Polydatin prevents bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad/ERK signaling pathway

Efficacy and Mechanisms of Natural Products as Therapeutic Interventions for Chronic Respiratory Diseases

Chronic respiratory diseases are long-term conditions affecting the airways and other lung components that are characterized by a high prevalence, disability rate, and mortality rate. Further optimization of their treatment is required. Natural products, primarily extracted from organisms, possess specific molecular and structural formulas as well as distinct chemical and physical properties. These characteristics grant them the advantages of safety, gentleness, accessibility, and minimal side effects. The numerous advances in the use of natural products for treating chronic respiratory diseases have provided a steady source of motivation for new drug research and development. In this paper, we introduced the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases and natural products. Furthermore, we classified natural products according to their mechanism for treating chronic respiratory diseases and describe the ways in which these products can alleviate the pathological symptoms. Simultaneously, we elaborate on the signal transduction pathways and biological impacts of natural products' targeting. Additionally, we present future prospects for natural products, considering their combination treatment approaches and administration methods. The significance of this review extends to both the research on preventing and treating chronic respiratory diseases, as well as the advancement of novel drug development in this field.

Amphibian-derived peptide RL-RF10 ameliorates paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis injury

Pulmonary fibrosis is the result of dysfunctional repair after lung tissue injury, characterized by fibroblast proliferation and massive extracellular matrix aggregation. Once fibrotic lesions develop, effective treatment is difficult, with few drugs currently available. Here, we identified a short cyclic decapeptide RL-RF10 derived from frog skin secretions as a potential novel lead molecule for the amelioration of pulmonary fibrosis. In vivo experiments indicated that RL-RF10 treatment ameliorated lung histopathological damage and fibrogenesis after paraquat (PQ) induction in a concentration-dependent manner. On day 7, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid assays performed on mice showed that RL-RF10 exerted anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the expression of inflammation-related factors, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor-α, in lung tissue. In addition, RL-RF10 down-regulated the levels of collagen I, collagen III, and vimentin, while increasing the expression of E-cadherin to inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Further research demonstrated that the SMAD2/3 signaling pathway, which is strongly linked to TGF-β1, played a critical function in enhancing the pulmonary fibrosis relief achieved by RL-RF10. Both in vivo and in vitro assays showed that RL-RF10 treatment led to a significant reduction in the phosphorylation levels of SMAD2 and SMAD3 following PQ induction. Overall, we investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of the RL-RF10 peptide against pulmonary fibrosis and demonstrated its potential as a novel therapeutic drug candidate for the treatment of pulmonary fibrotic diseases.

Chinese medicine as a therapeutic option for pulmonary fibrosis: Clinical efficacies and underlying mechanisms

ETHNIC PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a fibrotic interstitial lung disease caused by continuous damage and excessive repair of alveolar epithelial cells, the pathogenesis of which is not fully understood. At present, the incidence of PF has increased significantly around the world. The therapeutic arsenals against PF are relatively limited, with often poor efficacy and many adverse effects. As a conventional and effective therapeutic strategy, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely applied in treating lung fibrosis for thousands of years in China. Due to the multi-ingredient, multi-target characteristics, Chinese medicines possess promising clinical benefits for PF treatment.

AIM OF THIS REVIEW

This review aims to systematically analyze the clinical efficacy of Chinese medicine on PF, and further summarize the relevant mechanisms of Chinese medicine treating PF in preclinical studies, in order to provide a comprehensive insight into the beneficial effects of Chinese medicines on PF.

METHODS

Eight major Chinese and English databases were searched from database inception up to October 2022, and all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of Chinese medicine intervention on effectiveness and safety in the treatment of PF patients were included. Subsequently, preclinical studies related to the treatment of PF in Chinese medicine, including Chinese medicine compounds, Chinese herbal materials and extracts, and Chinese herbal formulas (CHFs) were searched through PubMed and Web of science to summarize the related mechanisms of Chinese medicine against PF.

RESULTS

A total of 56 studies with 4019 patients were included by searching the relevant databases. Total clinical efficacy, pulmonary function, blood gas analysis, lung high resolution CT (HRCT), 6 min walk test (6-MWT), St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) scores, clinical symptom scores, TCM syndrome scores and other outcome indicators related to PF were analyzed. Besides, numerous preclinical studies have shown that many Chinese medicine compounds, Chinese herbal materials and extracts, and CHFs play a preventive and therapeutic role in PF by reducing oxidative stress, ameliorating inflammation, inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and myofibroblasts activation, and regulating autophagy and apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

Chinese medicines show potential as supplements or substitutes for treating PF. And studies on Chinese medicines will provide a new approach to better management of PF.

