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Arraq RR, Hadi AG, Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Kariuki BM, Husain AA, Bufaroosha M, Yousif E. Enhancement of Photostabilization of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) in the Presence of Tin-Cephalexin Complexes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15. [PMID: 36771851 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, has many attractive properties, including low cost of manufacture, resistance to acid and alkali corrosion, and ease of molding. However, PVC suffers from aging in harsh conditions, leading to the shortening of its useful life. Stability to irradiation, for example, can be improved through the incorporation of additives to PVC. The design, synthesis, and application of new stabilizers continue to attract attention. The current work investigates the effect of three tin-cephalexin complexes on the stability of PVC on irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light (λ = 313 nm) at 25 °C for a long duration. The PVC was blended with tin-cephalexin complexes at low concentrations (0.5% by weight), and thin films (around 40 µm) were made from the mixed materials. Various methods, including weight loss, infrared spectroscopy, and surface inspection of irradiated films were used to investigate the role played by these additives in the inhibition of PVC photodecomposition. The results confirmed that the additives led to a significant reduction in the rate of photodecomposition of the PVC blends. Tin-cephalexin complexes can absorb harmful radiation, deactivate hydrogen chloride, and scavenge high-energy species such as peroxides, therefore acting as stabilizers for PVC.
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Naoom N, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Kariuki BM, El-Hiti GA. Synthesis of Methyldopa-Tin Complexes and Their Applicability as Photostabilizers for the Protection of Polyvinyl Chloride against Photolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4590. [PMID: 36365583 PMCID: PMC9655565 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a ubiquitous thermoplastic that is produced on an enormous industrial scale to meet growing global demand. PVC has many favorable properties and is used in various applications. However, photodecomposition occurs when harsh conditions, such as high temperatures in the presence of oxygen and moisture, are encountered. Thus, PVC is blended with additives to increase its resistance to deterioration caused by exposure to ultraviolet light. In the current research, five methyldopa-tin complexes were synthesized and characterized. The methyldopa-tin complexes were mixed with PVC at a concentration of 0.5% by weight, and thin films were produced. The capability of the complexes to protect PVC from irradiation was shown by a reduction in the formation of small residues containing alcohols, ketones, and alkenes, as well as in weight loss and in the molecular weight of irradiated polymeric blends. In addition, the use of the new additives significantly reduced the roughness factor of the irradiated films. The additives containing aromatic substituents (phenyl rings) were more effective compared to those comprising aliphatic substituents (butyl and methyl groups). Methyldopa-tin complexes have the ability to absorb radiation, coordinate with polymeric chains, and act as radical, peroxide, and hydrogen chloride scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Naoom
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64201, Iraq
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
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Fadhil M, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Kariuki BM, El-Hiti GA. Synthesis and Application of Levofloxacin–Tin Complexes as New Photostabilizers for Polyvinyl Chloride. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183720. [PMID: 36145863 PMCID: PMC9503127 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a synthetic polymer with a wide range of applications with impact on our daily life. It can undergo photodegradation with toxic products that are hazardous to both human health and the environment. In addition, photodegradation shortens the useful lifetime of the material. Elongation of the effective lifespan of PVC is, therefore, a salient area of research. Recently, a lot of attention has been directed toward the design, preparation, and usage of new additives that are capable of reducing the photodecomposition of PVC. This work investigates the synthesis of new levofloxacin-tin complexes and their potential exploitation against the photodecomposition of PVC. Several levofloxacin-tin complexes have been synthesized, in high yields, by a simple procedure and characterized. The potential use of the additives as photostabilizers for PVC has been investigated through the determination of weight loss, molecular weight depression, formation of fragments containing carbonyl and alkene groups, and surface morphology of irradiated PVC films. The results show that the new additives are effective in reducing the photodegradation of PVC. The new levofloxacin-tin complexes act as absorbers of ultraviolet light and quenchers of highly reactive species such as free radicals produced during photodegradation. They are more effective photostabilizers compared with organotin complexes previously reported. The complexes containing aromatic substituents were more effective than those counterparts having aliphatic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Fadhil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64201, Iraq
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
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Fadhil M, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Mohammed A, Hashim H, Ahmed A, Kariuki BM, El-Hiti GA. Synthesis of New Norfloxacin-Tin Complexes to Mitigate the Effect of Ultraviolet-Visible Irradiation in Polyvinyl Chloride Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2812. [PMID: 35890588 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride is used in the manufacturing of a wide range of products, but it is susceptible to degradation if exposed to high temperatures and sunlight. There is therefore a need to continuously explore the design, synthesis, and application of new and improved additives to reduce the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride in harsh environments and for outdoor applications. This research investigates the use of new norfloxacin–tin complexes as additives to inhibit the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride to make it last longer. Reactions between norfloxacin and substituted tin chlorides, in different molar ratios and in methanol under reflux conditions, gave the corresponding organotin complexes in high yields. The chemical structures of the synthesized complexes were established, and their effect on the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride due to ultraviolet-visible irradiation was investigated. Norfloxacin–tin complexes were added to polyvinyl chloride at very low concentrations and homogenous thin films were made. The films were irradiated for a period of up to 300 h, and the damage that occurred was assessed using infrared spectroscopy, polymeric materials weight loss, depression in molecular weight, and surface inspection. The degree of photodegradation in the polymeric materials was much less in the blends containing norfloxacin–tin complexes compared to the case where no additives were used. The use of the additives leads to a reduction in photodegradation (e.g., a reduction in the formation of short-chain polymeric fragments, weight loss, average molecular weight depletion, and roughness factor) of irradiated polyvinyl chloride. The norfloxacin–tin complexes contain aromatic moieties (aryl and heterocycle), heteroatoms (nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine), and an acidic center (tin atom). Therefore, they act as efficient photostabilizers by absorbing the ultraviolet radiation and scavenging hydrogen chloride, peroxides, and radical species, thereby slowing the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride.
