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Fryk E, Wilsson Å, Tompa A, Jansson PA, Faresjö M. Galectin-1 correlates with inflammatory markers and T regulatory cells in children with type 1 diabetes and/or celiac disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 215:240-250. [PMID: 38088456 PMCID: PMC10876110 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CeD) are common autoimmune diseases in children where the pathophysiology is not fully characterized. The autoimmune process involves a complex scenario of both inflammatory and regulatory features. Galectin-1 (GAL-1) has a wide range of biological activities e.g. interaction with immune cells. We examined the relationship between GAL-1 and soluble immune markers and T-cell subsets in a cohort of children with T1D and/or CeD relative to healthy children. GAL-1, together with several soluble immune markers [e.g. interleukins (IL)], tumor necrosis factor (TNF), acute phase proteins, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) were measured in sera from children with T1D and/or CeD by fluorochrome (Luminex) technique using children without these diseases as a reference. Subgroups of T cells, including T-regulatory (Treg) cells, were analysed by flow cytometry. Association between GAL-1, pro-inflammatory markers, and Treg cells differed depending on which illness combination was present. In children with both T1D and CeD, GAL-1 correlated positively with pro-inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Composite scores increased the strength of correlation between GAL-1 and pro-inflammatory markers, Th1-associated interferon (IFN)-γ, and T1D-associated visfatin. Contrary, in children diagnosed with exclusively T1D, GAL-1 was positively correlated to CD25hi and CD25hiCD101+ Treg cells. For children with only CeD, no association between GAL-1 and other immune markers was observed. In conclusion, the association observed between GAL-1, soluble immune markers, and Treg cells may indicate a role for GAL-1 in the pathophysiology of T1D and, to some extent, also in CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Fryk
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Wilsson
- Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Andrea Tompa
- Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
- Division of Medical Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Region Jönköping County, Sweden
| | - Per-Anders Jansson
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Faresjö
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Smith RA, Zhang Q. Region-specific mouse brain ganglioside distribution revealed by an improved isobaric aminoxyTMT labeling strategy with automated data processing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:7269-7279. [PMID: 37857739 PMCID: PMC10841993 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are specialized glycosphingolipids most abundant in the central nervous system. Their complex amphiphilic structure is essential to the formation of membrane lipid rafts and for molecular recognition. Dysfunction of lipid rafts and ganglioside metabolism has been linked to cancer, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders. Changes in ganglioside concentration and diversity during the progression of disease have made them potential biomarkers for early detection and shed light on disease mechanisms. Chemical derivatization facilitates whole ion analysis of gangliosides while improving ionization, providing rich fragmentation spectra, and enabling multiplexed analysis schemes such as stable isotope labeling. In this work, we report improvement to our previously reported isobaric labeling methodology for ganglioside analysis by increasing buffer concentration and removing solid-phase extraction desalting for a more complete and quantitative reaction. Identification and quantification of gangliosides are automated through MS-DIAL with an in-house ganglioside derivatives library. We have applied the updated methodology to relative quantification of gangliosides in six mouse brain regions (cerebellum, pons/medulla, midbrain, thalamus/hypothalamus, cortex, and basal ganglia) with 2 mg tissue per sample, and region-specific distributions of 88 ganglioside molecular species are described with ceramide isomers resolved. This method is promising for application to comparative analysis of gangliosides in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
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3
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Guo Q, Qiu P, Pan K, Chen J, Wang B, Lin J. Construction and validation of a transient receptor potential-related long noncoding RNA signature for prognosis prediction in breast cancer patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35978. [PMID: 37986367 PMCID: PMC10659707 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in women around the world. Accumulating evidence suggests that transient receptor potential (TRP) channels play a significant role in tumor progression and immune cell infiltration. Hence, we conducted the study to investigate the correlation between TRP-associated lncRNAs and the prognosis of breast carcinoma. In the current study, 33 TRP-associated genes were selected from a review published by Amrita Samanta et al, and the TRP-related lncRNAs were identified by Pearson analysis. Based on the sum of the expression levels of 12 lncRNAs provided by the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), a TRP-associated lncRNA signature was established by using Cox regression analysis. According to the median value of the risk score in the training set, BC patients were separated into high- and low-risk groups. Subsequently, functional enrichment analysis was conducted on the differential expression genes (DEGs) between different risk groups. The Estimation of Stromal and Immune Cells in Malignant Tumor Tissues Using Expression (ESTIMATE) Score was calculated by ESTIMATE, and the immune cell infiltration was evaluated by ssGSEA. Finally, the immune checkpoint gene expression levels, microsatellite instability (MSI), and immunophenoscore (IPS) were further assessed. The high-risk groups exhibited lower survival rates, while the low-risk groups showed higher survival rates. As a result, the DEGs between different risk groups were highly enriched in immune cell activation and immunoregulation. Besides, the ESTIMATE scores of patients in low-risk groups were higher than those in high-risk groups. The infiltration levels of several immune cells were remarkably elevated in low-risk groups, and various immune signatures were activated with a decreased risk score. Eventually, the TRP-associated lncRNA signature was confirmed with a highly potential ability to evaluate the immunotherapy response in breast carcinoma patients. The outcomes of the current study indicated that the 12-TRP-associated-lncRNA risk model was an independent prognostic risk factor for BC patients. This risk model could be closely related to the tumor immune microenvironment in BC. Our findings will provide new insights for future immunotherapy for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaonan Guo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Pengjun Qiu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Kelun Pan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jianpeng Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Baiwei Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jianqing Lin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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Chowdhury S, Wu G, Lu ZH, Kumar R, Ledeen R. Age-Related Decline in Gangliosides GM1 and GD1a in Non-CNS Tissues of Normal Mice: Implications for Peripheral Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010209. [PMID: 36672717 PMCID: PMC9855670 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the age-related decline in a-series gangliosides (especially GM1), shown to be a factor in the brain-related etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), also pertains to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and aspects of PD unrelated to the central nervous system (CNS). Following Svennerholm's demonstration of the age-dependent decline in a-series gangliosides (both GM1 and GD1a) in the human brain, we previously demonstrated a similar decline in the normal mouse brain. The present study seeks to determine whether a similar a-series decline occurs in the periphery of normal mice as a possible prelude to the non-CNS symptoms of PD. We used mice of increasing age to measure a-series gangliosides in three peripheral tissues closely associated with PD pathology. Employing high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), we found a substantial decrease in both GM1 and GD1a in all three tissues from 191 days of age. Motor and cognitive dysfunction were also shown to worsen, as expected, in synchrony with the decrease in GM1. Based on the previously demonstrated parallel between mice and humans concerning age-related a-series ganglioside decline in the brain, we propose the present findings to suggest a similar a-series decline in human peripheral tissues as the primary contributor to non-CNS pathologies of PD. An onset of sporadic PD would thus be seen as occurring simultaneously throughout the brain and body, albeit at varying rates, in association with the decline in a-series gangliosides. This would obviate the need to postulate the transfer of aggregated α-synuclein between brain and body or to debate brain vs. body as the origin of PD.
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Alselehdar SK, Chakraborty M, Chowdhury S, Alcalay RN, Surface M, Ledeen R. Subnormal GM1 in PBMCs: Promise for Early Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11522. [PMID: 34768952 PMCID: PMC8583888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that Parkinson's disease (PD) pathologies are well advanced in most PD patients by the time of clinical elucidation attests to the importance of early diagnosis. Our attempt to achieve this has capitalized on our previous finding that GM1 ganglioside is expressed at subnormal levels in virtually all tissues of sporadic PD (sPD) patients including blood cells. GM1 is present in most vertebrate cells, is especially abundant in neurons where it was shown essential for their effective functioning and long term viability. We have utilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which, despite their low GM1, we found to be significantly lower in sPD patients compared to age-matched healthy controls. To quantify GM1 (and GD1a) we used high performance thin-layer chromatography combined with cholera toxin B linked to horseradish peroxidase, followed by densitometric quantification. GM1 was also deficient in PBMCs from PD patients with mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (PD-GBA), apparently even lower than in sPD. Reasons are given why we believe these results obtained with patients manifesting fully developed PD will apply as well to PD patients in preclinical stages-a topic for future study. We also suggest that these findings point to a potential disease altering therapy for PD once the early diagnosis is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar K. Alselehdar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of NJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.K.A.); (M.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Monami Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of NJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.K.A.); (M.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Suman Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of NJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.K.A.); (M.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Roy N. Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (R.N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Matthew Surface
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (R.N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Robert Ledeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of NJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.K.A.); (M.C.); (S.C.)
