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Cao N, Zhao F, Kwok LY, Wang H, Sun Z. Impact of probiotics on weight loss, glucose and lipid metabolism in overweight or obese women: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 9:100810. [PMID: 39114432 PMCID: PMC11305212 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Our meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of probiotics in weight loss and glucose and lipid metabolism in overweight or obese women. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were used from inception until March 2024 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCT's) literature. Finally, 11 RCTs were included. Following critical appraisal, a meta-analysis was conducted using the fixed effects model and the random effects model found that probiotic consumption significantly decreased waist circumference (WC) (SMD = -0.39 cm, 95% CI: -0.60, -0.18 cm, P < 0.00001, I2 = 33%), insulin (SMD = -0.45 mcU/ml; 95% CI: -0.72, -0.18 mcU/ml; P = 0.04, I2 = 40%) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (SMD = -0.51 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.92, -0.11 mmol/L; P = 0.02, I2 = 75%) in overweight or obese women. Moreover, subgroup analyses revealed that the effects of probiotic supplementation were significantly influenced by the intervention duration and diet and/or exercise intervention. This meta-analysis suggested that probiotic supplementation has a moderate and statistically significant effect on weight loss and glucose and lipid metabolism in overweight and obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Feiyan Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
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Ribeiro FM, Anderson M, Aguiar S, Gabriela E, Petriz B, Franco OL. Systematic review and meta-analysis of gut peptides expression during fasting and postprandial states in individuals with obesity. Nutr Res 2024; 127:27-39. [PMID: 38843565 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Gut peptides play a role in signaling appetite control in the hypothalamus. Limited knowledge exists regarding the release of these peptides in individuals with obesity before and during external stimuli. We hypothesize that the expression of gut peptides is different in the fasting and postprandial states in the scenario of obesity. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Science Direct electronic databases were searched. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager Software. Randomized controlled trials that measured gut peptides in both obese and lean subjects were included in the analysis. A total of 552 subjects with obesity were enrolled in 25 trials. The gut peptide profile did not show any significant difference between obese and lean subjects for glucagon-like peptide 1 (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.21 to 0.38; P = .30), peptide YY (95% CI, -1.47 to 0.18; P = .13), and cholecystokinin (95% CI, -1.25 to 1.28; P = .98). Gut peptides are decreased by an increased high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet and by decreased chewing. There is no statistically significant difference in gut peptides between individuals with obesity and leanness in a fasting state. However, the release of gut peptides is affected in individuals with obesity following external stimuli, such as dietary interventions and chewing. Further studies are necessary to investigate the relationship between various stimuli and the release of gut peptides, as well as their impact on appetite regulation in subjects with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M Ribeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center - UDF, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Maycon Anderson
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center - UDF, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Samuel Aguiar
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center - UDF, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Elza Gabriela
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center - UDF, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center - UDF, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Octavio L Franco
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Biotechnology Program, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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Eyikudamaci G, Ege H, Ensen N, Yelmen N. Role of insulin resistance and leptin in the effect of intermittent feeding with a high-protein ketogenic diet on body composition in rats. Nutrition 2024; 117:112213. [PMID: 37832180 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of obesity and overweight in children has been increasing rapidly worldwide and threatens society with various chronic diseases that these children are born with. High-protein ketogenic diets and intermittent nutrition are thought to be protective against obesity and metabolic syndrome MetS. However, the exact effects and results, insulin resistance, and the role of leptin in the functioning mechanism of these diets have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of insulin resistance and leptin hormone on the effects of body composition with a high-protein ketogenic diet and intermittent nutrition combination. METHODS Thirty-two young non-obese rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. Both the standard diet and the high-protein ketogenic diet were given ad libitum and intermittently to the rats for 6 wk. The body weight and fat mass of the rats were measured at the end of the experiment. The fasting glucose, leptin, insulin, high- and low-density lipoprotein, and triacylglycerols were measured with the blood samples. RESULTS The lowest body weight was observed in the intermittent and high-protein ketogenic diet group, followed by the free high-protein ketogenic diet and standard intermittent diet group, respectively. Also, the lowest body fat mass was observed in the intermittent and high-protein ketogenic diet group, followed by the standard intermittent diet group. Although there was no change in leptin, insulin, high- and low-density lipoprotein, and triacylglycerol levels in any group, the lowest blood glucose rate was observed in the intermittent and high-protein ketogenic diet group. CONCLUSION The results of the present study revealed that an intermittent high-protein ketogenic diet is more effective than others in weight loss without disrupting biochemical health parameters, and the applied diets do not prevent growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Eyikudamaci
- Department of Physiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ege
- Department of Physiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nihal Ensen
- Department of Chest Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nermin Yelmen