Antioxidant therapy against TGF-β/SMAD pathway involved in organ fibrosis

Fibrosis refers to excessive build-up of scar tissue and extracellular matrix components in different organs. In recent years, it has been revealed that different cytokines and chemokines, especially Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. It has been shown that TGF-β is upregulated in fibrotic tissues, and contributes to fibrosis by mediating pathways that are related to matrix preservation and fibroblasts differentiation. There is no doubt that antioxidants protect against different inflammatory conditions by reversing the effects of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur-based reactive elements. Oxidative stress has a direct impact on chronic inflammation, and as results, prolonged inflammation ultimately results in fibrosis. Different types of antioxidants, in the forms of vitamins, natural compounds or synthetic ones, have been proven to be beneficial in the protection against fibrotic conditions both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we reviewed the role of different compounds with antioxidant activity in induction or inhibition of TGF-β/SMAD signalling pathway, with regard to different fibrotic conditions such as gastro-intestinal fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, skin fibrosis, renal fibrosis and also some rare cases of fibrosis, both in animal models and cell lines.

Polydatin alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and alters the gut microbiota in a mouse model

To investigate the effect and mechanism of polydatin on bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model. The lung fibrosis model was induced by BLM. The contents of TNF-α, LPS, IL-6 and IL-1β in lung tissue, intestine and serum were detected by ELISA. Gut microbiota diversity was detected by 16S rDNA sequencing; R language was used to analyse species composition, α-diversity, β-diversity, species differences and marker species. Mice were fed drinking water mixed with four antibiotics (ampicillin, neomycin, metronidazole, vancomycin; antibiotics, ABx) to build a mouse model of ABx-induced bacterial depletion; and faecal microbiota from different groups were transplanted into BLM-treated or untreated ABx mice. The histopathological changes and collagen I and α-SMA expression were determined. Polydatin effectively reduced the degree of fibrosis in a BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model; BLM and/or polydatin affected the abundance of the dominant gut microbiota in mice. Moreover, faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from polydatin-treated BLM mice effectively alleviated lung fibrosis in BLM-treated ABx mice compared with FMT from BLM mice. Polydatin can reduce fibrosis and inflammation in a BLM-induced mouse pulmonary fibrosis model. The alteration of gut microbiota by polydatin may be involved in the therapeutic effect.

A systematic review of the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine against pulmonary fibrosis: from a pharmacological perspective

Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease caused by a variety of etiologies. The disease can eventually lead to irreversible damage to the lung tissue structure, severely affecting respiratory function and posing a serious threat to human health. Currently, glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants are the main drugs used in the clinical treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, but their efficacy is limited and they can cause serious adverse effects. Traditional Chinese medicines have important research value and potential for clinical application in anti-pulmonary fibrosis. In recent years, more and more scientific researches have been conducted on the use of traditional Chinese medicine to improve or reduce pulmonary fibrosis, and some important breakthroughs have been made. This review paper systematically summarized the research progress of pharmacological mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines and their active compounds in improving or reducing pulmonary fibrosis. We conducted a systematic search in several main scientific databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial pneumonia, natural products, herbal medicine, and therapeutic methods. Ultimately, 252 articles were included and systematically evaluated in this analysis. The anti-fibrotic mechanisms of these traditional Chinese medicine studies can be roughly categorized into 5 main aspects, including inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, improvement of extracellular matrix deposition, mediation of apoptosis and autophagy, and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. The purpose of this article is to provide pharmaceutical researchers with information on the progress of scientific research on improving or reducing Pulmonary fibrosis with traditional Chinese medicine, and to provide reference for further pharmacological research.

Customizable Resveratrol Spray-dried Micro-composites for Inhalation as a Promising Contender for Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

