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Bridge L, Chen S, Jones B. Computational modelling of dynamic cAMP responses to GPCR agonists for exploration of GLP-1R ligand effects in pancreatic β-cells and neurons. Cell Signal 2024; 119:111153. [PMID: 38556030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which plays important physiological roles in insulin release and promoting fullness. GLP-1R agonists initiate cellular responses by cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway signal transduction. Understanding of the potential of GLP-1R agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes may be advanced by considering the cAMP dynamics for agonists at GLP-1R in both pancreatic β-cells (important in insulin release) and neurons (important in appetite regulation). Receptor desensitisation in the cAMP pathway is known to be an important regulatory mechanism, with different ligands differentially promoting G protein activation and desensitisation. Here, we use mathematical modelling to quantify and understand experimentally obtained cAMP timecourses for two GLP-1R agonists, exendin-F1 (ExF1) and exendin-D3 (ExD3), which give markedly different signals in β-cells and neurons. We formulate an ordinary differential equation (ODE) model for the dynamics of cAMP signalling in response to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands, encompassing ligand binding, receptor activation, G protein activation, desensitisation and second messenger generation. We validate our model initially by fitting to timecourse data for HEK293 cells, then proceed to parameterise the model for β-cells and neurons. Through numerical simulation and sensitivity studies, our analysis adds support to the hypothesis that ExF1 offers more potential glucose regulation benefit than ExD3 over long timescales via signalling in pancreatic β-cells, but that there is little difference between the two ligands in the potential appetite suppression effects offered via long-time signalling in neurons on the same timescales.
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Smidt JM, Lykke L, Stidsen CE, Pristovšek N, Gothelf K. Synthesis of peptide-siRNA conjugates via internal sulfonylphosphoramidate modifications and evaluation of their in vitro activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:49-58. [PMID: 37971296 PMCID: PMC10783514 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugates of therapeutic oligonucleotides (ONs) including peptide conjugates, provide a potential solution to the major challenge of specific tissue delivery faced by this class of drugs. Conjugations are often positioned terminal at the ONs, although internal placement of other chemical modifications are known to be of critical importance. The introduction of internal conjugation handles in chemically modified ONs require highly specialized and expensive nucleoside phosphoramidites. Here, we present a method for synthesizing a library of peptide-siRNA conjugates by conjugation at internal phosphorous positions via sulfonylphosphoramidate modifications incorporated into the sense strand. The sulfonylphosphoramidate modification offers benefits as it can be directly incorporated into chemically modified ONs by simply changing the oxidation step during synthesis, and furthermore holds the potential to create multifunctionalized therapeutic ONs. We have developed a workflow using a novel pH-controlled amine-to-amine linker that yields peptide-siRNA conjugates linked via amide bonds, and we have synthesized conjugates between GLP1 peptides and a HPRT1 siRNA as a model system. The in vitro activity of the conjugates was tested by GLP1R activity and knockdown of the HPRT1 gene. We found that conjugation near the 3'-end is more favorable than certain central internal positions and different internal conjugation strategies were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Melgaard Smidt
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lennart Lykke
- Research Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Carsten Enggaard Stidsen
- Centre for Functional Assays and Screening, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Nuša Pristovšek
- Centre for Functional Assays and Screening, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Hinds CE, Peace E, Chen S, Davies I, El Eid L, Tomas A, Tan T, Minnion J, Jones B, Bloom SR. Abolishing β-arrestin recruitment is necessary for the full metabolic benefits of G protein-biased glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:65-77. [PMID: 37795639 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Earlier studies have shown that peptide glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists with reduced β-arrestin recruitment show enhanced anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy through avoidance of GLP-1R desensitization. However, the ligand modifications needed to decrease β-arrestin recruitment usually also reduces GLP-1R affinity, therefore higher doses are needed. Here we aimed to develop new, long-acting, G protein-biased GLP-1R agonists with acute signalling potency comparable with semaglutide, to provide insights into specific experimental and therapeutic scenarios. MATERIALS AND METHODS New GLP-1R agonist peptides were assessed using a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays. RESULTS First, we show that very substantial reductions in β-arrestin recruitment efficacy are required to realize fully the benefits of GLP-1R agonism on blood glucose lowering in mice, with more moderate reductions being less effective. Secondly, our lead compound (SRB107) performs substantially better than semaglutide for effects on blood glucose and weight loss, which may be jointly attributable to its biased agonist action and protracted pharmacokinetics. Thirdly, we show that biased agonist-specific GLP-1R internalization profiles occur at clinically relevant pharmacological concentrations. Finally, we show that SRB107 cAMP signalling is differentially modulated by single and double GLP1R coding variants seen in human populations, with implications for GLP-1R agonist pharmacogenomics. CONCLUSIONS Completely abolishing β-arrestin recruitment improves the anti-hyperglycaemic effects of GLP-1R agonists in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Hinds
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ellie Peace
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shiqian Chen
