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Yang H, Zeng X, Liu J, Wen X, Liu H, Liang Y, Wang X, Fang J, Zhang Q, Li J, Zhang X, Guo Z. Development of small-molecular-based radiotracers for PET imaging of PD-L1 expression and guiding the PD-L1 therapeutics. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:1582-1592. [PMID: 38246910 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a crucial biomarker for immunotherapy. However, nearly 70% of patients do not respond to PD-L1 immune checkpoint therapy. Accurate monitoring of PD-L1 expression and quantification of target binding during treatment are essential. In this study, a series of small-molecule radiotracers were developed to assess PD-L1 expression and direct immunotherapy. METHODS Radiotracers of [68Ga]Ga-D-PMED, [68Ga]Ga-D-PEG-PMED, and [68Ga]Ga-D-pep-PMED were designed based on a 2-methyl-3-biphenyl methanol scaffold and successfully synthesized. Cellular experiments and molecular docking assays were performed to determine their specificity for PD-L1. PD-L1 status was investigated via positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in MC38 tumor models. PET imaging of [68Ga]Ga-D-pep-PMED was performed to noninvasively quantify PD-L1 blocking using an anti-mouse PD-L1 antibody (PD-L1 mAb). RESULTS The radiosyntheses of [68Ga]Ga-D-PMED, [68Ga]Ga-D-PEG-PMED, and [68Ga]Ga-D-pep-PMED were achieved with radiochemical yields of 87 ± 6%, 82 ± 4%, and 79 ± 9%, respectively. In vitro competition assays demonstrated their high affinities (the IC50 values of [68Ga]Ga-D-PMED, [68Ga]Ga-D-PEG-PMED, and [68Ga]Ga-D-pep-PMED were 90.66 ± 1.24, 160.8 ± 1.35, and 51.6 ± 1.32 nM, respectively). At 120 min postinjection (p.i.) of the radiotracers, MC38 tumors displayed optimized tumor-to-muscle ratios for all radioligands. Owing to its hydrophilic modification, [68Ga]Ga-D-pep-PMED had the highest target-to-nontarget (T/NT) ratio of approximately 6.2 ± 1.2. Interestingly, the tumor/liver ratio was hardly affected by different concentrations of the inhibitor BMS202. We then evaluated the impacts of dose and time on accessible PD-L1 levels in the tumor during anti-mouse PD-L1 antibody treatment. The tumor uptake of [68Ga]Ga-D-pep-PMED significantly decreased with increasing PD-L1 mAb dose. Moreover, after 8 days of treatment with a single antibody, the uptake of [68Ga]Ga-D-pep-PMED in the tumor significantly increased but remained lower than that in the saline group. CONCLUSION PET imaging with [68Ga]Ga-D-pep-PMED, a small-molecule radiotracer, is a promising tool for evaluating PD-L1 expression and quantifying the target blockade of PD-L1 to assist in the development of effective therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xinying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xuejun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xueqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jianyang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jindian Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- Theranostics and Translational Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine & Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Zhide Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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Kim J, Donnelly DJ, Tran T, Pena A, Shorts AO, Petrone TV, Zhang Y, Boy KM, Scola PM, Tenney DJ, Poss MA, Soars MG, Bonacorsi SJ, Cole EL, Grootendorst DJ, Chow PL, Meanwell NA, Du S. Development, Characterization, and Radiation Dosimetry Studies of 18F-BMS-986229, a 18F-Labeled PD-L1 Macrocyclic Peptide PET Tracer. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:301-309. [PMID: 38123744 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In cancer immunotherapy, the blockade of the interaction between programmed death-1 and its ligand (PD-1:PD-L1) has proven to be one of the most promising strategies. However, as mechanisms of resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition include variability in tumor cell PD-L1 expression in addition to standard tumor biopsy PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC), a comprehensive and quantitative approach for measuring PD-L1 expression is required. Herein, we report the development and characterization of an 18F-PD-L1-binding macrocyclic peptide as a PET tracer for the comprehensive evaluation of tumor PD-L1 expression in cancer patients. PROCEDURES 18F-BMS-986229 was characterized for PD-L1 expression assessment by autoradiography or PET imaging. 18F-BMS-986229 was utilized to evaluate tumor PD-L1 target engagement in competition with a macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of PD-L1 (BMS-986189) over a range of doses using PET imaging. A whole-body radiation dosimetry study of 18F-BMS-986229 in healthy non-human primates (NHPs) was performed. RESULTS In vitro autoradiography showed an 8:1 binding ratio in L2987(PD-L1 +) vs. HT-29 (PD-L1-) tumors, more than 90% of which could be blocked with 1 nM of BMS-986189. Ex vivo autoradiography showed that 18F-BMS-986229 detection was penetrant over a series of sections spanning the entire L2987 tumor. In vivo PET imaging in mice demonstrated a 5:1 tracer uptake ratio (at 90-100 min after tracer administration) in L2987 vs. HT-29 tumors and demonstrated 83%-93% specific binding of BMS-986189 within those dose ranges. In a healthy NHP dosimetry study, the resultant whole-body effective dose was 0.025 mSv/MBq. CONCLUSION 18F-BMS-986229 has been preclinically characterized and exhibits high target specificity, low background uptake, and a short blood half-life supportive of same day imaging in the clinic. As the PET tracer, 18F-BMS-986229 shows promise in the quantification of PD-L1 expression, and its use in monitoring longitudinal changes in patients may provide insights into PD-1:PD-L1 immuno-therapy treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyoung Kim
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA.
| | - David J Donnelly
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Tritin Tran
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Adrienne Pena
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Andrea Olga Shorts
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Thomas V Petrone
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Kenneth M Boy
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Paul M Scola
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Daniel J Tenney
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Michael A Poss
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Matthew G Soars
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Samuel J Bonacorsi
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Erin L Cole
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Diederik J Grootendorst
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Patrick L Chow
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Shuyan Du
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
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Zhou M, Xiang S, Zhao Y, Tang Y, Yang J, Yin X, Tian J, Hu S, Du Y. [ 68Ga]Ga-AUNP-12 PET imaging to assess the PD-L1 status in preclinical and first-in-human study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:369-379. [PMID: 37759096 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PD-L1 PET imaging, as a non-invasive procedure, can perform a real-time, dynamic and quantitative analysis of PD-L1 expression at tumor sites. In this study, we developed a novel peptide-based PET tracer, [68 Ga]Ga-AUNP-12, for preclinical and first-of-its-kind imaging of PD-L1 expression in patients. METHODS Radiosynthesis of [68 Ga]Ga-AUNP-12 was conducted. Assays for cellular uptake and binding were conducted on the PANC02, CT26, and B16F10 cell lines. Preclinical models were used to investigate its biodistribution, imaging capacity, and pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was used for development of an animal model with high PD-L1 expression for targeted PET imaging and efficacy evaluation of PD-L1 blocking therapy. In healthy volunteers and cancer patients, the PD-L1 imaging, radiation dosimetry, safety, and biodistribution were further evaluated. RESULTS In vitro and in vivo animal studies showed that [68 Ga]Ga-AUNP-12 PET imaging displayed a high specificity in evaluating PD-L1 expression. The radiochemical yield of [68 Ga]Ga-AUNP-12 was 71.7 ± 8.2%. Additionally, its molar activity and radiochemical purity were satisfactory. The B16F10 tumor was visualized with the tumor uptake of 6.86 ± 0.71% ID/g and tumor-to-muscle ratio of 6.83 ± 0.36 at 60 min after [68 Ga]Ga-AUNP-12 injection. Furthermore, [68 Ga]Ga-AUNP-12 PET imaging could sensitively detect the PD-L1 dynamic changes in CT26 tumor xenograft models regulated by IFN-γ treatment, and correspondingly can effectively guide immunotherapy. Regarding radiation dosimetry, [68 Ga]Ga-AUNP-12 is safe for human use. The first human study found that [68 Ga]Ga-AUNP-12 can be rapidly cleared from blood and other nonspecific organs through the kidney excretion, leading to form a clear imaging contrast in the clinical framework. The specificity of [68 Ga]Ga-AUNP-12 was validated and tumor uptake strongly correlated with the high PD-L1 expression in patients with lung adenocarcinoma and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). CONCLUSION [68 Ga]Ga-AUNP-12 was successfully developed as a PD-L1-specific PET imaging tracer in preclinical and first-in-human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Shijun Xiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yajie Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yongxiang Tang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jinhui Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jie Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 95 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Beihang University, No. 95 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Shuo Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Nanotechnology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Rd, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Yang Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 95 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, People's Republic of China.