The past decades have witnessed tremendous expansion in utilization of plant-derived medicines as resveratrol (RES) in treating several diseases like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). RES can exhibit its role in treating IPF via its outstanding antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The goal of this work was to formulate RES-loaded spray-dried composite microparticles (SDCMs) suitable for pulmonary delivery via dry powder inhaler (DPI). They were prepared by spray drying of a previously prepared RES-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA NPs) dispersion using different carriers. RES-loaded BSA NPs, prepared by the desolvation technique, acquired suitable particle size of 177.67±0.95 nm and entrapment efficiency of 98.7±0.35% with perfectly uniform size distribution and high stability. Considering the attributes of the pulmonary route, NPs were co-spray dried with compatible carriers viz. mannitol, dextran, trehalose, leucine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid to fabricate SDCMs. All formulations showed suitable mass median aerodynamic diameter less than 5 µm; that is suitable for deep lung deposition. However, the best aerosolization behavior was attained from using leucine with fine particle fraction (FPF) of 75.74%, followed by glycine with FPF of 54.7%. Finally, a pharmacodynamic study was conducted on bleomycin-induced mice, and it strongly revealed the role of the optimized formulations in alleviating PF through suppressing the levels of hydroxyproline, tumor necrosis factor-α and matrix metalloproteinase-9 with obvious improvements in the treated lung histopathology. These findings indicate that in addition to leucine, the glycine amino acid, which is not commonly used yet, is very promising in the formulation of DPIs.

Potential of resveratrol in the treatment of interstitial lung disease

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by lung injury caused by lung fibroblast proliferation, interstitial inflammation, and fibrosis. Different cell signal transduction pathways are activated in response to various proinflammatory or fibrotic cytokines, such as IL-6, and these cytokines are increased in different ILDs. The overexpressed cytokines and growth factors in ILD can activate TGF-β/Smad2/3/4, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT signal transduction pathways, promote the activation of immune cells, increase the release of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic factors, differentiate fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, and promote the occurrence and development of ILD. This finding suggests the importance of signal transduction pathways in patients with ILD. Recent evidence suggests that resveratrol (RSV) attenuates excessive inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad2/3/4, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT signal transduction pathways and overactivation of immune cells. In this review, advances in lung protection and the underlying mechanisms of RSV are summarized, and the potential efficacy of RSV as a promising treatment option for ILD is highlighted.

A novel prognostic index based on the analysis of glycolysis-related genes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lung disease that is both chronic and progressive and is characterized by glycolysis. However, glycolysis's function and its clinical significance in IPF are still not well understood. We accessed the Gene Expression Omnibus database to retrieve mRNA expression information for lung tissue and other samples. We identified genes associated with glycolysis that had differential expression levels between IPF and controls. In this work, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis to systematically examine the glycolysis-associated genes with differential expression and subsequently investigated the possible prognostic significance of these genes. Additionally, the expression profiles of the associated prognostic genes were further investigated via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in our cohort. In this investigation, we found that the expression of 16 genes involved in glycolysis was differentially expressed. Among them, 12 were upregulated and 4 were downregulated. We found that 3 glycolysis-related genes (stanniocalcin 2, transketolase like 1, artemin) might serve as hub genes for anticipating patient prognosis. The data from these genes were used to generate the prognostic models. The findings confirmed that high-risk IPF patients recorded a shorter overall survival relative to low-risk patients. This prognostic model yielded 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates of 0.666, 0.651, and 0.717, correspondingly, based on the area under the curve of the survival-dependent receiver operating characteristic. The GSE27957 and GSE70866 cohorts validated these findings, indicating the model has a good predictive performance. All 3 glycolysis-associated genes were validated to be expressed in our cohort. Finally, we used mRNA levels from 3 genes to produce a nomogram to quantitatively predict the prognosis of IPF individuals. As possible indicators for the prognosis of IPF, the glycolysis-related genes stanniocalcin 2, transketolase like 1, and artemin were shown to be promising candidate markers.

Molecular mechanisms of alveolar epithelial cell senescence and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a narrative review

Background and Objective

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive interstitial pneumonia of unknown etiology. An increasing number of studies have reported that the incidence of IPF increases with age. Simultaneously, the number of senescent cells increased in IPF. Epithelial cell senescence, an important component of epithelial cell dysfunction, plays a key role in IPF pathogenesis. This article summarizes the molecular mechanisms associated with alveolar epithelial cell senescence and recent advances in the applications of drugs targeting pulmonary epithelial cell senescence to explore novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

Methods

All literature published in English on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were electronically searched online using the following keyword combinations: aging, alveolar epithelial cell, cell senescence, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, WNT/β-catenin, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB).

Key Content and Findings

We focused on signaling pathways associated with alveolar epithelial cell senescence in IPF, including WNT/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and mTOR signaling pathways. Some of these signaling pathways are involved in alveolar epithelial cell senescence by affecting cell cycle arrest and secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype-associated markers. We also found that changes in lipid metabolism in alveolar epithelial cells can be induced by mitochondrial dysfunction, both of which contribute to cellular senescence and development of IPF.