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Iona Davies
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Liliane El Eid
- Section of Cell Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tricia Tan
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James Minnion
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Lee J, Gonzalez-Hernandez AJ, Kristt M, Abreu N, Roßmann K, Arefin A, Marx DC, Broichhagen J, Levitz J. Distinct beta-arrestin coupling and intracellular trafficking of metabotropic glutamate receptor homo- and heterodimers. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi8076. [PMID: 38055809 PMCID: PMC10699790 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are family C, dimeric G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which play critical roles in synaptic transmission. Despite an increasing appreciation of the molecular diversity of this family, how distinct mGluR subtypes are regulated remains poorly understood. We reveal that different group II/III mGluR subtypes show markedly different beta-arrestin (β-arr) coupling and endocytic trafficking. While mGluR2 is resistant to internalization and mGluR3 shows transient β-arr coupling, which enables endocytosis and recycling, mGluR8 and β-arr form stable complexes, which leads to efficient lysosomal targeting and degradation. Using chimeras and mutagenesis, we pinpoint carboxyl-terminal domain regions that control β-arr coupling and trafficking, including the identification of an mGluR8 splice variant with impaired internalization. We then use a battery of high-resolution fluorescence assays to find that heterodimerization further expands the diversity of mGluR regulation. Together, this work provides insight into the relationship between GPCR/β-arr complex formation and trafficking while revealing diversity and intricacy in the regulation of mGluRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Melanie Kristt
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nohely Abreu
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kilian Roßmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anisul Arefin
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dagan C. Marx
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Joshua Levitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Luo S, Zuo Y, Cui X, Zhang M, Jin H, Hong L. Effects of liraglutide on ANP secretion and cardiac dynamics. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:e230176. [PMID: 37681442 PMCID: PMC10563649 DOI: 10.1530/ec-23-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
To observe the effects of liraglutide (analog of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)) on atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion and atrial dynamics, an ex vivo isolated rat atrial perfusion model was used to determine atrial ANP secretion and pulse pressure. DPP-4-/- mice were also established in vivo. ANP levels were determined by radioimmunoassay; GLP-1 content was determined by Elisa. The expression levels of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), PI3K/AKT/mTOR, piezo 1, and cathepsin K were analyzed by Western blot. In the clinical study, patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) had low levels of plasma GLP-1 but relatively high levels of plasma ANP. In ex vivo (3.2 nmol/L) and in vivo (30 μg/kg) models, liraglutide significantly decreased ANP levels and atrial pulse pressure. Exendin9-39 alone (GLP-1R antagonist) reversibly significantly increased ANP secretion, and the reduction effect of liraglutide on the secretion of ANP was significantly alleviated by Exendin9-39. Exendin9-39 demonstrated slightly decreased atrial pulse pressure; however, combined liraglutide and Exendin9-39 significantly decreased atrial pulse pressure. Ly294002 (PI3K/AKT inhibitor) inhibited the increase of ANP secretion by liraglutide for a short time, while Ly294002 didn't counteract the decrease in pulse pressure by liraglutide in atrial dynamics studies. Liraglutide increased the expression of GLP-1R and PI3K/AKT/mTOR in isolated rat atria and the hearts of mice in vivo, whereas Exendin9-39 reversibly reduced the expression of GLP-1R and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Piezo 1 was significantly decreased in wild type and DPP-4-/- mouse heart or isolated rat atria after being treated with liraglutide. Cathepsin K expression was only decreased in in vivo model hearts. Liraglutide can inhibit ANP secretion while decreasing atrial pulse pressure mediated by GLP-1R. Liraglutide probably plays a role in the reduction of ANP secretion via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Piezo 1 and cathepsin K may be involved in the liraglutide mechanism of reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghe Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yunhui Zuo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Xiaotian Cui
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Meiping Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Honghua Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Lan Hong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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Bitsi S, El Eid L, Manchanda Y, Oqua AI, Mohamed N, Hansen B, Suba K, Rutter GA, Salem V, Jones B, Tomas A. Divergent acute versus prolonged pharmacological GLP-1R responses in adult β cell-specific β-arrestin 2 knockout mice. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadf7737. [PMID: 37134170 PMCID: PMC10156113 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf7737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a major type 2 diabetes therapeutic target. Stimulated GLP-1Rs are rapidly desensitized by β-arrestins, scaffolding proteins that not only terminate G protein interactions but also act as independent signaling mediators. Here, we have assessed in vivo glycemic responses to the pharmacological GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 in adult β cell-specific β-arrestin 2 knockout (KO) mice. KOs displayed a sex-dimorphic phenotype consisting of weaker acute responses that improved 6 hours after agonist injection. Similar effects were observed for semaglutide and tirzepatide but not with biased agonist exendin-phe1. Acute cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate increases were impaired, but desensitization reduced in KO islets. The former defect was attributed to enhanced β-arrestin 1 and phosphodiesterase 4 activities, while reduced desensitization co-occurred with impaired GLP-1R recycling and lysosomal targeting, increased trans-Golgi network signaling, and reduced GLP-1R ubiquitination. This study has unveiled fundamental aspects of GLP-1R response regulation with direct application to the rational design of GLP-1R-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Bitsi