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Krutzek F, Donat CK, Ullrich M, Stadlbauer S. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Small-Molecule-Based Radioligands with Improved Pharmacokinetic Properties for Imaging of Programmed Death Ligand 1. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15894-15915. [PMID: 38038981 PMCID: PMC10726354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules offer some advantages for developing positron emission tomography (PET) tracers and are therefore a promising approach for imaging and therapy monitoring of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) positive tumors. Here, we report six biphenyl PD-L1 radioligands using the NODA-GA-chelator for efficient copper-64 complexation. These radioligands contain varying numbers of sulfonic and/or phosphonic acid groups, serving as hydrophilizing units to lower the log D7.4 value down to -4.28. The binding affinities of compounds were evaluated using saturation binding and a real-time binding assay, with a highest binding affinity of 21 nM. Small-animal PET imaging revealed vastly different pharmacokinetic profiles depending on the quantity and type of hydrophilizing units. Of the investigated radioligands, [64Cu]Cu-3 showed the most favorable kinetics in vitro. This was also found in vivo, with a predominantly renal clearance and a specific uptake in the PD-L1-overexpressing tumor. With further modifications, this compound could be a promising candidate for the imaging of PD-L1 in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Krutzek
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical
Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelius K. Donat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical
Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Ullrich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical
Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Stadlbauer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical
Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Ma X, Zhou X, Hu B, Li X, Yao M, Li L, Qin X, Li D, Yao Y, Hou X, Liu S, Chen Y, Wang Z, Zhou W, Li N, Zhu H, Jia B, Yang Z. Preclinical evaluation and pilot clinical study of [ 68Ga]Ga-THP-APN09, a novel PD-L1 targeted nanobody radiotracer for rapid one-step radiolabeling and PET imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:3838-3850. [PMID: 37555904 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Programmed cell death protein-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/L1) blockade has been a breakthrough in the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but there is still a lack of effective methods to screen patients. Here we report a novel 68 Ga-labeled nanobody [68 Ga]Ga-THP-APN09 for PET imaging of PD-L1 status in mouse models and a first-in-human study in NSCLC patients. METHODS [68 Ga]Ga-THP-APN09 was prepared by site-specific radiolabeling, with no further purification. Cell uptake assays were completed in the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, NSCLC cell line H1975 and human PD-L1 gene-transfected A549 cells (A549PD-L1). The imaging to image PD-L1 status and biodistribution were investigated in tumor-bearing mice of these three tumor cell types. The first-in-human clinical translational trial was registered as NCT05156515. The safety, radiation dosimetry, biodistribution, and correlations of tracer uptake with immunohistochemical staining and major pathologic response (MPR) were evaluated in NSCLC patients who underwent adjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. RESULTS Radiosynthesis of [68 Ga]Ga-THP-APN09 was achieved at room temperature and a pH of 6.0-6.5 in 10 min with a high radiochemical yield (> 99%) and 13.9-27.8 GBq/μmol molar activity. The results of the cell uptake study reflected variable levels of surface PD-L1 expression observed by flow cytometry in the order A549PD-L1 > H1975 > A549. In small-animal PET/CT imaging, H1975 and A549PD-L1 tumors were clearly visualized in an 8.3:1 and 2.2:1 ratios over PD-L1-negative A549 tumors. Ex vivo biodistribution studies showed that tumor uptake was consistent with the PET results, with the highest A549PD-L1 being taken up the most (8.20 ± 0.87%ID/g), followed by H1975 (3.69 ± 0.50%ID/g) and A549 (0.90 ± 0.16%ID/g). Nine resectable NSCLC patients were enrolled in the clinical study. Uptake of [68 Ga]Ga-THP-APN09 was mainly observed in the kidneys and spleen, followed by low uptake in bone marrow. The radiation dose is within a reliable range. Tumor uptake was positively correlated with PD-L1 expression TPS (rs = 0.8763, P = 0.019). Tumor uptake of [68 Ga]Ga-THP-APN09 (SUVmax) in MPR patients was higher than that in non-MPR patients (median SUVmax 2.73 vs. 2.10, P = 0.036, determined with Mann-Whitney U-test). CONCLUSION [68 Ga]Ga-THP-APN09 has the potential to be transformed into a kit-based radiotracer for rapid, simple, one-step, room temperature radiolabeling. The tracer can detect PD-L1 expression levels in tumors, and it may make it possibility to predict the response of PD-1 immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. Confirmation in a large number of cases is needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trial (NCT05156515). Registered 12 December 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopan Ma
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Biao Hu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Rd., Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging Lab, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoda Li
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Rd., Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meinan Yao
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Rd., Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xue Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China
| | - DaPeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xingguo Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Bing Jia
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Rd., Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Rd., Beijing, 100142, China.
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Ge S, Zhang B, Li J, Shi J, Jia T, Wang Y, Chen Z, Sang S, Deng S. A novel 68Ga-labeled cyclic peptide molecular probe based on the computer-aided design for noninvasive imaging of PD-L1 expression in tumors. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106785. [PMID: 37639759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) serves as a crucial biomarker for guiding the screening of cancer patients and the stratification of immunotherapy. However, due to the high heterogeneity of tumors, the current gold standard for detecting PD-L1 expression (immunohistochemistry) fails to comprehensively evaluate the overall PD-L1 expression levels in the body. Fortunately, the use of PD-L1 targeted radiotracers enables quantitative, real-time, and noninvasive assessment of PD-L1 expression levels and dynamics in tumors. Notably, analyzing the binding mode between the precursor and the target protein to find linker binding sites that do not affect the activity of the target molecule can greatly enhance the successful development of molecular probes. This study introduced a groundbreaking cyclic peptide molecular probe called 68Ga-DOTA-PG1. It was derived from the BMS-71 cyclic peptide and was specifically designed to evaluate the expression of PD-L1 in tumors. The radiolabeling yield of 68Ga-DOTA-PG1 surpassed 97% while maintaining a radiochemical purity of over 99%. In vitro experiments demonstrated the effective targeting of PD-L1 in tumor cells by 68Ga-DOTA-PG1, with significantly higher cellular uptake observed in A375-hPD-L1 cells (PD-L1 + ) compared to A375 cells (PD-L1-). Biodistribution and PET imaging studies consistently showed specific accumulation of 68Ga-DOTA-PG1 in A375-hPD-L1 tumors, with a maximum uptake of 11.06 ± 1.70% ID/g at 2 h, significantly higher than the tumor uptake in A375 cells (1.70 ± 0.17% ID/g). These results strongly indicated that 68Ga-DOTA-PG1 held great promise as a PET radiotracer for imaging PD-L1-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Ge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Nuclear Medicine Laboratory of Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621099, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jihui Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jinyu Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Tongtong Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhengguo Chen
- Nuclear Medicine Laboratory of Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621099, China.
| | - Shibiao Sang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Shengming Deng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Nuclear Medicine Laboratory of Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621099, China.
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7
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Huang Y, Li C, Li Z, Wang Q, Huang S, Liu Q, Liang Y. Development and Preclinical Evaluation of [ 68Ga]BMSH as a New Potent Positron Emission Tomography Tracer for Imaging Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1487. [PMID: 37895958 PMCID: PMC10610256 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway has shown remarkable efficacy against various cancers, but the overall response rate (ORR) is still low. PD-L1 expression in tumors may predict treatment response to immunotherapy. Indeed, ongoing clinical studies utilize a few PD-L1 radiotracers to assess PD-L1 expression as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy. Here, we present a novel positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer called [68Ga]BMSH, which is derived from a small molecule inhibitor specifically targeting the binding site of PD-L1. The inhibitor was modified to optimize its in vivo pharmacokinetic properties and enable chelation of 68Ga. In vitro evaluation revealed [68Ga]BMSH possessed a strong binding affinity, high specificity, and rapid internalization in PD-L1 overexpressing cells. Biodistribution studies showed that PD-L1 overexpressing tumors had an uptake of [68Ga]BMSH at 4.22 ± 0.65%ID/g in mice, while the number was 2.23 ± 0.41%ID/g in PD-L1 low-expressing tumors. Micro-PET/CT imaging of tumor-bearing mice further confirmed that, compared to [18F]FDG, [68Ga]BMSH can specifically identify tumors with varying levels of PD-L1 expression. Our findings suggest that the [68Ga]BMSH is a PD-L1 radioligand with ideal imaging properties, and its further application in the clinical screening of PD-L1 overexpressing tumors may improve ORR for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China; (Y.H.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Chengze Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China; (Y.H.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Zhongjing Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China; (Y.H.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China; (Y.H.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Size Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China; (Y.H.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Qi Liu
- International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China; (Y.H.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (S.H.)
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8
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Krutzek F, Donat CK, Stadlbauer S. Exploring Hydrophilic PD-L1 Radiotracers Utilizing Phosphonic Acids: Insights into Unforeseen Pharmacokinetics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15088. [PMID: 37894769 PMCID: PMC10606431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in cancer patients, is a promising oncological treatment. However, the number of non-responders remains high, causing a burden for the patient and the healthcare system. Consequently, a diagnostic tool to predict treatment outcomes would help with patient stratification. Molecular imaging provides said diagnostic tool by offering a whole-body quantitative assessment of PD-L1 expression, hence supporting therapy decisions. Four PD-L1 radioligand candidates containing a linker-chelator system for radiometalation, along with three hydrophilizing units-one sulfonic and two phosphonic acids-were synthesized. After labeling with 64Cu, log D7.4 values of less than -3.03 were determined and proteolytic stability confirmed over 94% intact compound after 48 h. Binding affinity was determined using two different assays, revealing high affinities up to 13 nM. µPET/CT imaging was performed in tumor-bearing mice to investigate PD-L1-specific tumor uptake and the pharmacokinetic profile of radioligands. These results yielded an unexpected in vivo distribution, such as low tumor uptake in PD-L1 positive tumors, high liver uptake, and accumulation in bone/bone marrow and potentially synovial spaces. These effects are likely caused by Ca2+-affinity and/or binding to macrophages. Despite phosphonic acids providing high water solubility, their incorporation must be carefully considered to avoid compromising the pharmacokinetic behavior of radioligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Krutzek
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Medicinal Radiochemistry, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (F.K.); (C.K.D.)
| | - Cornelius K. Donat
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Medicinal Radiochemistry, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (F.K.); (C.K.D.)
