP-4, respectively. Our results showed that PA-A is also a potent activator of AMPK which is a central hub of metabolic regulation. Molecular docking studies confirmed the activity of PA-A against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and DPP-4. Rapid HPLC method revealed that maximum concentration of PA-A is present in the stem (2.25 μg/mg dry weight) of Ficus microcarpa. Both in vitro and in silico studies proposed that Ficus microcarpa and its isolated compound PA-A could be an important natural source for alleviating the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus and we suggest that PA-A should be explored further for its ultimate use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Akhtar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Laila Jafri
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Brian D Green
- Advanced ASSET Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Saima Kalsoom
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Zhang C, Liu H, Chen S, Luo Y. Evaluating the effects of IADHFL on inhibiting DPP-IV activity and expression in Caco-2 cells and contributing to the amount of insulin released from INS-1 cells in vitro. Food Funct 2018; 9:2240-2250. [PMID: 29553151 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01950e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) is a serine exo-peptidase that can inactivate incretins by removing N-terminal dipeptides. Currently, inhibiting the DPP-IV activity is a common treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The goal of this study is to investigate whether IADHFL, a novel DPP-IV inhibitory peptide identified from bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), has the potential to modulate T2D. IADHFL remained stable after simulated gastrointestinal digestion and significantly decreased the activity and expression of both soluble and membrane-bound DPP-IV after 24 h and 48 h of treatment. Intact peptide absorption was observed, but a percentage of the peptide was degraded while passing through a monolayer of Caco-2 cells. In addition, a double-layered cell model showed that the peptide could increase insulin secretion from INS-1 cells after glucose treatments of 2.8 mM and 16.7 mM. Finally, IADHFL could regulate the expression levels of genes associated with insulin secretion and T2D in INS-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 10083, China
| | - Huaigao Liu
- Beijing Guotai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100011, China.
| | - Shangwu Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 10083, China
| | - Yongkang Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 10083, China
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Harnedy PA, Parthsarathy V, McLaughlin CM, O'Keeffe MB, Allsopp PJ, McSorley EM, O'Harte FPM, FitzGerald RJ. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) co-product-derived protein hydrolysates: A source of antidiabetic peptides. Food Res Int 2018; 106:598-606. [PMID: 29579965 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Large quantities of low-value protein rich co-products, such as salmon skin and trimmings, are generated annually. These co-products can be upgraded to high-value functional ingredients. The aim of this study was to assess the antidiabetic potential of salmon skin gelatin and trimmings-derived protein hydrolysates in vitro. The gelatin hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.001) insulin and GLP-1 secretory activity from pancreatic BRIN-BD11 and enteroendocrine GLUTag cells, respectively, when tested at 2.5 mg/mL compared to hydrolysates generated with Alcalase 2.4L or Promod 144MG. The gelatin hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L showed significantly more potent (p < 0.01) DPP-IV inhibitory activity than those generated with Alcalase 2.4L or Promod 144MG. No significant difference was observed in the insulinotropic activity mediated by any of the trimmings-derived hydrolysates when tested at 2.5 mg/mL. However, the trimmings hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L exhibited significantly higher DPP-IV inhibitory (p < 0.05:Alcalase 2.4L and p < 0.01:Promod 144MG) and GLP-1 (p < 0.001, 2.5 mg/mL) secretory activity than those generated with Alcalase 2.4L or Promod 144MG. The salmon trimmings hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L when subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) was shown to retain its GLP-1 secretory and DPP-IV inhibitory activities, in addition to improving its insulin secretory activity. However, the gelatin hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L was shown to lose GLP-1 secretory activity following SGID. A significant increase in membrane potential (p < 0.001) and intracellular calcium (p < 0.001) by both co-product hydrolysates generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L suggest that both hydrolysates mediate their insulinotropic activity through the KATP channel-dependent pathway. Additionally, by stimulating a significant increase in intracellular cAMP release (p < 0.05) it is likely that the trimmings-derived hydrolysate may also mediate insulin secretion through the protein kinase A pathway. The results presented herein demonstrate that salmon co-product hydrolysates exhibit promising in vitro antidiabetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pádraigín A Harnedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Vadivel Parthsarathy
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
| | - Chris M McLaughlin
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
| | - Martina B O'Keeffe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Philip J Allsopp
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
| | - Emeir M McSorley
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
| | - Finbarr P M O'Harte
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
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Harnedy PA, Parthsarathy V, McLaughlin CM, O'Keeffe MB, Allsopp PJ, McSorley EM, O'Harte FP, FitzGerald RJ. Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) muscle protein hydrolysate with in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic properties. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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O'harte FP, Parthsarathy V, Hogg C, Flatt PR. Acylated apelin-13 amide analogues exhibit enzyme resistance and prolonged insulin releasing, glucose lowering and anorexic properties. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 146:165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Chen S, Luo Y. Production and identification of antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory peptides from bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) muscle hydrolysate. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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St-Jean M, Boudreau F, Carpentier AC, Hivert MF. HNF1α defect influences post-prandial lipid regulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177110. [PMID: 28493909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1α) defects cause Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young type 3 (MODY3), characterized by defects in beta-cell insulin secretion. However, HNF1α is involved in many other metabolic pathways with relevance for monogenic or polygenic type 2 diabetes. We aimed to investigate gut hormones, lipids, and insulin regulation in response to a meal test in HNF1α defect carriers (MODY3) compared to non-diabetic subjects (controls) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods We administered a standardized liquid meal to each participant. Over 6 hours, we measured post-meal responses of insulin regulation (blood glucose, c-peptide, insulin), gut hormones (ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1) and lipids (non-esterified fatty acids [NEFA] and triglycerides). Results We found that MODY3 participants had lower insulin secretion indices than controls and T2D participants, showing the expected β-cell defect. MODY3 had similar glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c median [IQR]: 6.5 [5.6–7.6]%) compared to T2D (median: 6.6 [6.2–6.9]%; P<0.05). MODY3 had greater insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index: 71.9 [29.6; 125.5]) than T2D (3.2 [4.0; 6.0]; P<0.05). MODY3 experienced a larger decrease in the ratio of NEFA to insulin (NEFA 30–0 / insulin 30–0: -39 [-78; -30] x104) in the early post-prandial period (0–30 minutes) compared to controls and to T2D (-2.0 [-0.6; -6.4] x104; P<0.05). MODY3 had lower fasting (0.66 [0.46; 1.2] mM) and post-meal triglycerides levels compared to T2D (fasting: 2.3 [1.7; 2.7] mM; P<0.05). We did not detect significant post-meal differences in ghrelin and incretins between MODY3 and other groups. Conclusion In response to a standard meal test, MODY3 showed greater early post-prandial NEFA diminution in response to relatively low early insulin secretion, and they maintained very low post-prandial triglycerides levels.
