1
|
Kanata MC, Yanni AE, Koliaki C, Pateras I, Anastasiou IA, Kokkinos A, Karathanos VT. Effects of Wheat Biscuits Enriched with Plant Proteins Incorporated into an Energy-Restricted Dietary Plan on Postprandial Metabolic Responses of Women with Overweight/Obesity. Nutrients 2024; 16:1229. [PMID: 38674919 PMCID: PMC11053654 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of daily consumption of wheat biscuits enriched with plant proteins in postprandial metabolic responses of women with overweight/obesity who follow an energy-restricted diet. Thirty apparently healthy women participated in a 12-week randomized controlled trial and were assigned either to a control (CB) or an intervention (PB) group. Participants consumed daily either a conventional (CB) or an isocaloric wheat biscuit enriched with plant proteins (PB) containing high amounts of amino acids with appetite-regulating properties, i.e., BCAAs and L-arg. At baseline and the end of the intervention, a mixed meal tolerance test was performed. The responses of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, GLP-1, and glicentin were evaluated over 180 min. After 12 weeks, both groups experienced significant decreases in body weight, fat mass, and waist circumference. In the PB group, a trend towards higher weight loss was observed, accompanied by lower carbohydrate, fat, and energy intakes (p < 0.05 compared to baseline and CB group), while decreases in fasting insulin and the HOMA-IR index were also observed (p < 0.05 compared to baseline). In both groups, similar postprandial glucose, ghrelin, and GLP-1 responses were detected, while iAUC for insulin was lower (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the iAUC of glicentin was greater in the PB group (p < 0.05 compared to baseline). Subjective appetite ratings were beneficially affected in both groups (p < 0.05). Consumption of wheat biscuits enriched in plant proteins contributed to greater weight loss, lower energy intake, and insulin resistance and had a positive impact on postprandial glicentin response, a peptide that can potentially predict long-term weight loss and decreased food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Christina Kanata
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (M.-C.K.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Amalia E. Yanni
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (M.-C.K.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Chrysi Koliaki
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece; (C.K.); (I.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Irene Pateras
- ELBISCO S.A., Industrial and Commercial Food Company, 21st Km Marathonos Avenue, 19009 Pikermi, Greece;
| | - Ioanna A. Anastasiou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece; (C.K.); (I.A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece; (C.K.); (I.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Vaios T. Karathanos
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (M.-C.K.); (V.T.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bailey CJ, Flatt PR. Duodenal enteroendocrine cells and GIP as treatment targets for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Peptides 2024; 174:171168. [PMID: 38320643 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The duodenum is an important source of endocrine and paracrine signals controlling digestion and nutrient disposition, notably including the main incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Bariatric procedures that prevent nutrients from contact with the duodenal mucosa are particularly effective interventions to reduce body weight and improve glycaemic control in obesity and type 2 diabetes. These procedures take advantage of increased nutrient delivery to more distal regions of the intestine which enhances secretion of the other incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Preclinical experiments have shown that either an increase or a decrease in the secretion or action of GIP can decrease body weight and blood glucose in obesity and non-insulin dependent hyperglycaemia, but clinical studies involving administration of GIP have been inconclusive. However, a synthetic dual agonist peptide (tirzepatide) that exerts agonism at receptors for GIP and GLP-1 has produced marked weight-lowering and glucose-lowering effects in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. This appears to result from chronic biased agonism in which the novel conformation of the peptide triggers enhanced signalling by the GLP-1 receptor through reduced internalisation while reducing signalling by the GIP receptor directly or via functional antagonism through increased internalisation and degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Diabetes Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA Northern Ireland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ampofo E, Pack M, Wrublewsky S, Boewe AS, Spigelman AF, Koch H, MacDonald PE, Laschke MW, Montenarh M, Götz C. CK2 activity is crucial for proper glucagon expression. Diabetologia 2024:10.1007/s00125-024-06128-1. [PMID: 38503901 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Protein kinase CK2 acts as a negative regulator of insulin expression in pancreatic beta cells. This action is mainly mediated by phosphorylation of the transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox protein 1 (PDX1). In pancreatic alpha cells, PDX1 acts in a reciprocal fashion on glucagon (GCG) expression. Therefore, we hypothesised that CK2 might positively regulate GCG expression in pancreatic alpha cells. METHODS We suppressed CK2 kinase activity in αTC1 cells by two pharmacological inhibitors and by the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Subsequently, we analysed GCG expression and secretion by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, luciferase assay, ELISA and DNA pull-down assays. We additionally studied paracrine effects on GCG secretion in pseudoislets, isolated murine islets and human islets. In vivo, we examined the effect of CK2 inhibition on blood glucose levels by systemic and alpha cell-specific CK2 inhibition. RESULTS We found that CK2 downregulation reduces GCG secretion in the murine alpha cell line αTC1 (e.g. from 1094±124 ng/l to 459±110 ng/l) by the use of the CK2-inhibitor SGC-CK2-1. This was due to a marked decrease in Gcg gene expression through alteration of the binding of paired box protein 6 (PAX6) and transcription factor MafB to the Gcg promoter. The analysis of the underlying mechanisms revealed that both transcription factors are displaced by PDX1. Ex vivo experiments in isolated murine islets and pseudoislets further demonstrated that CK2-mediated reduction in GCG secretion was only slightly affected by the higher insulin secretion after CK2 inhibition. The kidney capsule transplantation model showed the significance of CK2 for GCG expression and secretion in vivo. Finally, CK2 downregulation also reduced the GCG secretion in islets isolated from humans. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These novel findings not only indicate an important function of protein kinase CK2 for proper GCG expression but also demonstrate that CK2 may be a promising target for the development of novel glucose-lowering drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Pack