| | - Sven Stadlbauer
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Medicinal Radiochemistry, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (F.K.); (C.K.D.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Chen Y, Guo Y, Liu Z, Hu X, Hu M. An overview of current advances of PD-L1 targeting immuno-imaging in cancers. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:866-875. [PMID: 37675710 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_88_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The programmed death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway plays a significant role in immune evasion. PD-1 or PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become a standard treatment for multiple types of cancer. To date, PD-L1 has served as a biomarker for predicting the efficacy of ICIs in several cancers. The need to establish an effective detection method that could visualize PD-L1 expression and predict the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 ICIs has promoted a search for new imaging strategies. PD-L1-targeting immuno-imaging could provide a noninvasive, real-time, repeatable, dynamic, and quantitative assessment of the characteristics of all tumor lesions in individual patients. This study analyzed the existing evidence in the literature on PD-L1-based immuno-imaging (2015-2022). Original English-language articles were searched using PubMed and Google Scholar. Keywords, such as "PD-L1," "PET," "SPECT," "PET/CT," and "SPECT/CT," were used in various combinations. A total of nearly 50 preclinical and clinical studies of PD-L1-targeting immuno-imaging were selected, reviewed, and included in this study. Therefore, in this review, we conducted a study of the advances in PD-L1-targeting immuno-imaging for detecting the expression of PD-L1 and the efficacy of ICIs. We focused on the different types of PD-L1-targeting agents, including antibodies and small PD-L1-binding agents, and illustrated the strength and weakness of these probes. Furthermore, we summarized the trends in the development of PD-L1-targeting immuno-imaging, as well as the current challenges and future directions for clinical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong University Cancer Center; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yujiao Guo
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Department of PET/CT Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaokun Hu
- Department of the Interventional Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Man Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong University Cancer Center; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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10
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Li X, Younis MH, Wei W, Cai W. PD-L1 - targeted magnetic fluorescent hybrid nanoparticles: Illuminating the path of image-guided cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:2240-2243. [PMID: 36943430 PMCID: PMC10272096 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Muhsin H Younis
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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11
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Krutzek F, Donat CK, Ullrich M, Zarschler K, Ludik MC, Feldmann A, Loureiro LR, Kopka K, Stadlbauer S. Design and Biological Evaluation of Small-Molecule PET-Tracers for Imaging of Programmed Death Ligand 1. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092638. [PMID: 37174103 PMCID: PMC10177516 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive molecular imaging of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint is of high clinical relevance for patient stratification and therapy monitoring in cancer patients. Here we report nine small-molecule PD-L1 radiotracers with solubilizing sulfonic acids and a linker-chelator system, designed by molecular docking experiments and synthesized according to a new, convergent synthetic strategy. Binding affinities were determined both in cellular saturation and real-time binding assay (LigandTracer), revealing dissociation constants in the single digit nanomolar range. Incubation in human serum and liver microsomes proved in vitro stability of these compounds. Small animal PET/CT imaging, in mice bearing PD-L1 overexpressing and PD-L1 negative tumors, showed moderate to low uptake. All compounds were cleared primarily through the hepatobiliary excretion route and showed a long circulation time. The latter was attributed to strong blood albumin binding effects, discovered during our binding experiments. Taken together, these compounds are a promising starting point for further development of a new class of PD-L1 targeting radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Krutzek
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelius K Donat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Ullrich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristof Zarschler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie-Charlotte Ludik
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Liliana R Loureiro
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Stadlbauer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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12
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Wei W, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Li L, Jin Y, An S, Lv C, Zhao H, Wang C, Huang Y, Dong J, Huang G, Liu J. Development and comparison of (68)Ga/(18)F/(64)Cu-labeled nanobody tracers probing Claudin18.2. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 27:305-14. [PMID: 36570796 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) is an emerging target for the treatment of gastric cancers. We aim to develop tracers to image the expression of CLDN18.2. A humanized nanobody targeting CLDN18.2 (clone hu19V3) was produced and labeled with 68Ga, 64Cu, and 18F. The tracers were investigated in subcutaneous and metastatic models established using two different mouse types (nude and Balb/c mice) and two different cell lines (CHO-CLDN18.2 and CT26-CLDN18.2). Gastric cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were further established for validation experiments. Three novel CLDN18.2-targeted tracers (i.e., [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-hu19V3, [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-hu19V3, and [18F]F-hu19V3) were developed with good radiochemical yields and excellent radiochemical purities. [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-hu19V3 immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) rapidly delineated subcutaneous CHO-CLDN18.2 lesions and CT26-CLDN18.2 tumors, as well as showing excellent diagnostic value in PDX models naturally expressing CLDN18.2. While [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-hu19V3 had high kidney accumulation, [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-hu19V3 showed reduced kidney accumulation and improved image contrast at late time points. Moreover, [18F]F-hu19V3 was developed via click chemistry reaction under mild conditions and precisely disseminated CHO-CLDN18.2 lesions in the lungs. Furthermore, region of interest analysis, biodistribution study, and histopathological staining results correlated well with the in vivo imaging results. Taken together, immunoPET imaging with the three tracers can reliably visualize CLDN18.2 expression.
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13
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Crombé A, Roulleau‐Dugage M, Italiano A. The diagnosis, classification, and treatment of sarcoma in this era of artificial intelligence and immunotherapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:1288-1313. [PMID: 36260064 PMCID: PMC9759765 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) represent a group of rare and heterogeneous tumors associated with several challenges, including incorrect or late diagnosis, the lack of clinical expertise, and limited therapeutic options. Digital pathology and radiomics represent transformative technologies that appear promising for improving the accuracy of cancer diagnosis, characterization and monitoring. Herein, we review the potential role of the application of digital pathology and radiomics in managing patients with STS. We have particularly described the main results and the limits of the studies using radiomics to refine diagnosis or predict the outcome of patients with soft-tissue sarcomas. We also discussed the current limitation of implementing radiomics in routine settings. Standard management approaches for STS have not improved since the early 1970s. Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment; nonetheless, immuno-oncology agents have not yet been approved for patients with STS. However, several lines of evidence indicate that immunotherapy may represent an efficient therapeutic strategy for this group of diseases. Thus, we emphasized the remarkable potential of immunotherapy in sarcoma treatment by focusing on recent data regarding the immune landscape of these tumors. We have particularly emphasized the fact that the development of immunotherapy for sarcomas is not an aspect of histology (except for alveolar soft-part sarcoma) but rather that of the tumor microenvironment. Future studies investigating immunotherapy strategies in sarcomas should incorporate at least the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures as a stratification factor in their design, besides including a strong translational program that will allow for a better understanding of the determinants involved in sensitivity and treatment resistance to immune-oncology agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Crombé
- Department of ImagingInstitut BergoniéBordeauxNouvelle‐AquitaineF‐33076France,Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BordeauxBordeauxNouvelle‐AquitaineF‐33000France
| | | | - Antoine Italiano
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BordeauxBordeauxNouvelle‐AquitaineF‐33000France,Early Phase Trials and Sarcoma UnitInstitut BergoniéBordeauxNouvelle‐AquitaineF‐33076France
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14
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Ge S, Jia T, Li J, Zhang B, Sang S, Deng S. Molecular imaging of immune checkpoints in oncology: Current and future applications. Cancer Lett 2022; 548:215896. [PMID: 36041658 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint (IC) blockade therapy has become the first-line treatment for various cancers. However, the low response rate and acquired drug resistance severely restrict the clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Nuclide molecular imaging of ICs can provide non-invasive and whole-body visualization of in vivo IC dynamic biodistribution. Therefore, molecular imaging of ICs can predict and monitor responses to ICIs as a complementary tool to existing immunohistochemical techniques. Herein, we outlined the current status and recent advances in molecular imaging of the "first-generation" and "next-generation" ICs in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Ge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, 621099, China
| | - Tongtong Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jihui Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Shibiao Sang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Shengming Deng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, 621099, China.
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15
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Yin X, Liao H, Yun H, Lin N, Li S, Xiang Y, Ma X. Artificial intelligence-based prediction of clinical outcome in immunotherapy and targeted therapy of lung cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:146-159. [PMID: 35963564 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer accounts for the main proportion of malignancy-related deaths and most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy have great advances in application in clinics to treat lung cancer patients, yet the efficacy is unstable. The response rate of these therapies varies among patients. Some biomarkers have been proposed to predict the outcomes of immunotherapy and targeted therapy, including programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and oncogene mutations. Nevertheless, the detection tests are invasive, time-consuming, and have high demands on tumor tissue. The predictive performance of conventional biomarkers is also unsatisfactory. Therefore, novel biomarkers are needed to effectively predict the outcomes of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) can be a possible solution, as it has several advantages. AI can help identify features that are unable to be used by humans and perform repetitive tasks. By combining AI methods with radiomics, pathology, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and clinical data, the integrated model has shown predictive value in immunotherapy and targeted therapy, which significantly improves the precision treatment of lung cancer patients. Herein, we reviewed the application of AI in predicting the outcomes of immunotherapy and targeted therapy in lung cancer patients, and discussed the challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Yin
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hu Liao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hong Yun
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shen Li
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China.
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16
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Hughes DJ, Subesinghe M, Taylor B, Bille A, Spicer J, Papa S, Goh V, Cook GJR. 18F FDG PET/CT and Novel Molecular Imaging for Directing Immunotherapy in Cancer. Radiology 2022; 304:246-264. [PMID: 35762888 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.212481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has transformed the treatment landscape of many cancers, with durable responses in disease previously associated with a poor prognosis. Patient selection remains a challenge, with predictive biomarkers an urgent unmet clinical need. Current predictive biomarkers, including programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (measured with immunohistochemistry), are imperfect. Promising biomarkers, including tumor mutation burden and tumor infiltrating lymphocyte density, fail to consistently predict response and have yet to translate to routine clinical practice. Heterogeneity of immune response within and between lesions presents a further challenge where fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT has a potential role in assessing response, stratifying treatment, and detecting and monitoring immune-related toxicities. Novel radiopharmaceuticals also present a unique opportunity to define the immune tumor microenvironment to better predict which patients may respond to therapy, for example by means of in vivo whole-body PD-L1 and CD8+ T cell expression imaging. In addition, longitudinal molecular imaging may help further define dynamic changes, particularly in cases of immunotherapy resistance, helping to direct a more personalized therapeutic approach. This review highlights current and emerging applications of molecular imaging to stratify, predict, and monitor molecular dynamics and treatment response in areas of clinical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hughes
- From the Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, UK (D.J.H., M.S., V.G., G.J.R.C.); King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, London, UK (D.J.H., M.S., G.J.R.C.); Comprehensive Cancer Centre (B.T., A.B.), Department of Thoracic Surgery (A.B.), and Department of Radiology (V.G.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK (J.S., S.P.)
| | - Manil Subesinghe
- From the Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, UK (D.J.H., M.S., V.G., G.J.R.C.); King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, London, UK (D.J.H., M.S., G.J.R.C.); Comprehensive Cancer Centre (B.T., A.B.), Department of Thoracic Surgery (A.B.), and Department of Radiology (V.G.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK (J.S., S.P.)
| | - Benjamin Taylor
- From the Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, UK (D.J.H., M.S., V.G., G.J.R.C.); King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, London, UK (D.J.H., M.S., G.J.R.C.); Comprehensive Cancer Centre (B.T., A.B.), Department of Thoracic Surgery (A.B.), and Department of Radiology (V.G.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK (J.S., S.P.)