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Laderach DJ, Compagno D. Unraveling How Tumor-Derived Galectins Contribute to Anti-Cancer Immunity Failure. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4529. [PMID: 34572756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review compiles our current knowledge of one of the main pathways activated by tumors to escape immune attack. Indeed, it integrates the current understanding of how tumor-derived circulating galectins affect the elicitation of effective anti-tumor immunity. It focuses on several relevant topics: which are the main galectins produced by tumors, how soluble galectins circulate throughout biological liquids (taking a body-settled gradient concentration into account), the conditions required for the galectins’ functions to be accomplished at the tumor and tumor-distant sites, and how the physicochemical properties of the microenvironment in each tissue determine their functions. These are no mere semantic definitions as they define which functions can be performed in said tissues instead. Finally, we discuss the promising future of galectins as targets in cancer immunotherapy and some outstanding questions in the field. Abstract Current data indicates that anti-tumor T cell-mediated immunity correlates with a better prognosis in cancer patients. However, it has widely been demonstrated that tumor cells negatively manage immune attack by activating several immune-suppressive mechanisms. It is, therefore, essential to fully understand how lymphocytes are activated in a tumor microenvironment and, above all, how to prevent these cells from becoming dysfunctional. Tumors produce galectins-1, -3, -7, -8, and -9 as one of the major molecular mechanisms to evade immune control of tumor development. These galectins impact different steps in the establishment of the anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we carry out a critical dissection on the mechanisms through which tumor-derived galectins can influence the production and the functionality of anti-tumor T lymphocytes. This knowledge may help us design more effective immunotherapies to treat human cancers.
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Waddington KE, Robinson GA, Rubio-Cuesta B, Chrifi-Alaoui E, Andreone S, Poon KS, Ivanova I, Martin-Gutierrez L, Owen DM, Jury EC, Pineda-Torra I. LXR directly regulates glycosphingolipid synthesis and affects human CD4+ T cell function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2017394118. [PMID: 34006637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017394118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptor (LXR) is a key transcriptional regulator of cholesterol, fatty acid, and phospholipid metabolism. Dynamic remodeling of immunometabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism, is a crucial step in T cell activation. Here, we explored the role of LXR-regulated metabolic processes in primary human CD4+ T cells and their role in controlling plasma membrane lipids (glycosphingolipids and cholesterol), which strongly influence T cell immune signaling and function. Crucially, we identified the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis enzyme glucosylceramide synthase as a direct transcriptional LXR target. LXR activation by agonist GW3965 or endogenous oxysterol ligands significantly altered the glycosphingolipid:cholesterol balance in the plasma membrane by increasing glycosphingolipid levels and reducing cholesterol. Consequently, LXR activation lowered plasma membrane lipid order (stability), and an LXR antagonist could block this effect. LXR stimulation also reduced lipid order at the immune synapse and accelerated activation of proximal T cell signaling molecules. Ultimately, LXR activation dampened proinflammatory T cell function. Finally, compared with responder T cells, regulatory T cells had a distinct pattern of LXR target gene expression corresponding to reduced lipid order. This suggests LXR-driven lipid metabolism could contribute to functional specialization of these T cell subsets. Overall, we report a mode of action for LXR in T cells involving the regulation of glycosphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism and demonstrate its relevance in modulating T cell function.
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8
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Froghi S, Grant CR, Tandon R, Quaglia A, Davidson B, Fuller B. New Insights on the Role of TRP Channels in Calcium Signalling and Immunomodulation: Review of Pathways and Implications for Clinical Practice. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 60:271-292. [PMID: 33405100 PMCID: PMC7985118 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body and is central to many physiological processes, including immune system activation and maintenance. Studies continue to reveal the intricacies of calcium signalling within the immune system. Perhaps the most well-understood mechanism of calcium influx into cells is store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), which occurs via calcium release-activated channels (CRACs). SOCE is central to the activation of immune system cells; however, more recent studies have demonstrated the crucial role of other calcium channels, including transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. In this review, we describe the expression and function of TRP channels within the immune system and outline associations with murine models of disease and human conditions. Therefore, highlighting the importance of TRP channels in disease and reviewing potential. The TRP channel family is significant, and its members have a continually growing number of cellular processes. Within the immune system, TRP channels are involved in a diverse range of functions including T and B cell receptor signalling and activation, antigen presentation by dendritic cells, neutrophil and macrophage bactericidal activity, and mast cell degranulation. Not surprisingly, these channels have been linked to many pathological conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis, atherosclerosis, hypertension and atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saied Froghi
- Department of HPB & Liver Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, Pond St, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK. .,Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences/University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK. .,HCA Senior Clinical Fellow (HPB & Liver Transplant), Wellington Hospital, St Johns Wood, London, UK.
| | - Charlotte R Grant
- Department of HPB & Liver Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, Pond St, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Radhika Tandon
- Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK, S10 2RX
| | - Alberto Quaglia
- Department of Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Brian Davidson
- Department of HPB & Liver Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, Pond St, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK.,Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences/University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Barry Fuller
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences/University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK
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9
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Acharya TK, Tiwari A, Majhi RK, Goswami C. TRPM8 channel augments T-cell activation and proliferation. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:198-210. [PMID: 33090595 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is an ion channel that has been widely studied as a cold-sensitive nociceptor. However, its importance in nonneuronal cells is mostly unexplored. Here, we describe the presence and functional significance of endogenous TRPM8, a nonselective Ca2+ -channel in T cell functions. The major pool of TRPM8 resides at the T cell surface and its surface accumulation significantly increases in activated T cells. TRPM8 activation synergizes with T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation to increase CD25, CD69 levels and enhances secretion of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor. However, TRPM8 inhibition does not restrict TCR stimulation mediated activation of T cells, indicating that unlike the heat-sensitive TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels, the cold-sensitive TRPM8 channel may be dispensable during T-cell activation, at least in mice. In this study, we demonstrate that TRPM8 promotes TCR-induced intracellular calcium increase. TRPM8 activation is beneficial for T-cell activation and differentiation into effector cells. TRPM8 inhibition during the T-cell activation process may lead to altered phenotype and reduced proliferation, without affecting cell viability. These results collectively establish TRPM8 as a functional calcium channel whose activation may be utilized for mounting an effective immune response. The findings of this study will be relevant to the regulation and response of T cells during cell-mediated immunity. These results will likely further our understanding on the role of ion channels in T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tusar K Acharya
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ankit Tiwari
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rakesh K Majhi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandan Goswami