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Selina Wrublewsky
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anne S Boewe
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hanna Koch
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Montenarh
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ali A, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Gut-Derived Peptide Hormone Analogues and Potential Treatment of Bone Disorders in Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2024; 17:11795514241238059. [PMID: 38486712 PMCID: PMC10938612 DOI: 10.1177/11795514241238059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes mellitus are prevalent metabolic disorders that have a detrimental impact on overall health. In this regard, there is now a clear link between these metabolic disorders and compromised bone health. Interestingly, both obesity and diabetes lead to elevated risk of bone fracture which is independent of effects on bone mineral density (BMD). In this regard, gastrointestinal (GIT)-derived peptide hormones and their related long-acting analogues, some of which are already clinically approved for diabetes and/or obesity, also seem to possess positive effects on bone remodelling and microarchitecture to reduce bone fracture risk. Specifically, the incretin peptides, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), as well as glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), exert key direct and/or indirect benefits on bone metabolism. This review aims to provide an initial appraisal of the relationship between obesity, diabetes and bone, with a focus on the positive impact of these GIT-derived peptide hormones for bone health in obesity/diabetes. Brief discussion of related peptides such as parathyroid hormone, leptin, calcitonin and growth hormone is also included. Taken together, drugs engineered to promote GIP, GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor signalling may have potential to offer therapeutic promise for improving bone health in obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asif Ali
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liles A, Cham N, Opp ML, Tinsley IC, Chepurny OG, Holz GG, Doyle RP. Corrination mitigates peptide aggregation as exemplified for Glucagon. Peptides 2024; 171:171134. [PMID: 38092266 PMCID: PMC10842878 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical development of glucagon for use in acute hypoglycemia has proved challenging, due in large part to poor solubility, poor stability and aggregate formation. Herein, we describe highly soluble, low aggregating, glucagon conjugates generated through use of the commercially available vitamin B12 precursor dicyanocobinamide ('corrination'), which retain full stimulatory action at the human glucagon receptor. The modified glucagon analogs were tested in a chemical stability assay in 50 mM phosphate buffer and the percentage of original concentration retained was determined after two weeks of incubation at 37° C. Aggregate formation assays were also performed after 48 h of agitation at 37°C using a thioflavin (ThT) fluorescence-based assay. All corrinated compounds retained original concentration to a higher degree than glucagon controls and showed markedly decreased aggregation compared to their respective noncorrinated analogues. Based on the statistically significant increase in chemical stability coupled with the notably decreased tendency to form aggregates, analogues 2 and its corrinated conjugate 5 were used for a functional assay study performed after agitation at 37°C for 24-hr after which agonism was measured at the human glucagon receptor using a cAMP FRET assay. Corrinated 5 exhibited a 6.6-fold increased potency relative to glucagon, which was shown to have a 165-fold reduction in potency. The relative potency of 5 was also improved compared to that of 2 with EC50 values of 5.5 nM and 9.6 nM for 5 and 2, respectively. In conclusion, corrination of peptides mitigates aggregation, presenting a compound with prolonged stability and agonism as demonstrated for glucagon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Liles
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Nancy Cham
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Morgan L Opp
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Ian C Tinsley
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States; Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States; Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States; Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Smits MM, Holst JJ. Endogenous glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 as alternative for GLP-1 receptor agonists: Could this work and how? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023; 39:e3699. [PMID: 37485788 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, we have witnessed the many beneficial effects of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists, including the reduction in cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the reduction of body weight in those with obesity. Increasing evidence suggests that these agents differ considerably from endogenous GLP-1 when it comes to their routes of action, although their clinical effects appear to be the same. Given the limitations of the GLP-1 receptor agonists, could it be useful to develop agents which stimulate GLP-1 release? Here we will discuss the differences and similarities between GLP-1 receptor agonists and endogenous GLP-1, and will detail how endogenous GLP-1-when stimulated appropriately-could have clinically relevant effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Smits
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Diabetes and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prahm AP, Hvistendahl MK, Brandt CF, Blanche P, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Jeppesen PB. Post-prandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) after carbohydrate-, fat- or protein enriched meals in healthy subjects. Peptides 2023; 169:171091. [PMID: 37640265 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is an important regulator of intestinal growth and function. In adherable mixed meals the macronutrient composition with the best potential for stimulating GLP-2 secretion is not known. We compared the effect of 3 iso-energetic meals, where approximately 60 % of the energy ratio was provided as either carbohydrate, fat, or protein, respectively, on the post-prandial endogenous GLP-2 secretion. The responses were compared to secretion profiles of peptide YY (PYY), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). Ten healthy subjects were admitted on three occasions, at least a week apart, after a night of fasting. In an open-label, crossover design, they were randomized to receive a high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) or high protein (HP) meal. The meals were approximately ∼3.9 MJ. Venous blood was collected for 240 min, and plasma concentrations of GLP-2, GIP and PYY were measured with specific radioimmunoassays. Mean GLP-2 levels peaked already at 30 min for the HC meal, however the HP meal induced the highest mean GLP-2 peaking levels, resulting in significantly higher mean GLP-2 area under the curve (AUC) from baseline of 7279 pmol*min/L, 95 %-CI [6081;8477] compared to the HC meal: 4764 pmol*min/L, 95 %-CI [3498;6029], p = 0.020 and the HF meal: 4796 pmol*min/L, [3385;6207], p = 0.011. Findings were similar for the PYY. The HC meal provided a greater AUC for GIP compared to the HP- and HF meals. The HP meal was most effective with respect to stimulation of the postprandial GLP-2 and PYY secretion, whereas the HC meal was more effective for GIP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- August Pilegaard Prahm