- Department of Physiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Aukan MI, Coutinho S, Pedersen SA, Simpson MR, Martins C. Differences in gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings between individuals with and without obesity-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13531. [PMID: 36416279 PMCID: PMC10078575 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determining if gastrointestinal (GI) hormone response to food intake differs between individuals with, and without, obesity may improve our understanding of obesity pathophysiology. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the concentrations of GI hormones, as well as appetite ratings, following a test meal, in individuals with and without obesity was undertaken. Systematic searches were conducted in the databases MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. A total of 7514 unique articles were retrieved, 115 included in the systematic review, and 70 in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis compared estimated standardized mean difference in GI hormones' concentration, as well as appetite ratings, between individuals with and without obesity. Basal and postprandial total ghrelin concentrations were lower in individuals with obesity compared with controls, and this was reflected by lower postprandial hunger ratings in the former. Individuals with obesity had a lower postprandial concentration of total peptide YY compared with controls, but no significant differences were found for glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin, or other appetite ratings. A large methodological and statistical heterogeneity among studies was found. More comprehensive studies are needed to understand if the differences observed are a cause or a consequence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Isaksen Aukan
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Silvia Coutinho
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Public Health Nutrition at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Sindre Andre Pedersen
- Library Section for Research Support, Data and Analysis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Melanie Rae Simpson
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinical Research Unit Central Norway, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Catia Martins
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Nutrition Sciences, the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Arciero PJ, Arciero KM, Poe M, Mohr AE, Ives SJ, Arciero A, Boyce M, Zhang J, Haas M, Valdez E, Corbet D, Judd K, Smith A, Furlong O, Wahler M, Gumpricht E. Intermittent fasting two days versus one day per week, matched for total energy intake and expenditure, increases weight loss in overweight/obese men and women. Nutr J 2022; 21:36. [PMID: 35658959 PMCID: PMC9166203 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-022-00790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intermittent fasting (IF), consisting of either a one-day (IF1) or two consecutive days (IF2) per week, is commonly used for optimal body weight loss. Our laboratory has previously shown an IF1 diet combined with 6d/week of protein pacing (P; 4–5 meals/day evenly spaced, ~ 30% protein/day) significantly enhances weight loss, body composition, and cardiometabolic health in obese men and women. Whether an IF1-P or IF2-P, matched for weekly energy intake (EI) and expenditure (EE), is superior for weight loss, body composition, and cardiometabolic health is unknown. Methods This randomized control study directly compared an IF1-P (n = 10) versus an IF2-P (n = 10) diet on weight loss and body composition, cardiovascular (blood pressure and lipids), hormone, and hunger responses in 20 overweight men and women during a 4-week weight loss period. Participants received weekly dietary counseling and monitoring of compliance from a registered dietitian. All outcome variables were assessed pre (week 0) and post (week 5). Results Both groups significantly reduced body weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, fat mass, hunger, blood pressure, lipids, glucose, and increased percent fat-free mass (p < 0.05). However, IF2-P resulted in significantly greater reductions in body weight (-29%) and waist circumference (-38%) compared to IF1-P (p < 0.05), and showed a strong tendency for greater reductions in fat mass, glucose, and hunger levels (p < 0.10) despite similar weekly total EI (IF1-P, 9058 ± 692 vs. IF2-P, 8389 ± 438 kcals/week; p = 0.90), EE (~ 300 kcals/day; p = 0.79), and hormone responses (p > 0.10). Conclusions These findings support short-term IF1-P and IF2-P to optimize weight loss and improve body composition, cardiometabolic health, and hunger management, with IF2-P providing enhanced benefits in overweight women and men. Trial registration This trial was registered March 03, 2020 at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04327141. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12937-022-00790-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
| | - Karen M Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Michelle Poe
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Stephen J Ives
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Autumn Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Molly Boyce
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Melissa Haas
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Emma Valdez
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Delaney Corbet
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Judd
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Annika Smith
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Olivia Furlong
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Marley Wahler
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
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The Comparison of the Effects between Continuous and Intermittent Energy Restriction in Short-Term Bodyweight Loss for Sedentary Population: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111645. [PMID: 34770157 PMCID: PMC8583133 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To compare the effects of continuous energy restriction (CER) and intermittent energy restriction (IER) in bodyweight loss plan in sedentary individuals with normal bodyweight and explore the influence factors of effect and individual retention. Methods: 26 participants were recruited in this randomized controlled and double-blinded trial and allocated to CER and IER groups. Bodyweight (BW), body mass index (BMI), and resting metabolic rate (RMR) would be collected before and after a 4-week (28 days) plan which included energy restriction (CER or IER) and moderate-intensity exercise. Daily intake of three major nutrients (protein, carbohydrate, fat) and calories were recorded. Results: A significant decrease in BW and BMI were reported within each group. No statistically significant difference in the change of RMR in CERG. No statistically significant difference was reported in the effect between groups, neither as well the intake of total calories, three major nutrients, and individual plan retention. The influence factors of IER and CER are different. Conclusion: Both CER and IER are effective and safe energy restriction strategies in the short term. Daily energy intake and physical exercise are important to both IER and CER.