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Saleh TA, Al‐tikrity ETB, Ahmed DS, El‐hiti GA, Kariuki BM, Yaseen AA, Ahmed A, Yousif E. Monitoring physicochemical properties of transparent PVC films containing captopril and metal oxide nanoparticles to assess UV blocking. J Polym Res 2022; 29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E, Al-Khazrajy OSA, Abdallh M, Alanazi SA. Modifications of Polymers through the Addition of Ultraviolet Absorbers to Reduce the Aging Effect of Accelerated and Natural Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:20. [PMID: 35012042 PMCID: PMC8747282 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The photooxidative degradation process of plastics caused by ultraviolet irradiation leads to bond breaking, crosslinking, the elimination of volatiles, formation of free radicals, and decreases in weight and molecular weight. Photodegradation deteriorates both the mechanical and physical properties of plastics and affects their predicted life use, in particular for applications in harsh environments. Plastics have many benefits, while on the other hand, they have numerous disadvantages, such as photodegradation and photooxidation in harsh environments and the release of toxic substances due to the leaching of some components, which have a negative effect on living organisms. Therefore, attention is paid to the design and use of safe, plastic, ultraviolet stabilizers that do not pose a danger to the environment if released. Plastic ultraviolet photostabilizers act as efficient light screeners (absorbers or pigments), excited-state deactivators (quenchers), hydroperoxide decomposers, and radical scavengers. Ultraviolet absorbers are cheap to produce, can be used in low concentrations, mix well with polymers to produce a homogenous matrix, and do not alter the color of polymers. Recently, polyphosphates, Schiff bases, and organometallic complexes were synthesized and used as potential ultraviolet absorbers for polymeric materials. They reduced the damage caused by accelerated and natural ultraviolet aging, which was confirmed by inspecting the surface morphology of irradiated polymeric films. For example, atomic force microscopy revealed that the roughness factor of polymers' irradiated surfaces was improved significantly in the presence of ultraviolet absorbers. In addition, the investigation of the surface of irradiated polymers using scanning electron microscopy showed a high degree of homogeneity and the appearance of pores that were different in size and shape. The current work surveys for the first time the use of newly synthesized, ultraviolet absorbers as additives to enhance the photostability of polymeric materials and, in particular, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene, based mainly on our own recent work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq; (E.Y.); (M.A.)
| | - Omar S. A. Al-Khazrajy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haytham), University of Baghdad, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Mustafa Abdallh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq; (E.Y.); (M.A.)