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Pechenov S, Bhattacharjee H, Yin D, Mittal S, Subramony JA. Improving drug-like properties of insulin and GLP-1 via molecule design and formulation and improving diabetes management with device & drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 112:106-122. [PMID: 28153578 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is an increased incidence of diabetes worldwide. The discovery of insulin revolutionized the management of diabetes, the revelation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and introduction of GLP-1 receptor agonists to clinical practice was another breakthrough. Continued translational research resulted in better understanding of diabetes, which, in combination with cutting-edge biology, chemistry, and pharmaceutical tools, have allowed for the development of safer, more effective and convenient insulins and GLP-1. Advances in self-administration of insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonist therapies with use of drug-device combination products have further improved the outcomes of diabetes management and quality of life for diabetic patients. The synergies of insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonist actions have led to development of devices that can deliver both molecules simultaneously. New chimeric GLP-1-incretins and insulin-GLP-1-incretin molecules are also being developed. The objective of this review is to summarize molecular designs to improve the drug-like properties of insulin and GLP-1 and to highlight the continued advancement of drug-device combination products to improve diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Himanshu Bhattacharjee
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Daniel Yin
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Sachin Mittal
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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Selvaraj G, Kaliamurthi S, Cakmak ZE, Cakmak T. Computational screening of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors from micoroalgal metabolites by pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking. Phycological Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/pre.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurudeeban Selvaraj
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; Istanbul Medeniyet University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Satyavani Kaliamurthi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; Istanbul Medeniyet University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Zeynep E. Cakmak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; Istanbul Medeniyet University; Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Kirikkale University; Kirikkale Turkey
| | - Turgay Cakmak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; Istanbul Medeniyet University; Istanbul Turkey
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Green BD, Irwin N, Gault VA, O'Harte FP, Flatt PR. Review: Development and therapeutic potential of incretin hormone analogues for type 2 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/14746514050050030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes and increasing burden of diabetic complications requires new approaches to diabetes therapy. An encouraging new approach for development of future anti-diabetic drugs is based on analogues of incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Both peptides reduce postprandial glucose by stimulating glucose-dependent insulin release and exert a number of other beneficial actions including trophic effects on the beta-cell. Efforts are currently focused on developing stable analogues of GLP-1 and GIP which are resistant to dipeptidylpeptidase IV mediated degradation and renal filtration. Thus, by increasing the half-life and potency of these incretins, they should become a new class of agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Green
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland,
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Abstract
In order to ensure normal body function, the human body is dependent on a tight control of its blood glucose levels. This is accomplished by a highly sophisticated network of various hormones and neuropeptides released mainly from the brain, pancreas, liver, intestine as well as adipose and muscle tissue. Within this network, the pancreas represents a key player by secreting the blood sugar-lowering hormone insulin and its opponent glucagon. However, disturbances in the interplay of the hormones and peptides involved may lead to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) whose prevalence, comorbidities and medical costs take on a dramatic scale. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to uncover and understand the mechanisms underlying the various interactions to improve existing anti-diabetic therapies and drugs on the one hand and to develop new therapeutic approaches on the other. This review summarizes the interplay of the pancreas with various other organs and tissues that maintain glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, anti-diabetic drugs and their impact on signaling pathways underlying the network will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia V Röder
- Metabolism in Human Diseases Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Metabolism in Human Diseases Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore. E-mail: or
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yixian Liu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Metabolism in Human Diseases Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Metabolism in Human Diseases Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore. E-mail: or
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Gilroy CA, Luginbuhl KM, Chilkoti A. Controlled release of biologics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Control Release 2015; 240:151-164. [PMID: 26655062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a rapidly growing disease that poses a significant burden to the United States healthcare system. Despite the many available treatments for the disease, close to half of diagnosed type 2 diabetes cases are not properly managed, largely due to inadequate patient adherence to prescribed treatment regimens. Methods for improving delivery - and thereby easing administration - of type 2 drugs have the potential to greatly improve patient health. This review focuses on two peptide drugs - insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) - for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Peptide drugs offer the benefits of high potency and specificity but pose a significant delivery challenge due to their inherent instability and short half-life. The development of insulin and GLP-1 analogs highlights the broad spectrum of drug delivery strategies that have been used to solve these problems. Numerous structural modifications and formulations have been introduced to optimize absorption, residence time, stability, route of delivery and frequency of administration. Continual improvements in delivery methods for insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonists are paving the way towards better patient compliance and improved disease management, and thereby enhanced patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caslin A Gilroy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kelli M Luginbuhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Hayes M, Tiwari BK. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Peptides in Foods: An Overview of Sources, Downstream Processing Steps and Associated Bioactivities. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22485-508. [PMID: 26393573 PMCID: PMC4613320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides and carbohydrates are sourced from a myriad of plant, animal and insects and have huge potential for use as food ingredients and pharmaceuticals. However, downstream processing bottlenecks hinder the potential use of these natural bioactive compounds and add cost to production processes. This review discusses the health benefits and bioactivities associated with peptides and carbohydrates of natural origin and downstream processing methodologies and novel processes which may be used to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hayes