Conclusions

Decreasing senescent alveolar epithelial cells may be a promising strategy for the treatment of IPF. Therefore, further investigations into new treatments of IPF by applying inhibitors of relevant signaling pathways, as well as senolytic drugs, are warranted.

Uncovering the Anticancer Potential of Polydatin: A Mechanistic Insight

Polydatin or 3-O-β-d-resveratrol-glucopyranoside (PD), a stilbenoid component of Polygonum cuspicadum (Polygonaceae), has a variety of biological roles. In traditional Chinese medicine, P. cuspicadum extracts are used for the treatment of infections, inflammation, and cardiovascular disorders. Polydatin possesses a broad range of biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and immunostimulatory effects. Currently, a major proportion of the population is victimized with cervical lung cancer, ovarian cancer and breast cancer. PD has been recognized as a potent anticancer agent. PD could effectively inhibit the migration and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells, as well as the expression of the PI3K protein. The malignancy of lung cancer cells was reduced after PD treatments via targeting caspase 3, arresting cancer cells at the S phase and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome by downregulation of the NF-κB pathway. This ceases cell cycle, inhibits VEGF, and counteracts ROS in breast cancer. It also prevents cervical cancer by regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis, and the C-Myc gene. The objective of this review is thus to unveil the polydatin anticancer potential for the treatment of various tumors, as well as to examine the mechanisms of action of this compound.

Polydatin attenuates tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting YAP expression and nuclear translocation

The activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway is mutually causal with the increase of extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness. Polydatin (PD) has been proved to have anti-fibrosis effect in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), but it is still a mystery whether PD participates in YAP-related mechano-transduction. Therefore, this study intends to solve the following two problems: 1) To construct an in vitro system of polyacrylamide hydrogels (PA gels) based on the true stiffness of kidneys in healthy and DKD rats, and observe the effect of PD on pathological matrix stiffness-induced YAP expression in renal fibroblasts; 2) Compared with verteporfin (VP), a pharmacological inhibitor of YAP, to explore whether the therapeutic effect of PD on DKD in vivo model is related to the regulation of YAP. In this study, the in vitro system of PA gels with 3 kPa, 12 kPa and 30 kPa stiffness was constructed and determined for the first time to simulate the kidney stiffness of healthy rats, rats with DKD for 8 weeks and 16 weeks, respectively. Compared with the PA gels with 3 kPa stiffness, the PA gels with 12 kPa and 30 kPa stiffness significantly increased the expression of YAP, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in renal fibroblasts, and the PA gels with 30 kPa stiffness were the highest. PD significantly inhibited the above-mentioned changes of fibroblasts induced by pathological matrix stiffness, suggesting that the inhibition of PD on fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transformation and ECM production was at least partially associated with regulating YAP-related mechano-transduction pathway. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of PD on YAP expression and nuclear translocation in kidneys of DKD rats is similar to that of VP, but PD is superior to VP in reducing urinary protein, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, as well as decreasing the expression of α-SMA and collagen I, ROS overproduction and renal fibrosis. Our results prove for the first time from the biomechanical point of view that PD is a potential therapeutic strategy for delaying the progression of renal fibrosis by inhibiting YAP expression and nuclear translocation.

Polydatin: Pharmacological Mechanisms, Therapeutic Targets, Biological Activities, and Health Benefits

Polydatin is a natural potent stilbenoid polyphenol and a resveratrol derivative with improved bioavailability. Polydatin possesses potential biological activities predominantly through the modulation of pivotal signaling pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Various imperative biological activities have been suggested for polydatin towards promising therapeutic effects, including anticancer, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-microbial, as well as health-promoting roles on the renal system, the respiratory system, rheumatoid diseases, the skeletal system, and women's health. In the present study, the therapeutic targets, biological activities, pharmacological mechanisms, and health benefits of polydatin are reviewed to provide new insights to researchers. The need to develop further clinical trials and novel delivery systems of polydatin is also considered to reveal new insights to researchers.

Polydatin alleviates DSS- and TNBS-induced colitis by suppressing Th17 cell differentiation via directly inhibiting STAT3

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a non-specific chronic intestinal inflammatory disease, often presenting with abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, anorexia, and body loss. It is difficult to cure completely and a promising treatment is urgently needed. Natural compounds can offer promising chemical agents for treatment of diseases. Polydatin is a natural ingredient extracted from the dried rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum, which has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and dementia protection activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of polydatin on IBD and explore its possible mechanism. We found that polydatin could effectively suppress the differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro, but had no effect on the differentiation of Treg cells. Polydatin significantly alleviated colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in mice, and dramatically decreased the proportion of Th17 cells in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Mechanism investigations revealed that polydatin specifically inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation by directly binding to STAT3, leading to Th17 cell reduction and thereby alleviating colitis. These findings provide novel insights into the anti-colitis effect of polydatin, which may be a promising drug candidate for the treatment of IBD.