| | - Saud A. Alanazi
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
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Hadi AG, Baqir SJ, Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Hashim H, Ahmed A, Kariuki BM, Yousif E. Substituted Organotin Complexes of 4-Methoxybenzoic Acid for Reduction of Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photodegradation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223946. [PMID: 34833244 PMCID: PMC8621606 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) suffers from degradation through oxidation and decomposition when exposed to radiation and high temperatures. Stabilizers are added to polymeric materials to inhibit their degradation and enable their use for a longer duration in harsh environments. The design of new additives to stabilize poly(vinyl chloride) is therefore desirable. The current study includes the synthesis of new tin complexes of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and investigates their potential as photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride). The reaction of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and substituted tin chlorides gave the corresponding substituted tin complexes in good yields. The structures of the complexes were confirmed using analytical and spectroscopic methods. Poly(vinyl chloride) was doped with a small quantity (0.5%) of the tin complexes and homogenous thin films were made. The effects of the additives on the stability of the polymeric material on irradiation with ultraviolet light were assessed using different methods. Weight loss, production of small polymeric fragments, and drops in molecular weight were lower in the presence of the additives. The surface of poly(vinyl chloride), after irradiation, showed less damage in the films containing additives. The additives, in particular those containing aromatic (phenyl groups) substitutes, inhibited the photodegradation of polymeric films significantly. Such additives act as efficient ultraviolet absorbers, peroxide quenchers, and hydrogen chloride scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham G. Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq;
| | - Sadiq J. Baqir
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51002, Iraq;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
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Yaseen AA, Yousif E, Al-Tikrity ETB, El-Hiti GA, Kariuki BM, Ahmed DS, Bufaroosha M. FTIR, Weight, and Surface Morphology of Poly(vinyl chloride) Doped with Tin Complexes Containing Aromatic and Heterocyclic Moieties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193264. [PMID: 34641080 PMCID: PMC8512238 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is an important synthetic plastic that is produced in large quantities (millions of tons) annually. Additives to PVC are necessary to allow its use in many applications, particularly in harsh conditions. In regard to this, investigation of the synthesis of trimethoprim–tin complexes and their use as PVC additives is reported. Trimethoprim–tin complexes were obtained from the reaction of trimethoprim and tin chlorides using simple procedures. Trimethoprim–tin complexes (0.5% by weight) were added to PVC to produce homogenous mixtures and thin films were made. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the surface and properties of the PVC films was investigated. The level of both photodecomposition and photo-oxidation of PVC films containing trimethoprim–tin complexes was observed to be lower than for the blank film. The effectiveness of tin complexes as PVC photostabilizers reflects the aromaticity of the additives. The complex containing three phenyl groups attached to the tin cation showed the most stabilizing effect on PVC. The complex containing two phenyl groups was next, with the one containing butyl substituents resulting in the least stabilization of PVC. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the role of the synthesized complexes in PVC photostabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaheed A. Yaseen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq; (A.A.Y.); (E.T.B.A.-T.)
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Emaad T. B. Al-Tikrity
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq; (A.A.Y.); (E.T.B.A.-T.)
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Muna Bufaroosha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain 1818, United Arab Emirates;
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Yaseen AA, Al-Tikrity ETB, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Kariuki BM, El-Hiti GA. Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Polystyrene Containing Cephalexin Schiff Bases. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172982. [PMID: 34503022 PMCID: PMC8434342 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The scale of production of polystyrene has escalated in the recent past in order to meet growing demand. As a result, a large quantity of polystyrene waste continues to be generated along with associated health and environmental problems. One way to tackle such problems is to lengthen the lifetime of polystyrene, especially for outdoor applications. Our approach is the synthesis and application of new ultraviolet photostabilizers for polystyrene and this research is focused on four cephalexin Schiff bases. The reaction of cephalexin and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, and 4-bromobanzaldehyde under acidic condition afforded the corresponding Schiff bases in high yields. The Schiff bases were characterized and their surfaces were examined. The Schiff bases were mixed with polystyrene to form homogenous blends and their effectiveness as photostabilizers was explored using different methods. The methods included monitoring the changes in the infrared spectra, weight loss, depression in molecular weight, and surface morphology on irradiation. In the presence of the Schiff bases, the formation of carbonyl group fragments, weight loss, and decrease in molecular weight of polystyrene were lower when compared with pure polystyrene. In addition, undesirable changes in the surface such as the appearance of dark spots, cracks, and roughness were minimal for irradiated polystyrene containing cephalexin Schiff bases. Mechanisms by which cephalexin Schiff bases stabilize polystyrene against photodegradation have also been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaheed A. Yaseen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq; (A.A.Y.); (E.T.B.A.-T.)
| | - Emaad T. B. Al-Tikrity
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq; (A.A.Y.); (E.T.B.A.-T.)