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mark Krogh Hvistendahl
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher Filtenborg Brandt
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Blanche
- Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the NovoNordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, Panum Institute 12.2, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the NovoNordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, Panum Institute 12.2, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Palle Bekker Jeppesen
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stefanakis K, Kokkinos A, Argyrakopoulou G, Konstantinidou SK, Simati S, Kouvari M, Kumar A, Kalra B, Kumar M, Bontozoglou N, Kyriakopoulou K, Mantzoros CS. Circulating levels of proglucagon-derived peptides are differentially regulated by the glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist liraglutide and the centrally acting naltrexone/bupropion and can predict future weight loss and metabolic improvements: A 6-month long interventional study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:2561-2574. [PMID: 37246799 PMCID: PMC10524619 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the changes of circulating levels of all proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDPs) in individuals with overweight or obesity receiving liraglutide (3 mg) or naltrexone/bupropion (32/360 mg), and to explore the association between induced changes in postprandial PGDP levels and body composition, as well as metabolic variables, after 3 and 6 months on treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen patients with obesity or with overweight and co-morbidities, but without diabetes, were assigned to receive once-daily oral naltrexone/bupropion 32/360 mg (n = 8) or once-daily subcutaneous liraglutide 3 mg (n = 9). Participants were assessed before treatment initiation and after 3 and 6 months on treatment. At the baseline and 3-month visits, participants underwent a 3-hour mixed meal tolerance test to measure fasting and postprandial levels of PGDPs, C-peptide, hunger and satiety. Clinical and biochemical indices of metabolic function, magnetic resonance-assessed liver steatosis and ultrasound-assessed liver stiffness were measured at each visit. RESULTS Both medications improved body weight and composition, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and liver fat and function. Naltrexone/bupropion produced a weight-independent increase in the levels of proglucagon (P < .001) and decreases in glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), glucagon and the major proglucagon fragment (P ≤ .01), whereas liraglutide markedly upregulated total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels in a weight-independent manner (P = .04), and similarly downregulated the major proglucagon fragment, GLP-2 and glucagon (P < .01). PGDP levels at the 3-month visit were positively and independently correlated with improvements in fat mass, glycaemia, lipaemia and liver function, and negatively with reductions in fat-free mass, at both the 3- and 6-month visits. CONCLUSIONS PGDP levels in response to liraglutide and naltrexone/bupropion are associated with improvements in metabolism. Our study provides support for the administration of the downregulated members of the PGDP family as replacement therapy (e.g. glucagon), in addition to the medications currently in use that induced their downregulation (e.g. GLP-1), and future studies should explore whether the addition of other PGDPs (e.g. GLP-2) could offer additional benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Stefanakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Sofia K Konstantinidou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
- Diabetes and Obesity Unit, Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia Simati
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Kouvari
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen J, Deng LL, Xiao XL, Long SY, Deng Y, Peng T, Xie J, Zhang XY. An Association between Decreased Small Intestinal RNA Modification and Disturbed Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion under High-Fat Diet Stress. Nutrients 2023; 15:3707. [PMID: 37686740 PMCID: PMC10490556 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy diets rich in fats and/or sugar are considered as the major external cause of the obesity epidemic, which is often accompanied by a significant decrease in gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) levels. Numerous studies have demonstrated notable contributions of the gut microbiota in this process. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism still needs further investigation. The role of epigenetic modifications in gene expression and metabolism has been well demonstrated, with m6A methylation on RNAs being the most prevalent modification throughout their metabolism. In the present study, we found that the expressions of small intestinal Gcg and Pc3, two key genes regulating GLP1 expression, were significantly downregulated in obese mice, associated with reduced GLP1 level. Immunohistochemistry analysis indicated that a high-fat diet slightly increased the density of enteroendocrine L cells in the small intestine, implying that decreased GLP1 levels were not caused by the changes in L cell intensity. Instead, the small intestinal m6A level as well as the expression of known "writers", mettl3/14 and wtap, were found to be positively correlated with the expression of Gcg and Pc3. Fecal microbiota transplantation with feces from normal and obese mice daily to antibiotic-treated mice revealed that dysbiosis in diet-induced obesity was sufficient to reduce serum GLP1, small intestinal m6A level, and intestinal expressions of Gcg, Pc3, and writer genes (mettl3/14, wtap). However, as the most direct and universal methyl donor, the production of fecal S-adenosylmethionine was neither affected by the different dietary patterns nor their shaped microbiota. These results suggested that microbial modulation of the epitranscriptome may be involved in regulating GLP1 expression, and highlighted epitranscriptomic modifications as an additional level of interaction between diet and individual health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (J.C.)
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Lin-Ling Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (J.C.)
| | - Xing-Lin Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (J.C.)
| | - Shi-Yuan Long
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (J.C.)
| | - Yuan Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (J.C.)
| | - Tong Peng
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
- Keystonecare Technology (Chengdu) Co., Ltd., No.200 Tianfu 5th Street, Chengdu 610094, China
| | - Jie Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (J.C.)