- The Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Brijesh K Tiwari
- The Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
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Saleem S, Jafri L, ul Haq I, Chang LC, Calderwood D, Green BD, Mirza B. Plants Fagonia cretica L. and Hedera nepalensis K. Koch contain natural compounds with potent dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 156:26-32. [PMID: 25169215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The two plants investigated here (Fagonia cretica L. and Hedera nepalensis K. Koch) have been previously reported as natural folk medicines for the treatment of diabetes but until now no scientific investigation of potential anti-diabetic effects has been reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro inhibitory effect of the two tested plants and their five isolated compounds on the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) was studied for the assessment of anti-diabetic activity. RESULTS A crude extract of Fagonia cretica possessed good inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ value: 38.1 μg/ml) which was also present in its n-hexane (FCN), ethyl acetate (FCE) or aqueous (FCA) fractions. A crude extract of Hedera nepalensis (HNC) possessed even higher inhibitory activity (IC50 value: 17.2 μg/ml) and this activity was largely retained when further fractionated in either ethyl acetate (HNE; IC50: 34.4 μg/ml) or n-hexane (HNN; 34.2 μg/ml). Bioactivity guided isolation led to the identification of four known compounds (isolated for the first time) from Fagonia cretica: quinovic acid (1), quinovic acid-3β-O-β-D-glycopyranoside (2), quinovic acid-3β-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(28→1)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (3), and stigmasterol (4) all of which inhibited DPP-4 activity (IC₅₀: 30.7, 57.9, 23.5 and >100 µM, respectively). The fifth DPP-4 inhibitor, the triterpenoid lupeol (5) was identified in Hedera nepalensis (IC₅₀: 31.6 μM). CONCLUSION The experimental study revealed that Fagonia cretica and Hedera nepalensis contain compounds with significant DPP-4 inhibitory activity which should be further investigated for their anti-diabetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Saleem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Laila Jafri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Ihsan ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Leng Chee Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, United States.
| | - Danielle Calderwood
- Advanced ASSET Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Brian D Green
- Advanced ASSET Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Harnedy PA, O'Keeffe MB, FitzGerald RJ. Purification and identification of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV inhibitory peptides from the macroalga Palmaria palmata. Food Chem 2014; 172:400-6. [PMID: 25442570 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV inhibitory peptides were purified and identified from an aqueous Palmaria palmata protein extract hydrolysed with Corolase PP. The hydrolysate was fractionated by solid phase extraction (SPE) using a C18 matrix followed by semi-preparative reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (SP RP-HPLC). IC50 values of 1.47 ± 0.09, 0.54 ± 0.03 and 0.36 ± 0.03 mg/ml were obtained for the hydrolysate, the 25%--acetonitrile (ACN) SPE fraction and the most active SP RP-HPLC peptide fraction (SP RP-HPLC 25_F28), respectively. Thirteen peptide sequences were identified following UPLC-ESI MS/MS analysis of SP RP-HPLC 25_F28. Three novel DPP-IV inhibitory peptides, Ile-Leu-Ala-Pro, Leu-Leu-Ala-Pro and Met-Ala-Gly-Val-Asp-His-Ile, with IC50 values in the range 43-159 μM were identified. The results indicate that P. palmata derived peptides may have potential as functional food ingredients in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.
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Harnedy PA, Soler-Vila A, Edwards MD, FitzGerald RJ. The effect of time and origin of harvest on the in vitro biological activity of Palmaria palmata protein hydrolysates. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chen S, Gfeller D, Buth SA, Michielin O, Leiman PG, Heinis C. Improving binding affinity and stability of peptide ligands by substituting glycines with D-amino acids. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1316-22. [PMID: 23828687 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Improving the binding affinity and/or stability of peptide ligands often requires testing of large numbers of variants to identify beneficial mutations. Herein we propose a type of mutation that promises a high success rate. In a bicyclic peptide inhibitor of the cancer-related protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), we observed a glycine residue that has a positive ϕ dihedral angle when bound to the target. We hypothesized that replacing it with a D-amino acid, which favors positive ϕ angles, could enhance the binding affinity and/or proteolytic resistance. Mutation of this specific glycine to D-serine in the bicyclic peptide indeed improved inhibitory activity (1.75-fold) and stability (fourfold). X-ray-structure analysis of the inhibitors in complex with uPA showed that the peptide backbone conformation was conserved. Analysis of known cyclic peptide ligands showed that glycine is one of the most frequent amino acids, and that glycines with positive ϕ angles are found in many protein-bound peptides. These results suggest that the glycine-to-D-amino acid mutagenesis strategy could be broadly applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Chen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, BCH 5305 (Batochime), Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn H Jones
- BioTherapeutics Chemistry, WorldWide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
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31
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Roth JD, Erickson MR, Chen S, Parkes DG. GLP-1R and amylin agonism in metabolic disease: complementary mechanisms and future opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:121-36. [PMID: 21671898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The discoveries of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the β-cell hormone amylin have translated into hormone-based therapies for diabetes. Both classes of molecules also exhibit weight-lowering effects and have been investigated for their anti-obesity potential. In the present review, we explore the mechanisms underlying the physiological and pharmacological actions of GLP-1 and amylin agonism. Despite their similarities (e.g. both molecular classes slow gastric emptying, decrease glucagon and inhibit food intake), there are important distinctions between the central and/or peripheral pathways that mediate their effects on glycaemia and energy balance. We suggest that understanding the similarities and differences between these molecules holds important implications for the development of novel, combination-based therapies, which are increasingly the norm for diabetes/metabolic disease. Finally, the future of GLP-1- and amylin agonist-based therapeutics is discussed.