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
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Ghani H, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Kariuki BM, El-Hiti GA. Tin Complexes of 4-(Benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide: Synthesis, Structure Elucidation and Their Efficiency as PVC Photostabilizers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2434. [PMID: 34372037 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) suffers from photo-oxidation and photodegradation when exposed to harsh conditions. Application of PVC thus relies on the development of ever more efficient photostabilizers. The current research reports the synthesis of new complexes of tin and their assessment as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers. The three new complexes were obtained in high yields from reaction of 4-(benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide and tin chlorides. Their structures were elucidated using different tools. The complexes were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) at a very low concentration and thin films were made from the blends. The effectiveness of the tin complexes as photostabilizers has been established using a variety of methods. The new tin complexes led to a decrease in weight loss, formation of small residues, molecular weight depression, and surface alteration of poly(vinyl chloride) after irradiation. The additives act by absorption of ultraviolet light, removal the active chlorine produced through a dehydrochlorination process, decomposition of peroxides, and coordination with the polymeric chains. The triphenyltin complex showed the greatest stabilizing effect against PVC photodegradation as a result of its high aromaticity.
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Jasem H, Hadi AG, El-Hiti GA, Baashen MA, Hashim H, Ahmed AA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Tin-Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid Complexes as Photostabilizers for Poly(vinyl chloride). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123629. [PMID: 34198519 PMCID: PMC8231842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) degrades when exposed to ultraviolet light for long durations; therefore, the photostability of polymeric materials should be enhanced through the application of additives. New organotin complexes containing 4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid were synthesized and their role as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers were evaluated. The reaction of 4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid and appropriate di- or trisubstituted tin chloride (triphenyltin chloride, tributyltin chloride, dibutyltin dichloride, and dimethyltin dichloride) in methanol under reflux gave the corresponding tin-naphthalene complexes with yields of 75%-95%. Elemental analyses and spectroscopic techniques including infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (proton and tin) were used to confirm their structures. The tin complexes were added to poly(vinyl chloride) to produce thin films that irradiated with ultraviolet light. Various parameters were assessed, such as the weight loss, formation of specific functional groups, changes in the surface due to photoirradiation, and rate constant of photodegradation, to test the role played by the organotin complexes to reduce photodegradation in polymeric films. The results proved that organotin complexes acted as photostabilizers in these circumstances. The weight loss, formation of fragments containing specific functional groups, and undesirable changes in the surface of polymeric films were limited in the presence of organotin complexes. Organotin complexes containing three phenyl groups showed the most desirable stabilization effect. These act as efficient primary and secondary photostabilizers, and as decomposers for peroxides. In addition, such an additive inhibits the dehydrochlorination process, which is the main cause of poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer Jasem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq; (H.J.); (A.G.H.)
| | - Angham G. Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq; (H.J.); (A.G.H.)
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
| | - Mohammed A. Baashen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Dawadmi 11911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed A. Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 10067, Iraq;
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
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Ahmed A, El-hiti GA, Hadi AG, Ahmed DS, Baashen MA, Hashim H, Yousif E. Photostabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride) Films Blended with Organotin Complexes of Mefenamic Acid for Outdoor Applications. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:2853. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study develops a process for enhancing the photostabilization of PVC films blended with a low concentration of mefenamate–tin complex. One tri-substituted and three di-substituted organotin complexes containing mefenamate unit are synthesized, and their chemical structures are established. The reactions of mefenamic acid and a number of substituted tin chlorides gave the corresponding tin complexes in 70–77% yields. Tin complexes were blended with PVC and thin films. The effect of the addition of additives against long-term irradiation (290–400 nm, 300 h) is also tested. Changes in the infrared spectra, weight, and surface of the PVC blends due to irradiation are examined and analyzed. Any damage to the PVC surface and its chemical degradation level are noticeably low in the presence of additives. Minimal photodegradation levels and surface changes of the irradiated PVC films are observed when the triphenyltin complex is used. Such a complex is highly aromatic and can act as an ultraviolet irradiation absorber and a scavenger for hydrogen chloride and radicals produced due to the photooxidation and photoirradiation of PVC films.
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Omer RM, Al-Tikrity ETB, Yousif E, El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Ahmed AA. Spectroscopic and Morphological Study of Irradiated PVC Films Doped with Polyphosphates Containing 4,4'-Methylenedianiline. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427220120113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mousa OG, El-Hiti GA, Baashen MA, Bufaroosha M, Ahmed A, Ahmed AA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Synthesis of Carvedilol-Organotin Complexes and Their Effects on Reducing Photodegradation of Poly(Vinyl Chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:500. [PMID: 33561971 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) undergoes photodegradation induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation; therefore, for outdoor applications, its photostability should be enhanced through the use of additives. Several carvedilol tin complexes were synthesized, characterized and mixed with PVC to produce thin films. These films were irradiated at 25 °C with a UV light (λ = 313 nm) for up to 300 h. The reduction in weight and changes in chemical structure and surface morphology of the PVC films were monitored. The films containing synthesized complexes showed less undesirable changes than the pure PVC film. Organotin with a high content of aromatics was particularly efficient in inhibiting photodegradation of PVC. The carvedilol tin complexes both absorbed UV light and scavenged radicals, hydrochloride, and peroxides and, therefore, photostabilized PVC.
