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Shima A, Tanaka H, Okamura T, Nishikawa T, Godai K, Kimura T, Tatsumi Y, Morino A, Kawatsu Y, Miyamatsu N. Providing mammography in workplaces improved screening rates: cluster randomized controlled trial. Eur J Public Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab165.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Despite sufficient evidence on the importance of breast cancer screening, the screening rate has remained less than 50% in Japan. To promote behavioral change of individuals, it is important to reduce barriers to taking screening. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an environmental approach providing opportunities for mammography (MMG) in workplaces.
Methods
Female employees aged 40 years or older were eligible. Supermarket stores were randomly assigned into two groups, the intervention arm (leaflet and MMG) and the control arm (leaflet). From May to July 2018, participants in the intervention arm were given a leaflet informing the subsidies for breast cancer screening and were provided the opportunity to have MMG in their workplace. Participants in the control group were given the same leaflet, but they had to take the screening outside the workplace as usual. The primary outcome was the breast cancer screening rate in 2018, evaluated using self-administered questionnaires. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the screening rate in the intervention arm compared with the control arm was estimated using multilevel logistic regression.
Results
We analyzed 1624 participants (mean age was 53 years) from 25 supermarket stores (intervention: 578 patients in 8 stores, control: 1046 patients in 17 stores). The screening rate in the intervention arm was 312 (54%) and was 125 (12%) in the control arm. The OR (and 95% CIs) was 7.81 (5.03-12.12) in the final model adjusted store level effects (i.e., stores and screening rate in 2017 at each store) and individual age and current smoking.
Conclusions
In a worksite-based cluster-randomized controlled trial conducted in a Japanese population, an environmental approach providing MMG opportunities in workplaces significantly increased the self-reported breast cancer screening rate within one year. (UMIN000030465)
Key messages
Providing the opportunity of mammography in Japanese supermarket stores improved the breast cancer screening rate. An environmental approach reducing barriers to screening may be more effective than conventional approaches in improving breast cancer screening rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shima
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- Occupational Health Care Office, Heiwado Co.,Ltd, Shiga, Japan
| | - H Tanaka
- Fujiidera Public Health Center of Osaka Prefecture, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Okamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Nishikawa
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Kyoto Koka Wemen’s University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Godai
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Kimura
- General Incorporated Foundation Kinki Health Administration, Shiga, Japan
| | - Y Tatsumi
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Morino
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- Occupational Health Care Office, Heiwado Co.,Ltd, Shiga, Japan
| | - Y Kawatsu
- Occupational Health Care Office, Heiwado Co.,Ltd, Shiga, Japan
| | - N Miyamatsu
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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2
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Miyamatsu N, Shima A, Morino A, Azuma S, Ichikawa M, Godai K, Kawatsu Y, Nishikawa T, Tanaka H, Okamura T. Presence of intimate family and cancer screening behavior: a cross-sectional study of 4237 workers. Eur J Public Health 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz187.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Presence of intimate family is considered as one of the related factors of health behaviors. The study aim was to clarify the relationship between the presence of significant others and having a colorectal cancer screening.
Methods
This study used data of baseline survey of intervention study regarding breast cancer screening at worksites. A total of 6827 workers, aged 40 and over of the retail company, were required to fill out a self-administrated questionnaire related to cancer screening. the intimate family was defined as a person’s spouse or partner and children. Logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate odds ratios [ORs] and 95% confidence intervals [CIs] of undergoing an annual screening for colorectal cancer by the presence of spouse or partner adjusting for age. The same analysis was performed regarding the presence of children.
Results
Response rates were 70% in men and 71% in women. After excluding participants with a past history of cancer and lack of information about colorectal cancer screening or the presence of significant others, 4203 remained for the analyses. A total of 1777 participants reported that they had undergone screening for colorectal cancer within a year (42% in men and 42% in women). Screening rates of participants with/without a spouse were 45% and 30% in men, 44% and 38% in women. Screening rates of participants with/without children were 45% and 33% in men, 43% and 38% in women. ORs of undergoing annual colorectal cancer screening by the presence of spouse were 1.8 (1.3-2.5) in men and 1.3 (1.1-1.5) in women. ORs by the presence of children were 1.6 (1.2-2.1) in men and 1.1 (0.9-1.3) in women.
Conclusions
This study indicated that health behavior in cancer screening could be affected by having a spouse in both men and women. The presence of children positively related in men. Male workers with children might be under some pressure to keep their health, from a sense of responsibility of main income earner.