The Invasive Species Reynoutria japonica Houtt. as a Promising Natural Agent for Cardiovascular and Digestive System Illness

Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix, the dry roots and stems of Reynoutria japonica Houtt (called Huzhang, HZ in Chinese), is a traditional and popular chinese medicinal herb for thousands of years. As a widely used ethnomedicine in Asia including China, Japan, and Korea, HZ can invigorate the blood, cool heat, and resolve toxicity, which is commonly used in the treatment of favus, jaundice, scald, and constipation. However, HZ is now considered an invasive plant in the United States and many European countries. Therefore, in order to take advantage of HZ and solve the problem of biological invasion, scholars around the world have carried out abundant research studies on HZ. Until now, about 110 compounds have been isolated and identified from HZ, in which anthraquinones, stilbenes, and flavonoids would be the main bioactive ingredients for its pharmacological properties, such as microcirculation improvement, myocardial protective effects, endocrine regulation, anti-atherosclerotic activity, anti-oxidant activity, anti-tumor activity, anti-viral activity, and treatment of skin inflammation, burns, and scalds. HZ has a variety of active ingredients and broad pharmacological activities. It is widely used in health products, cosmetics, and even animal husbandry feed and has no obvious toxicity. Efforts should be made to develop more products such as effective drugs, health care products, cosmetics, and agricultural and animal husbandry products to benefit mankind.

A potential model of systemic sclerosis with pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline plus bleomycin

OBJECTIVE

The lack of a well-established animal model limits the clarification of the detailed mechanisms of the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis with pulmonary hypertension (SSc-PH) and the development of effective treatments for it.

METHODS

In this study, New Zealand rabbits were injected with monocrotaline (MCT), bleomycin (BLM), and MCT plus BLM, respectively. Three and six weeks after the first injection, the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) was measured. Skin and lung samples were isolated and the histological changes were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining or Masson's trichrome staining.

RESULTS

All groups of rabbits showed an increased mean mPAP compared with the saline-injected rabbits. The high mPAP persisted until week six only in the MCT and MCT + BLM groups. Furthermore, persistent high Fulton's indices were found in the MCT and MCT + BLM groups, indicating that these treatments successfully induced right ventricular hypertrophy. The rabbits in the MCT + BLM group developed severe lung inflammation, as evidenced by a high level of neutrophil infiltration in the pulmonary interstitium. Importantly, pathological changes of the skin in the MCT + BLM group were observed, and further damage to the skin was caused by additional exposure to MCT plus BLM. Meanwhile, an excessive production of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), were detected in the MCT + BLM group.

CONCLUSION

These data indicate that SSc-PH induced by co-injection with MCT plus BLM shows persistent fibrosis and progressive PH, constituting a potential study model for SSc-PH.

Polydatin as a therapeutic alternative for central nervous system disorders: A systematic review of animal studies

Polydatin, or piceid, is a natural stilbene found in grapes, peanuts, and wines. Polydatin presents pharmacological activities, including neuroprotective properties, exerting preventive and/or therapeutic effects in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In the present study, we summarize and discuss the neuroprotective effects of polydatin in CNS disorders and related pathological conditions in preclinical animal studies. A systematic review was performed by searching online databases, returning a total of 110 records, where 27 articles were selected and discussed here. The included studies showed neuroprotective effects of polydatin in experimental models of neurological disorders, including cerebrovascular disorders, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injuries, diabetic neuropathy, glioblastoma, and neurotoxicity induced by chemical agents. Most studies were focused on stroke (22.2%) and conducted in male rodents. The intervention protocol with polydatin was mainly acute (66.7%), with postdamage induction treatment being the most commonly used regimen (55.2%). Overall, polydatin ameliorated behavioral dysfunctions and/or promoted neurological function by virtue of its antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. In summary, this review offers important scientific evidence for the neuroprotective effects and distinct pharmacological mechanisms of polydatin that not only enhances the present understanding but is also useful for the development of future preclinical and clinical investigations.