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Mohamed SH, Hameed AS, El-hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Kadhom M, Baashen MA, Bufaroosha M, Ahmed AA, Yousif E. A Process for the Synthesis and Use of Highly Aromatic Organosilanes as Additives for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films. Processes (Basel) 2021; 9:91. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three organosilanes were synthesized in good yields from the condensation of 4,4′,4″-((phenylsilanetriyl)tris(oxy))tribenzaldehyde and 4-substituted anilines under acidic conditions. The structure of the organosilanes was confirmed using a variety of techniques. Organosilanes were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and homogenous films were produced. The effect of long-term irradiation on the films containing organosilanes was tested using various methods. Monitoring the infrared spectra of PVC films before, during and after irradiation processes showed the formation of side products comprising polyene, carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The intensities of absorption bands due to these functional groups were much lower in the presence of organosilanes as compared to the blank film. Also, the decrease in the weight and molecular weight of PVC films after irradiation was lower in the presence of organosilanes. Additionally, there was a minimal surface change of irradiated PVC in the presence of organosilanes. Clearly, organosilanes act as inhibitors, particularly the one containing the hydroxyl group, for the photodegradation of PVC. Different mechanisms were proposed to speculate the role played by organosilanes in stabilizing PVC against long-term ultraviolet light exposure.
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Salam B, El-Hiti GA, Bufaroosha M, Ahmed DS, Ahmed A, Alotaibi MH, Yousif E. Tin Complexes Containing an Atenolol Moiety as Photostabilizers for Poly(Vinyl Chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122923. [PMID: 33291282 PMCID: PMC7768508 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lifetime of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) can be increased through the addition of additives to provide protection against irradiation. Therefore, several new tin complexes containing atenolol moieties were synthesized and their photostabilizing effect on PVC was investigated. Reacting atenolol with a number of tin reagents in boiling methanol provided high yields of tin complexes. PVC was then mixed with the tin complexes at a low concentration, producing polymeric thins films. The films were irradiated with ultraviolet light and the resulting damage was assessed using different analytical and surface morphology techniques. Infrared spectroscopy and weight loss determination indicated that the films incorporating tin complexes incurred less damage and less surface changes compared to the blank film. In particular, the triphenyltin complex was very effective in enhancing the photostability of PVC, and this is due to its high aromaticity (three phenyl rings) compared to other complexes. Such an additive acts as a hydrogen chloride scavenger, radical absorber, and hydroperoxide decomposer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baneen Salam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (M.H.A.); (E.Y.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Muna Bufaroosha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain 1818, UAE;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (M.H.A.); (E.Y.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (M.H.A.); (E.Y.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
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Mahmood ZN, Yousif E, Alias M, El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS. Synthesis, characterization, properties, and use of new fusidate organotin complexes as additives to inhibit poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation. J Polym Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Mohammed A, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E, Ahmed AA, Ahmed DS, Alotaibi MH. Protection of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films against Photodegradation Using Various Valsartan Tin Complexes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040969. [PMID: 32326307 PMCID: PMC7240378 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) is a common plastic that is widely used in many industrial applications. Poly(vinyl chloride) is mixed with additives to improve its mechanical and physical properties and to enable its use in harsh environments. Herein, to protect poly(vinyl chloride) films against photoirradiation with ultraviolet light, a number of tin complexes containing valsartan were synthesized and their chemical structures were established. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, and molecular weight determination showed that the non-desirable changes were lower in the films containing the tin complexes than for the blank polymeric films. Analysis of the surface morphology of the irradiated polymeric materials showed that the films containing additives were less rough than the irradiated blank film. The tin complexes protected the poly(vinyl chloride) films against irradiation, where the complexes with high aromaticity were particularly effective. The additives act as primary and secondary stabilizers that absorb the incident radiation and slowly remit it to the polymeric chain as heat energy over time at a harmless level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (E.Y.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (E.Y.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Ahmed A. Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (E.Y.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