Key messages
Health behavior in cancer screening could be affected by having a spouse. Health behavior in cancer screening could be affected by having a child only in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Miyamatsu
- Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - A Shima
- Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Heiwado Co., Ltd., Hikone, Japan
| | - A Morino
- Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Heiwado Co., Ltd., Hikone, Japan
| | - S Azuma
- Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - M Ichikawa
- Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - K Godai
- Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | | | | | - H Tanaka
- Fujiidera Public Health Center, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Mitsuhashi M, Sawamoto N, Shima A, Furukawa K, Kambe D, Takahashi R. Severity of motor symptoms and degree of dopaminergic damage in the terminal and the soma in advanced Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Furukawa K, Sawamoto N, Shima A, Kambe D, Takahashi R. Cognitive impairments in patients with increased tendency to fall in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Miyamatsu N, Shima A, Godai K, Tanaka H, Mekata E, Kawatsu Y, Matsumura Y, Nishikawa T, Okamura T. Effects of health-prone behavior concerning breast cancer on blood pressure control in hypertensives. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw174.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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6
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Nishikawa T, Okamura T, Shima A, Kawatsu Y, Sugiyama D, Kadota A, Morimoto A, Tatsumi Y, Godai K, Miyamatsu N. Casual serum triglyceride as a predictor of premature type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 8-year cohort study of middle-aged Japanese workers. Diabetol Int 2015; 7:252-258. [PMID: 30603271 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-015-0241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The utility of casual serum triglyceride (TG) as a predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is unclear, especially during the most productive years. Methods Participants were 3271 workers (913 men and 2358 women, age 20-57) without DM at baseline. They underwent consecutive annual medical check-ups for 8 years. The association between newly diagnosed DM and casual serum TG level was determined by classifying the participants into 4 groups according to casual serum TG level at baseline: below 50 mg/dL (group A), 50-100 mg/dL (group B), 100-150 mg/dL (group C), and ≥150 mg/dL (group D). The effects of casual serum TG level in combination with sex, obesity, or serum glucose level on newly diagnosed DM were also evaluated. Results A total of 222 newly diagnosed type 2 DM cases with a mean age of 50 years old were observed during the follow-up period, i.e., 10/406 in group A, 66/1534 in group B, 58/712 in group C, and 88/619 in group D. Compared with group A, the odds ratio (ORs) for newly diagnosed DM (after adjusting for DM-associated factors) was found to increase with casual serum TG level: 1.38 (group B), 1.79 (group C), and 2.36 (group D). Moreover, the OR for newly diagnosed DM was higher in participants with high casual serum TG levels who were also male (OR 2.46), obese (OR 4.18), or had a high serum glucose level (OR 6.96) than in the reference group. Conclusions Serum TG level ≥150 mg/dL when fasting or nonfasting is a significant predictor of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Nishikawa
- 1Department of Health and Nutrition, Kyoto Koka Women's University, 38 Kadonocho, Nishikyogoku, Ukyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-0822 Japan
- 4Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - T Okamura
- 2Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Shima
- Heiwado Co., Ltd., Hikone, Japan
- 4Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | | | - D Sugiyama
- 2Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Kadota
- 5Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka, Japan
| | - A Morimoto
- 4Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Y Tatsumi
- 4Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- 6Department of Mathematical Health Science, Graduate School of Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - K Godai
- 4Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - N Miyamatsu
- 4Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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7
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Shima A, Matsuda R. EM.P.1.08 Low temperature-induced inhibition of myogenic differentiation is cancelled by IGF-I and vitamin C. Neuromuscul Disord 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Parabens are commonly added in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food products because of their wide antibacterial properties, low toxicity, inertness and chemical stability, although the molecular mechanism of their antibacterial effect is not fully understood. Some agonists of the transient receptor potential (TRP) A1 channels are known to have strong antibacterial activities. Therefore, a series of experiments was conducted to find out the effects of parabens on TRP channels expressed in sensory neurons, particularly the TRPA1 channels. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of parabens, especially of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (methyl paraben) on TRP channel activities were examined using Ca(2+)-imaging and patch-clamp methods. In addition, an involvement of methyl paraben in the development of pain-related behavior in mice was investigated. KEY RESULTS Methyl paraben specifically activated TRPA1 in both HEK293 cells expressing TRPA1 and in mouse sensory neurons with an EC(50) value of 4.4 mM, an attainable concentration in methyl paraben-containing products. Methyl paraben caused pain-related behavior in mice similar to that caused by allyl isothiocyanate, which was blocked by the TRP channel blocker, ruthenium red. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data indicate that methyl paraben is able to activate TRPA1 channels and can cause pain sensation. As such, methyl paraben provides a useful tool for investigating TRPA1 function and development of antinociceptive agents acting on TRPA1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fujita