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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García Caballero G, Kaltner H, Kutzner TJ, Ludwig AK, Manning JC, Schmidt S, Sinowatz F, Gabius HJ. How galectins have become multifunctional proteins. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:509-539. [PMID: 31922250 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Having identified glycans of cellular glycoconjugates as versatile molecular messages, their recognition by sugar receptors (lectins) is a fundamental mechanism within the flow of biological information. This type of molecular interplay is increasingly revealed to be involved in a wide range of (patho)physiological processes. To do so, it is a vital prerequisite that a lectin (and its expression) can develop more than a single skill, that is the general ability to bind glycans. By studying the example of vertebrate galectins as a model, a total of five relevant characteristics is disclosed: i) access to intra- and extracellular sites, ii) fine-tuned gene regulation (with evidence for co-regulation of counterreceptors) including the existence of variants due to alternative splicing or single nucleotide polymorphisms, iii) specificity to distinct glycans from the glycome with different molecular meaning, iv) binding capacity also to peptide motifs at different sites on the protein and v) diversity of modular architecture. They combine to endow these lectins with the capacity to serve as multi-purpose tools. Underscoring the arising broad-scale significance of tissue lectins, their numbers in terms of known families and group members have steadily grown by respective research that therefore unveiled a well-stocked toolbox. The generation of a network of (ga)lectins by evolutionary diversification affords the opportunity for additive/synergistic or antagonistic interplay in situ, an emerging aspect of (ga)lectin functionality. It warrants close scrutiny. The realization of the enormous potential of combinatorial permutations using the five listed features gives further efforts to understand the rules of functional glycomics/lectinomics a clear direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja J Kutzner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fred Sinowatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Godoy GJ, Olivera C, Paira DA, Salazar FC, Ana Y, Stempin CC, Motrich RD, Rivero VE. T Regulatory Cells From Non-obese Diabetic Mice Show Low Responsiveness to IL-2 Stimulation and Exhibit Differential Expression of Anergy-Related and Ubiquitination Factors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2665. [PMID: 31824482 PMCID: PMC6886461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are pivotal for the maintenance of tolerance. Alterations in their number and/or function have been proposed to occur in the autoimmune-prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Comparing the frequencies and absolute numbers of CD4+Foxp3+CD25+ Tregs among 4 to 6-week old NOD, B6, and BALB/c mice, we observed differences in counts and Foxp3 expression in Tregs from secondary lymphoid organs, but not in the thymus. Upon TCR and IL-2 stimulation, NOD Tregs showed lower responses than Tregs from B6 and BALB/c mice. Indeed, NOD Tregs responded with less proliferation and with smaller increments in the expression of CD25, LAP-1, CD39, PD-1, PD-L1, and LAG-3, when in vitro cultured for 3 days with anti-CD3/CD28 in the absence or presence of IL-2, Tregs from NOD mice showed to be highly dependent on IL-2 to maintain Foxp3 expression. Moreover, NOD Tregs become producers of IL-17 and INF-gamma more easily than Tregs from the other strains. In addition, NOD Tregs showed lower responsiveness to IL-2, with significantly reduced levels of pSTAT5, even at high IL-2 doses, with respect to B6 and BALB/c Tregs. Interestingly, NOD Tregs exhibit differences in the expression of SOCS3, GRAIL, and OTUB1 when compared with Tregs from B6 and BALB/c mice. Both, at steady state conditions and also after activation, Tregs from NOD mice showed increased levels of OTUB1 and low levels of GRAIL. In addition, NOD Tregs had differences in the expression of ubiquitin related molecules that play a role in the maintenance of Foxp3 cellular pools. Indeed, significantly higher STUB1/USP7 ratios were detected in NOD Tregs, both at basal conditions and after stimulation, compared to in B6 and BALB/c Tregs. Moreover, the addition of a proteasome inhibitor to cell cultures, conferred NOD Tregs the ability to retain Foxp3 expression. Herein, we provide evidence indicating a differential expression of SOCS3, GRAIL, and STUB1/USP7 in Tregs from NOD mice, factors known to be involved in IL-2R signaling and to affect Foxp3 stability. These findings add to the current knowledge of the immunobiology of Tregs and may be related to the known insufficiency of Tregs from NOD mice to maintain self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria J Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Olivera
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniela A Paira
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Florencia C Salazar
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Yamile Ana
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cinthia C Stempin
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ruben D Motrich
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Virginia E Rivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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12
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Liu Y, Barnoud J, Marrink SJ. Gangliosides Destabilize Lipid Phase Separation in Multicomponent Membranes. Biophys J 2019; 117:1215-23. [PMID: 31542224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides (GMs) form an important class of lipids found in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Typically, they colocalize with cholesterol and sphingomyelin in ordered membrane domains. However, detailed understanding of the lateral organization of GM-rich membranes is still lacking. To gain molecular insight, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of GMs in model membranes composed of coexisting liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered domains. We found that GMs indeed have a preference to partition into the ordered domains. At higher concentrations (>10 mol %), we observed a destabilizing effect of GMs on the phase coexistence. Further simulations with modified GMs show that the structure of the GM headgroup affects the phase separation, whereas the nature of the tail determines the preferential location. Together, our findings provide a molecular basis to understand the lateral organization of GM-rich membranes.
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13
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Habib T, Long SA, Samuels PL, Brahmandam A, Tatum M, Funk A, Hocking AM, Cerosaletti K, Mason MT, Whalen E, Rawlings DJ, Greenbaum C, Buckner JH. Dynamic Immune Phenotypes of B and T Helper Cells Mark Distinct Stages of T1D Progression. Diabetes 2019; 68:1240-1250. [PMID: 30894366 PMCID: PMC6610015 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies of B- and T-cell compartments and their response to stimuli demonstrate alterations in established type 1 diabetes (T1D). Yet it is not known whether these alterations reflect immune mechanisms that initiate islet autoimmunity, promote disease progression, or are secondary to disease. To address these questions, we used samples from the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention study to investigate T-cell responses to interleukin (IL)-2 and regulatory T cell-mediated suppression, the composition of the B-cell compartment, and B-cell responses to B-cell receptor and IL-21 receptor engagement. These studies revealed stage-dependent T- and B-cell functional and immune phenotypes; namely, early features that differentiate autoantibody-positive at-risk first-degree relatives (FDRs) from autoantibody-negative FDRs and persisted through clinical diagnosis; late features that arose at or near T1D diagnosis; and dynamic features that were enhanced early and blunted at later disease stages, indicating evolving responses along the continuum of T1D. We further explored how these specific phenotypes are influenced by therapeutic interventions. Our integrated studies provide unique insights into stable and dynamic stage-specific immune states and define novel immune phenotypes of potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Habib
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - S Alice Long
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Peter L Samuels
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Archana Brahmandam
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Megan Tatum
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew Funk
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Anne M Hocking
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Karen Cerosaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael T Mason
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Elizabeth Whalen
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Carla Greenbaum
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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14
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Pereira DMS, Mendes SJF, Alawi K, Thakore P, Aubdool A, Sousa NCF, da Silva JFR, Castro JA Jr, P Pereira IC, Silva LCN, Grisotto MAG, Monteiro-Neto V, Costa SKP, da Costa R, Calixto JB, Brain SD, Fernandes ES. Transient Receptor Potential Canonical Channels 4 and 5 Mediate Escherichia coli-Derived Thioredoxin Effects in Lipopolysaccharide-Injected Mice. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018; 2018:4904696. [PMID: 29983857 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4904696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin plays an essential role in bacterial antioxidant machinery and virulence; however, its regulatory actions in the host are less well understood. Reduced human Trx activates transient receptor potential canonical 5 (TRPC5) in inflammation, but there is no evidence of whether these receptors mediate bacterial thioredoxin effects in the host. Importantly, TRPC5 can form functional complexes with other subunits such as TRPC4. Herein, E. coli-derived thioredoxin induced mortality in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) injected mice, accompanied by reduction of leukocyte accumulation, regulation of cytokine release into the peritoneum, and impairment of peritoneal macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. Dual TRPC4/TRPC5 blockade by ML204 increased mortality and hypothermia in thioredoxin-treated LPS mice but preserved macrophage's ability to phagocytose. TRPC5 deletion did not alter body temperature but promoted additional accumulation of peritoneal leukocytes and inflammatory mediator release in thioredoxin-administered LPS mice. Thioredoxin diminished macrophage-mediated phagocytosis in wild-type but not TRPC5 knockout animals. TRPC5 ablation did not affect LPS-induced responses. However, ML204 caused mortality associated with exacerbated hypothermia and decreased peritoneal leukocyte numbers and cytokines in LPS-injected mice. These results suggest that bacterial thioredoxin effects under LPS stimuli are mediated by TRPC4 and TRPC5, shedding light on the additional mechanisms of bacterial virulence and on the pathophysiological roles of these receptors.