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Yang G, Bai C, Liu T, He J, Gu X. The effect of Raphanus sativus L. seeds on regulation of intestinal motility in rats consuming a high-calorie diet. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111705. [PMID: 34118598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of a short-term high-calorie diet and the regulation mechanism of Raphanus sativus L. seeds (RSL seeds) on the intestinal motility of young rats. METHODS We fed 20 Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats special high-calorie diet for 3 days and then randomized them to a high-calorie diet group (HCG, 10 rats) and an RSL seeds treatment group (TG, 10 rats). Ten rats of the same age served as the control group (CG). HCG and TG rats continued to be fed high-calorie feed. All of the rats were weighed every 2 days. After 3 days of treatment, the effects of RSL seeds on the regulation of intestinal motility in rats consuming a high-calorie diet were examined. RESULTS After 3 days of consuming a high-calorie diet, body weight was significantly lower in the HCG group than in the control group, and body weight of the HCG group increased slowly with time. Serum substance P (SP) and ghrelin levels were significantly lower, while the nitric oxide (NO) level was significantly higher. There were no differences in hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of colon sections between the groups. The expression levels of Cx43 and BDNF protein and mRNA in colon tissue were significantly lower in the HCG group. There were no significant differences in body weight between the CG and TG groups. Serum SP and ghrelin indexes in TG group were higher than those in the HCG group, and the NO index was significantly decreased. The expression levels of Cx43 and BDNF proteins and mRNA in the colon tissue were also significantly greater. CONCLUSION Consumption of a short-term high-calorie diet may result in intestinal motility dysfunction and reduced intestinal motility. RSL seeds may improve the intestinal motility by regulating the secretion of gastrointestinal motility hormones and the expression of intestinal motility-related proteins, such as Cx43 and BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chen Bai
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tiegang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianzhen He
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Gu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
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Teong XT, Liu K, Hutchison AT, Liu B, Feinle-Bisset C, Wittert GA, Lange K, Vincent AD, Heilbronn LK. Rationale and protocol for a randomized controlled trial comparing daily calorie restriction versus intermittent fasting to improve glycaemia in individuals at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:176-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wu R, Tang X, Kang X, Luo Y, Wang L, Li J, Wu X, Liu D. Effect of a Chinese medical nutrition therapy diet on gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids in the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME). J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Gastrointestinal Sensing of Meal-Related Signals in Humans, and Dysregulations in Eating-Related Disorders. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061298. [PMID: 31181734 PMCID: PMC6627312 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a critical role in sensing the arrival of a meal, including its volume as well as nutrient and non-nutrient contents. The presence of the meal in the stomach generates a mechanical distension signal, and, as gastric emptying progresses, nutrients increasingly interact with receptors on enteroendocrine cells, triggering the release of gut hormones, with lipid and protein being particularly potent. Collectively, these signals are transmitted to the brain to regulate appetite and energy intake, or in a feedback loop relayed back to the upper GI tract to further adjust GI functions, including gastric emptying. The research in this area to date has provided important insights into how sensing of intraluminal meal-related stimuli acutely regulates appetite and energy intake in humans. However, disturbances in the detection of these stimuli have been described in a number of eating-related disorders. This paper will review the GI sensing of meal-related stimuli and the relationship with appetite and energy intake, and examine changes in GI responses to luminal stimuli in obesity, functional dyspepsia and anorexia of ageing, as examples of eating-related disorders. A much better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these dysregulations is still required to assist in the development of effective management and treatment strategies in the future.