- Section of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences Okazaki, Japan
| | - T Moriyama
- Rehabilitation Medicine, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine Hirosaki, Japan
| | - T Higashi
- Section of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies Okazaki, Japan
| | - A Shima
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Nihon University Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Tominaga
- Section of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies Okazaki, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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9
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Abstract
A multi-point, implicit-type, finite-difference method for solving the bubble growth (or collapse) problem in an ultraheated liquid is proposed. The method is applicable to both inertia-controlled growth and heat-diffusion-controlled growth. The results are compared with several asymptotic solutions, involving Plesset-Zwick and Mikic-Rohsenow-Griffith solutions. Present results strongly support the Mikic-Rohsenow-Griffith solution for the wide range of bubble growth conditions, e.g. given fluids, pressure, liquid ultraheat, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Saitoh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - A. Shima
- Professor, Institute of High Speed Mechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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10
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Kimura T, Jindo T, Narita T, Naruse K, Kobayashi D, Shin-I T, Kitagawa T, Sakaguchi T, Mitani H, Shima A, Kohara Y, Takeda H. Large-scale isolation of ESTs from medaka embryos and its application to medaka developmental genetics. Mech Dev 2004; 121:915-32. [PMID: 15210196 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2004.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Revised: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 03/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The medaka is becoming an attractive model organism for the study of vertebrate early development and organogenesis and large-scale mutagenesis projects that are aimed at creating developmentally defective mutants are now being conducted by several groups in Japan. To strengthen the study of medaka developmental genetics, we have conducted a large-scale isolation of ESTs from medaka embryos and developed tools that facilitate mutant analysis. In this study, we have characterized a total of 132,082 sequences from both ends of cloned insert cDNAs from libraries generated at different stages of medaka embryo development. Clustering analysis with 3-prime sequences finally identified a total of 12,429 clusters. As a pilot analysis, 924 clusters were subjected to in situ hybridization to determine the spatial localization of their transcripts. Using EST sequence data generated in the present study, a 60-mer oligonucleotide microarray with 8,091 unigenes (Medaka Microarray 8K) was constructed and tested for its usefulness in expression profiling. Furthermore, we have developed a rapid and reliable mutant mapping system using a set of mapped EST markers (M-marker 2003) that covers the entire medaka genome. These resources will accelerate medaka mutant analyses and make an important contribution to the medaka genome project.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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11
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Schrenzel MD, Osborn KG, Shima A, Klieforth RB, Maalouf GA. Naturally occurring fatal herpes simplex virus 1 infection in a family of white-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia pithecia pithecia). J Med Primatol 2003; 32:7-14. [PMID: 12733597 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0684.2003.01040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A family of three white-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia pithecia pithecia) died 48-96 hours after the onset of anorexia, nasal discharge, pyrexia and oral ulceration. One animal also had clonic seizures. Lesions found post-mortem consisted of oral and esophageal ulcers, hepatic and intestinal necrosis, meningoencephalitis and sporadic neuronal necrosis. Intranuclear inclusion bodies and syncytial cells were present in oral lesions and affected areas of liver. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) was identified as the etiology of disease by virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, or in situ hybridization in all three animals. Immunohistochemistry for detection of apoptotic DNA and activated caspase-3 showed significant levels of apoptosis in oral and liver lesions and occasional apoptotic neurons in the brain. These findings demonstrate the vulnerability of white-faced saki monkeys to HSV-1 and provide initial insight into the pathogenesis of fatal HSV-1-induced disease, indicating that apoptosis plays a significant role in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Schrenzel
- Department of Pathology, Zoological Society of San Diego, Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, San Diego, CA 92112, USA.