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32
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Nie Y, Ma RC, Chan JCN, Xu H, Xu G. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide impairs insulin signaling via inducing adipocyte inflammation in glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor-overexpressing adipocytes. FASEB J 2012; 26:2383-93. [PMID: 22366643 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-196782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) exerts multiple biological effects via the G-protein-coupled receptor GIPR, including glucose-stimulated insulin production and secretion, cell proliferation, and antiapoptosis in pancreatic β-cells. In an obese state, the circulating level of GIP is elevated. GIPR-knockout mice are resistant to high-fat-diet-induced obesity. The rising evidence suggests a potential role of GIP in adipocyte biology and lipid metabolism. In our study, we overexpressed GIPR in 3T3-L1 CAR adipocytes and demonstrated that GIP impaired the physiological functions of adipocytes as a consequence of increased production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and phosphorylation of IkB kinase (IKK)-β through activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway. Activation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway was also observed during GIP-induced inflammatory responses in adipocytes. The inhibition of JNK blocked GIP-stimulated secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as phosphorylation of IKKβ. In addition, GIP-induced inflammatory response increased basal glucose uptake but inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Moreover, GIP-induced adipocyte inflammation impaired insulin signaling in adipocytes as demonstrated by a reduction of AKT phosphorylation. Our results suggest that GIP might be one of the stimuli attributable to obesity-induced insulin resistance via the induction of adipocyte inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Nie
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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33
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a gut hormone which directly binds to the GLP-1 receptor located at the surface of the pancreatic β-cells to enhance glucose-induced insulin secretion. In addition to its pancreatic effects, GLP-1 can induce metabolic actions by interacting with its receptors expressed on nerve cells in the gut and the brain. GLP-1 can also be considered as a neuropeptide synthesized by neuronal cells in the brain stem that release the peptide directly into the hypothalamus. In this environment, GLP-1 is assumed to control numerous metabolic and cardiovascular functions such as insulin secretion, glucose production and utilization, and arterial blood flow. However, the exact roles of these two locations in the regulation of glucose homeostasis are not well understood. In this review, we highlight the latest experimental data supporting the role of the gut-brain and brain-periphery axes in the control of glucose homeostasis. We also focus our attention on the relevance of β-cell and brain cell targeting by gut GLP-1 for the regulation of glucose homeostasis. In addition to its action on β-cells, we find that understanding the physiological role of GLP-1 will help to develop GLP-1-based therapies to control glycemia in type 2 diabetes by triggering the gut-brain axis or the brain directly. This pleiotropic action of GLP-1 is an important concept that may help to explain the observation that, during their treatment, type 2 diabetic patients can be identified as 'responders' and 'non-responders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cendrine Cabou
- INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), U1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Rangueil, University of Toulouse III (Paul-Sabatier), Toulouse, France
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34
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Jean M, Alameh M, De Jesus D, Thibault M, Lavertu M, Darras V, Nelea M, Buschmann MD, Merzouki A. Chitosan-based therapeutic nanoparticles for combination gene therapy and gene silencing of in vitro cell lines relevant to type 2 diabetes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 45:138-49. [PMID: 22085632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a blood glucose homeostasis modulating incretin, has been proposed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, native GLP-1 pharmacokinetics reveals low bioavailability due to degradation by the ubiquitous dipeptydil peptidase IV (DPP-IV) endoprotease. In this study, the glucosamine-based polymer chitosan was used as a cationic polymer-based in vitro delivery system for GLP-1, DPP-IV resistant GLP-1 analogues and siRNA targeting DPP-IV mRNA. We found chitosans to form spherical nanocomplexes with these nucleic acids, generating two distinct non-overlapping size ranges of 141-283 nm and 68-129 nm for plasmid and siRNA, respectively. The low molecular weight high DDA chitosan 92-10-5 (degree of deacetylation, molecular weight and N:P ratio (DDA-Mn-N:P)) showed the highest plasmid DNA transfection efficiency in HepG2 and Caco-2 cell lines when compared to 80-10-10 and 80-80-5 chitosans. Recombinant native GLP-1 protein levels in media of transfected cells reached 23 ng/L while our DPP-IV resistant analogues resulted in a fivefold increase of GLP-1 protein levels (115 ng/L) relative to native GLP-1, and equivalent to the Lipofectamine positive control. We also found that all chitosan-DPP-IV siRNA nanocomplexes were capable of DPP-IV silencing, with 92-10-5 being significantly more effective in abrogating enzymatic activity of DPP-IV in media of silenced cells, and with no apparent cytotoxicity. These results indicate that specific chitosan formulations may be effectively used for the delivery of plasmid DNA and siRNA in a combination therapy of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Jean
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Vergès B, Bonnard C, Renard E. Beyond glucose lowering: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, body weight and the cardiovascular system. Diabetes Metab 2011; 37:477-88. [PMID: 21871831 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) belongs to the incretin hormone family: in the presence of elevated blood glucose, it stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon production. In addition, GLP-1 slows gastric emptying. GLP-1 secretion has also been reported to potentially affect patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) compared with non-diabetics and, as enzymatic inactivation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) shortens the GLP-1 half-life to a few minutes, GLP-1 receptor agonists such as exenatide twice daily (BID) and liraglutide have been developed, and have become part of the management of patients with T2DM. This review focuses on the potential beneficial effects of these compounds beyond those associated with improvements in blood glucose control and weight loss, including changes in the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. METHODS This was a state-of-the-art review of the literature to evaluate the relationships between GLP-1, GLP-1 receptor agonists, weight and the cardiovascular system. RESULTS GLP-1 receptor agonists improve glucose control and do not significantly increase the risk of hypoglycaemia. Also, this new class of antidiabetic drugs was shown to favour weight loss. Mechanisms may involve central action, direct action by reduction of food intake and probably indirect action through slowing of gastric emptying. The relative importance of each activity remains unclear. Weight loss may improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T2DM, although GLP-1 receptor agonists may have other direct and indirect effects on the cardiovascular system. Reductions in myocardial infarct size and improvements in cardiac function have been seen in animal models. Beneficial changes in cardiac function were also demonstrated in patients with myocardial infarcts or heart failure. Indirect effects could involve a reduction in blood pressure and potential effects on oxidation. However, the mechanisms involved in the pleiotropic effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists have yet to be completely elucidated and require further study. CONCLUSION These compounds may play an important role in the treatment of patients with T2DM as their potential effects go beyond glucose-lowering (weight loss, potential improvement of cardiovascular risk factors). However, to better understand their place in the management of T2DM, further experimental and clinical prospective studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vergès