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Horváth D, Dürvanger Z, K Menyhárd D, Sulyok-Eiler M, Bencs F, Gyulai G, Horváth P, Taricska N, Perczel A. Polymorphic amyloid nanostructures of hormone peptides involved in glucose homeostasis display reversible amyloid formation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4621. [PMID: 37528104 PMCID: PMC10394066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A large group of hormones are stored as amyloid fibrils in acidic secretion vesicles before they are released into the bloodstream and readopt their functional state. Here, we identify an evolutionarily conserved hexapeptide sequence as the major aggregation-prone region (APR) of gastrointestinal peptides of the glucagon family: xFxxWL. We determine nine polymorphic crystal structures of the APR segments of glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2, and exendin and its derivatives. We follow amyloid formation by CD, FTIR, ThT assays, and AFM. We propose that the pH-dependent changes of the protonation states of glutamate/aspartate residues of APRs initiate switching between the amyloid and the folded, monomeric forms of the hormones. We find that pH sensitivity diminishes in the absence of acidic gatekeepers and amyloid formation progresses over a broad pH range. Our results highlight the dual role of short aggregation core motifs in reversible amyloid formation and receptor binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Horváth
- ELKH-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Dürvanger
- ELKH-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Dóra K Menyhárd
- ELKH-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Máté Sulyok-Eiler
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina Bencs
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gergő Gyulai
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanostructures, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Péter Horváth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 9, Budapest, 1092, Hungary
| | - Nóra Taricska
- ELKH-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - András Perczel
- ELKH-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu W, Xia Q, Guo Y, Wang H, Dong H, Lu F, Yuan F. Berberine enhances the function of db/db mice islet β cell through GLP-1/GLP-1R/PKA signaling pathway in intestinal L cell and islet α cell. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1228722. [PMID: 37469873 PMCID: PMC10352779 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1228722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The evidence on berberine stimulating the secretion of GLP-1 in intestinal L cell has been studied. However, few research has explored its role on generating GLP-1 of islet α cell. Our experiment aims to clarify the mechanism of berberine promoting the secretion of GLP-1 in intestinal L cell and islet α cell, activating GLP-1R and its downstream molecules through endocrine and paracrine ways, thus improving the function of islet β cell and treating T2DM. Methods: After confirming that berberine can lower blood glucose and improve insulin resistance in db/db mice, the identity maintenance, proliferation and apoptosis of islet cells were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Then, the activation of berberine on GLP-1/GLP-1R/PKA signaling pathway was evaluated by Elisa, Western blot and PCR. Finally, this mechanism was verified by in vitro experiments on Min6 cells, STC-1 cells and aTC1/6 cells. Results: Berberine ameliorates glucose metabolism in db/db mice. Additionally, it also increases the number and enhances the function of islet β cell. This process is closely related to improve the secretion of intestinal L cell and islet α cell, activate GLP-1R/PKA signaling pathway through autocrine and paracrine, and increase the expression of its related molecule such as GLP-1, GLP-1R, PC1/3, PC2, PKA, Pdx1. In vitro, the phenomenon that berberine enhanced the GLP-1/GLP-1R/PKA signal pathway had also been observed, which confirmed the results of animal experiments. Conclusion: Berberine can maintain the identity and normal function of islet β cell, and its mechanism is related to the activation of GLP-1/GLP-1R/PKA signal pathway in intestinal L cell and islet α cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wu
- Institution of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingsong Xia
- Institution of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yujin Guo
- Institution of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongzhan Wang
- Institution of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fuer Lu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fen Yuan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lafferty R, Tanday N, Dubey V, Coulter-Parkhill A, Vishal K, Moffett RC, O'Harte F, Flatt PR, Irwin N. The glucagon receptor antagonist desHis 1Pro 4Glu 9-glucagon(Lys 12PAL) alters alpha-cell turnover and lineage in mice, but does not cause alpha-cell hyperplasia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 570:111932. [PMID: 37080378 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonism elicits antihyperglycemic effects in rodents and humans. The present study investigates whether the well characterised peptide-based GCGR antagonist, desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon (Lys12PAL), alters alpha-cell turnover or identity in mice. METHODS Multiple low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) treated (50 mg/kg bw, 5 days) transgenic GluCreERT2;ROSA26-eYFP mice were employed. STZ mice received twice daily administration of saline vehicle or desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon (Lys12PAL), at low- or high-dose (25 and 100 nmol/kg, respectively) for 11 days. RESULTS No GCGR antagonist induced changes in food or fluid intake, body weight or glucose homeostasis were observed. As expected, STZ dramatically reduced (P < 0.001) islet numbers and increased (P < 0.01) alpha-to beta-cell ratio, which was linked to elevated (P < 0.05) levels of beta-cell apoptosis. Whilst treatment with desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon (Lys12PAL) decreased (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) alpha- and beta-cell areas, it also helped restore the classic rodent islet alpha-cell mantle in STZ mice. Interestingly, low-dose desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon (Lys12PAL) increased (P < 0.05) alpha-cell apoptosis rates whilst high dose decreased (p < 0.05) this parameter. This difference reflects substantially increased (P < 0.001) alpha-to beta-cell transdifferentiation following high dose desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon (Lys12PAL) treatment, which was not fully manifest with low-dose therapy. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present study indicates that peptidic GCGR antagonists can positively influence alpha-cell turnover and lineage in identity in multiple low-dose STZ mice, but that such effects are dose-related.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Lafferty
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Neil Tanday
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Vaibhav Dubey
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Karthick Vishal
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Finbarr O'Harte