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12
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Okubo K, Nagata S, Ko R, Kataoka H, Yoshiura Y, Mitani H, Kondo M, Naruse K, Shima A, Aida K. Identification and characterization of two distinct GnRH receptor subtypes in a teleost, the medaka Oryzias latipes. Endocrinology 2001; 142:4729-39. [PMID: 11606438 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.11.8475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification and characterization of two distinct GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) subtypes, designated GnRH-R1 and GnRH-R2, in a model teleost, the medaka Oryzias latipes. These seven-transmembrane receptors of the medaka contain a cytoplasmic C-terminal tail, which has been found in all other nonmammalian GnRH-Rs cloned to date. The GnRH-R1 gene is composed of three exons separated by two introns, whereas the GnRH-R2 gene has an additional intron and therefore consists of four exons and three introns. The GnRH-R1 and GnRH-R2 genes, both of which exist as single-copy genes in the medaka genome, were mapped to linkage groups 3 and 16, respectively. Inositol phosphate assays using COS-7 cells transfected with GnRH-R1 and GnRH-R2 demonstrated that they had remarkably different ligand sensitivities, although both receptors showed highest preference for chicken-II-type GnRH. Phylogenetic analysis showed the presence of three paralogous lineages for vertebrate GnRH-Rs and indicated that neither GnRH-R1 nor GnRH-R2 is the medaka ortholog to mammalian GnRH-Rs that lack a cytoplasmic tail. This, together with an observation that medaka-type GnRH had low affinity for GnRH-R1 and GnRH-R2, suggests that a third GnRH-R may exist in the medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okubo
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Brunner B, Hornung U, Shan Z, Nanda I, Kondo M, Zend-Ajusch E, Haaf T, Ropers HH, Shima A, Schmid M, Kalscheuer VM, Schartl M. Genomic organization and expression of the doublesex-related gene cluster in vertebrates and detection of putative regulatory regions for DMRT1. Genomics 2001; 77:8-17. [PMID: 11543627 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Genes related to the Drosophila melanogaster doublesex and Caenorhabditis elegans mab-3 genes are conserved in human. They are identified by a DNA-binding homology motif, the DM domain, and constitute a gene family (DMRTs). Unlike the invertebrate genes, whose role in the sex-determination process is essentially understood, the function of the different vertebrate DMRT genes is not as clear. Evidence has accumulated for the involvement of DMRT1 in male sex determination and differentiation. DMRT2 (known as terra in zebrafish) seems to be a critical factor for somitogenesis. To contribute to a better understanding of the function of this important gene family, we have analyzed DMRT1, DMRT2, and DMRT3 from the genome model organism Fugu rubripes and the medakafish, a complementary model organism for genetics and functional studies. We found conservation of synteny of human chromosome 9 in F. rubripes and an identical gene cluster organization of the DMRTs in both fish. Although expression analysis and gene linkage mapping in medaka exclude a function for any of the three genes in the primary step of male sex determination, comparison of F. rubripes and human sequences uncovered three putative regulatory regions that might have a role in more downstream events of sex determination and human XY sex reversal.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Exons
- Female
- Fishes/embryology
- Fishes/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Introns
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Oryzias/embryology
- Oryzias/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/metabolism
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brunner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Brunner B, Hornung U, Shan Z, Nanda I, Kondo M, Zend-Ajusch E, Haaf T, Ropers HH, Shima A, Schmid M, Kalscheuer VM, Schartl M. Genomic organization and expression of the doublesex-related gene cluster in vertebrates and detection of putative regulatory regions for DMRT1. Genomics 2001. [PMID: 11543627 DOI: 10.1006/geno2001,6615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Genes related to the Drosophila melanogaster doublesex and Caenorhabditis elegans mab-3 genes are conserved in human. They are identified by a DNA-binding homology motif, the DM domain, and constitute a gene family (DMRTs). Unlike the invertebrate genes, whose role in the sex-determination process is essentially understood, the function of the different vertebrate DMRT genes is not as clear. Evidence has accumulated for the involvement of DMRT1 in male sex determination and differentiation. DMRT2 (known as terra in zebrafish) seems to be a critical factor for somitogenesis. To contribute to a better understanding of the function of this important gene family, we have analyzed DMRT1, DMRT2, and DMRT3 from the genome model organism Fugu rubripes and the medakafish, a complementary model organism for genetics and functional studies. We found conservation of synteny of human chromosome 9 in F. rubripes and an identical gene cluster organization of the DMRTs in both fish. Although expression analysis and gene linkage mapping in medaka exclude a function for any of the three genes in the primary step of male sex determination, comparison of F. rubripes and human sequences uncovered three putative regulatory regions that might have a role in more downstream events of sex determination and human XY sex reversal.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Exons