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Benettoni P, Ye JY, Holbrook TR, Calabrese F, Wagner S, Zarejousheghani M, Griebel J, Ullrich MK, Musat N, Schmidt M, Flyunt R, Reemtsma T, Richnow HH, Stryhanyuk H. Surface cleaning and sample carrier for complementary high-resolution imaging techniques. Biointerphases 2020; 15:021005. [PMID: 32212739 DOI: 10.1116/1.5143203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, high-resolution imaging techniques are extensively applied in a complementary way to gain insights into complex phenomena. For a truly complementary analytical approach, a common sample carrier is required that is suitable for the different preparation methods necessary for each analytical technique. This sample carrier should be capable of accommodating diverse analytes and maintaining their pristine composition and arrangement during deposition and preparation. In this work, a new type of sample carrier consisting of a silicon wafer with a hydrophilic polymer coating was developed. The robustness of the polymer coating toward solvents was strengthened by cross-linking and stoving. Furthermore, a new method of UV-ozone cleaning was developed that enhances the adhesion of the polymer coating to the wafer and ensures reproducible surface-properties of the resulting sample carrier. The hydrophilicity of the sample carrier was recovered applying the new method of UV-ozone cleaning, while avoiding UV-induced damages to the polymer. Noncontact 3D optical profilometry and contact angle measurements were used to monitor the hydrophilicity of the coating. The hydrophilicity of the polymer coating ensures its spongelike behavior so that upon the deposition of an analyte suspension, the solvent and solutes are separated from the analyte by absorption into the polymer. This feature is essential to limit the coffee-ring effect and preserve the native identity of an analyte upon deposition. The suitability of the sample carrier for various sample types was tested using nanoparticles from suspension, bacterial cells, and tissue sections. To assess the homogeneity of the analyte distribution and preservation of sample integrity, optical and scanning electron microscopy, helium ion microscopy, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry were used. This demonstrates the broad applicability of the newly developed sample carrier and its value for complementary imaging.
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El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E, Alotaibi MH, Satar HA, Ahmed AA. Influence of Polyphosphates on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) after Irradiation with Ultraviolet Light. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E193. [PMID: 31936894 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new polyphosphates were synthesized in good yields by reacting diethylenetriamine with the appropriate phosphate ester in ethanol under acidic conditions. The polyphosphate structures were determined using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopies, and their elemental compositions were confirmed by EDX spectroscopy. Polyphosphates were added to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) at low concentrations to fabricate thin films. The PVC films were irradiated with ultraviolet light for long periods, and the effect of polyphosphates as the photostabilizer was investigated by determining changes in the infrared spectra (intensity of specific functional group peaks), reduction in molecular weight, weight loss, and surface morphology. Minimal changes were seen for PVC films containing polyphosphate compared to that for the blank film. In addition, optical, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopies were used to inspect the surface morphology of films. Undesirable changes due to photodegradation were negligible in PVC films containing additives compared to films containing no additives. In addition, the surfaces were smoother and more homogeneous. Polyphosphates, and in particular ones that contain an ortho-geometry, act as efficient photostabilizers to reduce the rate of photodegradation. Polyphosphates absorb ultraviolet light, chelate with polymeric chains, scavenge radical moieties, and decompose peroxide residues.
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Hadi AG, Jawad K, El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Ahmed AA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Photostabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride) by Organotin(IV) Compounds against Photodegradation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193557. [PMID: 31581427 PMCID: PMC6804033 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a polymer widely used in common household and industrial materials, undergoes photodegradation upon ultraviolet irradiation, leading to undesirable physicochemical properties and a reduced lifetime. In this study, four telmisartan organotin(IV) compounds were tested as photostabilizers against photodegradation. PVC films (40-µm thickness) containing these compounds (0.5 wt%) were irradiated with ultraviolet light at room temperature for up to 300 h. Changes in various polymeric parameters, including the growth of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and alkene functional groups, weight loss, reduction in molecular weight, and appearance of surface irregularities, were investigated to test the efficiency of the photostabilizers. The changes were more noticeable in the blank PVC film than in the films containing the telmisartan organotin(IV) compounds. These results reflect that these compounds effectively inhibit the photodegradation of PVC, possibly by acting as hydrogen chloride and radical scavengers, peroxide decomposers, and primary photostabilizers. The synthesized organotin(IV) complexes could be used as PVC additives to enhance photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham G Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq.