| | - Andrea Bille
- From the Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, UK (D.J.H., M.S., V.G., G.J.R.C.); King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, London, UK (D.J.H., M.S., G.J.R.C.); Comprehensive Cancer Centre (B.T., A.B.), Department of Thoracic Surgery (A.B.), and Department of Radiology (V.G.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK (J.S., S.P.)
| | - James Spicer
- From the Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, UK (D.J.H., M.S., V.G., G.J.R.C.); King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, London, UK (D.J.H., M.S., G.J.R.C.); Comprehensive Cancer Centre (B.T., A.B.), Department of Thoracic Surgery (A.B.), and Department of Radiology (V.G.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK (J.S., S.P.)
| | - Sophie Papa
- From the Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, UK (D.J.H., M.S., V.G., G.J.R.C.); King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, London, UK (D.J.H., M.S., G.J.R.C.); Comprehensive Cancer Centre (B.T., A.B.), Department of Thoracic Surgery (A.B.), and Department of Radiology (V.G.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK (J.S., S.P.)
| | - Vicky Goh
- From the Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, UK (D.J.H., M.S., V.G., G.J.R.C.); King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, London, UK (D.J.H., M.S., G.J.R.C.); Comprehensive Cancer Centre (B.T., A.B.), Department of Thoracic Surgery (A.B.), and Department of Radiology (V.G.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK (J.S., S.P.)
| | - Gary J R Cook
- From the Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, UK (D.J.H., M.S., V.G., G.J.R.C.); King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, London, UK (D.J.H., M.S., G.J.R.C.); Comprehensive Cancer Centre (B.T., A.B.), Department of Thoracic Surgery (A.B.), and Department of Radiology (V.G.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK (J.S., S.P.)
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Zhou M, Wang X, Chen B, Xiang S, Rao W, Zhang Z, Liu H, Fang J, Yin X, Deng P, Zhang X, Hu S. Preclinical and first-in-human evaluation of 18F-labeled D-peptide antagonist for PD-L1 status imaging with PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [PMID: 35831714 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE PD-L1 PET imaging allows for the whole body measuring its expression across primary and metastatic tumors and visualizing its spatiotemporal dynamics before, during, and after treatment. In this study, we reported a novel 18F-labeled D-peptide antagonist, 18F-NOTA-NF12, for PET imaging of PD-L1 status in preclinical and first-in-human studies. METHODS Manual and automatic radiosynthesis of 18F-NOTA-NF12 was performed. Cell uptake and binding assays were completed in MC38, H1975, and A549 cell lines. The capacity for imaging of PD-L1 status, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics were investigated in preclinical models. The PD-L1 status was verified by western blotting, immunohistochemistry/fluorescence, and flow cytometry. The safety, radiation dosimetry, biodistribution, and PD-L1 imaging potential were evaluated in healthy volunteers and patients. RESULTS The radiosynthesis of 18F-NOTA-NF12 was achieved via manual and automatic methods with radiochemical yields of 41.7 ± 10.2 % and 70.6 ± 4.2 %, respectively. In vitro binding assays demonstrated high specificity and affinity with an IC50 of 78.35 nM and KD of 85.08 nM. The MC38 and H1975 tumors were clearly visualized with the optimized tumor-to-muscle ratios of 5.36 ± 1.17 and 7.13 ± 1.78 at 60 min after injection. Gemcitabine- and selumetinib-induced modulation of PD-L1 dynamics was monitored by 18F-NOTA-NF12. The tumor uptake correlated well with their PD-L1 expression. 18F-NOTA-NF12 exhibited renal excretion and rapid clearance from blood and other non-specific organs, contributing to high contrast imaging in the clinical time frame. In NSCLC and esophageal cancer patients, the specificity of 18F-NOTA-NF12 for PD-L1 imaging was confirmed. The 18F-NOTA-NF12 PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT had equivalent findings in patients with high PD-L1 expression. CONCLUSION 18F-NOTA-NF12 was developed successfully as a PD-L1-specific tracer with promising results in preclinical and first-in-human trials, which support the further validation of 18F-NOTA-NF12 for PET imaging of PD-L1 status in clinical settings.
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van der Heide CD, Dalm SU. Radionuclide imaging and therapy directed towards the tumor microenvironment: a multi-cancer approach for personalized medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:4616-4641. [PMID: 35788730 PMCID: PMC9606105 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeted radionuclide theranostics is becoming more and more prominent in clinical oncology. Currently, most nuclear medicine compounds researched for cancer theranostics are directed towards targets expressed in only a small subset of cancer types, limiting clinical applicability. The identification of cancer-specific targets that are (more) universally expressed will allow more cancer patients to benefit from these personalized nuclear medicine–based interventions. A tumor is not merely a collection of cancer cells, it also comprises supporting stromal cells embedded in an altered extracellular matrix (ECM), together forming the tumor microenvironment (TME). Since the TME is less genetically unstable than cancer cells, and TME phenotypes can be shared between cancer types, it offers targets that are more universally expressed. The TME is characterized by the presence of altered processes such as hypoxia, acidity, and increased metabolism. Next to the ECM, the TME consists of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), macrophages, endothelial cells forming the neo-vasculature, immune cells, and cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs). Radioligands directed at the altered processes, the ECM, and the cellular components of the TME have been developed and evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies for targeted radionuclide imaging and/or therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the TME targets and their corresponding radioligands. In addition, we discuss what developments are needed to further explore the TME as a target for radionuclide theranostics, with the hopes of stimulating the development of novel TME radioligands with multi-cancer, or in some cases even pan-cancer, application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone U Dalm
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Slebe M, Pouw JE, Hashemi SM, Menke-van der Houven van Oordt CW, Yaqub MM, Bahce I. Current state and upcoming opportunities for immunoPET biomarkers in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2022; 169:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Wang Q, Zhang X, Wei W, Cao M. PET Imaging of Lung Cancers in Precision Medicine: Current Landscape and Future Perspective. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3471-3483. [PMID: 35771950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent advances in cancer treatment, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Immunotherapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) achieved substantial efficacy in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Currently, most ICIs are still a monoclonal antibody (mAb). Using mAbs or antibody derivatives labeled with radionuclide as the tracers, immunopositron emission tomography (immunoPET) possesses multiple advantages over traditional 18F-FDG PET in imaging lung cancers. ImmunoPET presents excellent potential in detecting, diagnosing, staging, risk stratification, treatment guidance, and recurrence monitoring of lung cancers. By using radiolabeled mAbs, immunoPET can visualize the biodistribution and uptake of ICIs, providing a noninvasive modality for patient stratification and response evaluation. Some novel targets and associated tracers for immunoPET have been discovered and investigated. This Review introduces the value of immunoPET in imaging lung cancers by summarizing both preclinical and clinical evidence. We also emphasize the value of immunoPET in optimizing immunotherapy in NSCLC. Lastly, immunoPET probes developed for imaging small cell lung cancer (SCLC) will also be discussed. Although the major focus is to summarize the immunoPET tracers for lung cancers, we also highlighted several small-molecule PET tracers to give readers a balanced view of the development status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200217, China
| | - Xindi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200217, China
| | - Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200217, China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200217, China
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21
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Krarup MMK, Fischer BM, Christensen TN. New PET Tracers: Current Knowledge and Perspectives in Lung Cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2022; 52:781-796. [PMID: 35752465 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PET/CT with the tracer 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) has improved diagnostic imaging in cancer and is routinely used for diagnosing, staging and treatment planning in lung cancer patients. However, pitfalls of [18F]FDG-PET/CT limit the use in specific settings. Additionally, lung cancer is still the leading cause of cancer associated death and has high risk of recurrence after curative treatment. These circumstances have led to the continuous search for more sensitive and specific PET tracers to optimize lung cancer diagnosis, staging, treatment planning and evaluation. The objective of this review is to present and discuss current knowledge and perspectives of new PET tracers for use in lung cancer. A literature search was performed on PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov, limited to the past decade, excluding case reports, preclinical studies and studies on established tracers such as [18F]FDG and DOTATE. The most relevant papers from the search were evaluated. Several tracers have been developed targeting specific tumor characteristics and hallmarks of cancer. A small number of tracers have been studied extensively and evaluated head-to-head with [18F]FDG-PET/CT, whereas others need further investigation and validation in larger clinical trials. At this moment, none of the tracers can replace [18F]FDG-PET/CT. However, they might serve as supplementary imaging methods to provide more knowledge about biological tumor characteristics and visualize intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie M K Krarup
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rigshospitalet Copehagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Barbara M Fischer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Univeristy of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tine N Christensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rigshospitalet Copehagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Krutzek F, Kopka K, Stadlbauer S. Development of Radiotracers for Imaging of the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060747. [PMID: 35745666 PMCID: PMC9228425 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has emerged as a major treatment option for a variety of cancers. Among the immune checkpoints addressed, the programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 are the key targets for an ICI. PD-L1 has especially been proven to be a reproducible biomarker allowing for therapy decisions and monitoring therapy success. However, the expression of PD-L1 is not only heterogeneous among and within tumor lesions, but the expression is very dynamic and changes over time. Immunohistochemistry, which is the standard diagnostic tool, can only inadequately address these challenges. On the other hand, molecular imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provide the advantage of a whole-body scan and therefore fully address the issue of the heterogeneous expression of checkpoints over time. Here, we provide an overview of existing PET, SPECT, and optical imaging (OI) (radio)tracers for the imaging of the upregulation levels of PD-1 and PD-L1. We summarize the preclinical and clinical data of the different molecule classes of radiotracers and discuss their respective advantages and disadvantages. At the end, we show possible future directions for developing new radiotracers for the imaging of PD-1/PD-L1 status in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Krutzek
- Department of Translational TME Ligands, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (F.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Department of Translational TME Ligands, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (F.K.); (K.K.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, University Cancer Cancer (UCC), 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Stadlbauer
- Department of Translational TME Ligands, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (F.K.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Ridge NA, Rajkumar-Calkins A, Dudzinski SO, Kirschner AN, Newman NB. Radiopharmaceuticals as Novel Immune System Tracers. Adv Radiat Oncol 2022; 7:100936. [PMID: 36148374 PMCID: PMC9486425 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2022.100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment paradigms for multiple cancers. However, ICI therapy often fails to generate measurable and sustained antitumor responses, and clinically meaningful benefits remain limited to a small proportion of overall patients. A major obstacle to development and effective application of novel therapeutic regimens is optimized patient selection and response assessment. Noninvasive imaging using novel immunoconjugate radiopharmaceuticals (immuno–positron emission tomography and immuno-single-photon emission computed tomography) can assess for expression of cell surface immune markers, such as programmed cell death protein ligand-1 (PD-L1), akin to a virtual biopsy. This emerging technology has the potential to provide clinicians with a quantitative, specific, real-time evaluation of immunologic responses relative to cancer burden in the body. We discuss the rationale for using noninvasive molecular imaging of the programmed cell death protein-1 and PD-L1 axis as a biomarker for immunotherapy and summarize the current status of preclinical and clinical studies examining PD-L1 immuno–positron emission tomography. The strategies described in this review provide insight for future clinical trials exploring the use of immune checkpoint imaging as a biomarker for both ICI and radiation therapy, and for the rational design of combinatorial therapeutic regimens.