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Liliane El Eid
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yusman Manchanda
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Affiong I Oqua
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nimco Mohamed
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Hansen
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kinga Suba
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- CHUM Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Victoria Salem
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Austin GO, Tomas A. Variation in responses to incretin therapy: Modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1170181. [PMID: 37091864 PMCID: PMC10119428 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1170181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity have reached epidemic proportions. Incretin therapy is the second line of treatment for T2D, improving both blood glucose regulation and weight loss. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-stimulated insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are the incretin hormones that provide the foundations for these drugs. While these therapies have been highly effective for some, the results are variable. Incretin therapies target the class B G protein-coupled receptors GLP-1R and GIPR, expressed mainly in the pancreas and the hypothalamus, while some therapeutical approaches include additional targeting of the related glucagon receptor (GCGR) in the liver. The proper functioning of these receptors is crucial for incretin therapy success and here we review several mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level that influence an individual's response to incretin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Manchanda Y, Bitsi S, Chen S, Broichhagen J, Bernardino de la Serna J, Jones B, Tomas A. Enhanced Endosomal Signaling and Desensitization of GLP-1R vs GIPR in Pancreatic Beta Cells. Endocrinology 2023; 164:7034684. [PMID: 36774542 PMCID: PMC10016038 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The incretin receptors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), are prime therapeutic targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. They are expressed in pancreatic beta cells where they potentiate insulin release in response to food intake. Despite GIP being the main incretin in healthy individuals, GLP-1R has been favored as a therapeutic target due to blunted GIPR responses in T2D patients and conflicting effects of GIPR agonists and antagonists in improving glucose tolerance and preventing weight gain. There is, however, a recently renewed interest in GIPR biology, following the realization that GIPR responses can be restored after an initial period of blood glucose normalization and the recent development of dual GLP-1R/GIPR agonists with superior capacity for controlling blood glucose levels and weight. The importance of GLP-1R trafficking and subcellular signaling in the control of receptor outputs is well established, but little is known about the pattern of spatiotemporal signaling from the GIPR in beta cells. Here, we have directly compared surface expression, trafficking, and signaling characteristics of both incretin receptors in pancreatic beta cells to identify potential differences that might underlie distinct pharmacological responses associated with each receptor. Our results indicate increased cell surface levels, internalization, degradation, and endosomal vs plasma membrane activity for the GLP-1R, while the GIPR is instead associated with increased plasma membrane recycling, reduced desensitization, and enhanced downstream signal amplification. These differences might have potential implications for the capacity of each incretin receptor to control beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusman Manchanda
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stavroula Bitsi
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Shiqian Chen
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin 13125, Germany
| | | | - Ben Jones
- Correspondence: Alejandra Tomas, PhD, Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK, ; or Ben Jones, MD, PhD, Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK,
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Correspondence: Alejandra Tomas, PhD, Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK, ; or Ben Jones, MD, PhD, Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK,
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Wan W, Qin Q, Xie L, Zhang H, Wu F, Stevens RC, Liu Y. GLP-1R Signaling and Functional Molecules in Incretin Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020751. [PMID: 36677809 PMCID: PMC9866634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a critical therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The GLP-1R cellular signaling mechanism relevant to insulin secretion and blood glucose regulation has been extensively studied. Numerous drugs targeting GLP-1R have entered clinical treatment. However, novel functional molecules with reduced side effects and enhanced therapeutic efficacy are still in high demand. In this review, we summarize the basis of GLP-1R cellular signaling, and how it is involved in the treatment of T2DM. We review the functional molecules of incretin therapy in various stages of clinical trials. We also outline the current strategies and emerging techniques that are furthering the development of novel therapeutic drugs for T2DM and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Wan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qikai Qin
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Linshan Xie
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hanqing Zhang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Structure Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Structure Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Correspondence: (R.C.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Correspondence: (R.C.S.); (Y.L.)