| | - Khudheyer Jawad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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22
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Hadi AG, Yousif E, El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Jawad K, Alotaibi MH, Hashim H. Long-Term Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Poly(vinyl chloride) Films Containing Naproxen Diorganotin(IV) Complexes. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132396. [PMID: 31261834 PMCID: PMC6650850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) photodegrades with long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation, it is desirable to develop methods that enhance the photostability of PVC. In this study, new aromatic-rich diorganotin(IV) complexes were tested as photostabilizers in PVC films. The diorganotin(IV) complexes were synthesized in 79-86% yields by reacting excess naproxen with tin(IV) chlorides. PVC films containing 0.5 wt % diorganotin(IV) complexes were irradiated with ultraviolet light for up to 300 h, and changes within the films were monitored using the weight loss and the formation of specific functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl, and polyene). In addition, changes in the surface morphologies of the films were investigated. The diorganotin(IV) complexes enhanced the photostability of PVC, as the weight loss and surface roughness were much lower in the films with additives than in the blank film. Notably, the dimethyltin(IV) complex was the most efficient photostabilizer. The polymeric film containing this complex exhibited a morphology of regularly distributed hexagonal pores, with a honeycomb-like structure-possibly due to cross-linking and interactions between the additive and the polymeric chains. Various mechanisms, including direct absorption of ultraviolet irradiation, radical or hydrogen chloride scavenging, and polymer chain coordination, could explain how the diorganotin(IV) complexes stabilize PVC against photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham G Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Khudheyer Jawad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
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Alotaibi MH, El-hiti GA, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Hashim H, Hameed AS, Ahmed A. Evaluation of the use of polyphosphates as photostabilizers and in the formation of ball-like polystyrene materials. J Polym Res 2019; 26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hadi AG, Jawad K, Yousif E, El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Ahmed DS. Synthesis of Telmisartan Organotin(IV) Complexes and their use as Carbon Dioxide Capture Media. Molecules 2019; 24:E1631. [PMID: 31027205 PMCID: PMC6514663 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel, porous, highly aromatic organotin(IV) frameworks were successfully synthesized by the condensation of telmisartan and an appropriate tin(IV) chloride. The structures of the synthesized organotin(IV) complexes were elucidated by elemental analysis, 1H-, 13C-, and 119Sn-NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. The surface morphologies of the complexes were inspected by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The synthesized mesoporous organotin(IV) complexes have a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 32.3-130.4 m2·g-1, pore volume of 0.046-0.162 cm3·g-1, and pore size of around 2.4 nm. The tin complexes containing a butyl substituent were more efficient as carbon dioxide storage media than the complexes containing a phenyl substituent. The dibutyltin(IV) complex had the highest BET surface area (SBET = 130.357 m2·g-1), the largest volume (0.162 cm3·g-1), and was the most efficient for carbon dioxide storage (7.1 wt%) at a controlled temperature (323 K) and pressure (50 bars).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham G Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq.
| | - Khudheyer Jawad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Ahmed AA, Hameed AS, Muhamed SH, Yusop RM, Mohammed SA. The effect of high UV radiation exposure environment on the novel PVC polymers. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:9945-9954. [PMID: 30739295 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although plastic induces environmental damages, almost the consumption of poly(vinyl chloride) never stops increasing. Therefore, this work abstracted by two parts, first, synthesis of Schiff bases 1-4 compounds through the reaction of amino group with appropriate aromatic aldehyde, reaction of PVC with Schiff bases compounds 1-4 in THF to form a new modified PVC-1, PVC-2, PVC-3, and PVC-4. The structures of Schiff bases 1-4 and the modified PVC-1, PVC-2, PVC-3, and PVC-4 have been characterized by different spectroscopic analyses. Second, the influence of introducing 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole as a pendent groups into PVC chain investigated on photostability rules of tests. The modified polymers photostability investigated by observing indices (ICO, Ipo, and IOH), weight loss, UV and morphological studies, and all results obtained indicated that PVC-1, PVC-2, PVC-3 and PVC-4 gave lower growth rate of ICO, IPO, and IOH through UV exposure time. The photostability are given as PVC-4 < PVC-3 < PVC-2 < PVC-1 from different mechanisms which suggested building on existence of 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole moieties in the polymer chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, 64021, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad, 64021, Iraq
| | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al- Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ayad S Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, 34001, Iraq
| | - Safaa H Muhamed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, 34001, Iraq
| | - Rahimi M Yusop
- School of Chemical Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Salam A Mohammed
- Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Nizwa, 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