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Dirksen C, Graff J, Fuglsang S, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Madsen JL. Energy intake, gastrointestinal transit, and gut hormone release in response to oral triglycerides and fatty acids in men with and without severe obesity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G332-G337. [PMID: 30520691 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00310.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fat, and particularly fatty acids (FAs) from hydrolyzed triglycerides (TGs), reduces appetite, whereas paradoxically, a high-fat diet leads to excess calorie intake. We therefore hypothesized that the appetite-regulating effects of FAs are perturbed in obesity. Ten men with severe obesity [median body mass index (BMI) of 51.0 kg/m2 (range of 47.9-69.0)] and 10 men without obesity [BMI of 24.6 kg/m2 (range of 21.7-26.8)] were recruited for a double-blind randomized crossover study. On two occasions, participants were given isocaloric (2,660 kJ) and isovolemic (80 ml) loads of either oleic acid (long-chain FA) or olive oil (TG) containing radiolabeled lipid and water markers. Postload scintigraphy, blood sampling, and assessment of appetite were performed for 10 h, after which an ad libitum meal was served. Compared with olive oil, oleic acid slowed gastric mean emptying time (GMET) for lipids ( P < 0.001), accelerated orocoecal transit time (OCTT; P = 0.005), increased postload cholecystokinin section ( P < 0.001), and suppressed ad libitum energy intake ( P = 0.028) in men with severe obesity, and similar effects were seen in the nonobese group (no group × lipid interactions). However, independent of lipid loads, GMET and OCTT were slower (GMETlipid P = 0.046; GMETwater P = 0.003; OCTT P = 0.001), and basal and postload secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was attenuated ( P = 0.045 and P = 0.048, respectively) in men with severe obesity compared with men without obesity. We conclude that the more potent appetite-regulating effects of oleic acid versus olive oil are unimpaired in men with severe obesity. However, regardless of lipid formulations, severe obesity is associated with slowed gastrointestinal transit and attenuated GLP-1 secretion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Orally ingested fatty acids more efficiently reduce appetite and energy intake than triglycerides also in men with severe obesity. Men with severe obesity have delayed gastrointestinal transit and attenuated early gut hormone responses after an oral lipid load compared with men without obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jesper Graff
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre for Functional Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Stefan Fuglsang
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre for Functional Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jan L Madsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre for Functional Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Heruc GA, Little TJ, Kohn M, Madden S, Clarke S, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Appetite Perceptions, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Ghrelin, Peptide YY and State Anxiety Are Disturbed in Adolescent Females with Anorexia Nervosa and Only Partially Restored with Short-Term Refeeding. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010059. [PMID: 30597915 PMCID: PMC6356798 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors underlying disturbed appetite perception in anorexia nervosa (AN) are poorly characterized. We examined in patients with AN whether fasting and postprandial appetite perceptions, gastrointestinal (GI) hormones, GI symptoms and state anxiety (i) differed from healthy controls (HCs) and (ii) were modified by two weeks of refeeding. 22 female adolescent inpatients with restricting AN, studied on hospital admission once medically stable (Wk0), and after one (Wk1) and two (Wk2) weeks of high-calorie refeeding, were compared with 17 age-matched HCs. After a 4 h fast, appetite perceptions, GI symptoms, state anxiety, and plasma acyl-ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) concentrations were assessed at baseline and in response to a mixed-nutrient test-meal (479 kcal). Compared with HCs, in patients with AN at Wk0, baseline ghrelin, PYY, fullness, bloating and anxiety were higher, and hunger less, and in response to the meal, ghrelin, bloating and anxiety were greater, and hunger less (all p < 0.05). After two weeks of refeeding, there was no change in baseline or postprandial ghrelin or bloating, or postprandial anxiety, but baseline PYY, fullness and anxiety decreased, and baseline and postprandial hunger increased (p < 0.05). We conclude that in AN, refeeding for 2 weeks was associated with improvements in PYY, appetite and baseline anxiety, while increased ghrelin, bloating and postprandial anxiety persisted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella A Heruc
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Tanya J Little
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Michael Kohn
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia.
- Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine Department, Westmead Hospital, Sydney 2145, Australia.
| | - Sloane Madden
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia.
| | - Simon Clarke
- Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine Department, Westmead Hospital, Sydney 2145, Australia.
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
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13
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Coutinho SR, Halset EH, Gåsbakk S, Rehfeld JF, Kulseng B, Truby H, Martins C. Compensatory mechanisms activated with intermittent energy restriction: A randomized control trial. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:815-823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Andriessen C, Christensen P, Vestergaard Nielsen L, Ritz C, Astrup A, Meinert Larsen T, Martinez JA, Saris WHM, van Baak MA, Papadaki A, Kunesova M, Jebb S, Blundell J, Lawton C, Raben A. Weight loss decreases self-reported appetite and alters food preferences in overweight and obese adults: Observational data from the DiOGenes study. Appetite 2018; 125:314-322. [PMID: 29471068 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