Polydatin combats methotrexate-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats: Involvement of biochemical and histopathological assessment

Polydatin (PD) is a polyphenolic compound found naturally in many fruits such as grapes. It has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that are of paramount importance for its pharmacological actions. This study aimed to explore possible protective effects of PD against methotrexate (MTX)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. A single oral dose of MTX (14 mg/kg) per week for 2 weeks caused a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) content with a marked increase in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), pulmonary content of malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Hydroxyproline, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as compared with the control group. Contrarily, daily administration of PD (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days concomitantly with MTX ameliorated MTX-induced pulmonary fibrosis as indicated by mitigation of the previously mentioned biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the protective effect of PD against pulmonary fibrosis induced by MTX in rats might be attributed to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory as well as anti-fibrotic effects.

The Multiple Roles of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Tumorigenesis and Cancer Chemoresistance

The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a branch from glycolysis that begins from glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and ends up with fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GADP). Its primary physiological significance is to provide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and nucleotides for vital activities such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) defense and DNA synthesis. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a housekeeping protein with 514 amino acids that is also the rate-limiting enzyme of PPP, catalyzing G6P into 6-phosphogluconolactone (6PGL) and producing the first NADPH of this pathway. Increasing evidence indicates that G6PD is upregulated in diverse cancers, and this dysfunction influences DNA synthesis, DNA repair, cell cycle regulation and redox homeostasis, which provides advantageous conditions for cancer cell growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. Thus, targeting G6PD by inhibitors has been shown as a promising strategy in treating cancer and reversing chemotherapeutic resistance. In this review, we will summarize the existing knowledge concerning G6PD and discuss its role, regulation and inhibitors in cancer development and chemotherapy resistance.

Xuanfei Baidu Decoction protects against macrophages induced inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Xuanfei Baidu Decoction (XFBD), one of the "three medicines and three prescriptions" for the clinically effective treatment of COVID-19 in China, plays an important role in the treatment of mild and/or common patients with dampness-toxin obstructing lung syndrome.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present work aims to elucidate the protective effects and the possible mechanism of XFBD against the acute inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis.

METHODS

We use TGF-β1 induced fibroblast activation model and LPS/IL-4 induced macrophage inflammation model as in vitro cell models. The mice model of lung fibrosis was induced by BLM via endotracheal drip, and then XFBD (4.6 g/kg, 9.2 g/kg) were administered orally respectively. The efficacy and molecular mechanisms in the presence or absence of XFBD were investigated.

RESULTS

The results proved that XFBD can effectively inhibit fibroblast collagen deposition, down-regulate the level of α-SMA and inhibit the migration of fibroblasts. IL-4 induced macrophage polarization was also inhibited and the secretions of the inflammatory factors including IL6, iNOS were down-regulated. In vivo experiments, the results proved that XFBD improved the weight loss and survival rate of the mice. The XFBD high-dose administration group had a significant effect in inhibiting collagen deposition and the expression of α-SMA in the lungs of mice. XFBD can reduce bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 activation and related macrophage infiltration.

CONCLUSIONS

Xuanfei Baidu Decoction protects against macrophages induced inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Old dog, new tricks: Polydatin as a multitarget agent for current diseases

Polydatin (PD) is a natural single-crystal product that is primarily extracted from the traditional plant Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. Early research showed that PD exhibited a variety of biological activities. PD has attracted increasing research interest since 2014, but no review comprehensively summarized the new findings. A great gap between its biological activities and drug development remains. It is necessary to summarize new findings on the pharmacological effects of PD on current diseases. We propose that PD will most likely be used in cardiac and cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion-related diseases and atherosclerosis in the future. The present work classified these new findings according to diseases and summarized the main effects of PD via specific mechanisms of action. In summary, we found that PD played a therapeutic role in a variety of diseases, primarily via five mechanisms: antioxidative effects, antiinflammatory effects, regulation of autophagy and apoptosis, maintenance of mitochondrial function, and lipid regulation.