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24
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Bragina O, Chernov V, Schulga A, Konovalova E, Garbukov E, Vorobyeva A, Orlova A, Tashireva L, Sörensen J, Zelchan R, Medvedeva A, Deyev S, Tolmachev V. Phase I Trial of 99mTc-(HE) 3-G3, a DARPin-Based Probe for Imaging of HER2 Expression in Breast Cancer. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:528-535. [PMID: 34385343 PMCID: PMC8973295 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radionuclide molecular imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) expression may enable a noninvasive discrimination between HER2-positive and HER2-negative breast cancers for stratification of patients for HER2-targeted treatments. DARPin (designed ankyrin repeat proteins) G3 is a small (molecular weight, 14 kDa) scaffold protein with picomolar affinity to HER2. The aim of this first-in-humans study was to evaluate the safety, biodistribution, and dosimetry of 99mTc-(HE)3-G3. Methods: Three cohorts of patients with primary breast cancer (each including at least 4 patients with HER2-negative and 5 patients with HER2-positive tumors) were injected with 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 μg of 99mTc-(HE)3-G3 (287 ± 170 MBq). Whole-body planar imaging followed by SPECT was performed at 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after injection. Vital signs and possible side effects were monitored during imaging and up to 7 d after injection. Results: All injections were well tolerated. No side effects were observed. The results of blood and urine analyses did not differ before and after studies. 99mTc-(HE)3-G3 cleared rapidly from the blood. The highest uptake was detected in the kidneys and liver followed by the lungs, breasts, and small intestinal content. The hepatic uptake after injection of 2,000 or 3,000 μg was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the uptake after injection of 1,000 μg. Effective doses did not differ significantly between cohorts (average, 0.011 ± 0.004 mSv/MBq). Tumor-to-contralateral site ratios for HER-positive tumors were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than for HER2-negative at 2 and 4 h after injection. Conclusion: Imaging of HER2 expression using 99mTc-(HE)3-G3 is safe and well tolerated and provides a low absorbed dose burden on patients. This imaging enables discernment of HER2-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer. Phase I study data justify further clinical development of 99mTc-(HE)3-G3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bragina
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chernov
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexey Schulga
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Konovalova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugeniy Garbukov
- Department of General Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anzhelika Vorobyeva
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Orlova
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liubov Tashireva
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia; and
| | - Jens Sörensen
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roman Zelchan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anna Medvedeva
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Deyev
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia;
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Yao Y, Zhou X, Zhang A, Ma X, Zhu H, Yang Z, Li N. The role of PET molecular imaging in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in lung cancer: Precision medicine and visual monitoring. Eur J Radiol 2022; 149:110200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Liao X, Liu M, Wang R, Zhang J. Potentials of Non-Invasive 18F-FDG PET/CT in Immunotherapy Prediction for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 12:810011. [PMID: 35186013 PMCID: PMC8855498 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.810011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), by targeting cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or PD-ligand 1, have dramatically changed the natural history of several cancers, including non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There are unusual response manifestations (such as pseudo-progression, hyper-progression, and immune-related adverse events) observed in patients with ICIs because of the unique mechanisms of these agents. These specific situations challenge response and prognostic assessment to ICIs challenging. This review demonstrates how 18F-FDG PET/CT can help identify these unusual response patterns in a non-invasive and effective way. Then, a series of semi-quantitative parameters derived from 18F-FDG PET/CT are introduced. These indexes have been recognized as the non-invasive biomarkers to predicting the efficacy of ICIs and survival of NSCLC patients according to the latest clinical studies. Moreover, the current situation regarding the functional criteria based on 18F-FDG PET/CT for immunotherapeutic response assessment is presented and analyzed. Although the criteria based on 18F-FDG PET/CT proposed some resolutions to overcome limitations of morphologic criteria in the assessment of tumor response to ICIs, further researches should be performed to validate and improve these assessing systems. Then, the last part in this review displays the present status and a perspective of novel specific PET probes targeting key molecules relevant to immunotherapy in prediction and response assessment.
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Abstract
Although antibodies are well developed and widely used in cancer therapy and diagnostic fields, some defects remain, such as poor tissue penetration, long in vivo metabolic retention, potential cytotoxicity, patent limitation, and high production cost. These issues have led scientists to explore and develop novel antibody alternatives. Protein scaffolds are small monomeric proteins with stable tertiary structures and mutable residues, which emerged in the 1990s. By combining robust gene engineering and phage display techniques, libraries with sufficient diversity could be established for target binding scaffold selection. Given the properties of small size, high affinity, and excellent specificity and stability, protein scaffolds have been applied in basic research, and preclinical and clinical fields over the past two decades. To date, more than 20 types of protein scaffolds have been developed, with the most frequently used being affibody, adnectin, ANTICALIN®, DARPins, and knottin. In this review, we focus on the protein scaffold applications in cancer therapy and diagnosis in the last 5 years, and discuss the pros and cons, and strategies of optimization and design. Although antibodies are well developed and widely used in cancer therapy and diagnostic fields, some defects remain, such as poor tissue penetration, long in vivo metabolic retention, potential cytotoxicity, patent limitation, and high production cost.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Renli Luo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Hongguang Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- Drug Discovery Shandong Laboratory, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery Yantai Shandong 264117 China
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Abstract
Noninvasive diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM) is a clinical challenge. CD38 is an established biomarker for MM, and the development of CD38-targeted radiotracers may improve the management of MM. By taking the advantages of bioorthogonal click chemistry, a nanobody (i.e., Nb1053-LLQS) specific for CD38 was successfully labeled with 18F. The diagnostic efficacy and specificity of the developed tracer (i.e., [18F]F-Nb1053) were evaluated by immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) imaging in disseminated MM.1S-bearing models. [18F]F-Nb1053 was developed with high radiochemical purity (>98%) and excellent immunoreactivity. [18F]F-Nb1053 immunoPET successfully delineated disseminated MM lesions in preclinical MM models. The uptake in the humerus, femur, and tibia was 1.42 ± 0.50%ID/g, 1.35 ± 0.53%ID/g, and 1.48 ± 0.67%ID/g (n = 6), respectively. Tumor uptake of [18F]F-Nb1053 decreased after daratumumab premedication, indicating the superior specificity of the reported probe. This work successfully developed a novel CD38-specific probe [18F]F-Nb1053 that may potentially optimize the management of MM upon clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - You Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shuxian An
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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Leung D, Bonacorsi S, Smith RA, Weber W, Hayes W. Molecular Imaging and the PD-L1 Pathway: From Bench to Clinic. Front Oncol 2021; 11:698425. [PMID: 34497758 PMCID: PMC8420047 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.698425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors target the important molecular interplay between PD-1 and PD-L1, a key pathway contributing to immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Long-term clinical benefit has been observed in patients receiving PD-(L)1 inhibitors, alone and in combination with other treatments, across multiple tumor types. PD-L1 expression has been associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, and treatment strategies are often guided by immunohistochemistry-based diagnostic tests assessing expression of PD-L1. However, challenges related to the implementation, interpretation, and clinical utility of PD-L1 diagnostic tests have led to an increasing number of preclinical and clinical studies exploring interrogation of the TME by real-time imaging of PD-(L)1 expression by positron emission tomography (PET). PET imaging utilizes radiolabeled molecules to non-invasively assess PD-(L)1 expression spatially and temporally. Several PD-(L)1 PET tracers have been tested in preclinical and clinical studies, with clinical trials in progress to assess their use in a number of cancer types. This review will showcase the development of PD-(L)1 PET tracers from preclinical studies through to clinical use, and will explore the opportunities in drug development and possible future clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Leung
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Samuel Bonacorsi
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Ralph Adam Smith
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Wolfgang Weber
- Technische Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wendy Hayes
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
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30
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Abstract
Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT is sensitive to metabolic, immune-related, and structural changes that can occur in tumors in cancer immunotherapy. Unique mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) occasionally make response evaluation challenging, because tumors and inflammatory changes are both FDG avid. These response patterns and sequelae of ICI immunotherapy, such as immune-related adverse events, are discussed. Immune-specific PET imaging probes at preclinical stage or in early clinical trials, which may help guide clinical management of cancer patients treated with immunotherapy and likely have applications outside of oncology for other diseases in which the immune system plays a role, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osigbemhe Iyalomhe
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael D. Farwell
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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31
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Abstract