People with obesity often struggle to maintain their weight loss after a weight loss period. Furthermore, the effect of weight loss on appetite and food preferences remains unclear. Hence this study investigated the effect of weight loss on subjective appetite and food preferences in healthy, overweight and obese volunteers. A subgroup of adult participants (n = 123) from the Diet Obesity and Genes (DiOGenes) study (subgroup A) was recruited from across six European countries. Participants lost ≥8% of initial body weight during an 8-week low calorie diet (LCD). Subjective appetite and food preferences were measured before and after the LCD, in response to a standardized meal test, using visual analogue rating scales (VAS) and the Leeds Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ). After the LCD, participants reported increased fullness (p < 0.05), decreased desire to eat (p < 0.05) and decreased prospective consumption (p < 0.05) after consuming the test meal. An interaction effect (visit x time) was found for hunger ratings (p < 0.05). Area under the curve (AUC) for hunger, desire to eat and prospective consumption was decreased by 18.1%, 20.2% and 21.1% respectively whereas AUC for fullness increased by 13.9%. Preference for low-energy products measured by the Food Preference Checklist (FPC) decreased by 1.9% before the test meal and by 13.5% after the test meal (p < 0.05). High-carbohydrate and high-fat preference decreased by 11.4% and 16.2% before the test meal and by 17.4% and 22.7% after the meal (p < 0.05). No other effects were observed. These results suggest that LCD induced weight loss decreases the appetite perceptions of overweight volunteers whilst decreasing their preference for high-fat-, high-carbohydrate-, and low-energy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Andriessen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
| | - Pia Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - J Alfredo Martinez
- Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, CIBERobn, Fisiopatología de la Obesidady Nutrición, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Wim H M Saris
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Marleen A van Baak
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Angeliki Papadaki
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine & Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Marie Kunesova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Obesity Management Centre, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Susan Jebb
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - John Blundell
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Clare Lawton
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Gao XL, Wan CM. [Research advances in association between childhood obesity and gut microbiota]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2017; 19:368-371. [PMID: 28302214 PMCID: PMC7390145 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, more and more studies have noted the close association between gut microbiota and the development and progression of obesity. Gut microbiota may act on obesity by increasing energy intake, affecting the secretion of intestinal hormones, inducing chronic systemic inflammation, and producing insulin resistance. This article reviews the association between childhood obesity and gut microbiota, as well as possible mechanisms, in an attempt to provide a reference for the etiology, prevention and treatment of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China University Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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16
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Bluemel S, Menne D, Milos G, Goetze O, Fried M, Schwizer W, Fox M, Steingoetter A. Relationship of body weight with gastrointestinal motor and sensory function: studies in anorexia nervosa and obesity. BMC Gastroenterol 2017; 17:4. [PMID: 28056812 PMCID: PMC5217542 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whether gastrointestinal motor and sensory function is primary cause or secondary effect of abnormal body weight is uncertain. Moreover, studies relating continuous postprandial sensations of satiation to measurable pathology are scarce. This work assessed postprandial gastrointestinal function and concurrent sensations of satiation across a wide range of body weight and after weight change. Methods Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity (OB) were investigated in reference to normal weight controls (HC). AN were additionally investigated longitudinally. Gastric emptying, antral contractions and oro-cecal transit after ingestion of a solid meal were investigated by MRI and 13C-lactose-ureide breath test. The dependency of self-reported sensations of satiation on the varying degree of stomach filling during gastric emptying was compared between groups. Results 24 AN (BMI 14.4 (11.9–16.0) kg/m2), 16 OB (34.9 (29.6–41.5) kg/m2) and 20 HC (21.9 (18.9–24.9) kg/m2) were studied. Gastric half-emptying time (t50) was slower in AN than HC (p = 0.016) and OB (p = 0.007), and a negative association between t50 and BMI was observed between BMI 12 and 25 kg/m2 (p = 0.007). Antral contractions and oro-cecal transit were not different. For any given gastric content volume, self-reported postprandial fullness was greater in AN than in HC or OB (p < 0.001). After weight rehabilitation, t50 in AN tended to become shorter (p = 0.09) and postprandial fullness was less marked (p < 0.01). Conclusions A relationship between body weight and gastric emptying as well as self-reported feelings of satiation is present. AN have slower gastric emptying and heightened visceral perception compared to HC and OB. Longitudinal follow-up after weight rehabilitation in AN suggests these abnormalities are not a primary feature, but secondary to other factors that determine abnormal body weight. Trial registration Registered July 20, 2009 at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00946816). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12876-016-0560-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Bluemel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gabriella Milos
- Psychiatric Department, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Goetze
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Fried
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Schwizer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Fox
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Steingoetter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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17