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhihong Y, Chen W, Qianqian Z, Lidan S, Qiang Z, Jing H, Wenxi W, Bhawal R. Emerging roles of oxyntomodulin-based glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon co-agonist analogs in diabetes and obesity. Peptides 2023; 162:170955. [PMID: 36669563 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is an endogenous peptide hormone secreted from the intestines following nutrient ingestion that activates both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptors. OXM is known to exert various effects, including improvement in glucose tolerance, promotion of energy expenditure, acceleration of liver lipolysis, inhibition of food intake, delay of gastric emptying, neuroprotection, and pain relief. The antidiabetic and antiobesity properties have led to the development of biologically active and enzymatically stable OXM-based analogs with proposed therapeutic promise for metabolic diseases. Structural modification of OXM was ongoing to enhance its potency and prolong half-life, and several GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist-based therapies are being explored in clinical trials for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. In the present article, we provide a brief overview of the physiology of OXM, focusing on its structural-activity relationship and ongoing clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhihong
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China; College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Wang Chen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Zhu Qianqian
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Sun Lidan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Zhou Qiang
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing & The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Han Jing
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Wang Wenxi
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing & The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China; College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ruchika Bhawal
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Within the past couple decades glucagon receptor agonism has drawn attention as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. In both mice and humans glucagon-induced enhancements in energy expenditure and suppression of food intake suggest promising utility, therefore interest has advanced in the synthetic optimization of glucagon-based pharmacology to further resolve the physiological and cellular underpinnings. Modifications within the glucagon peptide sequence have allowed for greater solubility, stability, circulating half-life, and understanding of the structure-function potential behind partial and "super"-agonists. This knowledge gained from such modifications has provided a basis for the development of long-acting therapeutically useful glucagon analogues, chimeric unimolecular dual- and tri-agonists, and novel strategies for the targeting of nuclear hormones into glucagon receptor-expressing tissues. In this review, we summarize the peptide path leading to these glucagon-based developments in the field of anti-diabetes and anti-obesity pharmacology, while highlighting the associated biological and therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Novikoff
- Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kounatidis D, Vallianou NG, Tsilingiris D, Christodoulatos GS, Geladari E, Stratigou T, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. Therapeutic Potential of GLP-2 Analogs in Gastrointestinal Disorders: Current Knowledge, Nutritional Aspects, and Future Perspectives. Curr Nutr Rep 2022; 11:618-642. [PMID: 35933503 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-022-00433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists have been used for almost two decades in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 and, lately, in obesity, recent years have seen an increasing interest in the pharmacological agonism of other proglucagon-derived peptides, including GLP-2. Herein, we aimed to review the available evidence on the effects of GLP-2 agonism from animal and clinical studies. Furthermore, we summarize the current clinical applications of GLP-2 agonists among patients with intestinal failure associated with short bowel syndrome (SBS-IF) as well as potential future expansion of their indications to other intestinal disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence from preclinical studies has highlighted the cellular trophic and functional beneficial actions of GLP-2 on small intestinal and colonic mucosa. Subsequently, pharmacologic agonism of GLP-2 has gathered interest for the treatment of patients with conditions pertaining to the loss of intestinal anatomical and/or functional integrity to a degree requiring parenteral support, collectively referred to as intestinal failure. GLP-2 analogs positively influence nutrient absorption in animal models and humans, although continued therapy is likely needed for sustained effects. The degradation-resistant GLP-2-analog teduglutide has received approval for the treatment of SBS-IF, in which it may decisively reduce patient dependency on parenteral support and improve quality of life. Another two longer-acting analogs, glepaglutide and apraglutide, are currently undergoing phase III clinical trials. The use of GLP-2 analogs is effective in the management of SBS-IF and may show promise in the treatment of other severe gastrointestinal disorders associated with loss of effective intestinal resorptive surface area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kounatidis
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ypsilantou Street, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | - Natalia G Vallianou
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ypsilantou Street, 10676, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 17 St Thomas Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Geladari
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ypsilantou Street, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Stratigou
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ypsilantou Street, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Karampela
- 2nd Department of Critical Care, Medical School, University of Athens, Attikon General University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lafferty RA, McShane LM, Franklin ZJ, Flatt PR, O’Harte FPM, Irwin N. Sustained glucagon receptor antagonism in insulin-deficient high-fat-fed mice. J Endocrinol 2022; 255:91-101. [PMID: 36005280 PMCID: PMC9513641 DOI: 10.1530/joe-22-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Discerning modification to the amino acid sequence of native glucagon can generate specific glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonists, that include desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon and the acylated form desHis1Pro4Glu9(Lys12PAL)-glucagon. In the current study, we have evaluated the metabolic benefits of once-daily injection of these peptide-based GCGR antagonists for 18 days in insulin-resistant high-fat-fed (HFF) mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced insulin deficiency, namely HFF-STZ mice. Administration of desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon moderately (P < 0.05) decreased STZ-induced elevations of food intake. Body weight was not different between groups of HFF-STZ mice and both treatment interventions delayed (P < 0.05) the onset of hyperglycaemia. The treatments reduced (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) circulating and pancreatic glucagon, whilst desHis1Pro4Glu9(Lys12PAL)-glucagon also substantially increased (P < 0.001) pancreatic insulin stores. Oral glucose tolerance was appreciably improved (P < 0.05) by both antagonists, despite the lack of augmentation of glucose-stimulated insulin release. Interestingly, positive effects on i.p. glucose tolerance were less obvious suggesting important beneficial effects on gut function. Metabolic benefits were accompanied by decreased (P < 0.05-P < 0.01) locomotor activity and increases (P < 0.001) in energy expenditure and respiratory exchange ratio in both treatment groups. In addition, desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon increased (P < 0.01-P < 0.001) O2 consumption and CO2 production. Together, these data provide further evidence that peptidic GCGR antagonists are effective treatment options for obesity-driven forms of diabetes, even when accompanied by insulin deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Lafferty