mRNA display is a powerful biological display platform for the directed evolution of proteins and peptides. mRNA display libraries covalently link the displayed peptide or protein (phenotype) with the encoding genetic information (genotype) through the biochemical activity of the small molecule puromycin. Selection for peptide/protein function is followed by amplification of the linked genetic material and generation of a library enriched in functional sequences. Iterative selection cycles are then performed until the desired level of function is achieved, at which time the identity of candidate peptides can be obtained by sequencing the genetic material. The purpose of this review is to discuss the development of mRNA display technology since its inception in 1997 and to comprehensively review its use in the selection of novel peptides and proteins. We begin with an overview of the biochemical mechanism of mRNA display and its variants with a particular focus on its advantages and disadvantages relative to other biological display technologies. We then discuss the importance of scaffold choice in mRNA display selections and review the results of selection experiments with biological (e.g., fibronectin) and linear peptide library architectures. We then explore recent progress in the development of "drug-like" peptides by mRNA display through the post-translational covalent macrocyclization and incorporation of non-proteogenic functionalities. We conclude with an examination of enabling technologies that increase the speed of selection experiments, enhance the information obtained in post-selection sequence analysis, and facilitate high-throughput characterization of lead compounds. We hope to provide the reader with a comprehensive view of current state and future trajectory of mRNA display and its broad utility as a peptide and protein design tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Kamalinia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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32
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Geboers B, Timmer FEF, Ruarus AH, Pouw JEE, Schouten EAC, Bakker J, Puijk RS, Nieuwenhuizen S, Dijkstra M, van den Tol MP, de Vries JJJ, Oprea-Lager DE, Menke-van der Houven van Oordt CW, van der Vliet HJ, Wilmink JW, Scheffer HJ, de Gruijl TD, Meijerink MR. Irreversible Electroporation and Nivolumab Combined with Intratumoral Administration of a Toll-Like Receptor Ligand, as a Means of In Vivo Vaccination for Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PANFIRE-III). A Phase-I Study Protocol. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153902. [PMID: 34359801 PMCID: PMC8345515 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has a dismal prognosis, and to date no curative treatment options exist. The image guided tumor ablation technique irreversible electroporation (IRE) employs high-voltage electrical pulses through the application of several needle electrodes in and around the tumor in order to induce cell death. IRE ablation of the primary tumor has the ability to reduce pancreatic tumor induced immune suppression while allowing the expansion of tumor specific effector T cells, hereby possibly shifting the pancreatic tumor microenvironment into a more immune permissive state. The addition of immune enhancing therapies to IRE might work synergistically and could potentially induce a clinically significant treatment effect. This study protocol describes the rationale and design of the PANFIRE-III trial that aims to assess the safety of the combination of IRE with IMO-2125 (toll-like receptor 9 ligand) and/or nivolumab in patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Abstract Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel image-guided tumor ablation technique with the ability to generate a window for the establishment of systemic antitumor immunity. IRE transiently alters the tumor’s immunosuppressive microenvironment while simultaneously generating antigen release, thereby instigating an adaptive immune response. Combining IRE with immunotherapeutic drugs, i.e., electroimmunotherapy, has synergistic potential and might induce a durable antitumor response. The primary objective of this study is to assess the safety of the combination of IRE with IMO-2125 (a toll-like receptor 9 ligand) and/or nivolumab in patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC). In this randomized controlled phase I clinical trial, 18 patients with mPDAC pretreated with chemotherapy will be enrolled in one of three study arms: A (control): nivolumab monotherapy; B: percutaneous IRE of the primary tumor followed by nivolumab; or C: intratumoral injection of IMO-2125 followed by percutaneous IRE of the primary tumor and nivolumab. Assessments include contrast enhanced computed tomography (ceCT), 18F-FDG and 18F-BMS-986192 (PD-L1) positron emission tomography (PET)-CT, biopsies of the primary tumor and metastases, peripheral blood samples, and quality of life and pain questionnaires. There is no curative treatment option for patients with mPDAC, and palliative chemotherapy regimens only moderately improve survival. Consequently, there is an urgent need for innovative and radically different treatment approaches. Should electroimmunotherapy establish an effective and durable anti-tumor response, it may ultimately improve PDAC’s dismal prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Geboers
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.E.F.T.); (A.H.R.); (E.A.C.S.); (R.S.P.); (S.N.); (M.D.); (J.J.J.d.V.); (D.E.O.-L.); (H.J.S.); (M.R.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Florentine E. F. Timmer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.E.F.T.); (A.H.R.); (E.A.C.S.); (R.S.P.); (S.N.); (M.D.); (J.J.J.d.V.); (D.E.O.-L.); (H.J.S.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Alette H. Ruarus
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.E.F.T.); (A.H.R.); (E.A.C.S.); (R.S.P.); (S.N.); (M.D.); (J.J.J.d.V.); (D.E.O.-L.); (H.J.S.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Johanna E. E. Pouw
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.E.E.P.); (J.B.); (C.W.M.-v.d.H.v.O.); (H.J.v.d.V.); (J.W.W.); (T.D.d.G.)
| | - Evelien A. C. Schouten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.E.F.T.); (A.H.R.); (E.A.C.S.); (R.S.P.); (S.N.); (M.D.); (J.J.J.d.V.); (D.E.O.-L.); (H.J.S.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Joyce Bakker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.E.E.P.); (J.B.); (C.W.M.-v.d.H.v.O.); (H.J.v.d.V.); (J.W.W.); (T.D.d.G.)
| | - Robbert S. Puijk
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.E.F.T.); (A.H.R.); (E.A.C.S.); (R.S.P.); (S.N.); (M.D.); (J.J.J.d.V.); (D.E.O.-L.); (H.J.S.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Sanne Nieuwenhuizen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.E.F.T.); (A.H.R.); (E.A.C.S.); (R.S.P.); (S.N.); (M.D.); (J.J.J.d.V.); (D.E.O.-L.); (H.J.S.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Madelon Dijkstra
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.E.F.T.); (A.H.R.); (E.A.C.S.); (R.S.P.); (S.N.); (M.D.); (J.J.J.d.V.); (D.E.O.-L.); (H.J.S.); (M.R.M.)
| | - M. Petrousjka van den Tol
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Jan J. J. de Vries
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.E.F.T.); (A.H.R.); (E.A.C.S.); (R.S.P.); (S.N.); (M.D.); (J.J.J.d.V.); (D.E.O.-L.); (H.J.S.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Daniela E. Oprea-Lager
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.E.F.T.); (A.H.R.); (E.A.C.S.); (R.S.P.); (S.N.); (M.D.); (J.J.J.d.V.); (D.E.O.-L.); (H.J.S.); (M.R.M.)
| | - C. Willemien Menke-van der Houven van Oordt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.E.E.P.); (J.B.); (C.W.M.-v.d.H.v.O.); (H.J.v.d.V.); (J.W.W.); (T.D.d.G.)
| | - Hans J. van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.E.E.P.); (J.B.); (C.W.M.-v.d.H.v.O.); (H.J.v.d.V.); (J.W.W.); (T.D.d.G.)
- Lava Therapeutics, Yalelaan 60, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna W. Wilmink
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.E.E.P.); (J.B.); (C.W.M.-v.d.H.v.O.); (H.J.v.d.V.); (J.W.W.); (T.D.d.G.)
| | - Hester J. Scheffer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.E.F.T.); (A.H.R.); (E.A.C.S.); (R.S.P.); (S.N.); (M.D.); (J.J.J.d.V.); (D.E.O.-L.); (H.J.S.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Tanja D. de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.E.E.P.); (J.B.); (C.W.M.-v.d.H.v.O.); (H.J.v.d.V.); (J.W.W.); (T.D.d.G.)
| | - Martijn R. Meijerink
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.E.F.T.); (A.H.R.); (E.A.C.S.); (R.S.P.); (S.N.); (M.D.); (J.J.J.d.V.); (D.E.O.-L.); (H.J.S.); (M.R.M.)
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Zhou X, Jiang J, Yang X, Liu T, Ding J, Nimmagadda S, Pomper MG, Zhu H, Zhao J, Yang Z, Li N. First-in-human evaluation of a PD-L1-binding peptide radiotracer in non-small cell lung cancer patients with PET. J Nucl Med 2021; 63:536-542. [PMID: 34326125 PMCID: PMC8973283 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
68Ga-NOTA-WL12 is a peptide-based PET imaging agent. We conducted a first-in-human study of 68Ga-NOTA-WL12 for PET to study the in vivo biodistribution, metabolism, radiation dosimetry, safety, and potential for quantifying programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression levels in patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: In vitro assessment of the PD-L1 expression and cellular uptake of 68Ga-NOTA-WL12 was performed, followed by in vivo evaluation of 68Ga-NOTA-WL12 uptake in mouse models with tumors. Nine patients with NSCLC with lesions expressing PD-L1 were enrolled and monitored for adverse events during the study. 68Ga-NOTA-WL12 and paired 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging were performed. Uptake (SUV, SUL [SUVlean], and kBq/mL) values of tumors and normal organs were obtained. Radiopharmaceutical biodistribution, radiation dosimetry, and the relationship of tumor uptake to PD-L1 expression were evaluated. Follow-up 18F-FDG PET/CT was performed in patients who had undergone treatment with a combination of pembrolizumab with chemotherapy. Results:68Ga-NOTA-WL12 exhibited PD-L1–specific uptake in vitro and in PD-L1–positive tumors in vivo. 68Ga-NOTA-WL12 PET imaging proved safe with acceptable radiation dosimetry. Physiologic tracer uptake was mainly visible in the liver, spleen, small intestine, and kidney. Tumors were clearly visible, particularly in the lungs, with a tumor-to-lung ratio of 4.45 ± 1.89 at 1 h. One hour was a suitable time point for image acquisition because no significant differences were noted in tumor-to-background ratios between 1 and 2 h. A strong, positive correlation was found between tumor uptake (SUVpeak) and PD-L1 immunohistochemistry results (r = 0.9349; P = 0.002). 68Ga-NOTA-WL12 and 18F-FDG PET studies suggest that PD-L1 PET before therapy may indicate the therapeutic efficacy of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy combination treatment. Conclusion: Our first-in-human findings demonstrate the safety and feasibility of 68Ga-NOTA-WL12 for noninvasive, in vivo detection of tumor PD-L1 expression levels, indicating potential benefits for clinical PD-L1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute
| | | | - Xue Yang
- Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, No. 52 Fu-Cheng Rd., Beijing
| | | | - Jin Ding
- Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, China
| | | | | | - Hua Zhu
- Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute
| | - Jun Zhao
- Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute
| | - Zhi Yang
- Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institue
| | - Nan Li
- Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, China
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34
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Abstract
Despite the remarkable clinical successes of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in various advanced cancers, response is still limited to a subset of patients that generally exhibit tumoral expression of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins. Development of biomarkers assessing the expression of such ICs is therefore a major challenge nowadays to refine patient selection and improve therapeutic benefits. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using IC-targeted radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (immunoPET) provides a non-invasive and whole-body visualization of in vivo IC biodistribution. As such, PET imaging of ICs may serve as a robust biomarker to predict and monitor responses to ICIs, complementing the existing immunohistochemical techniques. Besides monoclonal antibodies, other PET radioligand formats, ranging from antibody-derived fragments to small proteins, have gained increasing interest owing to their faster pharmacokinetics and enhanced imaging characteristics. We provide an overview of the various strategies investigated so far for PET imaging of ICs in preclinical and clinical studies, emphasizing their benefits and limitations. Moreover, we discuss various parameters to consider for designing optimized and best-suited PET radioligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alizée Bouleau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du Général Leclerc, 91401 ORSAY, France
| | - Vincent Lebon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du Général Leclerc, 91401 ORSAY, France
| | - Charles Truillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du Général Leclerc, 91401 ORSAY, France.