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10
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Jones B, Burade V, Akalestou E, Manchanda Y, Ramchunder Z, Carrat G, Nguyen‐Tu M, Marchetti P, Piemonti L, Leclerc I, Thennati R, Vilsboll T, Thorens B, Tomas A, Rutter GA. In vivo and in vitro characterization of GL0034, a novel long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:2090-2101. [PMID: 35676825 PMCID: PMC9796023 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the in vitro characteristics and antidiabetic in vivo efficacy of the novel glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) GL0034. MATERIALS AND METHODS Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) kinetic binding parameters, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling, endocytosis and recycling were measured using HEK293 and INS-1832/3 cells expressing human GLP-1R. Insulin secretion was measured in vitro using INS-1832/3 cells, mouse islets and human islets. Chronic administration studies to evaluate weight loss and glycaemic effects were performed in db/db and diet-induced obese mice. RESULTS Compared to the leading GLP-1RA semaglutide, GL0034 showed increased binding affinity and potency-driven bias in favour of cAMP over GLP-1R endocytosis and β-arrestin-2 recruitment. Insulin secretory responses were similar for both ligands. GL0034 (6 nmol/kg) led to at least as much weight loss and lowering of blood glucose as did semaglutide at a higher dose (14 nmol/kg). CONCLUSIONS GL0034 is a G protein-biased agonist that shows powerful antidiabetic effects in mice, and may serve as a promising new GLP-1RA for obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Vinod Burade
- High Impact Innovations—Sustainable Health SolutionsSun Pharmaceutical Industries LimitedVadodaraIndia
| | - Elina Akalestou
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Yusman Manchanda
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Zenouska Ramchunder
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gaëlle Carrat
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Marie‐Sophie Nguyen‐Tu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell LaboratoryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research InstituteIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Isabelle Leclerc
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
- CRCHUMUniversity of MontréalMontréalCanada
| | - Rajamannar Thennati
- High Impact Innovations—Sustainable Health SolutionsSun Pharmaceutical Industries LimitedVadodaraIndia
| | - Tina Vilsboll
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte HospitalUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
- CRCHUMUniversity of MontréalMontréalCanada
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
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11
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El Eid L, Reynolds CA, Tomas A, Ben Jones. Biased Agonism and Polymorphic Variation at the GLP-1 Receptor: Implications for the Development of Personalised Therapeutics. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106411. [PMID: 36007775 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a well-studied incretin hormone receptor and target of several therapeutic drugs for type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and, more recently, cardiovascular disease. Some signalling pathways downstream of GLP-1R may be responsible for drug adverse effects such as nausea, while others mediate therapeutic outcomes of incretin-based T2D therapeutics. Understanding the interplay between different factors that alter signalling, trafficking, and receptor activity, including biased agonism, single nucleotide polymorphisms and structural modifications is key to develop the next-generation of personalised GLP-1R agonists. However, these interactions remain poorly described, especially for novel therapeutics such as dual and tri-agonists that target more than one incretin receptor. Comparison of GLP-1R structures in complex with G proteins and different peptide and non-peptide agonists has revealed novel insights into important agonist-residue interactions and networks crucial for receptor activation, recruitment of G proteins and engagement of specific signalling pathways. Here, we review the latest knowledge on GLP-1R structure and activation, providing structural evidence for biased agonism and delineating important networks associated with this phenomenon. We survey current biased agonists and multi-agonists at different stages of development, highlighting possible challenges in their translational potential. Lastly, we discuss findings related to non-synonymous genomic variants of GLP1R and the functional importance of specific residues involved in GLP-1R function. We propose that studies of GLP-1R polymorphisms, and specifically their effect on receptor dynamics and pharmacology in response to biased agonists, could have a significant impact in delineating precision medicine approaches and development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane El Eid
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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12
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Ast J, Novak AN, Podewin T, Fine NHF, Jones B, Tomas A, Birke R, Roßmann K, Mathes B, Eichhorst J, Lehmann M, Linnemann AK, Hodson DJ, Broichhagen J. Expanded LUXendin Color Palette for GLP1R Detection and Visualization In Vitro and In Vivo. JACS Au 2022; 2:1007-1017. [PMID: 35557759 PMCID: PMC9088800 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) is expressed in peripheral tissues and the brain, where it exerts pleiotropic actions on metabolic and inflammatory processes. Detection and visualization of GLP1R remains challenging, partly due to a lack of validated reagents. Previously, we generated LUXendins, antagonistic red and far-red fluorescent probes for specific labeling of GLP1R in live and fixed cells/tissues. We now extend this concept to the green and near-infrared color ranges by synthesizing and testing LUXendin492, LUXendin551, LUXendin615, and LUXendin762. All four probes brightly and specifically label GLP1R in cells and pancreatic islets. Further, LUXendin551 acts as a chemical beta cell reporter in preclinical rodent models, while LUXendin762 allows noninvasive imaging, highlighting differentially accessible GLP1R populations. We thus expand the color palette of LUXendins to seven different spectra, opening up a range of experiments using wide-field microscopy available in most labs through super-resolution imaging and whole animal imaging. With this, we expect that LUXendins will continue to generate novel and specific insights into GLP1R biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ast
- Institute
of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane
Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Centre
for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Alissa N. Novak
- Department
of Pediatrics, and Indiana Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Tom Podewin
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Nicholas H. F. Fine
- Institute
of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane
Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Centre
for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Ben Jones
- Section
of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes,
Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College
London, London W12 0NN, U.K.
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of
Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology
and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, U.K.
| | - Ramona Birke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut
für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Kilian Roßmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut
für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Bettina Mathes
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jenny Eichhorst
- Department
of Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut
für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Department
of Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut
für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Amelia K. Linnemann
- Department
of Pediatrics, and Indiana Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - David J. Hodson
- Institute
of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane
Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Centre
for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Oxford
Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford
Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Radcliffe Department
of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, U.K.