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Laura M McShane
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Zara J Franklin
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Finbarr P M O’Harte
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to N Irwin:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abdalqadir N, Adeli K. GLP-1 and GLP-2 Orchestrate Intestine Integrity, Gut Microbiota, and Immune System Crosstalk. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102061. [PMID: 36296337 PMCID: PMC9610230 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine represents the body’s largest interface between internal organs and external environments except for its nutrient and fluid absorption functions. It has the ability to sense numerous endogenous and exogenous signals from both apical and basolateral surfaces and respond through endocrine and neuronal signaling to maintain metabolic homeostasis and energy expenditure. The intestine also harbours the largest population of microbes that interact with the host to maintain human health and diseases. Furthermore, the gut is known as the largest endocrine gland, secreting over 100 peptides and other molecules that act as signaling molecules to regulate human nutrition and physiology. Among these gut-derived hormones, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and -2 have received the most attention due to their critical role in intestinal function and food absorption as well as their application as key drug targets. In this review, we highlight the current state of the literature that has brought into light the importance of GLP-1 and GLP-2 in orchestrating intestine–microbiota–immune system crosstalk to maintain intestinal barrier integrity, inflammation, and metabolic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nyan Abdalqadir
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1H3, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1H3, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Barchetta I, Cimini FA, Dule S, Cavallo MG. Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) as A Novel Adipokine: Role in Metabolism and Fat Homeostasis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092306. [PMID: 36140405 PMCID: PMC9496088 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a molecule implicated in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory processes, and it exerts its main action through its enzymatic activity. DPP4 represents the enzyme most involved in the catabolism of incretin hormones; thus, its activity impacts appetite, energy balance, and the fine regulation of glucose homeostasis. Indeed, DPP4 inhibitors represent a class of antidiabetic agents widely used for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DPP4 also acts as an adipokine and is mainly secreted by the adipose tissue, mostly from mature adipocytes of the visceral compartment, where it exerts autocrine and paracrine activities. DPP4 can disrupt insulin signaling within the adipocyte and in other target cells and tissues, where it also favors the development of a proinflammatory environment. This is likely at the basis of the presence of elevated circulating DPP4 levels in several metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize the most recent evidence of the role of the DPP4 as an adipokine-regulating glucose/insulin metabolism and fat homeostasis, with a particular focus on clinical outcomes associated with its increased secretion in the presence of adipose tissue accumulation and dysfunction.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jiménez-martí E, Hurtado-genovés G, Aguilar-ballester M, Martínez-hervás S, González-navarro H. Novel Therapies for Cardiometabolic Disease: Recent Findings in Studies with Hormone Peptide-Derived G Protein Coupled Receptor Agonists. Nutrients 2022; 14:3775. [PMID: 36145148 PMCID: PMC9503433 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is provoking an important socioeconomic burden mainly in the form of cardiovascular disease (CVD). One successful strategy is the so-called metabolic surgery whose beneficial effects are beyond dietary restrictions and weight loss. One key underlying mechanism behind this surgery is the cooperative improved action of the preproglucagon-derived hormones, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) which exert their functions through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Great success has been reached with therapies based on the GLP-1 receptor monoagonism; therefore, a logical and rational approach is the use of the dual and triagonism of GCPC to achieve complete metabolic homeostasis. The present review describes novel findings regarding the complex biology of the preproglucagon-derived hormones, their signaling, and the drug development of their analogues, especially those acting as dual and triagonists. Moreover, the main investigations into animal models and ongoing clinical trials using these unimolecular dual and triagonists are included which have demonstrated their safety, efficacy, and beneficial effects on the CV system. These therapeutic strategies could greatly impact the treatment of CVD with unprecedented benefits which will be revealed in the next years.
Collapse
|
20
|
Franklin ZJ, Lafferty RA, Flatt PR, McShane LM, O'Harte FP, Irwin N. Metabolic effects of combined glucagon receptor antagonism and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonism in high fat fed mice. Biochimie 2022; 199:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
21
|
Perakakis N, Kalra B, Angelidi AM, Kumar A, Gavrieli A, Yannakoulia M, Mantzoros CS. Methods paper: Performance characteristics of novel assays for circulating levels of proglucagon-derived peptides and validation in a placebo controlled cross-over randomized clinical trial. Metabolism 2022; 129:155157. [PMID: 35114286 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDPs) is a challenging task mainly due to major overlaps in their molecular sequence in addition to their low circulating levels. Here, we present the technical characteristics of novel ELISA assays measuring C-peptide and all six PGDPs including, for the first time, major proglucagon fragment (MPGF), and we validate them by performing a pilot in vivo cross-over randomized clinical trial on whether coffee consumption may affect levels of circulating PGDPs. METHODS The performance and technical characteristics of novel ELISA assays from Ansh measuring GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin, glicentin, glucagon, MPGF and C-peptide were first evaluated in vitro in procured samples from a commercial vendor as well as in deidentified human samples from three previously performed clinical studies. Their performance was further evaluated in vivo in the context of a cross-over randomized controlled trial, in which 33 subjects consumed in random order and together with a standardized meal, 200 ml of either (a) instant coffee with 3 mg/kg caffeine, or (b) instant coffee with 6 mg/kg caffeine, (c) or water. RESULTS All assays demonstrated high accuracy (spike and recovery and average linearity recovery ±15%), precision (inter-assay CV ≤ 6.4%), specificity (no significant cross-reactivities) and they were sensitive in low concentrations. Measurements of glicentin in archived random human samples using the Ansh assay correlated strongly with the glicentin measurements of Mercodia assay (r = 0.968) and of GLP-1 modestly with Millipore GLP-1 assay (r = 0.440). Oxyntomodulin, glicentin and glucagon concentrations were 2-5 fold higher in plasma compared to serum and serum concentrations correlated modestly (for oxyntomodulin and glicentin) or poorly (for glucagon) with the plasma concentrations. The evaluated assays detected a postprandial increase of gut-secreted PGDPs (GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin and glicentin) and a postprandial decrease of pancreas-secreted PGDPs (glucagon, MPGF) in response to consuming coffee in comparison to consuming water with breakfast (enter here composition of breakfast). Only coffee consumption at the high dose alter levels of gut-secreted PGDPs and both at low and high dose to lower levels of pancreas-secreted PGDPs compared to water consumption during breakfast. CONCLUSION Accurate, precise and specific measurement of six PGDPs is possible with novel assays. A randomized controlled trial demonstrated in vivo utility of those assays and supports the notion that coffee may exert part of its beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis in the short term through the regulation of PGDPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Perakakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Slosberg-Landay SL-419, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Angeliki M Angelidi