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Bocage Hospital and Inserm CRI 866, CHU of Dijon, Dijon, France
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36
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Agnew A, Calderwood D, Chevallier OP, Greer B, Grieve DJ, Green BD. Chronic treatment with a stable obestatin analog significantly alters plasma triglyceride levels but fails to influence food intake; fluid intake; body weight; or body composition in rats. Peptides 2011; 32:755-62. [PMID: 21167891 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin (OB(1-23) is a 23 amino acid peptide encoded on the preproghrelin gene, originally reported to have metabolic actions related to food intake, gastric emptying and body weight. The biological instability of OB(1-23) has recently been highlighted by studies demonstrating its rapid enzymatic cleavage in a number of biological matrices. We assessed the stability of both OB(1-23) and an N-terminally PEGylated analog (PEG-OB(1-23)) before conducting chronic in vivo studies. Peptides were incubated in rat liver homogenate and degradation monitored by LC-MS. PEG-OB(1-23) was approximately 3-times more stable than OB(1-23). Following a 14 day infusion of Sprague-Dawley rats with 50 nmol/kg/day of OB(1-23) or a N-terminally PEGylated analog (PEG-OB(1-23)), we found no changes in food/fluid intake, body weight and plasma glucose or cholesterol between groups. Furthermore, morphometric liver, muscle and white adipose tissue (WAT) weights and tissue triglyceride concentrations remained unaltered between groups. However, with stabilized PEG-OB(1-23) we observed a 40% reduction in plasma triglycerides. These findings indicate that PEG-OB(1-23) is an OB(1-23) analog with significantly enhanced stability and suggest that obestatin could play a role in modulating physiological lipid metabolism, although it does not appear to be involved in regulation of food/fluid intake, body weight or fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agnew
- School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
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37
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Dejda A, Bourgault S, Doan ND, Létourneau M, Couvineau A, Vaudry H, Vaudry D, Fournier A. Identification by photoaffinity labeling of the extracellular N-terminal domain of PAC1 receptor as the major binding site for PACAP. Biochimie 2011; 93:669-77. [PMID: 21185349 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts many crucial biological functions through the interaction with its specific PAC1 receptor (PAC1-R), a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). To identify the binding sites of PACAP in the PAC1-R, three peptide derivatives containing a photoreactive p-benzoyl-phenylalanine (Bpa) residue were developed. These photosensitive PACAP analogs were fully biologically active and competent to displace radiolabeled Ac-PACAP27 from the PAC1-R. Subsequently, the (125)I-labeled photoprobes were used to anchor the PAC1-R expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Photolabeling led to the formation of two protein complexes of 76 and 67 kDa, representing different glycosylated forms of the receptor. Proteinase and chemical cleavages of the peptide-receptor complexes revealed that (125)I[Bpa(0), Nle(17)]PACAP27, (125)I[Bpa(6), Nle(17)]PACAP27 and (125)I[Nle(17), Bpa(22)]PACAP27 covalently labeled the Ser(98) - Met(111) segment, the Ser(124) - Glu(125) dipeptide and the Ser(141) - Met(172) fragment, respectively. Taking into account the topology of the PAC1-R, these segments are mainly located within the extracellular N-terminal domain, indicating that this PAC1-R domain is the major binding site of PACAP27. The present study constitutes the first characterization of the binding domains of PACAP to its specific receptor and suggests heterogeneity within the binding mode of peptide ligands to class B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dejda
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires et Pharmacologiques des Peptides (LEMPP), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ville de Laval, Qc, Canada
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Murage EN, Gao G, Bisello A, Ahn JM. Development of potent glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists with high enzyme stability via introduction of multiple lactam bridges. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6412-20. [PMID: 20687610 DOI: 10.1021/jm100602m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has the ability to lower the blood glucose level, and its regulatory functions make it an attractive therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, its rapid degradation by enzymes like dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) 24.11 severely compromises its effective clinical use. Whereas specific DPP-IV inhibitors have been developed, NEP 24.11 targets multiple sites in the GLP-1 sequence, which makes it difficult to block. To address this drawback, we have designed and synthesized conformationally constrained GLP-1 analogues by introducing multiple lactam bridges that stabilized both alpha-helices in the N- and C-terminal regions simultaneously. In addition to improving the receptor activation capability (up to 5-fold) by fixing the alpha-helical conformations required for optimal receptor interaction, the introduced lactam bridges provided outstanding shielding over NEP 24.11 (half-life of >96 h). These highly constrained peptides are the first examples of NEP 24.11-resistant GLP-1 analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice N Murage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080,USA
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39
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Subasinghage AP, Green BD, Flatt PR, Irwin N, Hewage CM. Metabolic and structural properties of human obestatin {1-23} and two fragment peptides. Peptides 2010; 31:1697-705. [PMID: 20553778 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin is a peptide produced in the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach and co-localizes with ghrelin on the periphery of pancreatic islets. Several studies demonstrate that obestatin reduces food and water intake, decreases body weight gain, inhibits gastrointestinal motility, and modulates glucose-induced insulin secretion. In this study we evaluated the acute metabolic effects of human obestatin {1-23} and fragment peptides {1-10} or {11-23} in high-fat fed mice, and then investigated their solution structure by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling. Obestatins {1-23} and {11-23} significantly reduced food intake (86% and 90% respectively) and lowered glucose responses to feeding, whilst leaving insulin responses unchanged. No metabolic changes could be detected following the administration of obestatin {1-10}. In aqueous solution none of the obestatin peptides possessed secondary structural features. However, in a 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE-d(3))-H(2)O solvent mixture, the structure of obestatin {1-23} was characterized by an alpha-helix followed by a single turn helix conformation between residues Pro(4) and Gln(15) and His(19) and Ala(22) respectively. Obestatin {1-10} showed no structural components whereas {11-23} contained an alpha-helix between residues Val(14) and Ser(20) in a mixed solvent. These studies are the first to elucidate the structure of human obestatin and provide clear evidence that the observed alpha-helical structures are critical for in vivo activity. Future structure/function studies may facilitate the design of novel therapeutic agents based on the obestatin peptide structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha P Subasinghage