IPF-Fibroblast Erk1/2 Activity Is Independent from microRNA Cluster 17-92 but Can Be Inhibited by Treprostinil through DUSP1

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive terminal lung disease, and therapies aim to block fibrosis. Fibroblast proliferation is controlled by C/EBP-β, microRNA cluster 17-92 (miR17-92), and Erk1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase. This study assessed the role of miR17-92 in IPF-fibroblast proliferation and its modification by treprostinil. Fibroblasts were isolated from eight IPF patients, five interstitial lung fibrosis patients, and seven control lungs. Fibroblasts were stimulated with TGF-β1 over 24 h. The miR17-92 expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR, and protein expression by Western blotting. TGF-β1 upregulated C/EBP-β in all fibroblasts, which was reduced by treprostinil in control-fibroblasts, but not in IPF-fibroblasts. Compared to controls, the guide strands miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-20a-5p, and miR-92a-3p, as well as the passenger strands miR-17-3p, miR-18-3p, miR-19a-1-5p, and miR-92a-5p were significantly increased in IPF-fibroblasts. In controls, TGF-β1 and treprostinil significantly reduced specific miR17-92 members. IPF-fibroblast proliferation was inhibited by treprostinil through increased expression of the Erk1/2 inhibitor DUSP1. These data suggest that proliferation control via miR17-92 and C/EBP-β is disrupted in IPF-fibroblasts. Therefore, the inhibition of early stages of signaling cascades or specific mitogen receptors might be less effective. However, the increased proliferation is sensitive to Erk1/2 inhibition by treprostinil-induced DUSP1.

The miR-130a-3p/TGF-βRII Axis Participates in Inhibiting the Differentiation of Fibroblasts Induced by TGF-β1

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease that has a poor prognosis. Abnormal activation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays a crucial role in fibroblast differentiation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently being considered for the treatment of PF, but the regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. We co-cultured bone marrow-derived MSCs and mouse lung fibroblasts (MLg) in the presence of TGF-β1, and studied the protein/mRNA expression of fibrosis markers and related signaling pathways. The effects of miR-130a-3p and TGF-β receptor II (TGF-βRII) on the differentiation of MLg induced by TGF-β1 were studied using immunofluorescence assay, Western blot, and quantitative real-time PCR techniques, respectively. Our results showed that MSCs reversed the overexpression of fibrosis markers and TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway proteins and mRNAs after TGF-β1 treatment and increased the level of miR-130a-3p. TGF-βRII was identified as a target of miR-130a-3p and was evaluated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The miR-130a-3p/TGF-βRII axis could suppress the differentiation of lung fibroblasts via the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway, thereby reducing the process of PF.

METTL3/N6-methyladenosine/ miR-21-5p promotes obstructive renal fibrosis by regulating inflammation through SPRY1/ERK/NF-κB pathway activation

Renal fibrosis induced by urinary tract obstruction is a common clinical occurrence; however, effective treatment is lacking, and a deeper understanding of the mechanism of renal fibrosis is needed. Previous studies have revealed that miR-21 impacts liver and lung fibrosis progression by activating the SPRY1/ERK/NF-kB signalling pathway. However, whether miR-21 mediates obstructive renal fibrosis through the same signalling pathway has not been determined. Additionally, studies have shown that N6-methyladenosine (m⁶ A) modification-dependent primary microRNA (pri-microRNA) processing is essential for maturation of microRNAs, but its role in the maturation of miR-21 in obstructive renal fibrosis has not yet been investigated in detail. To address these issues, we employed a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in which the left ureters were ligated for 3, 7 and 14 days to simulate the fibrotic process. In vitro, human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells were transfected with plasmids containing the corresponding sequence of METTL3, miR-21-5p mimic or miR-21-5p inhibitor. We found that the levels of miR-21-5p and m⁶ A modification in the UUO model groups increased significantly, and as predicted, the SPRY1/ERK/NF-kB pathway was activated by miR-21-5p, confirming that miR-21-5p plays an important role in obstructive renal fibrosis by enhancing inflammation. METTL3 was found to play a major catalytic role in m⁶ A modification in UUO mice and drove obstructive renal fibrosis development by promoting miR-21-5p maturation. Our research is the first to demonstrate the role of the METTL3-m⁶ A-miR-21-5p-SPRY1/ERK/NF-kB axis in obstructive renal fibrosis and provides a deeper understanding of renal fibrosis.