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Slosberg-Landay SL-419, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Anna Gavrieli
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Slosberg-Landay SL-419, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Slosberg-Landay SL-419, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Slosberg-Landay SL-419, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Martinou E, Stefanova I, Iosif E, Angelidi AM. Neurohormonal Changes in the Gut–Brain Axis and Underlying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms following Bariatric Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3339. [PMID: 35328759 PMCID: PMC8954280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease that is a major public health issue worldwide. Currently approved anti-obesity medications and lifestyle interventions lack the efficacy and durability needed to combat obesity, especially in individuals with more severe forms or coexisting metabolic disorders, such as poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery is considered an effective therapeutic modality with sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits. Numerous genetic and environmental factors have been associated with the pathogenesis of obesity, while cumulative evidence has highlighted the gut–brain axis as a complex bidirectional communication axis that plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis. This has led to increased research on the roles of neuroendocrine signaling pathways and various gastrointestinal peptides as key mediators of the beneficial effects following weight-loss surgery. The accumulate evidence suggests that the development of gut-peptide-based agents can mimic the effects of bariatric surgery and thus is a highly promising treatment strategy that could be explored in future research. This article aims to elucidate the potential underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms of the gut–brain axis and comprehensively review the observed changes of gut hormones associated with bariatric surgery. Moreover, the emerging role of post-bariatric gut microbiota modulation is briefly discussed.
Collapse
|
23
|
Spezani R, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. The current significance and prospects for the use of dual receptor agonism GLP-1/Glucagon. Life Sci 2022; 288:120188. [PMID: 34861287 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic arsenal for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been enriched recently with the inclusion of type 1 glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1). GLP-1 receptor agonists (RA) secondarily reduce appetite, decrease gastric emptying, and reduce body weight. This effect has been used to treat overweight/obesity, especially with comorbidities associated with T2DM. However, the first formulations and adverse effects gradually gave way to new formulations with fewer unpleasant effects and a more extended period of action (weekly subcutaneous administration and even oral administration), which improved the acceptance and adherence to the treatment. Therefore, titration of GLP-1RA should be done gradually. Furthermore, when side effects are consistent and intolerable after weeks/months of titration, a lower dose or a combination of antidiabetic therapies should be implemented, avoiding treatment interruption. The effort to produce increasingly powerful molecules with fewer side effects is the driving force behind the pharmaceutical industry. The unimolecular dual agonism GLP-1RA plus glucagon receptor agonism (GRA) represents an updated pharmacological indication for controlling blood glucose levels in treating T2DM and its comorbidities, showing better effects with less adverse impact than mono GLP-1RA. There are currently different proposals in this way by different laboratories. Nevertheless, the experimental results are promising and show that soon, we will have the contribution of new drugs for the treatment of T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Spezani
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vigil P, Meléndez J, Petkovic G, Del Río JP. The importance of estradiol for body weight regulation in women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:951186. [PMID: 36419765 PMCID: PMC9677105 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.951186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity in women of reproductive age has a number of adverse metabolic effects, including Type II Diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. It is associated with increased menstrual irregularity, ovulatory dysfunction, development of insulin resistance and infertility. In women, estradiol is not only critical for reproductive function, but they also control food intake and energy expenditure. Food intake is known to change during the menstrual cycle in humans. This change in food intake is largely mediated by estradiol, which acts directly upon anorexigenic and orexigenic neurons, largely in the hypothalamus. Estradiol also acts indirectly with peripheral mediators such as glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Like estradiol, GLP-1 acts on receptors at the hypothalamus. This review describes the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms governing the actions of estradiol during the menstrual cycle on food intake and energy expenditure and how estradiol acts with other weight-controlling molecules such as GLP-1. GLP-1 analogs have proven to be effective both to manage obesity and T2D in women. This review also highlights the relationship between steroid hormones and women's mental health. It explains how a decline or imbalance in estradiol levels affects insulin sensitivity in the brain. This can cause cerebral insulin resistance, which contributes to the development of conditions such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. The proper use of both estradiol and GLP-1 analogs can help to manage obesity and preserve an optimal mental health in women by reducing the mechanisms that trigger neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Vigil
- Reproductive Health Research Institute (RHRI), Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Meléndez
- Reproductive Health Research Institute (RHRI), Santiago, Chile
| | - Grace Petkovic
- Arrowe Park Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Wirral CH49 5PE, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Pablo Del Río