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15
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Toscano MA, Martínez Allo VC, Cutine AM, Rabinovich GA, Mariño KV. Untangling Galectin-Driven Regulatory Circuits in Autoimmune Inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:348-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Ledeen RW, Kopitz J, Abad-Rodríguez J, Gabius HJ. Glycan Chains of Gangliosides: Functional Ligands for Tissue Lectins (Siglecs/Galectins). Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2018; 156:289-324. [PMID: 29747818 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular signals on the cell surface are responsible for adhesion and communication. Of relevance in this respect, their chemical properties endow carbohydrates with the capacity to store a maximum of information in a minimum of space. One way to present glycans on the cell surface is their covalent conjugation to a ceramide anchor. Among the resulting glycosphingolipids, gangliosides are special due to the presence of at least one sialic acid in the glycan chains. Their spatial accessibility and the dynamic regulation of their profile are factors that argue in favor of a role of glycans of gangliosides as ligands (counterreceptors) for carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins). Indeed, as discovered first for a bacterial toxin, tissue lectins bind gangliosides and mediate contact formation (trans) and signaling (cis). While siglecs have a preference for higher sialylated glycans, certain galectins also target the monosialylated pentasaccharide of ganglioside GM1. Enzymatic interconversion of ganglioside glycans by sialidase action, relevant for neuroblastoma cell differentiation and growth control in vitro, for axonogenesis and axon regeneration, as well as for proper communication between effector and regulatory T cells, changes lectin-binding affinity profoundly. The GD1a-to-GM1 "editing" is recognized by such lectins, for example, myelin-associated glycoprotein (siglec-4) losing affinity and galectin-1 gaining reactivity, and then translated into postbinding signaling. Orchestrations of loss/gain of affinity, of ganglioside/lectin expression, and of lectin presence in a network offer ample opportunities for fine-tuning. Thus glycans of gangliosides such as GD1a and GM1 are functional counterreceptors by a pairing with tissue lectins, an emerging aspect of ganglioside and lectin functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Ledeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States.
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Wawegama NK, Markham PF, Elso CM, Kanci A, Marenda MS, Browning GF, Brodnicki TC. Autoimmune-Disease-Prone NOD Mice Help To Reveal a New Genetic Locus for Reducing Pulmonary Disease Caused by Mycoplasma pulmonis. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00812-17. [PMID: 29263105 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00812-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are bacterial pathogens of a range of animals, including humans, and are a common cause of respiratory disease. However, the host genetic factors that affect resistance to infection or regulate the resulting pulmonary inflammation are not well defined. We and others have previously demonstrated that nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice can be used to investigate disease loci that affect bacterial infection and autoimmune diabetes. Here we show that NOD mice are more susceptible than C57BL/6 (B6) mice to infection with Mycoplasma pulmonis, a natural model of pulmonary mycoplasmosis. The lungs of infected NOD mice had higher loads of M. pulmonis and more severe inflammatory lesions. Moreover, congenic NOD mice that harbored different B6-derived chromosomal intervals enabled identification and localization of a new mycoplasmosis locus, termed Mpr2, on chromosome 13. These congenic NOD mice demonstrated that the B6 allele for Mpr2 reduced the severity of pulmonary inflammation caused by infection with M. pulmonis and that this was associated with altered cytokine and chemokine concentrations in the infected lungs. Mpr2 also colocalizes to the same genomic interval as Listr2 and Idd14, genetic loci linked to listeriosis resistance and autoimmune diabetes susceptibility, respectively, suggesting that allelic variation within these loci may affect the development of both infectious and autoimmune disease.
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18
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Sundblad V, Morosi LG, Geffner JR, Rabinovich GA. Galectin-1: A Jack-of-All-Trades in the Resolution of Acute and Chronic Inflammation. J Immunol 2017; 199:3721-3730. [PMID: 29158348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory signals provide negative input to immunological networks promoting resolution of acute and chronic inflammation. Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a member of a family of evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins, displays broad anti-inflammatory and proresolving activities by targeting multiple immune cell types. Within the innate immune compartment, Gal-1 acts as a resolution-associated molecular pattern by counteracting the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, inhibiting neutrophil trafficking, targeting eosinophil migration and survival, and suppressing mast cell degranulation. Likewise, this lectin controls T cell and B cell compartments by modulating receptor clustering and signaling, thus serving as a negative-regulatory checkpoint that reprograms cellular activation, differentiation, and survival. In this review, we discuss the central role of Gal-1 in regulatory programs operating during acute inflammation, autoimmune diseases, allergic inflammation, pregnancy, cancer, and infection. Therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting Gal-1-glycan interactions will contribute to overcome cancer immunosuppression and reinforce antimicrobial immunity, whereas stimulation of Gal-1-driven immunoregulatory circuits will help to mitigate exuberant inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sundblad
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano G Morosi
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge R Geffner
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; .,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Kopitz J, Xiao Q, Ludwig A, Romero A, Michalak M, Sherman SE, Zhou X, Dazen C, Vértesy S, Kaltner H, Klein ML, Gabius H, Percec V. Reaction of a Programmable Glycan Presentation of Glycodendrimersomes and Cells with Engineered Human Lectins To Show the Sugar Functionality of the Cell Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology Faculty of Medicine Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 224 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Anna‐Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Antonio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu, 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Malwina Michalak
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology Faculty of Medicine Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 224 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Samuel E. Sherman
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Xuhao Zhou
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Cody Dazen
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Sabine Vértesy
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Michael L. Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science Temple University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19122 USA
| | - Hans‐Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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20
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Kopitz J, Xiao Q, Ludwig A, Romero A, Michalak M, Sherman SE, Zhou X, Dazen C, Vértesy S, Kaltner H, Klein ML, Gabius H, Percec V. Reaction of a Programmable Glycan Presentation of Glycodendrimersomes and Cells with Engineered Human Lectins To Show the Sugar Functionality of the Cell Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14677-14681. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology Faculty of Medicine Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 224 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Anna‐Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Antonio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu, 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Malwina Michalak
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology Faculty of Medicine Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 224 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Samuel E. Sherman
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Xuhao Zhou
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Cody Dazen
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Sabine Vértesy
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Michael L. Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science Temple University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19122 USA
| | - Hans‐Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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Abstract
The cell surface is the platform for presentation of biochemical signals that are required for intercellular communication. Their profile necessarily needs to be responsive to internal and external factors in a highly dynamic manner. The structural features of the signals must meet the criterion of high-density information coding in a minimum of space. Thus, only biomolecules that can generate many different oligomers ('words') from few building blocks ('letters') qualify to meet this challenge. Examining the respective properties of common biocompounds that form natural oligo- and polymers comparatively, starting with nucleotides and amino acids (the first and second alphabets of life), comes up with sugars as clear frontrunner. The enzymatic machinery for the biosynthesis of sugar chains can indeed link monosaccharides, the letters of the third alphabet of life, in a manner to reach an unsurpassed number of oligomers (complex carbohydrates or glycans). Fittingly, the resulting glycome of a cell can be likened to a fingerprint. Conjugates of glycans with proteins and sphingolipids (glycoproteins and glycolipids) are ubiquitous in Nature. This implies a broad (patho)physiologic significance. By looking at the signals, at the writers and the erasers of this information as well as its readers and ensuing consequences, this review intends to introduce a broad readership to the principles of the concept of the sugar code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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22