- Female
- Fishes/embryology
- Fishes/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Introns
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Oryzias/embryology
- Oryzias/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/metabolism
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brunner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Delayed-type mutations induced by radiation have recently been demonstrated in various somatic-cell systems. Such mutations are thought to result from the transmission of genetic instability through many cell divisions subsequent to a single exposure to ionizing radiation. Here, we have examined whether 'transgenerational' delayed-type mutations can arise during embryonic development of the medaka fish as a result of exposing the sperm and spermatids of live fish to 137Cs gamma-radiation. To do this, we made use of a sensitive specific-locus test (SLT) for the medaka that we have recently developed. Because the medaka has a transparent egg membrane and embryo body, both visible mosaics and whole-body mutations can be detected during development at an early-expressed pigmentation locus. When wild-type +/+ males were gamma-irradiated and then mated with wl/wl females, the frequency of F1 embryos with both wild-type orange leucophores (wl/+) and mutant-type white leucophores (wl/wl*) (mosaic mutants) was about 5.7x10(-3)/Gy. The frequency of embryos with only white leucophores (whole-body mutants) was about 1.3x10(-3)/Gy. These results suggest that delayed mutations frequently arise in medaka fish embryos that have been fertilized with irradiated sperm. Some possible mechanisms involved in the generation of these delayed mutational events (including genomic instability in the early embryos) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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16
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Kondo S, Kuwahara Y, Kondo M, Naruse K, Mitani H, Wakamatsu Y, Ozato K, Asakawa S, Shimizu N, Shima A. The medaka rs-3 locus required for scale development encodes ectodysplasin-A receptor. Curr Biol 2001; 11:1202-6. [PMID: 11516953 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The bodies of most teleost fish species are covered with specialized subepithelial structures known as scales. The scale is an epithelial appendage that differentiates from the dermal mesenchyme. Mammals, on the other hand, have no scales, but instead their bodies are covered with hair. Although their appearances are quite different, scales and hair can be considered structurally similar in that both of them are epithelial appendages distributed over the body surface in an orderly pattern. This analogy suggests that they may have the same evolutionary origin. But, to date, no molecular evidence has been presented that links scales and hair. A mutation at the rs-3 locus of medaka (Oryzias latipes) leads to almost complete loss of scales. We demonstrated that the rs-3 locus encodes ectodysplasin-A receptor (EDAR), which is required for the initiation of hair development in mammals. We identified a novel transposon inserted in the first intron of EDAR, which causes aberrant splicing. This work shows that EDAR is required for scale development in fish and suggests that it is an evolutionarily conserved molecule that is required for the development of epithelial appendages in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kondo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Fukamachi S, Shimada A, Shima A. Mutations in the gene encoding B, a novel transporter protein, reduce melanin content in medaka. Nat Genet 2001. [PMID: 11479596 DOI: 10.1038/ng584.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pigmentation of the skin is of great social, clinical and cosmetic significance. Several genes that, when mutated, give rise to altered coat color in mice have been identified; their analysis has provided some insight into melanogenesis and human pigmentation diseases. Such analyses do not, however, fully inform on the pigmentation of lower vertebrates because mammals have only one kind of chromatophore, the melanocyte. In contrast, the medaka (a small, freshwater teleost) is a suitable model of the lower vertebrates because it has all kinds of chromatophores. The basic molecular genetics of fish are known and approximately 70 spontaneous pigmentation mutants have been isolated. One of these, an orange-red variant, is a homozygote of a well-known and common allele, b, and has been bred for hundreds of years by the Japanese. Here, we report the first successful positional cloning of a medaka gene (AIM1): one that encodes a transporter that mediates melanin synthesis. The protein is predicted to consist of 12 transmembrane domains and is 55% identical to a human EST of unknown function isolated from melanocytes and melanoma cells. We also isolated a highly homologous gene from the mouse, indicating a conserved function of vertebrate melanogenesis. Intriguingly, these proteins have sequence and structural similarities to plant sucrose transporters, suggesting a relevance of sucrose in melanin synthesis. Analysis of AIM1 orthologs should provide new insights into the regulation of melanogenesis in both teleosts and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fukamachi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-no-ha 5-1-5, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba-ken 277-0882, Japan.