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut
für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin 13125, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are extensively used in type 2 diabetic patients for the effective control of hyperglycemia. It is now clear from outcomes trials that this class of drugs offers important additional benefits to these patients due to reducing the risk of developing major adverse cardiac events (MACE). This risk reduction is, in part, due to effective glycemic control in patients; however, the various outcomes trials, further validated by subsequent meta-analysis of the outcomes trials, suggest that the risk reduction in MACE is also dependent on glycemic-independent mechanisms operant in cardiovascular tissues. These glycemic-independent mechanisms are likely mediated by GLP-1 receptors found throughout the cardiovascular system and by the complex signaling cascades triggered by the binding of agonists to the G-protein coupled receptors. This heterogeneity of signaling pathways underlying different downstream effects of GLP-1 agonists, and the discovery of biased agonists favoring specific signaling pathways, may have import in the future treatment of MACE in these patients. We review the evidence supporting the glycemic-independent evidence for risk reduction of MACE by the GLP-1 receptor agonists and highlight the putative mechanisms underlying these benefits. We also comment on the different signaling pathways which appear important for mediating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentin K Gribkoff
- Section on Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; TheraStat LLC, Weston, MA, United States
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14
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Kay E, Stulz R, Becquart C, Lovric J, Tängemo C, Thomen A, Baždarević D, Najafinobar N, Dahlén A, Pielach A, Fernandez-Rodriguez J, Strömberg R, Ämmälä C, Andersson S, Kurczy M. NanoSIMS Imaging Reveals the Impact of Ligand-ASO Conjugate Stability on ASO Subcellular Distribution. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020463. [PMID: 35214195 PMCID: PMC8876276 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to specific cell types via targeted endocytosis is challenging due to the low cell surface expression of target receptors and inefficient escape of ASOs from the endosomal pathway. Conjugating ASOs to glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) leads to efficient target knockdown, specifically in pancreatic β-cells. It is presumed that ASOs dissociate from GLP1 intracellularly to enable an ASO interaction with its target RNA. It is unknown where or when this happens following GLP1-ASO binding to GLP1R and endocytosis. Here, we use correlative nanoscale secondary ion mass spectroscopy (NanoSIMS) and transmission electron microscopy to explore GLP1-ASO subcellular trafficking in GLP1R overexpressing HEK293 cells. We isotopically label both eGLP1 and ASO, which do not affect the eGLP1-ASO conjugate function. We found that the eGLP1 peptide and ASO are not detected at the same level in the same endosomes, within 30 min of GLP1R-HEK293 cell exposure to eGLP1-ASO. When we utilized different linker chemistry to stabilize the GLP1-ASO conjugate, we observed more ASO located with GLP1 compared to cell incubation with the less stable conjugate. Overall, our work suggests that the ASO separates from GLP1 relatively early in the endocytic pathway, and that linker chemistry might impact the GLP1-ASO function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kay
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Rouven Stulz
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden; (R.S.); (R.S.)
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.D.); (S.A.)
- DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Cécile Becquart
- DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.B.); (J.L.)
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Jelena Lovric
- DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Carolina Tängemo
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Aurélien Thomen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Dženita Baždarević
- Bioscience, Early Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Neda Najafinobar
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Anders Dahlén
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Anna Pielach
- Centre for Cellular Imaging, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.P.); (J.F.-R.)
| | - Julia Fernandez-Rodriguez
- Centre for Cellular Imaging, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.P.); (J.F.-R.)
| | - Roger Strömberg
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden; (R.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Carina Ämmälä
- Bioscience, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Michael Kurczy
- DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.B.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Hao Y, Wei M, Zhang N, Zhang X. Novel glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue exhibits potency-driven G-protein biased agonism with promising effects on diabetes and diabetic dry eye syndrome. Bioengineered 2022; 13:5467-5479. [PMID: 35184645 PMCID: PMC8975272 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2031418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are considered as effective treatments for type 2 diabetes. Here, we describe the in vitro characteristics and in vivo anti-diabetic efficacies of a novel GLP-1RA, termed SM102. The in vitro functions of SM102, including GLP-1R kinetic binding parameter, cAMP activation, endocytosis and recycling, were all evaluated using the INS-1 832/13 cells expressing human GLP-1R. Chronic efficacies study was performed to evaluate the effects of SM102 on the glycemic benefits, body weight loss and other diabetic complications in db/db mice. As a result, SM102 exhibited enhanced binding affinity and potency-driven bias in favor of cAMP over GLP-1R endocytosis and β-Arrestin 2 recruitment, as well as comparable insulin secretory response compared with Semaglutide. In addition, chronic treatment of SM102 led to more promising therapeutical effects on hyperglycemia, weight control and insulin resistance as well as dry eye syndrome (DES) than Semaglutide. Furthermore, SM102 could ameliorate diabetic DES via improving antioxidant properties, inflammatory factors and inhibiting MAPKs pathway in diabetic mice. In conclusion, SM102 is a G protein-biased agonist serving as a promising new GLP-1RA for treating diabetes and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongna Hao
- Corneal Department, Handan City Eye Hospital, Handan, PR China
| | - Min Wei