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El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Ahmed AA, Hamad BA, Ahmed DS, Ahmed A, Hashim H, Yousif E. The Morphology and Performance of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Containing Melamine Schiff Bases against Ultraviolet Light. Molecules 2019; 24:E803. [PMID: 30813367 PMCID: PMC6413115 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five Schiff bases derived from melamine have been used as efficient additives to reduce the process of photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride) films. The performance of Schiff bases has been investigated using various techniques. Poly(vinyl chloride) films containing Schiff bases were irradiated with ultraviolet light and any changes in their infrared spectra, weight, and the viscosity of their average molecular weight were investigated. In addition, the surface morphology of the films was inspected using a light microscope, atomic force microscopy, and a scanning electron micrograph. The additives enhanced the films resistance against irradiation and the polymeric surface was much smoother in the presence of the Schiff bases compared with the blank film. Schiff bases containing an ortho-hydroxyl group on the aryl rings showed the greatest photostabilization effect, which may possibly have been due to the direct absorption of ultraviolet light. This phenomenon seems to involve the transfer of a proton as well as several intersystem crossing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Basheer A Hamad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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Diulus JT, Frederick RT, Li M, Hutchison DC, Olsen MR, Lyubinetsky I, Árnadóttir L, Garfunkel EL, Nyman M, Ogasawara H, Herman GS. Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Characterization of Radiation-Induced Chemistries of Organotin Clusters. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:2526-2534. [PMID: 30575394 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photolithography require the development of next-generation resists that allow high-volume nanomanufacturing with a single nanometer patterning resolution. Organotin-based photoresists have demonstrated nanopatterning with high resolution, high sensitivity, and low-line edge roughness. However, very little is known regarding the detailed reaction mechanisms that lead to radiation-induced solubility transitions. In this study, we investigate the interaction of soft X-ray radiation with organotin clusters to better understand radiation-induced chemistries associated with EUV lithography. Butyltin Keggin clusters (β-NaSn13) were used as a model organotin photoresist, and characterization was performed using ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The changes in relative atomic concentrations and associated chemical states in β-NaSn13 resists were evaluated after exposure to radiation for a range of ambient conditions and photon energies. A significant reduction in the C 1s signal versus exposure time was observed, which corresponds to the radiation-induced homolytic cleavage of the butyltin bond in the β-NaSn13 clusters. To improve the resist sensitivity, we evaluated the effect of oxygen partial pressure during radiation exposures. We found that both photon energy and oxygen partial pressure had a strong influence on the butyl group desorption rate. These studies advance the understanding of radiation-induced processes in β-NaSn13 photoresists and provide mechanistic insights for EUV photolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mengjun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric L Garfunkel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | | | - Hirohito Ogasawara
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
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Yousif E, Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Hashim H, Hameed AS, Ahmed A. Fabrication of Novel Ball-Like Polystyrene Films Containing Schiff Base Microspheres as Photostabilizers. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1185. [PMID: 30961110 PMCID: PMC6290623 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene films containing a low concentration of three highly aromatic Schiff bases were prepared using the casting method. The polystyrene films were irradiated with ultraviolet light (300 h). The polystyrene infrared spectra, weight loss, molecular weight reduction and the surface morphology were examined upon irradiation. The Schiff bases acted as photostabilizers and reduced the photodegradation of polystyrene films to a significant level in comparison to the blank film. The images recorded of the surface of the miscible polystyrene/Schiff base blends showed novel ball-like microspheres with a diameter of 3.4⁻4.3 µm. The Schiff bases were able to endow excellent protection to polystyrene against ultraviolet irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ayad S Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
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Hashim H, El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Fabrication of ordered honeycomb porous poly(vinyl chloride) thin film doped with a Schiff base and nickel(II) chloride. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00743. [PMID: 30140773 PMCID: PMC6104342 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified poly(vinyl chloride) honeycomb thin film containing a low concentration of a thiadiazole Schiff base and nickel(II) chloride was successfully fabricated using the casting process. The surface morphology of the synthesized thin film was investigated using the scanning electronic microscopy. The synthesized poly(vinyl chloride) thin film was found to have a homogeneous surface morphology with a high crystalline nature. The addition of nickel(II) chloride was discovered to be vital for the formation of the honeycomb like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
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30
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Shaalan N, Laftah N, El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Muslih R, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photostabilization in the Presence of Schiff Bases Containing a Thiadiazole Moiety. Molecules 2018; 23:E913. [PMID: 29662039 PMCID: PMC6017410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Five Schiff bases containing a thiadiazole moiety have been used as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers at low concentrations. The efficiency of Schiff bases as photostabilizers was investigated using various techniques, for example, the changes in poly(vinyl chloride) infrared spectra, molecular weight, chain scission quantum yield, and surface morphology were monitored upon irradiation with an ultraviolet light. Evidently, all the additives used inhibited poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation at a significant level. The most efficient Schiff base exhibited a high level of aromaticity and contained a hydroxyl group. It seems possible that such photostabilization could be due to the direct absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the additives. In addition, Schiff bases could act as radical scavengers and proton transfer facilitators to stabilize the polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Shaalan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq.
| | - Nawres Laftah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Raad Muslih
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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