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Carreiro AL, Dhillon J, Gordon S, Jacobs AG, Higgins KA, McArthur BM, Redan BW, Rivera RL, Schmidt LR, Mattes RD. The Macronutrients, Appetite, and Energy Intake. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:73-103. [PMID: 27431364 PMCID: PMC4960974 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-121415-112624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Each of the macronutrients-carbohydrate, protein, and fat-has a unique set of properties that influences health, but all are a source of energy. The optimal balance of their contribution to the diet has been a long-standing matter of debate. Over the past half century, thinking has progressed regarding the mechanisms by which each macronutrient may contribute to energy balance. At the beginning of this period, metabolic signals that initiated eating events (i.e., determined eating frequency) were emphasized. This was followed by an orientation to gut endocrine signals that purportedly modulate the size of eating events (i.e., determined portion size). Most recently, research attention has been directed to the brain, where the reward signals elicited by the macronutrients are viewed as potentially problematic (e.g., contribute to disordered eating). At this point, the predictive power of the macronutrients for energy intake remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia L Carreiro
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jaapna Dhillon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Susannah Gordon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ashley G Jacobs
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kelly A Higgins
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Benjamin W Redan
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Rebecca L Rivera
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Leigh R Schmidt
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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18
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Hoddy KK, Gibbons C, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Barnosky A, Bhutani S, Gabel K, Finlayson G, Varady KA. Changes in hunger and fullness in relation to gut peptides before and after 8 weeks of alternate day fasting. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:1380-1385. [PMID: 27062219 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alternate day fasting (ADF; 25% energy intake "fast day", alternated with an ad libitum intake "feed day") is effective for weight loss. Whether or not ADF modulates hunger, fullness and gut peptides in a way that enhances dietary compliance and weight loss, remains unknown. Accordingly, this study examined the effect of ADF on postprandial appetite ratings and gut peptides. METHODS Obese subjects (n = 59) participated in an 8-week ADF protocol where food was provided on the fast day. RESULTS Body weight decreased (P < 0.0001) by 3.9 ± 0.6 kg after 8 weeks of diet. Reductions (P < 0.05) in fat mass (-2.2 ± 0.2 kg), fat free mass (-1.4 ± 0.2 kg), visceral fat mass (-0.1 ± 0.1 kg), and resting metabolic rate (RMR; -104 ± 28 kcal/day) were also observed. Fasting leptin and insulin decreased (P < 0.05), while AUC ghrelin levels increased (P < 0.05). Despite these metabolic changes, there was no increase in subjective hunger by the end of the study. Furthermore, fullness and PYY increased (P < 0.05). Fat free mass and RMR were not related to hunger or ghrelin at any time point. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the absence of a compensatory increase in hunger in conjunction with an increase in sensations of fullness may contribute to the weight loss efficacy of an 8-week ADF regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Hoddy
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catherine Gibbons
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Cynthia M Kroeger
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John F Trepanowski
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adrienne Barnosky
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Surabhi Bhutani
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kelsey Gabel
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Graham Finlayson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Krista A Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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19
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Feinle-Bisset C. Upper gastrointestinal sensitivity to meal-related signals in adult humans - relevance to appetite regulation and gut symptoms in health, obesity and functional dyspepsia. Physiol Behav 2016; 162:69-82. [PMID: 27013098 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both the stomach and small intestine play important roles in sensing the arrival of a meal, and its physico-chemical characteristics, in the gastrointestinal lumen. The presence of a meal in the stomach provides a distension stimulus, and, as the meal empties into the small intestine, nutrients interact with small intestinal receptors, initiating the release of gut hormones, associated with feedback regulation of gastrointestinal functions, including gut motility, and signaling to the central nervous system, modulating eating behaviours, including energy intake. Lipid appears to have particularly potent effects, also in close interaction with, and modulating the effects of, gastric distension, and involving the action of gut hormones, particularly cholecystokinin (CCK). These findings have not only provided important, and novel, insights into how gastrointestinal signals interact to modulate subjective appetite perceptions, including fullness, but also laid the foundation for an increasing appreciation of the role of altered gastrointestinal sensitivities, e.g. as a consequence of excess dietary intake in obesity, or underlying the induction of gastrointestinal symptoms in functional dyspepsia (a condition characterized by symptoms, including bloating, nausea and early fullness, amongst others, after meals, particularly those high in fat, in the absence of any structural or functional abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract). This paper will review the effects of dietary nutrients, particularly lipid, on gastrointestinal function, and associated effects on appetite perceptions and energy intake, effects of interactions of gastrointestinal stimuli, as well as the role of altered gastrointestinal sensitivities (exaggerated, or reduced) in eating-related disorders, particularly obesity and functional dyspepsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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20