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, SEC Strategic Research Cluster, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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40
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Pala L, Ciani S, Dicembrini I, Bardini G, Cresci B, Pezzatini A, Giannini S, Mannucci E, Rotella CM. Relationship between GLP-1 levels and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity in different glucose tolerance conditions. Diabet Med 2010; 27:691-5. [PMID: 20546289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM The reduced levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) after an oral glucose load in Type 2 diabetic patients could be dependent either on a reduced synthesis or an increased degradation; but GLP-1 and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) levels during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) have not been studied together. The aim of the present study was to investigate GLP-1 and DPP-IV levels during an OGTT in patients with different degrees of glucose tolerance. METHODS Fifty six subjects (34 female, 22 male) matched for sex, age, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Twenty-eight had normal glucose tolerance, 15 had impaired glucose tolerance and 13 had Type 2 diabetes mellitus. GLP-1 assay was performed with an ELISA kit, and DPP-IV assay using a colorimetric method. RESULTS At 30 min GLP-1 levels were significantly lower in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to those with normal glucose tolerance. The area under the GLP-1 curve was significantly different among the three groups; there was a significant decrease between subjects with normal and impaired glucose tolerance(P = 0.004) and between those with normal glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (P < 0.001), while the area under the curve for DPP-IV showed no significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that an increase of GLP-1 degradation does not play a role in the early stages of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pala
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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41
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Mannucci E, Pala L, Monami M, Da Vico L, Bardini G, Dicembrini I, Ciani S, Lamanna C, Marchionni N, Rotella CM. Glucagon-like peptide-1 response to meals and post-prandial hyperglycemia in Type 2 diabetic patients. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:147-50. [PMID: 19783893 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impaired response of glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) to meals in diabetic patients can contribute to the pathogenesis of impaired insulin secretion and post-prandial hyperglycemia. This study is aimed at the assessment of the relationship between meal-induced GLP-1 and post-prandial hyperglycemia in Type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS Twenty-one drug-naïve Type 2 diabetic patients were studied. Blood glucose and active GLP-1 levels were measured 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after a standard test meal. A continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system was applied for the following 3 days. Nutrient intake at each meal was calculated on the basis of patients' food records. For each patient, post-prandial 120-min glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was included in linear regression model exploring its relationship with total energy and carbohydrate intake, and the angular coefficient for total energy (EAC) and carbohydrate (CAC) was calculated. RESULTS GLP-1 levels peaked 30 min after the test meal. Logarithmically transformed 60-min GLP-1 iAUC showed a significant inverse correlation with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (p<0.01). A significant inverse correlation of 60-min GLP-1 iAUC was also observed with EAC and CAC (both p<0.01), meaning that patients with a lower GLP-1 response to the test meal had a higher increment of post-prandial glucose for each additional unit of total energy or carbohydrate intake. CONCLUSIONS In Type 2 diabetic patients, a lower GLP-1 response to meals is associated with a higher HbA1c, and with a greater degree of meal-induced hyperglycemia, both in a meal test and during CGM in "real-life" conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mannucci
- Section of Geriatric Cardiology, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, University of Florence and Azienda Ospedaliero- Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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42
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Grieve DJ, Cassidy RS, Green BD. Emerging cardiovascular actions of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1: potential therapeutic benefits beyond glycaemic control? Br J Pharmacol 2010; 157:1340-51. [PMID: 19681866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone secreted by the small intestine in response to nutrient ingestion. It has wide-ranging effects on glucose metabolism, including stimulation of insulin release, inhibition of glucagon secretion, reduction of gastric emptying and augmentation of satiety. Importantly, the insulinotropic actions of GLP-1 are uniquely dependent on ambient glucose concentrations, and it is this particular characteristic which has led to its recent emergence as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. Although the major physiological function of GLP-1 appears to be in relation to glycaemic control, there is growing evidence to suggest that it may also play an important role in the cardiovascular system. GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) are expressed in the heart and vasculature of both rodents and humans, and recent studies have demonstrated that GLP-1R agonists have wide-ranging cardiovascular actions, such as modulation of heart rate, blood pressure, vascular tone and myocardial contractility. Importantly, it appears that these agents may also have beneficial effects in the setting of cardiovascular disease (CVD). For example, GLP-1 has been found to exert cardioprotective actions in experimental models of dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart failure and myocardial infarction (MI). Preliminary clinical studies also indicate that GLP-1 infusion may improve cardiac contractile function in chronic heart failure patients with and without diabetes, and in MI patients after successful angioplasty. This review will discuss the current understanding of GLP-1 biology, examine its emerging cardiovascular actions in both health and disease and explore the potential use of GLP-1 as a novel treatment for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Grieve
- Centre for Vision and Vascular Science, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK.