- Corneal Department, Handan City Eye Hospital, Handan, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Corneal Department, Handan City Eye Hospital, Handan, PR China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- Infection Control Office, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
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16
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are effective treatments for type 2 diabetes as they stimulate insulin release and promote weight loss through appetite suppression. Their main side effect is nausea. All approved GLP-1 agonists are full agonists across multiple signalling pathways. However, selective engagement with specific intracellular effectors, or biased agonism, has been touted as a means to improve GLP-1 agonists therapeutic efficacy. In this review, I critically examine how GLP-1 receptor-mediated intracellular signalling is linked to physiological responses and discuss the implications of recent studies investigating the metabolic effects of biased GLP-1 agonists. Overall, there is little conclusive evidence that beneficial and adverse effects of GLP-1 agonists are attributable to distinct, nonoverlapping signalling pathways. Instead, G protein-biased GLP-1 agonists appear to achieve enhanced anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy by avoiding GLP-1 receptor desensitisation and downregulation, partly via reduced β-arrestin recruitment. This effect seemingly applies more to insulin release than to appetite regulation and nausea, possible reasons for which are discussed. At present, most evidence derives from cellular and animal studies, and more human data are required to determine whether this approach represents a genuine therapeutic advance. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on GLP1 receptor ligands (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
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17
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists target the GLP1R, whereas dual GLP1R/ gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) agonists target both the GLP1R and GIPR. Despite the importance of these drug classes for the treatment of diabetes and obesity, still very little is known about the localization of GLP1R and GIPR themselves. Complicating matters is the low abundance of GLP1R and GIPR mRNA/protein, as well as a lack of specific and validated reagents for their detection. Without knowing where GLP1R and GIPR are located, it is difficult to propose mechanisms of action in the various target organs, and whether this is indirect or direct. In the current review, we will explain the steps needed to properly validate reagents for endogenous GLP1R/GIPR detection, describe the available approaches to visualize GLP1R/GIPR, and provide an update on the state-of-art. The overall aim is to provide a reference resource for researchers interested in GLP1R and GIPR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ast
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK.
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18
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Lucey M, Ashik T, Marzook A, Wang Y, Goulding J, Oishi A, Broichhagen J, Hodson DJ, Minnion J, Elani Y, Jockers R, Briddon SJ, Bloom SR, Tomas A, Jones B. Acylation of the Incretin Peptide Exendin-4 Directly Impacts Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Signaling and Trafficking. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:319-334. [PMID: 34315812 PMCID: PMC8626645 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor and mainstay therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Recent reports have highlighted how biased agonism at the GLP-1R affects sustained glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through avoidance of desensitization and downregulation. A number of GLP-1R agonists (GLP-1RAs) feature a fatty acid moiety to prolong their pharmacokinetics via increased albumin binding, but the potential for these chemical changes to influence GLP-1R function has rarely been investigated beyond potency assessments for cAMP. Here, we directly compare the prototypical GLP-1RA exendin-4 with its C-terminally acylated analog, exendin-4-C16. We examine relative propensities of each ligand to recruit and activate G proteins and β-arrestins, endocytic and postendocytic trafficking profiles, and interactions with model and cellular membranes in HEK293 and HEK293T cells. Both ligands had similar cAMP potency, but exendin-4-C16 showed ∼2.5-fold bias toward G protein recruitment and a ∼60% reduction in β-arrestin-2 recruitment efficacy compared with exendin-4, as well as reduced GLP-1R endocytosis and preferential targeting toward recycling pathways. These effects were associated with reduced movement of the GLP-1R extracellular domain measured using a conformational biosensor approach and a ∼70% increase in insulin secretion in INS-1 832/3 cells. Interactions with plasma membrane lipids were enhanced by the acyl chain. Exendin-4-C16 showed extensive albumin binding and was highly effective for lowering of blood glucose in mice over at least 72 hours. Our study highlights the importance of a broad approach to the evaluation of GLP-1RA pharmacology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Acylation is a common strategy to enhance the pharmacokinetics of peptide-based drugs. This work shows how acylation can also affect various other pharmacological parameters, including biased agonism, receptor trafficking, and interactions with the plasma membrane, which may be therapeutically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lucey
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Tanyel Ashik
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Amaara Marzook
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Yifan Wang
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Joëlle Goulding
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Atsuro Oishi
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - David J Hodson
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - James Minnion
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Yuval Elani
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
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19