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Sartiani L, Bucciantini M, Spinelli V, Leri M, Natalello A, Nosi D, Maria Doglia S, Relini A, Penco A, Giorgetti S, Gerace E, Mannaioni G, Bellotti V, Rigacci S, Cerbai E, Stefani M. Biochemical and Electrophysiological Modification of Amyloid Transthyretin on Cardiomyocytes. Biophys J 2017; 111:2024-2038. [PMID: 27806283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) amyloidoses are familial or sporadic degenerative conditions that often feature heavy cardiac involvement. Presently, no effective pharmacological therapy for TTR amyloidoses is available, mostly due to a substantial lack of knowledge about both the molecular mechanisms of TTR aggregation in tissue and the ensuing functional and viability modifications that occur in aggregate-exposed cells. TTR amyloidoses are of particular interest regarding the relation between functional and viability impairment in aggregate-exposed excitable cells such as peripheral neurons and cardiomyocytes. In particular, the latter cells provide an opportunity to investigate in parallel the electrophysiological and biochemical modifications that take place when the cells are exposed for various lengths of time to variously aggregated wild-type TTR, a condition that characterizes senile systemic amyloidosis. In this study, we investigated biochemical and electrophysiological modifications in cardiomyocytes exposed to amyloid oligomers or fibrils of wild-type TTR or to its T4-stabilized form, which resists tetramer disassembly, misfolding, and aggregation. Amyloid TTR cytotoxicity results in mitochondrial potential modification, oxidative stress, deregulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels, and Ca2+ cycling. The altered intracellular Ca2+ cycling causes a prolongation of the action potential, as determined by whole-cell recordings of action potentials on isolated mouse ventricular myocytes, which may contribute to the development of cellular arrhythmias and conduction alterations often seen in patients with TTR amyloidosis. Our data add information about the biochemical, functional, and viability alterations that occur in cardiomyocytes exposed to aggregated TTR, and provide clues as to the molecular and physiological basis of heart dysfunction in sporadic senile systemic amyloidosis and familial amyloid cardiomyopathy forms of TTR amyloidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sartiani
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Bucciantini
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio,", University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Valentina Spinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela Leri
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio,", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Maria Doglia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Amanda Penco
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sofia Giorgetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gerace
- Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Vittorio Bellotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Rigacci
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio,", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cerbai
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Stefani
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio,", University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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23
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Chu EP, Elso CM, Pollock AH, Alsayb MA, Mackin L, Thomas HE, Kay TW, Silveira PA, Mansell AS, Gaus K, Brodnicki TC. Disruption of Serinc1, which facilitates serine-derived lipid synthesis, fails to alter macrophage function, lymphocyte proliferation or autoimmune disease susceptibility. Mol Immunol 2017; 82:19-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Kaltner H, Toegel S, Caballero GG, Manning JC, Ledeen RW, Gabius HJ. Galectins: their network and roles in immunity/tumor growth control. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:239-256. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Michalak M, Warnken U, André S, Schnölzer M, Gabius HJ, Kopitz J. Detection of Proteome Changes in Human Colon Cancer Induced by Cell Surface Binding of Growth-Inhibitory Human Galectin-4 Using Quantitative SILAC-Based Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4412-4422. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Michalak
- Department
of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Cancer
Early Detection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Functional
Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institute
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Functional
Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Juergen Kopitz
- Department
of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Cancer
Early Detection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Majewski J, André S, Jones E, Chi E, Gabius HJ. X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence diffraction studies of interaction between human adhesion/growth-regulatory galectin-1 and DPPE-GM1 lipid monolayer at an air/water interface. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2016; 80:943-56. [PMID: 26542007 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915070135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The specific interaction of ganglioside GM1 with the homodimeric (prototype) endogenous lectin galectin-1 triggers growth regulation in tumor and activated effector T cells. This proven biorelevance directed interest to studying association of the lectin to a model surface, i.e. a 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine/ganglioside GM1 (80 : 20 mol%) monolayer, at a bioeffective concentration. Surface expansion by the lectin insertion was detected at a surface pressure of 20 mN/m. On combining the methods of grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectivity, a transient decrease in lipid-ordered phase of the monolayer was observed. The measured electron density distribution indicated that galectin-1 is oriented with its long axis in the surface plane, ideal for cis-crosslinking. The data reveal a conspicuous difference to the way the pentameric lectin part of the cholera toxin, another GM1-specific lectin, is bound to the monolayer. They also encourage further efforts to monitor effects of structurally different members of the galectin family such as the functionally antagonistic chimera-type galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Majewski
- Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center, Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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Mercadante ER, Lorenz UM. Breaking Free of Control: How Conventional T Cells Overcome Regulatory T Cell Suppression. Front Immunol 2016; 7:193. [PMID: 27242798 PMCID: PMC4870238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional T (Tcon) cells are crucial in shaping the immune response, whether it is protection against a pathogen, a cytotoxic attack on tumor cells, or an unwanted response to self-antigens in the context of autoimmunity. In each of these immune settings, regulatory T cells (Tregs) can potentially exert control over the Tcon cell response, resulting in either suppression or activation of the Tcon cells. Under physiological conditions, Tcon cells are able to transiently overcome Treg-imposed restraints to mount a protective response against an infectious threat, achieving clonal expansion, differentiation, and effector function. However, evidence has accumulated in recent years to suggest that Tcon cell resistance to Treg-mediated suppression centrally contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Tipping the balance too far in the other direction, cancerous tumors utilize Tregs to establish an overly suppressive microenvironment, preventing antitumor Tcon cell responses. Given the wide-ranging clinical importance of the Tcon/Treg interaction, this review aims to provide a better understanding of what determines whether a Tcon cell is susceptible to Treg-mediated suppression and how perturbations to this finely tuned balance play a role in pathological conditions. Here, we focus in detail on the complex array of factors that confer Tcon cells with resistance to Treg suppression, which we have divided into two categories: (1) extracellular factor-mediated signaling and (2) intracellular signaling molecules. Further, we explore the therapeutic implications of manipulating the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, which is proposed to be the convergence point of signaling pathways that mediate Tcon resistance to suppression. Finally, we address important unresolved questions on the timing and location of acquisition of resistance, and the stability of the “Treg-resistant” phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Mercadante
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Cancer Biology, Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Ulrike M Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Cancer Biology, Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
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Gabius HJ, Manning JC, Kopitz J, André S, Kaltner H. Sweet complementarity: the functional pairing of glycans with lectins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1989-2016. [PMID: 26956894 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates establish the third alphabet of life. As part of cellular glycoconjugates, the glycans generate a multitude of signals in a minimum of space. The presence of distinct glycotopes and the glycome diversity are mapped by sugar receptors (antibodies and lectins). Endogenous (tissue) lectins can read the sugar-encoded information and translate it into functional aspects of cell sociology. Illustrated by instructive examples, each glycan has its own ligand properties. Lectins with different folds can converge to target the same epitope, while intrafamily diversification enables functional cooperation and antagonism. The emerging evidence for the concept of a network calls for a detailed fingerprinting. Due to the high degree of plasticity and dynamics of the display of genes for lectins the validity of extrapolations between different organisms of the phylogenetic tree yet is inevitably limited.
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Wu G, Lu ZH, André S, Gabius HJ, Ledeen RW. Functional interplay between ganglioside GM1 and cross-linking galectin-1 induces axon-like neuritogenesis via integrin-based signaling and TRPC5-dependent Ca²⁺ influx. J Neurochem 2015; 136:550-63. [PMID: 26526326 PMCID: PMC4720552 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Axon‐like neuritogenesis in neuroblastoma (NG108‐15) cells and primary cerebellar granular neurons is furthered by the presence of ganglioside GM1. We describe here that galectin‐1 (Gal‐1), a homobivalent endogenous lectin, is an effector by cross‐linking the ganglioside and its associated glycoprotein α5β1‐integrin. The thereby triggered signaling cascade involves autophosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and activation of phospholipase Cγ and phosphoinositide‐3 kinase. This leads to a transient increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration by opening of TRPC5 channels, which belong to the signal transduction‐gated cation channels. Controls with GM1‐defective cells (NG‐CR72 and neurons from ganglio‐series KO mice) were retarded in axonal growth, underscoring the relevance of GM1 as functional counterreceptor for Gal‐1. The lectin's presence was detected in the NG108‐15 cells, suggesting an autocrine mechanism of action, and in astrocytes in situ. Gal‐1, as cross‐linking lectin, can thus translate metabolic conversion of ganglioside GD1a to GM1 by neuraminidase action into axon growth.