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes has been identified as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The underlying mechanism behind this unexpected link is most likely linked to the observed desensitization of insulin receptors in the brain. Insulin acts as a growth factor in the brain and supports neuronal repair, dendritic sprouting, and differentiation. Several drugs have been developed to treat type 2 diabetes which re-synthesize insulin receptors and may be of use to prevent neurodegenerative developments in AD. The incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone that facilitates insulin release under high blood sugar conditions. Interestingly, GLP-1 also has very similar growth factor like properties as insulin, and has been shown to protect neurons from toxic effects. In preclinical studies, GLP-1 and longer lasting analogues reduce apoptosis, protect neurons from oxidative stress, induce neurite outgrowth, protect synaptic plasticity and memory formation from the detrimental effects of β-amyloid, and reduce plaque formation and the inflammation response in the brains of mouse models of AD. An advantage of GLP-1 is that it does not affect blood sugar levels in nondiabetic people. Furthermore, recent research has shown that some GLP-1 analogues can cross the blood-brain barrier, including two that are on the market as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. Therefore, GLP-1 analogues show great promise as a novel treatment for AD or other neurodegenerative conditions.
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Shimamura K, Matsuda M, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimoto R, Seo T, Tokita S. Identification of a stable chemerin analog with potent activity toward ChemR23. Peptides 2009; 30:1529-38. [PMID: 19540290 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemerin is a novel peptide that was identified as a natural ligand for ChemR23. As it has been reported to be involved in the regulation of immune responses and adipogenesis, chemerin may have a variety of physiological functions. Chemerin is synthesized as a precursor (prochemerin) and is proteolytically activated and inactivated in sequential steps, which control its physiological roles in a coordinated manner. Chemerin-9 (chemerin148-156) was previously identified as the smallest peptide with low nanomolar potency. However, like mature chemerin, chemerin-9 is rapidly degraded and inactivated in plasma, which has limited the use of chemerin-9 in in vivo experiments. In order to identify stable chemerin analogs that facilitate in vivo studies, we synthesized a series of chemerin-9 analogs and examined intrinsic activity and metabolic stability. We identified an agonistic and metabolically stable chemerin-9 analog (d-Tyr(147)-[d-Ser(151), d-Ala(154), Tic(155)]chemerin148-156) that shows enhanced plasma exposure with prolonged half-life in mice upon intraperitoneal administration. Improvement of metabolic stability resulted in a reduction in the plasma free fatty acid levels in fasted mice, which cannot be accomplished by unstable-mouse chemerin-9. This reduction in plasma free fatty acids reflects the anti-lipolysis activity of chemerin-9 and analogs in mouse primary adipocytes. The discovery of a metabolically stable chemerin analog will facilitate investigation of the pharmacological roles of chemerin in vivo. Moreover, this stable chemerin analog might provide new therapeutic approaches to inflammatory diseases such as asthma and metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes where ChemR23 activation may be of benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Shimamura
- Department of Metabolic Disorder Research, Tsukuba Research Institute, BANYU Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Okubo 3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
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Abu-Hamdah R, Rabiee A, Meneilly GS, Shannon RP, Andersen DK, Elahi D. Clinical review: The extrapancreatic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 and related peptides. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1843-52. [PMID: 19336511 PMCID: PMC2690432 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) 7-36 amide, an insulinotropic hormone released from the intestinal L cells in response to nutrient ingestion, has been extensively reviewed with respect to beta-cell function. However GLP-1 receptors are abundant in many other tissues. Thus, the function of GLP-1 is not limited to the islet cells, and it has regulatory actions on many other organs. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A review of published, peer-reviewed medical literature (1987 to September 2008) on the extrapancreatic actions of GLP-1 was performed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The extrapancreatic actions of GLP-1 include inhibition of gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion, thereby fulfilling the definition of GLP-1 as an enterogastrone. Other important extrapancreatic actions of GLP-1 include a regulatory role in hepatic glucose production, the inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretion, cardioprotective and cardiotropic effects, the regulation of appetite and satiety, and stimulation of afferent sensory nerves. The primary metabolite of GLP-1, GLP-1 (9-36) amide, or GLP-1m, is the truncated product of degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4. GLP-1m has insulinomimetic effects on hepatic glucose production and cardiac function. Exendin-4 present in the salivary gland of the reptile, Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), is a high-affinity agonist for the mammalian GLP-1 receptor. It is resistant to degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4, and therefore has a prolonged half-life. CONCLUSION GLP-1 and its metabolite have important extrapancreatic effects particularly with regard to the cardiovascular system and insulinomimetic effects with respect to glucose homeostasis. These effects may be particularly important in the obese state. GLP-1, GLP-1m, and exendin-4 therefore have potential therapeutic roles because of their diffuse extrapancreatic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Abu-Hamdah
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-2780, USA