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Ahn YJ, Shin HJ, Jeong EA, An HS, Lee JY, Jang HM, Kim KE, Lee J, Shin MC, Roh GS. Exendin-4 Pretreatment Attenuates Kainic Acid-Induced Hippocampal Neuronal Death. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102527. [PMID: 34685508 PMCID: PMC8534217 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exendin-4 (Ex-4) is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist that protects against brain injury. However, little is known about the effect of Ex-4 on kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures and hippocampal cell death. Therefore, this study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of Ex-4 pretreatment in a mouse model of KA-induced seizures. Three days before KA treatment, mice were intraperitoneally injected with Ex-4. We found that Ex-4 pretreatment reversed KA-induced reduction of GLP-1R expression in the hippocampus and attenuated KA-induced seizure score, hippocampal neuronal death, and neuroinflammation. Ex-4 pretreatment also dramatically reduced hippocampal lipocalin-2 protein in KA-treated mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies showed that Ex-4 pretreatment significantly alleviated blood–brain barrier leakage. Finally, Ex-4 pretreatment stimulated hippocampal expression of phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (p-CREB), a known target of GLP-1/GLP-1R signaling. These findings indicate that Ex-4 pretreatment may protect against KA-induced neuronal damage by regulating GLP-1R/CREB-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jeong Ahn
- Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (Y.-J.A.); (H.-J.S.); (E.-A.J.); (H.-S.A.); (J.-Y.L.); (H.-M.J.); (K.-E.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Hyun-Joo Shin
- Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (Y.-J.A.); (H.-J.S.); (E.-A.J.); (H.-S.A.); (J.-Y.L.); (H.-M.J.); (K.-E.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Eun-Ae Jeong
- Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (Y.-J.A.); (H.-J.S.); (E.-A.J.); (H.-S.A.); (J.-Y.L.); (H.-M.J.); (K.-E.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Hyeong-Seok An
- Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (Y.-J.A.); (H.-J.S.); (E.-A.J.); (H.-S.A.); (J.-Y.L.); (H.-M.J.); (K.-E.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Jong-Youl Lee
- Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (Y.-J.A.); (H.-J.S.); (E.-A.J.); (H.-S.A.); (J.-Y.L.); (H.-M.J.); (K.-E.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Hye-Min Jang
- Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (Y.-J.A.); (H.-J.S.); (E.-A.J.); (H.-S.A.); (J.-Y.L.); (H.-M.J.); (K.-E.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Kyung-Eun Kim
- Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (Y.-J.A.); (H.-J.S.); (E.-A.J.); (H.-S.A.); (J.-Y.L.); (H.-M.J.); (K.-E.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Jaewoong Lee
- Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (Y.-J.A.); (H.-J.S.); (E.-A.J.); (H.-S.A.); (J.-Y.L.); (H.-M.J.); (K.-E.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Meong-Cheol Shin
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Gu-Seob Roh
- Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (Y.-J.A.); (H.-J.S.); (E.-A.J.); (H.-S.A.); (J.-Y.L.); (H.-M.J.); (K.-E.K.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-8035; Fax: +82-55-772-8039
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20
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Marzook A, Chen S, Pickford P, Lucey M, Wang Y, Corrêa IR, Broichhagen J, Hodson DJ, Salem V, Rutter GA, Tan TM, Bloom SR, Tomas A, Jones B. Evaluation of efficacy- versus affinity-driven agonism with biased GLP-1R ligands P5 and exendin-F1. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114656. [PMID: 34129856 PMCID: PMC8346945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is an important regulator of glucose homeostasis and has been successfully targeted for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Recently described biased GLP-1R agonists with selective reductions in β-arrestin versus G protein coupling show improved metabolic actions in vivo. However, two prototypical G protein-favouring GLP-1R agonists, P5 and exendin-F1, are reported to show divergent effects on insulin secretion. In this study we aimed to resolve this discrepancy by performing a side-by-side characterisation of these two ligands across a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays. Exendin-F1 showed reduced acute efficacy versus P5 for several readouts, including recruitment of mini-G proteins, G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestin-2. Maximal responses were also lower for both GLP-1R internalisation and the presence of active GLP-1R-mini-Gs complexes in early endosomes with exendin-F1 treatment. In contrast, prolonged insulin secretion in vitro and sustained anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy in mice were both greater with exendin-F1 than with P5. We conclude that the particularly low acute efficacy of exendin-F1 and associated reductions in GLP-1R downregulation appear to be more important than preservation of endosomal signalling to allow sustained insulin secretion responses. This has implications for the ongoing development of affinity- versus efficacy-driven biased GLP-1R agonists as treatments for metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaara Marzook
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shiqian Chen
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Pickford
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Lucey
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yifan Wang
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Salem
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tricia M Tan
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Marzook A, Tomas A, Jones B. The Interplay of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Trafficking and Signalling in Pancreatic Beta Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:678055. [PMID: 34040588 PMCID: PMC8143046 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.678055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which mediates the effects of GLP-1, an incretin hormone secreted primarily from L-cells in the intestine and within the central nervous system. The GLP-1R, upon activation, exerts several metabolic effects including the release of insulin and suppression of appetite, and has, accordingly, become an important target for the treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently, there has been heightened interest in how the activated GLP-1R is trafficked between different endomembrane compartments, controlling the spatial origin and duration of intracellular signals. The discovery of "biased" GLP-1R agonists that show altered trafficking profiles and selective engagement with different intracellular effectors has added to the tools available to study the mechanisms and physiological importance of these processes. In this review we survey early and recent work that has shed light on the interplay between GLP-1R signalling and trafficking, and how it might be therapeutically tractable for T2D and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaara Marzook