Galectin‐1 (Gal‐1) was shown an effector of axonogenesis in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and NG108‐15 cells by cross‐linking GM1 ganglioside and its associated glycoprotein α5β1‐integrin. The resulting signaling led to a transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ by opening TRPC5 channels. CGNs deficient in GM1 showed retarded axonogenesis, underscoring the relevance of GM1 as functional counterreceptor for Gal‐1 in this process. This Gal‐1/GM1‐induced signaling was manifest only at the earliest, initiating stage of axon development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gusheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neurosciences, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zi-Hua Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neurosciences, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sabine André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Robert W Ledeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neurosciences, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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André S, Kaltner H, Kayser K, Murphy PV, Gabius HJ. Merging carbohydrate chemistry with lectin histochemistry to study inhibition of lectin binding by glycoclusters in the natural tissue context. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:185-99. [PMID: 26553286 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of glycans by lectins leads to cell adhesion and growth regulation. The specificity and selectivity of this process are determined by carbohydrate structure (sequence and shape) and topology of its presentation. The synthesis of (neo)glycoconjugates with bi- to oligo-valency (glycoclusters) affords tools to delineate structure-activity relationships by blocking lectin binding to an artificial matrix, often a glycoprotein, or cultured cell lines. The drawback of these assays is that glycan presentation is different from that in tissues. In order to approach the natural context, we here introduce lectin histochemistry on fixed tissue sections to determine the susceptibility of binding of two plant lectins, i.e., GSA-II and WGA, to a series of 10 glycoclusters. Besides valency, this panel covers changes in the anomeric position (α/β) and the atom at the glycosidic linkage (O/S). Flanked by cell and solid-phase assays with human tumor lines and two mucins, respectively, staining (intensity and profile) was analyzed in sections of murine jejunum, stomach and epididymis as a function of glycocluster presence. The marked and differential sensitivity of signal generation to structural aspects of the glycoclusters proves the applicability of this method. This enables comparisons between data sets obtained by using (neo)glycoconjugates, cells and the tissue context as platforms. The special advantage of processing tissue sections is the monitoring of interference with lectin association at sites that are relevant for functionality. Testing glycoclusters in lectin histochemistry will especially be attractive in cases of multi-target recognition (glycans, proteins and lipids) by a tissue lectin.
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Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels is widely expressed in many cell types and plays various physiological roles. Growing evidence suggests that certain TRP channels are functionally expressed in the immune system. Indeed, an increasing number of reports have demonstrated the functional expression of several TRP channels in innate and adaptive immune cells and have highlighted their critical role in the activation and function of these cells. However, very few reviews have been entirely dedicated to this subject. Here, we will summarize the recent findings with regards to TRP channel expression in T cells and discuss their emerging role as regulators of T cell activation and functions. Moreover, these studies suggest that beyond their pharmaceutical interest in pain management, certain TRP channels may represent potential novel therapeutic targets for various immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bertin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA.
| | - Eyal Raz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
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Smorodinova N, Kaltner H, Jirsová K, Hrdličková-Cela E, André S, Kučera T, Smetana K, Gabius HJ. Regulatory Impact of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation on Presence of Adhesion/Growth-Regulatory Galectins-1 and -7 in Corneal Explants from Acanthamoeba Keratitis Patients: Clinical Note. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:740-6. [PMID: 26338079 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1061022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) in corneal explants on presence of two multifunctional endogenous lectins, i.e. galectins-1 and -7. METHODS Ten corneal explants from AK patients (five with previous AMT and five controls without this treatment) and seven specimens of disease-free control cornea were processed by indirect fluorescent immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Immunostaining for both galectins was obtained in the epithelium, stroma and the endothelial layer of all controls, with the strongest positivity in the epithelium. Significantly decreased intensity for galectin-1 was recorded in the epithelium of corneal explants from patients with AK and AMT. The signal for galectin-7 was significantly decreased in the epithelium of AK patients and normalized after AMT. CONCLUSIONS AMT has a marked impact on presence of the two galectins in opposite directions, encouraging complete profiling for this family of endogenous effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smorodinova
- a First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague , Albertov , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Veterinärstrasse, Munich , Germany
| | - Katerina Jirsová
- c Laboratory of the Biology and Pathology of the Eye , Department of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine and General Teaching Hospital, Charles University in Prague , Ke Karlovu , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Enkela Hrdličková-Cela
- d Department of Ophthalmology , First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague , U Nemocnice , Prague .,e Lexum European Eye Clinic , Antala Staška, Prague , Czech Republic and
| | - Sabine André
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Veterinärstrasse, Munich , Germany
| | - Tomáš Kučera
- a First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague , Albertov , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- f First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University in Prague , U Nemocnice , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Veterinärstrasse, Munich , Germany
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Ledeen RW, Wu G. The multi-tasked life of GM1 ganglioside, a true factotum of nature. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:407-18. [PMID: 26024958 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
GM1 ganglioside occurs widely in vertebrate tissues, where it exhibits many essential functions, both in the plasma membrane and intracellular loci. Its essentiality is revealed in the dire consequences resulting from genetic deletion. This derives from its key roles in several signalosome systems, characteristically located in membrane rafts, where it associates with specific proteins that have glycolipid-binding domains. Thus, GM1 interacts with proteins that modulate mechanisms such as ion transport, neuronal differentiation, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), immune system reactivities, and neuroprotective signaling. The latter occurs through intimate association with neurotrophin receptors, which has relevance to the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and potential therapies. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of these GM1-associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Ledeen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Gusheng Wu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Hadaczek P, Wu G, Sharma N, Ciesielska A, Bankiewicz K, Davidow AL, Lu ZH, Forsayeth J, Ledeen RW. GDNF signaling implemented by GM1 ganglioside; failure in Parkinson's disease and GM1-deficient murine model. Exp Neurol 2014; 263:177-89. [PMID: 25448159 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
GDNF is indispensible for adult catecholaminergic neuron survival, and failure of GDNF signaling has been linked to loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study demonstrates attenuated GDNF signaling in neurons deficient in ganglio-series gangliosides, and restoration of such signaling with LIGA20, a membrane permeable analog of GM1. GM1 is shown to associate in situ with GFRα1 and RET, the protein components of the GDNF receptor, this being necessary for assembly of the tripartite receptor complex. Mice wholly or partially deficient in GM1 due to disruption of the B4galnt1 gene developed PD symptoms based on behavioral and neuropathological criteria which were largely ameliorated by gene therapy with AAV2-GDNF and also with LIGA20 treatment. The nigral neurons of PD subjects that were severely deficient in GM1 showed subnormal levels of tyrosine phosphorylated RET. Also in PD brain, GM1 levels in the occipital cortex, a region of limited PD pathology, were significantly below age-matched controls, suggesting the possibility of systemic GM1 deficiency as a risk factor in PD. This would accord with our finding that mice with partial GM1 deficiency represent a faithful recapitulation of the human disease. Together with the previously demonstrated age-related decline of GM1 in human brain, this points to gradual development of subthreshold levels of GM1 in the brain of PD subjects below that required for effective GDNF signaling. This hypothesis offers a dramatically different explanation for the etiology of sporadic PD as a manifestation of acquired resistance to GDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Hadaczek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103-0555, USA
| | - Gusheng Wu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences MSB-H506, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nitasha Sharma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103-0555, USA
| | - Agnieszka Ciesielska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103-0555, USA
| | - Krystof Bankiewicz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103-0555, USA
| | - Amy L Davidow
- Department of Biostatistics/Epidemiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Zi-Hua Lu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences MSB-H506, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - John Forsayeth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103-0555, USA.