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O'Connor KL, Scisco JL, Smith TJ, Young AJ, Montain SJ, Price LL, Lieberman HR, Karl JP. Altered Appetite-Mediating Hormone Concentrations Precede Compensatory Overeating After Severe, Short-Term Energy Deprivation in Healthy Adults. J Nutr 2016; 146:209-17. [PMID: 26740683 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.217976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive responses of appetite-mediating hormones to negative energy balance are thought to contribute to a counterregulatory response that drives weight regain, but they have not been studied while controlling for reduced diet volume. OBJECTIVE In this secondary analysis, we aimed to determine the effects of short-term, severe energy deprivation (ED) on appetite and appetite-mediating hormone concentrations. METHODS Twenty-one adults with a mean ± SD age of 21 ± 3 y and body mass index of 25 ± 3 kg/m(2) consumed isovolumetric diets provided over separate 48-h periods while increasing habitual energy expenditure by 1683 ± 329 kcal/d through light- and moderate-intensity exercise. Energy intake was matched to energy expenditure to maintain energy balance (EB) (-44 ± 92 kcal/d) or was <10% of energy expenditure to generate a -3696 ± 742-kcal/d energy deficit. Postprandial appetite, glucose, insulin, acyl ghrelin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses and ad libitum energy intake were measured as secondary outcomes after both experimental periods. RESULTS Fasting insulin (-56% ± 42%) and acyl ghrelin (-60% ± 17%) concentrations decreased during ED but not during EB (condition-by-time interaction; P-interaction ≤ 0.01), whereas fasting leptin concentrations decreased more during ED compared with during EB (-47% ± 27% compared with -20% ± 27%; P-interaction = 0.05). Postprandial insulin (57% ± 63%; P < 0.001), GLP-1 (14% ± 28%; P = 0.04), and PP (54% ± 52%; P < 0.001) areas under the curve (AUCs) were higher, whereas the acyl ghrelin AUC was lower (-56% ± 13%; P < 0.001) after ED compared with after EB. After ED, self-rated appetite was greater, and ad libitum energy intake was 811 kcal/36 h (95% CI: 184, 1439 kcal/36 h) higher relative to after EB (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Short-term, severe ED suppressed acyl ghrelin concentrations and increased postprandial anorexigenic hormone concentrations. These effects preceded compensatory overeating, suggesting that in adults without obesity, altered sensitivity to appetite-mediating hormones may contribute to an adaptive counterregulatory response during the initial stages of negative EB. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01603550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie L O'Connor
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
| | - Jenna L Scisco
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
| | - Tracey J Smith
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
| | - Andrew J Young
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
| | - Scott J Montain
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
| | - Lori Lyn Price
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
| | - J Philip Karl
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
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21
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de Hollanda A, Casals G, Delgado S, Jiménez A, Viaplana J, Lacy AM, Vidal J. Gastrointestinal Hormones and Weight Loss Maintenance Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:4677-84. [PMID: 26505823 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Factors underlying variable weight loss (WL) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to gain insight on the role of gastrointestinal hormones on poor WL maintenance (P-WLM) following RYGB. DESIGN AND PATIENTS First, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and ghrelin responses to a standardized mixed liquid meal (SMLM) were compared between subjects with good WL (G-WL, n = 32) or P-WLM (n = 22). Second, we evaluated food intake (FI) following blockade of gut hormonal secretion in G-WL (n = 23) or P-WLM (n = 19) subjects. Finally, the impact of dietary-induced WL on the hormonal response in subjects with P-WLM (n = 14) was assessed. SETTING This study was undertaken in a tertiary hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In studies 1 and 3, the outcomes measures were the areas under the curve of gut hormones following a SMLM; in study 2, FI following subcutaneous injection of saline or octreotide were evaluated. RESULTS P-WLM associated a blunted GLP-1 (P = .044) and PYY (P = .001) responses and lesser suppression of ghrelin (P = .032) following the SMLM challenge. On saline day, FI in the G-WL (393 ± 143 kcal) group was less than in the P-WLM (519 ± 143 Kcal; P = .014) group. Octreotide injection resulted in enlarged FI in both groups (G-WL: 579 ± 248 kcal, P = .014; P-WLM: 798 ± 284 Kcal, P = .036), but the difference in FI between groups remained (P < .001). In subjects with P-WLM, dietary-induced WL resulted in larger ghrelin suppression (P = .046), but no change in the GLP-1 or PYY responses. CONCLUSION Our data show gastrointestinal hormones play a role in the control of FI following RYGB, but do not support that changes in GLP-1, PYY, or ghrelin play a major role as determinants of P-WLM after this type of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana de Hollanda
- Obesity Unit, Hospital Clinic Universitari (A.d.H., S.D., A.J., J.V., A.M.L.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; Center for Biological Diagnostics (G.C.), Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain 08036; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (S.D., A.M.L., J.V.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (J.P.), Barcelona, Spain 08036
| | - Gregori Casals
- Obesity Unit, Hospital Clinic Universitari (A.d.H., S.D., A.J., J.V., A.M.L.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; Center for Biological Diagnostics (G.C.), Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain 08036; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (S.D., A.M.L., J.V.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (J.P.), Barcelona, Spain 08036
| | - Salvadora Delgado
- Obesity Unit, Hospital Clinic Universitari (A.d.H., S.D., A.J., J.V., A.M.L.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; Center for Biological Diagnostics (G.C.), Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain 08036; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (S.D., A.M.L., J.V.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (J.P.), Barcelona, Spain 08036
| | - Amanda Jiménez
- Obesity Unit, Hospital Clinic Universitari (A.d.H., S.D., A.J., J.V., A.M.L.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; Center for Biological Diagnostics (G.C.), Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain 08036; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (S.D., A.M.L., J.V.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (J.P.), Barcelona, Spain 08036
| | - Judith Viaplana
- Obesity Unit, Hospital Clinic Universitari (A.d.H., S.D., A.J., J.V., A.M.L.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; Center for Biological Diagnostics (G.C.), Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain 08036; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (S.D., A.M.L., J.V.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (J.P.), Barcelona, Spain 08036
| | - Antonio M Lacy