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35
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Zarogoulidis P, Sardeli C, Christakidis V, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Huang H, Kosmidis C, Vagionas A, Baka S, Tsakiridis K, Perdikouri EI, Romanidis K, Sapalidis K. PD-L1 and standardized uptake value expression in lung cancer: a possible connection for efficient early lung cancer treatment. Biomark Med 2021; 15:463-466. [PMID: 33733828 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarogoulidis
- 3rd University General Hospital, 'AHEPA' University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Sardeli
- Intensive Care Unit, 'AHEPA' University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Wolfgang Hohenforst-Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology/Pulmonology/Intensive Care/Nephrology, Sana Clinic Group Franken,'Hof' Clinics, University of Erlangen, Hof, Germany
| | - Haidong Huang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | | | | | - Sofia Baka
- Oncology Department, Interbalkan European Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kosmas Tsakiridis
- Thoracic Surgery Department, 'Interbalkan' European Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Romanidis
- Second Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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36
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Clemente GS, Antunes IF, Kurhade S, van den Berg MPM, Sijbesma JWA, van Waarde A, Buijsman RC, Willemsen-Seegers N, Gosens R, Meurs H, Dömling A, Elsinga PH. Mapping Arginase Expression with 18F-Fluorinated Late-Generation Arginase Inhibitors Derived from Quaternary α-Amino Acids. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:1163-1170. [PMID: 33712529 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.255968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase hydrolyzes L-arginine and influences levels of polyamines and nitric oxide. Arginase overexpression is associated with inflammation and tumorigenesis. Thus, radiolabeled arginase inhibitors may be suitable PET tracers for staging arginase-related pathophysiologies. We report the synthesis and evaluation of 2 radiolabeled arginase inhibitors, 18F-FMARS and 18F-FBMARS, developed from α-substituted-2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid derivatives. Methods: Arylboronic ester-derived precursors were radiolabeled via copper-mediated fluorodeboronation. Binding assays using arginase-expressing PC3 and LNCaP cells were performed. Autoradiography of lung sections from a guinea pig model of asthma overexpressing arginase and dynamic small-animal PET imaging with PC3-xenografted mice evaluated the radiotracers' specific binding and pharmacokinetics. Results: 18F-fluorinated compounds were obtained with radiochemical yields of up to 5% (decay-corrected) and an average molar activity of 53 GBq⋅μmol-1 Cell and lung section experiments indicated specific binding that was blocked up to 75% after pretreatment with arginase inhibitors. Small-animal PET studies indicated fast clearance of the radiotracers (7.3 ± 0.6 min), arginase-mediated uptake, and a selective tumor accumulation (SUV, 3.0 ± 0.7). Conclusion: The new 18F-fluorinated arginase inhibitors have the potential to map increased arginase expression related to inflammatory and tumorigenic processes. 18F-FBMARS showed the highest arginase-mediated uptake in PET imaging and a significant difference between uptake in control and arginase-inhibited PC3 xenografted mice. These results encourage further research to examine the suitability of 18F-FBMARS for selecting patients for treatments with arginase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo S Clemente
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inês F Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Santosh Kurhade
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jürgen W A Sijbesma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier C Buijsman
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Herman Meurs
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Robu S, Richter A, Gosmann D, Seidl C, Leung D, Hayes W, Cohen D, Morin P, Donnelly DJ, Lipovšek D, Bonacorsi SJ, Smith A, Steiger K, Aulehner C, Krackhardt AM, Weber WA. Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of a 68Ga-Labeled Adnectin, 68Ga-BMS-986192, as a PET Agent for Imaging PD-L1 Expression. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:1228-1234. [PMID: 33517324 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.258384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the interaction of the immune checkpoint molecule programmed cell death protein-1 and its ligand, PD-L1, using specific antibodies has been a major breakthrough for immune oncology. Whole-body PD-L1 expression PET imaging may potentially allow for a better prediction of response to programmed cell death protein-1-targeted therapies. Imaging of PD-L1 expression is feasible by PET with the adnectin protein 18F-BMS-986192. However, radiofluorination of proteins such as BMS-986192 remains complex and labeling yields are low. The goal of this study was therefore the development and preclinical evaluation of a 68Ga-labeled adnectin protein (68Ga-BMS-986192) to facilitate clinical trials. Methods: 68Ga labeling of DOTA-conjugated adnectin (BXA-206362) was performed in NaOAc-buffer at pH 5.5 (50°C, 15 min). In vitro stability in human serum at 37°C was analyzed using radio-thin layer chromatography and radio-high-performance liquid chromatography. PD-L1 binding assays were performed using the transduced PD-L1-expressing lymphoma cell line U-698-M and wild-type U-698-M cells as a negative control. Immunohistochemical staining studies, biodistribution studies, and small-animal PET studies of 68Ga-BMS-986192 were performed using PD-L1-positive and PD-L1-negative U-698-M-bearing NSG mice. Results: 68Ga-BMS-986192 was obtained with quantitative radiochemical yields of more than 97% and with high radiochemical purity. In vitro stability in human serum was at least 95% after 4 h of incubation. High and specific binding of 68Ga-BMS-986192 to human PD-L1-expressing cancer cells was confirmed, which closely correlates with the respective PD-L1 expression level determined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry staining. In vivo, 68Ga-BMS-986192 uptake was high at 1 h after injection in PD-L1-positive tumors (9.0 ± 2.1 percentage injected dose [%ID]/g) and kidneys (56.9 ± 9.2 %ID/g), with negligible uptake in other tissues. PD-L1-negative tumors demonstrated only background uptake of radioactivity (0.6 ± 0.1 %ID/g). Coinjection of an excess of unlabeled adnectin reduced tumor uptake of PD-L1 by more than 80%. Conclusion: 68Ga-BMS-986192 enables easy radiosynthesis and shows excellent in vitro and in vivo PD-L1-targeting characteristics. The high tumor uptake combined with low background accumulation at early imaging time points demonstrates the feasibility of 68Ga-BMS-986192 for imaging of PD-L1 expression in tumors and is encouraging for further clinical applications of PD-L1 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Robu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany;
| | - Antonia Richter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dario Gosmann
- School of Medicine, Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Seidl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David Leung
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Wendy Hayes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Paul Morin
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - David J Donnelly
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Daša Lipovšek
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | - Adam Smith
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Munich, Germany, and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Christina Aulehner
- School of Medicine, Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Angela M Krackhardt
- School of Medicine, Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Munich, Germany, and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Munich, Germany, and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; and.,TranslaTUM (Zentralinstitut für translationale Krebsforschung der Technischen Universität München), Munich, Germany
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Zarogoulidis P, Christakidis V, Petridis D, Sapalidis K, Kosmidis C, Vagionas A, Perdikouri EI, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Huang H, Petanidis S, Tsakiridis K, Baka S, Romanidis K, Zaric B, Kovacevic T, Stojsic V, Sarcev T, Bursac D, Kukic B, Boukovinas I, Tolis C, Sardeli C. Connection between PD-L1 expression and standardized uptake value in NSCLC: an early prognostic treatment combination. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 15:675-679. [PMID: 33275458 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1859373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Lung cancer is still diagnosed at advanced stage and early treatment initiation is needed. Therefore, we need biomarkers or clusters of information that can provide early treatment prognosis.Methods: Biopsies were acquired from 471 patients-lung masses with CT-guided biopsy, convex probe transthorasic biopsy, and EBUS-TBNA convex probe with 18 G needles and 19 G needles.Results: Standardized uptake value (SUV) measurement is associated with female, smoking status, hepatic metastasis, adenocarcinoma and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). In specific we expect that SUV ≥ 7 is associated with PD-L1 ≥ 50.Conclusions: Lung masses indifferent of size that have SUV ≥ 7 will also have PD-L1 expression ≥ 50. Also, it is likely that these patients will be female with intense smoking habit and hepar or multiple metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarogoulidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, ``AHEPA`` University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Petridis
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Sapalidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, ``AHEPA`` University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chriforos Kosmidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, ``AHEPA`` University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Hohenforst-Schmidt
- Sana Clinic Group Franken, Department of Cardiology/Pulmonology/Intensive Care/Nephrology, "Hof" Clinics, University of Erlangen, Hof, Germany
| | - Haidong Huang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Savvas Petanidis
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kosmas Tsakiridis
- Thoracic Surgery Department, ``Interbalkan`` European Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Baka
- Oncology Department, Interbalkan European Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Romanidis
- Second Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Bojan Zaric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tomi Kovacevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Stojsic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Sarcev
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Daliborka Bursac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Biljana Kukic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ioannis Boukovinas
- Oncology Department, ``Bioclinic`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Tolis
- Oncology Department, ``Bioclinic`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Sardeli
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Filippi L, Nervi C, Proietti I, Pirisino R, Potenza C, Martelli O, Equitani F, Bagni O. Molecular imaging in immuno-oncology: current status and translational perspectives. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:1199-1211. [PMID: 33215963 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1854090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Only 20-40% of patients respond to therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Therefore, the early identification of subjects that can benefit from such therapeutic regimen is mandatory. Areas covered: The immunobiological mechanisms of ICIs are briefly illustrated. Furthermore, the limitations of traditional radiological approaches are covered. Then, the pros and cons of molecular imaging through positron emission computed tomography (PET/CT) are reviewed, with a particular focus on 18f-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) and PET-derived metabolic parameters. Lastly, translational perspective of radiopharmaceuticals others than 18F-FDG such as 89zirconium (89Zr) or fluorine-18 (18F) labeled monoclonal antibodies (e.g.89Zr-atezolizumab, 89Zr-nivolumab) binding to specific biomarkers are discussed. Expert opinion: Molecular imaging presents a prominent role for the management of oncological patients treated with ICIs. Preliminary clinical data indicate that PET/CT with 18F-FDG is useful for assessing the response to treatment and for the imaging of immune-related adverse effects. Nevertheless, the methodological approach (iPERCIST, PERCIMT, or others) to be used for an optimal diagnostic accuracy and patients' evaluation is still a debated issue. PET/CT with radioligands directed toward ICIs biomarkers, although is still in a translational phase, holds the promise of accurately predicting the response to treatment and revealing the acquired resistance to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filippi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, AUSL , Latina, Italy