| | - Robert W Ledeen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences MSB-H506, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Inokuchi JI, Nagafuku M, Ohno I, Suzuki A. Distinct selectivity of gangliosides required for CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺ T cell activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:98-106. [PMID: 25193136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
T cells compose a crucial part of the immune system and require activation. The first step of T cell activation is triggered by the movement of one of their surface molecules, known as T cell receptor, into localized regions of cell membrane known as lipid rafts. Molecules called gangliosides are known to be major components of lipid rafts, but their role in T-cell activation remains to be elucidated. This review summarizes recent findings that different types of T cells require distinct ganglioside types for the activation. Control of ganglioside expression would offer a strategy targeting for specific T-cell subpopulations to treat immune diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Linking transcription to physiology in lipodomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Nagafuku
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Isao Ohno
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
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Toegel S, Bieder D, André S, Kayser K, Walzer SM, Hobusch G, Windhager R, Gabius H. Human osteoarthritic knee cartilage: fingerprinting of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins in vitro and in situ indicates differential upregulation in severe degeneration. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:373-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Duray A, De Maesschalck T, Decaestecker C, Remmelink M, Chantrain G, Neiveyans J, Horoi M, Leroy X, Gabius HJ, Saussez S. Galectin fingerprinting in naso-sinusal diseases. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:23-32. [PMID: 24859692 PMCID: PMC4067427 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins, a family of endogenous lectins, are multifunctional effectors that act at various sites and can be used in immunohistochemical localization studies of diseased states. Since they form a potentially cooperative and antagonistic network, we tested the hypothesis that histopathological fingerprinting of galectins could refine the molecular understanding of naso-sinusal pathologies. Using non-cross-reactive antibodies against galectin-1, -3, -4, -7, -8 and -9, we characterized the galectin profiles in chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis, inverted papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas. The expression, signal location and quantitative parameters describing the percentage of positive cells and labeling intensity were assessed for various cases. We discovered that inverted papillomas showed a distinct galectin immunohistochemical profile. Indeed, epithelial overexpression of galectin-3 (P=0.0002), galectin-4 (P<10−6), galectin-7 (P<10−6) and galectin-9 (P<10−6) was observed in inverted papillomas compared to non-malignant diseases. Regarding carcinomas, we observed increased expression of galectin-9 (P<10−6) in epithelial cells compared to non-tumor pathologies. Our results suggest that galectin-3, -4, -7 and -9 could be involved in the biology of inverted papillomas. In addition, we observed that the expression of galectin in naso-sinusal diseases seems to be affected by tumor progression and not inflammatory or allergic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaëlle Duray
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Thibault De Maesschalck
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Decaestecker
- Laboratory of Image, Signal Processing and Acoustics (LISA), Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Myriam Remmelink
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilbert Chantrain
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Neiveyans
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Mihaela Horoi
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Leroy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hôpital Claude Huriez and Centre de Biologie-Pathologie, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Saussez
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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Solís D, Bovin NV, Davis AP, Jiménez-Barbero J, Romero A, Roy R, Smetana K, Gabius HJ. A guide into glycosciences: How chemistry, biochemistry and biology cooperate to crack the sugar code. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:186-235. [PMID: 24685397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most demanding challenge in research on molecular aspects within the flow of biological information is posed by the complex carbohydrates (glycan part of cellular glycoconjugates). How the 'message' encoded in carbohydrate 'letters' is 'read' and 'translated' can only be unraveled by interdisciplinary efforts. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides a didactic step-by-step survey of the concept of the sugar code and the way strategic combination of experimental approaches characterizes structure-function relationships, with resources for teaching. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The unsurpassed coding capacity of glycans is an ideal platform for generating a broad range of molecular 'messages'. Structural and functional analyses of complex carbohydrates have been made possible by advances in chemical synthesis, rendering production of oligosaccharides, glycoclusters and neoglycoconjugates possible. This availability facilitates to test the glycans as ligands for natural sugar receptors (lectins). Their interaction is a means to turn sugar-encoded information into cellular effects. Glycan/lectin structures and their spatial modes of presentation underlie the exquisite specificity of the endogenous lectins in counterreceptor selection, that is, to home in on certain cellular glycoproteins or glycolipids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding how sugar-encoded 'messages' are 'read' and 'translated' by lectins provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of life, with potential for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Solís
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 07110 Bunyola, Mallorca, Illes Baleares, Spain.
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117871 GSP-7, V-437, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Romero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - René Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Karel Smetana
- Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 München, Germany.
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Ruiz FM, Scholz BA, Buzamet E, Kopitz J, André S, Menéndez M, Romero A, Solís D, Gabius HJ. Natural single amino acid polymorphism (F19Y) in human galectin-8: detection of structural alterations and increased growth-regulatory activity on tumor cells. FEBS J 2014; 281:1446-1464. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico M. Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Físico-Química; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; Madrid Spain
| | - Barbara A. Scholz
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie; Tierärztliche Fakultät; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Germany
| | - Eliza Buzamet
- Departamento de Química-Física Biológica; Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano; CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid Spain
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Abteilung Angewandte Tumorbiologie; Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie; Tierärztliche Fakultät; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Germany
| | - Margarita Menéndez
- Departamento de Química-Física Biológica; Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano; CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Departamento de Biología Físico-Química; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; Madrid Spain
| | - Dolores Solís
- Departamento de Química-Física Biológica; Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano; CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid Spain
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie; Tierärztliche Fakultät; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Germany
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Novák J, Kriston-pál É, Czibula Á, Deák M, Kovács L, Monostori É, Fajka-boja R. GM1 controlled lateral segregation of tyrosine kinase Lck predispose T-cells to cell-derived galectin-1-induced apoptosis. Mol Immunol 2014; 57:302-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gabius HJ, Kayser K. Introduction to glycopathology: the concept, the tools and the perspectives. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:4. [PMID: 24443956 PMCID: PMC4029355 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual slides The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1670639891114983. Analyzing the flow of biological information is a fundamental challenge for basic sciences. The emerging results will then lend themselves to the development of new approaches for medical applications. Toward this end, the products of protein/lipid glycosylation deserve special attention. The covalent attachment of sugars to these carriers means much more than just a change of the carriers’ physicochemical properties. In principle, the ubiquitous presence of glycoconjugates and the close inspection of the particular structural ‘talents’ of carbohydrates provide suggestive evidence for information coding by sugars. In fact, the theoretical number of ‘words’ (oligomers) formed by ‘letters’ (monosaccharides) is by far higher than by using nucleotides or amino acids. In other words, glycans harbor an unsurpassed coding capacity. The cyto- and histochemical detection of dynamic changes in the profile of cellular glycans (glycome, the equivalent of the proteome) by sugar receptors such as antibodies used as tools underscores the suitability of carbohydrates for such a task. The resulting staining patterns can be likened to a molecular fingerprint. By acting as ligand (counterreceptor) for endogenous receptors (tissue lectins), glycan epitopes become partners in a specific recognition pair, and the sugar-encoded information can then be translated into effects, e.g. in growth regulation. Of note, expression of both sides of such a pair, i.e. lectin and cognate glycan, can physiologically be orchestrated for optimal efficiency. Indeed, examples how to prevent autoimmune diseases by regulatory T cells and restrict carcinoma growth by a tumor suppressor attest occurrence of co-regulation. In consequence, these glycans have potential to establish a new class of functional biomarkers, and mapping presence of their receptors is warranted. In this review, the cyto- and histochemical methods, which contribute to explore information storage and transfer within the sugar code, are described. This introduction to the toolbox is flanked by illustrating the application of each type of tool in histopathology, with focus on adhesion/growth-regulating galectins. Together with an introduction to fundamental principles of the sugar code, the review is designed to guide into this field and to inspire respective research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Chair of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr 13, D-80539, Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
The nervous system is richly endowed with large transmembrane proteins that mediate ion transport, including gated ion channels as well as energy-consuming pumps and transporters. Transport proteins undergo N-linked glycosylation which can affect expression, location, stability, and function. The N-linked glycans of ion channels are large, contributing between 5 and 50 % of their molecular weight. Many contain a high density of negatively charged sialic acid residues which modulate voltage-dependent gating of ion channels. Changes in the size and chemical composition of glycans are responsible for developmental and cell-specific variability in the biophysical and functional properties of many ion channels. Glycolipids, principally gangliosides, exert considerable influence on some forms of ion transport, either through direct association with ion transport proteins or indirectly through association with proteins that activate transport through appropriate signaling. Examples of both pumps and ion channels have been revealed which depend on ganglioside regulation. While some of these processes are localized in the plasma membrane, ganglioside-regulated ion transport can also occur at various loci within the cell including the nucleus. This chapter will describe ion channel and ion pump structures with a focus on the functional effects of glycosylation on ion channel availability and function, and effects of alterations in glycosylation on nervous system function. It will also summarize highlights of the research on glycolipid/ganglioside-mediated regulation of ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Nowycky
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, RBHS, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ, 07103, USA,
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Murphy PV, André S, Gabius HJ. The third dimension of reading the sugar code by lectins: design of glycoclusters with cyclic scaffolds as tools with the aim to define correlations between spatial presentation and activity. Molecules 2013; 18:4026-53. [PMID: 23558543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Coding of biological information is not confined to nucleic acids and proteins. Endowed with the highest level of structural versatility among biomolecules, the glycan chains of cellular glycoconjugates are well-suited to generate molecular messages/signals in a minimum of space. The sequence and shape of oligosaccharides as well as spatial aspects of multivalent presentation are assumed to underlie the natural specificity/selectivity that cellular glycans have for endogenous lectins. In order to eventually unravel structure-activity profiles cyclic scaffolds have been used as platforms to produce glycoclusters and afford valuable tools. Using adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins and the pan-galectin ligand lactose as a model, emerging insights into the potential of cyclodextrins, cyclic peptides, calixarenes and glycophanes for this purpose are presented herein. The systematic testing of lectin panels with spatially defined ligand presentations can be considered as a biomimetic means to help clarify the mechanisms, which lead to the exquisite accuracy at which endogenous lectins select their physiological counterreceptors from the complexity of the cellular glycome.