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Kirino Y, Sato Y, Kamimoto T, Kawazoe K, Minakuchi K, Nakahori Y. Interrelationship of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) with the development of diabetes, dyslipidaemia and nephropathy: a streptozotocin-induced model using wild-type and DPP4-deficient rats. J Endocrinol 2009; 200:53-61. [PMID: 18931022 DOI: 10.1677/joe-08-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We examined the role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) in the development of diabetes, dyslipidaemia and renal dysfunction induced by streptozotocin (STZ). F344/DuCrlCrlj rats, which lack DPP4 activity, and wild-type rats were treated with STZ. Plasma DPP4 activity and biochemical parameters were measured until 42 days after STZ treatment. At the end of the experiment, renal function and DPP4 expressions of the kidney, liver, pancreas and adipose tissues were determined. Increases in blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides were evoked by STZ in both rat strains; however, the onset of hyperglycaemia was delayed in DPP4-deficient rats as compared with wild-type rats. By contrast, more severe dyslipidaemia was observed in DPP4-deficient rats than in wild-type rats after STZ treatment. Plasma DPP4 activity increased progressively with time after STZ treatment in wild-type rats. The kidney of wild-type rats showed decreased DPP4 activity with increased Dpp4 mRNA after STZ treatment. In addition, kidney weight, serum creatinine and excreted amounts of urinary protein, glucose and DPP4 enzyme were enhanced by STZ. DPP4-deficient rats showed increased serum creatinine in accordance with decreased creatinine clearance as compared with wild-type rats after STZ treatment. In conclusion, plasma DPP4 activity increased after STZ treatment, positively correlating to blood glucose. DPP4-deficient rats were resistant to developing diabetes, while susceptible to dyslipidaemia and reduction of glomerular filtration rate by STZ. DPP4 activation may be responsible for hyperglycaemia, lipid metabolism and preservation of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kirino
- Department of Human Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Japan
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Kirino Y, Kamimoto T, Sato Y, Kawazoe K, Minakuchi K, Nakahori Y. Increased Plasma Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP IV) Activity and Decreased DPP IV Activity of Visceral But Not Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Impaired Glucose Tolerance Rats Induced by High-Fat or High-Sucrose Diet. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:463-7. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kirino
- Department of Human Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Takayuki Kamimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Youichi Sato
- Department of Human Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawazoe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Kazuo Minakuchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Yutaka Nakahori
- Department of Human Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
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Mcintosh CH, Widenmaier S, Kim S. Chapter 15 Glucose‐Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; GIP). Insulin and IGFs. Elsevier; 2009. pp. 409-71. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Irwin N, Hunter K, Frizzell N, Flatt PR. Antidiabetic effects of sub-chronic activation of the GIP receptor alone and in combination with background exendin-4 therapy in high fat fed mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 153:70-6. [PMID: 19073224 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
GLP-1 and GIP are the two key incretin hormones that regulate post-prandial glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, potent enzyme-resistant GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonists such as N-AcGIP and exendin-4 have now been developed. In the present study the effects of stable incretins, exendin-4 and N-AcGIP alone and in combination were examined in mice with high fat feeding induced glucose intolerance. Daily s.c. injections of exendin-4 (50 nmol/kg bw) for 12 days restored glycaemic control and significantly (P<0.05) decreased glucose intolerance compared to saline-treated controls. Food intake was transiently decreased (P<0.05) without effect on body weight. In the following 12 day period, mice either continued the original treatment or were administered an additional dose of N-AcGIP (50 nmol/kg body weight; s.c.). Under these circumstances sub-chronic administration of exendin-4 alone or particularly when combined with N-AcGIP significantly (P<0.05) reduced body weight. Exendin-4, N-AcGIP and combined treatment groups displayed significantly (P<0.05) decreased plasma glucose levels and less severe glucose intolerance. Non-fasting 24-h glycaemic profiles revealed marked (P<0.05 to P<0.01) beneficial effects of all treatment regimes. Insulin resistance was also reduced (P<0.01 to P<0.001) in all exendin-4 treated mice compared to saline controls. Adipose tissue mRNA levels of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, GIP-R, LPL and DGAT-1 were not significantly altered. These results illustrate efficacy of enzyme resistant GIP and GLP-1 analogues for treatment of glucose intolerance induced by high fat feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Irwin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide are incretins secreted from enteroendocrine cells postprandially in part to regulate glucose homeostasis. Dysregulation of these hormones is evident in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Two new drugs, exenatide (GLP-1 mimetic) and sitagliptin [dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4 inhibitor], have been approved by regulatory agencies for treating T2DM. Liraglutide (GLP-1 mimetic) and vildagliptin (DPP 4 inhibitor) are expected to arrive on the market soon. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The background of incretin-based therapy and selected clinical trials of these four drugs are reviewed. A MEDLINE search was conducted for published articles using the key words incretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GLP-1, exendin-4, exenatide, DPP 4, liraglutide, sitagliptin, and vildagliptin. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Exenatide and liraglutide are injection based. Three-year follow-up data on exenatide showed a sustained weight loss and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) reduction of 1%. Nausea and vomiting are common. Results from phase 3 studies are pending on liraglutide. Sitagliptin and vildagliptin are orally active. In 24-wk studies, sitagliptin reduces HbA(1c) by 0.6-0.8% as monotherapy, 1.8% as initial combination therapy with metformin, and 0.7% as add-on therapy to metformin. Vildagliptin monotherapy lowered HbA(1c) by 1.0-1.4% after 24 wk. Their major side effects are urinary tract and nasopharyngeal infections and headaches. Exenatide and liraglutide cause weight loss, whereas sitagliptin and vildagliptin do not. CONCLUSIONS The availability of GLP-1 mimetics and DPP 4 inhibitors has increased our armamentarium for treating T2DM. Unresolved issues such as the effects of GLP-1 mimetics and DPP 4 inhibitors on beta-cell mass, the mechanism by which GLP-1 mimetics lowers glucagon levels, and exactly how DPP 4 inhibitors lead to a decline in plasma glucose levels without an increase in insulin secretion, need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee W Chia
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, USA
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