| | - Clara Nervi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Latina, Italy
| | - Ilaria Proietti
- Dermatology Unit Daniele Innocenzi, A. Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino , Terracina, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pirisino
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, AUSL , Latina, Italy
| | - Concetta Potenza
- Dermatology Unit Daniele Innocenzi, A. Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino , Terracina, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Equitani
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, AUSL , Latina, Italy
| | - Oreste Bagni
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, AUSL , Latina, Italy
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Abstract
Imaging has played a critical role in the management of patients with cancer. Novel therapies are emerging rapidly; however, they are effective only in some patients. With the advent of new targeted therapeutics and immunotherapy, the limitations of conventional imaging methods are becoming more evident. FDG-PET imaging is restricted to the optimal assessment of immune therapies. There is a critical unmet need for pharmacodynamic and prognostic imaging biomarkers. Radiolabeled antibodies or small molecules can allow for specific assessment of targets in expression and concentration. Several such imaging agents have been under preclinical development. Early human studies with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies or small molecules targeted to the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway have shown potential; targeted imaging of CA19.9 and CA-IX and are being further explored. Immune-directed imaging agents are highly desirable as biomarkers and preliminary studies with radiolabeled antibodies targeting immune mechanisms appear promising. While novel agents are being developed, larger well-designed studies are needed to validate the role of these agents as biomarkers in the clinical management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Pandit-Taskar
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
| | - Michael A Postow
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Miao Y, Lv G, Chen Y, Qiu L, Xie M, Lin J. One-step radiosynthesis and initial evaluation of a small molecule PET tracer for PD-L1 imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127572. [PMID: 32979488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a crucial biomarker in immunotherapy and its expression level plays a key role in the guidance of anti-PD-L1 therapy. It had been reported that PD-L1 was quantified by noninvasive imaging with more developed radiotracers. In our study, a novel [18F]fluoride labeled small molecule inhibitor, [18F]LN was designed for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in both PD-L1 transfected (A375-hPD-L1) and non-transfected (A375) melanoma-bearing mice. LN showed the specificity (IC50 = 50.39 ± 2.65 nM) to PD-L1 confirmed by competitive combination and cell flow cytometry (FACS) analysis. The radiotracer [18F]LN was obtained via 18F-19F isotope exchange from precursor LN. After radiosynthesis, [18F]LN was achieved with a high radiochemical purity (RCP) above 95% and got a favorable molar activity of 36.34 ± 5.73 GBq/μmol. [18F]LN displayed the moderate affinity (Kd = 65.27 ± 3.47 nM) to PD-L1 by specific binding assay. And it showed 1.3-fold higher uptake in A375-hPD-L1 cells than that in A375 cells. PET imaging revealed that [18F]LN could enter into PD-L1 expressing tumor site and visualize the outline of tumor. And tumor uptake (1.96 ± 0.27 %ID/g) reached the maximum at 15 min in the positive group, showed 2.2-fold higher than the negative (0.89 ± 0.31 %ID/g) or the blocked (1.07 ± 0.26 %ID/g) groups. Meanwhile, biodistribution could slightly distinguish the positive from the negative. The results indicated [18F]LN would become an efficient tool for evaluating PD-L1 expression with further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxing Miao
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Gaochao Lv
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Yinfei Chen
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Minhao Xie
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China.
| | - Jianguo Lin
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China.
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42
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Wei J, Wang YH, Lee CY, Truillet C, Oh DY, Xu Y, Ruggero D, Flavell RR, VanBrocklin HF, Seo Y, Craik CS, Fong L, Wang CI, Evans MJ. An Analysis of Isoclonal Antibody Formats Suggests a Role for Measuring PD-L1 with Low Molecular Weight PET Radiotracers. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 22:1553-1561. [PMID: 32813112 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The swell of new and diverse radiotracers to predict or monitor tumor response to cancer immunotherapies invites the opportunity for comparative studies to identify optimal platforms. To probe the significance of antibody format on image quality for PD-L1 imaging, we developed and studied the biodistribution of a library of antibodies based on the anti-PD-L1 IgG1 clone C4. PROCEDURE A C4 minibody and scFv were cloned, expressed, and characterized. The antibodies were functionalized with desferrioxamine and radiolabeled with Zr-89 to enable a rigorous comparison with prior data collected using 89Zr-labeled C4 IgG1. The biodistribution of the radiotracers was evaluated in C57Bl6/J or nu/nu mice bearing B16F10 or H1975 tumors, respectively, which are models that represent high and low tumor autonomous PD-L1 expression. RESULTS The tumor uptake of the 89Zr-C4 minibody was higher than 89Zr-C4 scFv and equivalent to previous data collected using 89Zr-C4 IgG1. However, the peak tumors to normal tissue ratios were generally higher for 89Zr-C4 scFv compared with 89Zr-C4 minibody and 89Zr-IgG1. Moreover, an exploratory study showed that the rapid clearance of 89Zr-C4 scFv enabled detection of endogenous PD-L1 on a genetically engineered and orthotopic model of hepatocellular carcinoma. CONCLUSION In summary, these data support the use of low molecular weight constructs for PD-L1 imaging, especially for tumor types that manifest in abdominal organs that are obstructed by the clearance of high molecular weight radioligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnian Wei
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yung-Hua Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Chia Yin Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove Immunos #03-06, Biopolis, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Charles Truillet
- Imagerie Moleculaire In Vivo, INSERM, CEA, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Universite Paris Saclay, CEA-Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot, 94100, Orsay, France
| | - David Y Oh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yichen Xu
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Charles S Craik
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Cheng-I Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove Immunos #03-06, Biopolis, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Wen X, Shi C, Zhao L, Yao L, Xu D, Lin X, Su X, Liu T, Zhuang R, Lin Q, Chen H, Guo Z, Zhang X. Immuno-SPECT/PET imaging with radioiodinated anti-PD-L1 antibody to evaluate PD-L1 expression in immune-competent murine models and PDX model of lung adenocarcinoma. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 86-87:44-51. [PMID: 32474281 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accurate evaluation of tumor programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression can assist in predicting whether a patient will respond to anti-PD-L1 therapy. In this study, we aimed to develop stable radioiodinated PD-L1 antibodies that can be used for PD-L1 targeted SPECT/PET imaging. METHODS Radioiodination was accomplished via a prosthetic group ([131I]SIB or [124I]SIB) to give radioiodinated anti-human PD-L1 and anti-mouse PD-L1 antibody (anti-PD-L1 and anti-PD-L1M). MicroSPECT/PET imaging and biodistribution of radioiodinated antibodies were studied in two immune-competent murine models (B16F10 and 4T1 syngeneic tumor models) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of lung adenocarcinoma to evaluate the feasibility of identifying tumor PD-L1 expression. RESULTS Radioiodinated PD-L1 antibodies had high radiochemical purity (>99%) and favorable stability in vivo. There was high uptake of [131I]SIB-anti-PD-L1M in both 4T1 and B16F10 syngeneic tumors when injected with 5.5 MBq radiotracers containing 200 μg anti-mouse-PD-L1. The presence of excess unlabeled anti-PD-L1 antibody increased [131I]SIB-anti-PD-L1M uptake in tumors. The highly specific PD-L1-positive tumor uptake detected by SPECT imaging indicated that radioiodinated antibody could be used for PD-L1 expression imaging. In addition, PET imaging of the PDX model was performed with [124I]SIB-anti-PD-L1, which showed high signal intensity in tumors and optimal contrast between tumor and muscle (tumor-to-muscle ratios at 6 h p.i. and 24 h p.i. were 2.5 and 5.3, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study provides an efficient strategy for synthesizing stable radioiodinated PD-L1 antibodies with excellent pharmacokinetics to identify PD-L1 expression in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Changrong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361103, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361103, China
| | - Lanlin Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361103, China
| | - Duo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiaoru Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xinhui Su
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Hubin South Road, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Rongqiang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qin Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361103, China.
| | - Haojun Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361103, China.
| | - Zhide Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Laffon
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Haut-Lévèque Avenue de Magellan 33604 Pessac, France E-mail:
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Lau J, Rousseau E, Kwon D, Lin KS, Bénard F, Chen X. Insight into the Development of PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1312. [PMID: 32455729 PMCID: PMC7281377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the development of positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals closely follows that of traditional drug development, there are several key considerations in the chemical and radiochemical synthesis, preclinical assessment, and clinical translation of PET radiotracers. As such, we outline the fundamentals of radiotracer design, with respect to the selection of an appropriate pharmacophore. These concepts will be reinforced by exemplary cases of PET radiotracer development, both with respect to their preclinical and clinical evaluation. We also provide a guideline for the proper selection of a radionuclide and the appropriate labeling strategy to access a tracer with optimal imaging qualities. Finally, we summarize the methodology of their evaluation in in vitro and animal models and the road to clinical translation. This review is intended to be a primer for newcomers to the field and give insight into the workflow of developing radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lau
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Etienne Rousseau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Daniel Kwon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (D.K.); (K.-S.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (D.K.); (K.-S.L.); (F.B.)
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (D.K.); (K.-S.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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