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Amano M, Eriksson H, Manning JC, Detjen KM, André S, Nishimura SI, Lehtiö J, Gabius HJ. Tumour suppressor p16(INK4a) - anoikis-favouring decrease in N/O-glycan/cell surface sialylation by down-regulation of enzymes in sialic acid biosynthesis in tandem in a pancreatic carcinoma model. FEBS J 2013; 279:4062-80. [PMID: 22943525 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumour suppressor p16(INK4a) is known to exert cell-cycle control via cyclin-dependent kinases. An emerging aspect of its functionality is the orchestrated modulation of N/O-glycosylation and galectin expression to induce anoikis in human Capan-1 pancreatic carcinoma cells. Using chemoselective N/O-glycan enrichment technology (glycoblotting) and product characterization, we first verified a substantial decrease in sialylation. Tests combining genetic (i.e. transfection with α2,6-sialyltransferase-specific cDNA) or metabolic (i.e. medium supplementation with N-acetylmannosamine to track down a bottleneck in sialic acid biosynthesis) engineering with cytofluorometric analysis of lectin binding indicated a role of limited substrate availability, especially for α2,6-sialylation, which switches off reactivity for anoikis-triggering homodimeric galectin-1. Quantitative MS analysis of protein level changes confirmed an enhanced galectin-1 presence along with an influence on glycosyltransferases (β1,4-galactosyltransferase-IV, α2,3-sialyltransferase-I) and detected p16(INK4a) -dependent down-regulation of two enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway for sialic acid [i.e. the bifunctional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) and N-acetylneuraminic acid 9-phosphate synthase] (P < 0.001). By contrast, quantitative assessment for the presence of nuclear CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase (which is responsible for providing the donor for enzymatic sialylation that also acts as feedback inhibitor of the epimerase activity of GNE) revealed a trend for an increase. Partial restoration of sialylation in GNE-transfected cells supports the implied role of sialic acid availability for the glycophenotype. Fittingly, the extent of anoikis was reduced in double-transfected (p16(INK4a) /GNE) cells. Thus, a second means of modulating cell reactivity to the growth effector galectin-1 is established in addition to the common route of altering α2,6-sialyltransferase expression: regulating enzymes of the pathway for sialic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Amano
- Field of Drug Discovery Research, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Smetana K, André S, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Gabius HJ. Context-dependent multifunctionality of galectin-1: a challenge for defining the lectin as therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:379-92. [PMID: 23289445 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.750651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One route of translating the information encoded in the glycan chains of cellular glycoconjugates into physiological effects is via receptor (lectin) binding. A family of endogenous lectins, sharing folding, a distinct sequence signature and affinity for β-galactosides (thus termed galectins), does so effectively in a context-dependent manner. AREAS COVERED An overview is given on the multifunctional nature of galectins, with emphasis on galectin-1. The broad range of functions includes vital processes such as adhesion via glycan bridging, glycoconjugate transport or triggering signaling relevant, for example, for growth regulation. Besides distinct glycoconjugates, this lectin can also interact with certain proteins so that it can target counterreceptors at all sites of location, that is, in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus, at both sides of the membrane or extracellularly. Approaches to strategically exploit galectin activities with therapeutic intentions are outlined. EXPERT OPINION The wide versatility of sugar coding and the multifunctionality of galectin-1 explain why considering to turn the protein into a therapeutic target is an ambitious aim. Natural pathways shaped by physiologic master regulators (e.g., the tumor suppressor p16(INK4a)) are suggested to teach inspiring lessons as to how the lectin might be recruited to clinical service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Inokuchi JI, Nagafuku M, Ohno I, Suzuki A. Heterogeneity of gangliosides among T cell subsets. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:3067-75. [PMID: 23233133 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are major components of highly organized membrane microdomains or rafts, yet little is known about the role of gangliosides in raft organization. This is also the case of gangliosides in TCR-mediated activation. Comprehensive structural analysis of gangliosides in the primary thymocytes and CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cells was not achieved due to technical difficulties. We have found that CD8(+) T cells express very high levels of o-series gangliosides, but on the other hand, CD4(+) T cells preferably express a-series gangliosides. In the TCR-dependent activation, CD4(+) T cells selectively require a-series gangliosides, but CD8(+) T cells do require only o-series gangliosides but not a-series gangliosides. Ganglioside GM3 synthase-deficient mice lacking a-series gangliosides neither exhibited the TCR-dependent activation of CD4(+) T nor developed ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation. These findings imply that the distinct expression pattern of ganglioside species in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells define the immune function of each T cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan.
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Wu G, Lu ZH, Kulkarni N, Ledeen RW. Deficiency of ganglioside GM1 correlates with Parkinson's disease in mice and humans. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1997-2008. [PMID: 22714832 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have successfully employed GM1 ganglioside to treat animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting involvement of this ganglioside in PD etiology. We recently demonstrated that genetically engineered mice (B4galnt1(-/-) ) devoid of GM1 acquire characteristic symptoms of this disorder, including motor impairment, depletion of striatal dopamine, selective loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons, and aggregation of α-synuclein. The present study demonstrates similar symptoms in heterozygous mice (HTs) that express only partial GM1 deficiency. Symptoms were alleviated by administration of L-dopa or LIGA-20, a membrane-permeable analog of GM1 that penetrates the blood-brain barrier and accesses intracellular compartments. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin sections from PD patients revealed significant GM1 deficiency in nigral dopaminergic neurons compared with age-matched controls. This was comparable to the GM1 deficiency of HT mice and suggests that GM1 deficiency may be a contributing factor to idiopathic PD. We propose that HT mice with partial GM1 deficiency constitute an especially useful model for PD, reflecting the actual pathophysiology of this disorder. The results point to membrane-permeable analogs of GM1 as holding promise as a form of GM1 replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gusheng Wu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Rabinovich GA, Croci DO. Regulatory circuits mediated by lectin-glycan interactions in autoimmunity and cancer. Immunity 2012; 36:322-35. [PMID: 22444630 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous regulatory programs have been identified that contribute to the restoration of homeostasis at the conclusion of immune responses and to safeguarding against the detrimental effects of chronic inflammation and autoimmune pathology. Malignant cells may usurp these pathways to create immunosuppressive networks that thwart antitumor responses. Herein we review the role of endogenous lectins (C-type lectins, siglecs, and galectins) and specific N- and O-glycans generated by the coordinated action of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases that together promote regulatory signals that control immune cell homeostasis. We also discuss the mechanisms by which glycan-dependent regulatory programs integrate into canonical circuits that amplify or silence immune responses related to autoimmunity and neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, André S, Janko C, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Gabius HJ, Herrmann M. Adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins in the human eye: localization profiles and tissue reactivities as a standard to detect disease-associated alterations. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250:1169-80. [PMID: 22527325 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the localization profiles of seven adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins in the normal human eye using immunodetection of endogenous galectins and binding of labeled galectins to sections, useful as a basis to detect disease-associated alterations. METHODS Non-cross-reactive anti-galectin antibodies and biotinylated galectins were tested on acetone-fixed cryosections of normal human donor eyes. Controls included omission of first-step reagent, testing of an antibody against a galectin specific for rat (galectin-5), and blocking of galectin binding with lactose. RESULTS Galectin presence was not restricted to one or few members of this family. Signal occurrence can even include all tested or most proteins (conjunctival or corneal epithelium), whereas choroid positivity is fully accounted for by galectin-9. Regional specificity and characteristic profiles for each protein, immuno- and galectin histochemically, were determined. Differences in tissue reactivity among the galectins were detected. CONCLUSIONS That the galectins have characteristic localization/reactivity profiles supports the concept of a network with potential for non-overlapping functions. The reported data thus prompt to proceed to the respective analysis of specimens from ocular diseases.
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