Effects of Nervilia fordii Extract on Pulmonary Fibrosis Through TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and irreversible interstitial pulmonary disease with a poor prognosis. The extract of Nervilia fordii (NFE) has shown remarkable benefit in the treatment of acute lung injury, lung cancer, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). However, the potential mechanism and efficacy of NFE in the treatment of IPF remain unknown. In this study, a systematic network pharmacology analysis was used to predict the mechanism and efficacy of NFE in the treatment of IPF, based on the major components of NFE elucidated by UPLC-TOF-MS/MS. The potential molecular interactions between the compounds and potential targets were predicted using molecular docking. In vivo, rats with pulmonary fibrosis induced by a single intratracheal injection of bleomycin (BLM) were orally administered NFE for 14 days. Lung index and biochemical levels were determined, and histopathological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson staining was performed. The effects of NFE on fibroblast proliferation in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TGF-β1-induced mouse 3T6 fibroblasts were evaluated in vitro. In total, 20 components were identified in NFE, and 102 potential targets for IPF treatment were predicted. These targets potentially participate in processes regulated by transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase, ERBB2, and et al. Molecular docking results predicted high affinity interactions between three components (rhamnazin, rhamnetin, and rhamnocitrin) and the potential targets, suggesting that TGF-β is the most important potential target of NFE in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. NFE significantly decreased the lung index and alleviated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Histopathological observation of lung tissues showed that NFE alleviated inflammation and collagen deposition in BLM-induced rats. NFE inhibited the migration of LPS- and TGF-β1-induced 3T6 fibroblasts, reduced the contents of hydroxyproline and collagen, and contributed to anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. With the intervention of NFE, the protein and RNA expression of TGF-β1, a-SMA, Smad3/4, p-Smad3/4, CTGF, and p-ERK1/2 were significantly downregulated, while Smad7 and ERK1/2 were upregulated significantly in vivo and in vitro. These findings indicated that NFE may exert therapeutic effects on pulmonary fibrosis by alleviating inflammation, oxidation, and collagen deposition. The mechanism related to the inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.

Polydatin Prevents Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal-Induced Arthritis in Mice

BACKGROUND

Polydatin is a stilbenoid with important antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating properties. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory preventive effect of polydatin in the mouse model of acute arthritis induced by calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals.

METHODS

Acute arthritis was induced by the injection of a suspension of sterile CPP crystals into the ankle joint of Balb/c mice. Animals were randomized to receive polydatin or colchicine (the control drug) according to a prophylactic and a therapeutic protocol. The primary outcome was the variation of ankle swelling obtained after crystal injection and treatment, while histological parameters such as leukocyte infiltration, IL-1ß and CXCL1 levels and tissue expression were considered as secondary outcomes.

RESULTS

Prophylactic treatment with PD significantly diminished ankle swelling after 48 h from crystal injection. Secondary outcomes such as leukocyte infiltration, necrosis, edema, and synovitis were also decreased. PD caused a reduction in circulating levels of IL-1ß and CXCL1, as well as their tissue expression. By contrast, the therapeutic administration of PD did not have any beneficial effect.

CONCLUSIONS

PD can effectively prevent acute inflammatory response to crystals in the mouse model of CPP crystal-induced arthritis. These results suggest that this bioactive compound might be used in the prevention of crystal-induced acute attacks in humans.

Inhibiting TGF-[Formula: see text] 1-Mediated Cellular Processes as an Effective Strategy for the Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis with Chinese Herbal Medicines

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and irreversible interstitial lung disease that even threatens the lives of some patients infected with COVID-19. PF is a multicellular pathological process, including the initial injuries of epithelial cells, recruitment of inflammatory cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, activation and differentiation of fibroblasts, etc. TGF-[Formula: see text]1 acts as a key effect factor that participates in these cellular processes of PF. Recently, much attention was paid to inhibiting TGF-[Formula: see text]1 mediated cell processes in the treatment of PF with Chinese herbal medicines (CHM), an important part of traditional Chinese medicine. Here, this review first summarized the effects of TGF-[Formula: see text]1 in different cellular processes of PF. Then, this review summarized the recent research on CHM (compounds, multi-components, single medicines and prescriptions) to directly and/or indirectly inhibit TGF-[Formula: see text]1 signaling (TLRs, PPARs, micrRNA, etc.) in PF. Most of the research focused on CHM natural compounds, including but not limited to alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and terpenes. After review, the research perspectives of CHM on TGF-[Formula: see text]1 inhibition in PF were further discussed. This review hopes that revealing the inhibiting effects of CHM on TGF-[Formula: see text]1-mediated cellular processes of PF can promote CHM to be better understood and utilized, thus transforming the therapeutic activities of CHM into practice.

Latest progress on the molecular mechanisms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a serious life-threatening lung disease, and the median survival period of PF patients after diagnosis is only 2.5-3.5 years. At present, there are no effective drugs or therapeutics to reverse or even inhibit IPF. The main pathological characteristics of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) include damage to alveolar epithelial cells, fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix accumulation, which gradually lead to damage to the lung structure and decreased lung function. It is important to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of PF comprehensively and clearly. In this paper, critical signaling pathways related to PF were reviewed to present updates on the molecular mechanisms of PF.