- Obesity Unit, Hospital Clinic Universitari (A.d.H., S.D., A.J., J.V., A.M.L.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; Center for Biological Diagnostics (G.C.), Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain 08036; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (S.D., A.M.L., J.V.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (J.P.), Barcelona, Spain 08036
| | - Josep Vidal
- Obesity Unit, Hospital Clinic Universitari (A.d.H., S.D., A.J., J.V., A.M.L.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; Center for Biological Diagnostics (G.C.), Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain 08036; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (S.D., A.M.L., J.V.), Barcelona, Spain 08036; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (J.P.), Barcelona, Spain 08036
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22
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Hutchison AT, Feinle-Bisset C, Fitzgerald PCE, Standfield S, Horowitz M, Clifton PM, Luscombe-Marsh ND. Comparative effects of intraduodenal whey protein hydrolysate on antropyloroduodenal motility, gut hormones, glycemia, appetite, and energy intake in lean and obese men. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:1323-31. [PMID: 26561615 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.114538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In lean individuals, intraduodenal protein and lipid modulate gastrointestinal motor and hormone functions and reduce energy intake in a load-dependent manner; protein also stimulates insulin, with modest effects on reducing blood glucose. The effect of intraduodenal lipid on gastrointestinal motor and hormone responses is diminished in obesity; whether the effects of protein are also attenuated remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to characterize the load-dependent effects of intraduodenal whey protein hydrolysate on antropyloroduodenal pressures, gut hormones, glycemia, appetite, and energy intake in obese subjects and to compare the responses to the higher protein load with those in lean subjects. DESIGN We measured antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, insulin, blood glucose, appetite, and energy intake in 12 nondiabetic obese men on 3 separate occasions, in a double-blind, randomized order, during 60-min intraduodenal infusions of hydrolyzed whey protein at either 0 (saline control), 1.5, or 3 kcal/min. Twelve age-matched lean individuals received a 3-kcal/min infusion only. Immediately after the infusions, energy intake from a buffet lunch was quantified. RESULTS In obese subjects, protein suppressed antral and duodenal pressures; stimulated plasma CCK, GLP-1, GIP, insulin, and glucagon (all r > 0.57, P < 0.01); and tended to reduce energy intake (r = -10.38, P = 0.057) in a dose-dependent manner. In response to the 3-kcal/min protein load, antropyloroduodenal pressures, CCK, GLP-1, and glucagon did not differ between lean and obese subjects. Insulin release was greater, and GIP release less, in obese than in lean subjects (both P < 0.05), whereas the reduction in glucose was comparable. Energy intake tended to be higher in obese subjects (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS The gastrointestinal effects of hydrolyzed whey protein remain relatively intact in obesity; however, the observed changes in insulin and GIP suggest early disturbances in the insulin-incretin axis. This study was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN 12612000203853.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Hutchison
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Penelope C E Fitzgerald
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Scott Standfield
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter M Clifton
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; and
| | - Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
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23
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract comprises a large endocrine organ that regulates not only nutrient sensing and metabolising but also satiety and energy homeostasis. More than 20 hormones secreted from the stomach, intestine, and pancreas as well as signaling mediators of the gut microbiome are involved in this process. A better understanding of how related pathways affect body weight and food intake will help us to find new strategies and drugs to treat obesity. For example, weight loss secondary to lifestyle intervention is often accompanied by unfavorable changes in multiple GI hormones, which may cause difficulties in maintaining a lower body weight status. Conversely, bariatric surgery favorably changes the hormone profile to support improved satiety and metabolic function. This partially explains stronger sustained body weight reduction resulting in better long-term results of improved metabolic functions. This review focuses on GI hormones and signaling mediators of the microbiome involved in satiety regulation and energy homeostasis and summarizes their changes following weight loss. Furthermore, the potential role of GI hormones as anti-obesity drugs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinehr
- Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, Institute for Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany,
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight recent research developments relating to the effects of, and interactions between, hormones and diet, as well as underlying mechanisms, on appetite, energy intake and body weight. For this purpose, clinically relevant English language articles were reviewed from October 2012 to April 2014. RECENT FINDINGS The mechanisms underlying nutrient-induced energy intake suppression differ between dietary protein and lipid. High-fat, energy-dense diets compromise the satiating effects of gut hormones, and, therefore, promote further overconsumption. These effects are mediated by changes in the signalling in both peripheral and central pathways, and may only be partially reversible by dietary restriction. Additional factors, including probiotics, meal-related factors (e.g., eating speed and frequency), circadian influences and gene polymorphisms, also modify energy intake and eating behaviour. SUMMARY Research continues to unravel the pathways and mechanisms underlying the nutrient-induced and diet-induced regulation of energy intake, as well as the changes, both peripherally and in the central nervous system, brought about by the consumption of high-fat, energy-dense diets. Much further work is required to translate this knowledge into novel, and effective, approaches for the management and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Feinle-Bisset
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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