- Unidad de Psiquiatría Infantil y del Adolescente, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Millennium Science Initiative, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Juan Pablo Del Río,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lindquist P, Gasbjerg LS, Mokrosinski J, Holst JJ, Hauser AS, Rosenkilde MM. The Location of Missense Variants in the Human GIP Gene Is Indicative for Natural Selection. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:891586. [PMID: 35846282 PMCID: PMC9277503 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.891586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), is involved in important physiological functions, including postprandial blood glucose homeostasis, bone remodeling, and lipid metabolism. While mutations leading to physiological changes can be identified in large-scale sequencing, no systematic investigation of GIP missense variants has been performed. Here, we identified 168 naturally occurring missense variants in the human GIP genes from three independent cohorts comprising ~720,000 individuals. We examined amino acid changing variants scattered across the pre-pro-GIP peptide using in silico effect predictions, which revealed that the sequence of the fully processed GIP hormone is more protected against mutations than the rest of the precursor protein. Thus, we observed a highly species-orthologous and population-specific conservation of the GIP peptide sequence, suggestive of evolutionary constraints to preserve the GIP peptide sequence. Elucidating the mutational landscape of GIP variants and how they affect the structural and functional architecture of GIP can aid future biological characterization and clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lindquist
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke Smidt Gasbjerg
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacek Mokrosinski
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Sebastian Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Alexander Sebastian Hauser, ; Mette Marie Rosenkilde,
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Alexander Sebastian Hauser, ; Mette Marie Rosenkilde,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wargent ET, Ahmad SJS, Lu QR, Kostenis E, Arch JRS, Stocker CJ. Leanness and Low Plasma Leptin in GPR17 Knockout Mice Are Dependent on Strain and Associated With Increased Energy Intake That Is Not Suppressed by Exogenous Leptin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:698115. [PMID: 34646232 PMCID: PMC8503278 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.698115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that agonists of GPR17 stimulate, while antagonists inhibit feeding. However, whole body knockout of GPR17 in mice of the C57Bl/6 strain did not affect energy balance, whereas selective knockout in oligodendrocytes or pro-opiomelanocortin neurons provided protection from high fat diet-induced obesity and impaired glucose homeostasis. We reasoned that whole body knockout of GPR17 in mice of the 129 strain might elicit more marked effects because the 129 strain is more susceptible than the C57Bl/6 strain to increased sympathetic activity and less susceptible to high fat diet-induced obesity. Consistent with this hypothesis, compared to wild-type mice, and when fed on either a chow or a high fat diet, GPR17 -/- mice of the 129 strain displayed increased expression of uncoupling protein-1 in white adipose tissue, lower body weight and fat content, reduced plasma leptin, non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides, and resistance to high fat diet-induced glucose intolerance. Not only energy expenditure, but also energy intake was raised. Administration of leptin did not suppress the increased food intake in GPR17 -/- mice of the 129 strain, whereas it did suppress food intake in GPR17 +/+ mice. The only difference between GPR17 +/- and GPR17 +/+ mice of the C57Bl/6 strain was that the body weight of the GPR17 -/- mice was lower than that of the GPR17 +/+ mice when the mice were fed on a standard chow diet. We propose that the absence of GPR17 raises sympathetic activity in mice of the 129 strain in response to a low plasma fuel supply, and that the consequent loss of body fat is partly mitigated by increased energy intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward T. Wargent
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom
| | - Suhaib J. S. Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qing Richard Lu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | | | - Jonathan R. S. Arch
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cabri W, Cantelmi P, Corbisiero D, Fantoni T, Ferrazzano L, Martelli G, Mattellone A, Tolomelli A. Therapeutic Peptides Targeting PPI in Clinical Development: Overview, Mechanism of Action and Perspectives. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:697586. [PMID: 34195230 PMCID: PMC8236712 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.697586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting protein-protein interactions (PPIs) has been recently recognized as an emerging therapeutic approach for several diseases. Up today, more than half a million PPI dysregulations have been found to be involved in pathological events. The dynamic nature of these processes and the involvement of large protein surfaces discouraged anyway the scientific community in considering them promising therapeutic targets. More recently peptide drugs received renewed attention since drug discovery has offered a broad range of structural diverse sequences, moving from traditionally endogenous peptides to sequences possessing improved pharmaceutical profiles. About 70 peptides are currently on the marked but several others are in clinical development. In this review we want to report the update on these novel APIs, focusing our attention on the molecules in clinical development, representing the direct consequence of the drug discovery process of the last 10 years. The comprehensive collection will be classified in function of the structural characteristics (native, analogous, heterologous) and on the basis of the therapeutic targets. The mechanism of interference on PPI will also be reported to offer useful information for novel peptide design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Cabri
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alessandra Tolomelli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Irwin DM. Variation in the Evolution and Sequences of Proglucagon and the Receptors for Proglucagon-Derived Peptides in Mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:700066. [PMID: 34322093 PMCID: PMC8312260 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.700066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian proglucagon gene (Gcg) encodes three glucagon like sequences, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucagon-like peptide-2 that are of similar length and share sequence similarity, with these hormones having cell surface receptors, glucagon receptor (Gcgr), GLP-1 receptor (Glp1r), and GLP-2 receptor (Glp2r), respectively. Gcgr, Glp1r, and Glp2r are all class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Despite their sequence and structural similarity, analyses of sequences from rodents have found differences in patterns of sequence conservation and evolution. To determine whether these were rodent-specific traits or general features of these genes in mammals I analyzed coding and protein sequences for proglucagon and the receptors for proglucagon-derived peptides from the genomes of 168 mammalian species. Single copy genes for each gene were found in almost all genomes. In addition to glucagon sequences within Hystricognath rodents (e.g., guinea pig), glucagon sequences from a few other groups (e.g., pangolins and some bats) as well as changes in the proteolytic processing of GLP-1 in some bats are suggested to have functional effects. GLP-2 sequences display increased variability but accepted few substitutions that are predicted to have functional consequences. In parallel, Glp2r sequences display the most rapid protein sequence evolution, and show greater variability in amino acids at sites involved in ligand interaction, however most were not predicted to have a functional consequence. These observations suggest that a greater diversity in biological functions for proglucagon-derived peptides might exist in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: David M. Irwin,
| |
Collapse
|