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Cataldo LR, Vishnu N, Singh T, Bertonnier-Brouty L, Bsharat S, Luan C, Renström E, Prasad RB, Fex M, Mulder H, Artner I. The MafA-target gene PPP1R1A regulates GLP1R-mediated amplification of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in β-cells. Metabolism 2021; 118:154734. [PMID: 33631146 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The amplification of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) through incretin signaling is critical for maintaining physiological glucose levels. Incretins, like glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), are a target of type 2 diabetes drugs aiming to enhance insulin secretion. Here we show that the protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor protein 1A (PPP1R1A), is expressed in β-cells and that its expression is reduced in dysfunctional β-cells lacking MafA and upon acute MafA knock down. MafA is a central regulator of GSIS and β-cell function. We observed a strong correlation of MAFA and PPP1R1A mRNA levels in human islets, moreover, PPP1R1A mRNA levels were reduced in type 2 diabetic islets and positively correlated with GLP1-mediated GSIS amplification. PPP1R1A silencing in INS1 (832/13) β-cells impaired GSIS amplification, PKA-target protein phosphorylation, mitochondrial coupling efficiency and also the expression of critical β-cell marker genes like MafA, Pdx1, NeuroD1 and Pax6. Our results demonstrate that the β-cell transcription factor MafA is required for PPP1R1A expression and that reduced β-cell PPP1R1A levels impaired β-cell function and contributed to β-cell dedifferentiation during type 2 diabetes. Loss of PPP1R1A in type 2 diabetic β-cells may explains the unresponsiveness of type 2 diabetic patients to GLP1R-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rodrigo Cataldo
- Endocrine Cell Differentiation and Function group, Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Sweden; Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center, Sweden.
| | - Neelanjan Vishnu
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center, Sweden
| | - Tania Singh
- Endocrine Cell Differentiation and Function group, Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Sweden; Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center, Sweden
| | - Ludivine Bertonnier-Brouty
- Endocrine Cell Differentiation and Function group, Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Sweden; Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center, Sweden
| | - Sara Bsharat
- Endocrine Cell Differentiation and Function group, Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Sweden; Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center, Sweden
| | - Cheng Luan
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center, Sweden
| | - Erik Renström
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center, Sweden
| | - Rashmi B Prasad
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Sweden
| | - Malin Fex
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center, Sweden
| | - Hindrik Mulder
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center, Sweden
| | - Isabella Artner
- Endocrine Cell Differentiation and Function group, Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Sweden; Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center, Sweden.
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23
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Knerr L, Prakash TP, Lee R, Drury Iii WJ, Nikan M, Fu W, Pirie E, Maria LD, Valeur E, Hayen A, Ölwegård-Halvarsson M, Broddefalk J, Ämmälä C, Østergaard ME, Meuller J, Sundström L, Andersson P, Janzén D, Jansson-Löfmark R, Seth PP, Andersson S. Glucagon Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists for Targeted Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides to Pancreatic Beta Cell. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3416-3429. [PMID: 33626278 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extra hepatic delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) remains a challenge and hampers the widespread application of this powerful class of therapeutic agents. In that regard, pancreatic beta cells are a particularly attractive but challenging cell type because of their pivotal role in diabetes and the fact that they are refractory to uptake of unconjugated ASOs. To circumvent this, we have expanded our understanding of the structure activity relationship of ASOs conjugated to Glucagon Like Peptide 1 Receptor (GLP1R) agonist peptide ligands. We demonstrate the key role of the linker chemistry and its optimization to design maleimide based conjugates with improved in vivo efficacy. In addition, truncation studies and scoping of a diverse set of GLP1R agonists proved fruitful to identify additional targeting ligands efficacious in vivo including native hGLP1(7-36)NH2. Variation of the carrier peptide also shed some light on the dramatic impact of subtle sequence differences on the corresponding ASO conjugate performance in vivo, an area which clearly warrant further investigations. We have confirmed the remarkable potential of GLP1R agonist conjugation for the delivery of ASOs to pancreatic beta cell by effectively knocking down islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) mRNA, a potential proapoptotic target, in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Knerr
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thazha P Prakash
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Richard Lee
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - William J Drury Iii
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mehran Nikan
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Wuxia Fu
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Elaine Pirie
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Leonardo De Maria
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eric Valeur
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahlke Hayen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Ölwegård-Halvarsson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Broddefalk
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Ämmälä
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael E Østergaard
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Johan Meuller
- Mechanistic Biology & Profiling, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda Sundström
- Mechanistic Biology & Profiling, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Andersson
- Respiratory and Immunology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Janzén
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Punit P Seth
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Research and early Development, Discovery Sciences,, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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