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Kondo M, Nagao E, Mitani H, Shima A. Differences in recombination frequencies during female and male meioses of the sex chromosomes of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. Genet Res (Camb) 2001; 78:23-30. [PMID: 11556134 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672301005109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the medaka, Oryzias latipes, sex is determined chromosomally. The sex chromosomes differ from those of mammals in that the X and Y chromosomes are highly homologous. Using backcross panels for linkage analysis, we mapped 21 sequence tagged site (STS) markers on the sex chromosomes (linkage group 1). The genetic map of the sex chromosome was established using male and female meioses. The genetic length of the sex chromosome was shorter in male than in female meioses. The region where male recombination is suppressed is the region close to the sex-determining gene y, while female recombination was suppressed in both the telomeric regions. The restriction in recombination does not occur uniformly on the sex chromosome, as the genetic map distances of the markers are not proportional in male and female recombination. Thus, this observation seems to support the hypothesis that the heterogeneous sex chromosomes were derived from suppression of recombination between autosomal chromosomes. In two of the markers, Yc-2 and Casp6, which were expressed sequence-tagged (EST) sites, polymorphisms of both X and Y chromosomes were detected. The alleles of the X and Y chromosomes were also detected in O. curvinotus, a species related to the medaka. These markers could be used for genotyping the sex chromosomes in the medaka and other species, and could be used in other studies on sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kondo
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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19
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Abstract
Pigmentation of the skin is of great social, clinical and cosmetic significance. Several genes that, when mutated, give rise to altered coat color in mice have been identified; their analysis has provided some insight into melanogenesis and human pigmentation diseases. Such analyses do not, however, fully inform on the pigmentation of lower vertebrates because mammals have only one kind of chromatophore, the melanocyte. In contrast, the medaka (a small, freshwater teleost) is a suitable model of the lower vertebrates because it has all kinds of chromatophores. The basic molecular genetics of fish are known and approximately 70 spontaneous pigmentation mutants have been isolated. One of these, an orange-red variant, is a homozygote of a well-known and common allele, b, and has been bred for hundreds of years by the Japanese. Here, we report the first successful positional cloning of a medaka gene (AIM1): one that encodes a transporter that mediates melanin synthesis. The protein is predicted to consist of 12 transmembrane domains and is 55% identical to a human EST of unknown function isolated from melanocytes and melanoma cells. We also isolated a highly homologous gene from the mouse, indicating a conserved function of vertebrate melanogenesis. Intriguingly, these proteins have sequence and structural similarities to plant sucrose transporters, suggesting a relevance of sucrose in melanin synthesis. Analysis of AIM1 orthologs should provide new insights into the regulation of melanogenesis in both teleosts and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fukamachi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-no-ha 5-1-5, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba-ken 277-0882, Japan.
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20
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Abstract
To study germ-cell mutagenesis from the viewpoint of biodiversity, we developed a nonmammalian specific-locus test system using the Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes. The genetic end points available are dominant lethal mutations, total specific-locus mutations, and viable specific-locus mutations. We examined 1,091,824 F(1) embryos that correspond to 3,135,999 genetic loci using gamma rays and ethylnitrosourea as mutagens. The results indicated the feasibility of using the medaka test system to detect genotoxic substances in the aquatic environment. The data also indicated the presence of in vivo safeguards against germ-cell mutagenesis. We present a brief summary of our medaka specific-locus test system raising perspectives on its value.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shima
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 113-0033.
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21
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Fukamachi S, Shimada A, Naruse K, Shima A. Genomic analysis of gamma-ray-induced germ-cell mutations at the b locus recovered from the medaka specific-locus test. Mutat Res 2001; 458:19-29. [PMID: 11406418 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5726(01)00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To study how gamma-ray-induced germ-cell mutations are fixed at the early embryonic stage of the next generation, genomic alterations in the b locus mutants (colorless melanophores) detected during development in the medaka specific-locus test (SLT) were analyzed. First, nine anonymous DNA markers linked to the b locus were cloned and mapped into the region extending about 47cM surrounding the b locus. Next, losses of paternal alleles of these DNA markers were examined in each of the 51 gamma-ray-induced b locus mutants obtained after irradiation of sperm or spermatids. In these mutants, 47 were dominant lethals, three were semi-viable and one was viable. All the mutants examined had large deletions surrounding the b locus. One viable mutant had an interstitial deletion, while all the semi-viable and dominant lethal ones appeared to have terminal deletions. Deletions extending about 20-35cM were the most frequently observed in 18 of the 51 mutants examined. The largest one extended more than 40cM. These results suggest that most of the gamma-ray induced germ cell mutations recovered as total specific-locus mutants were accompanied by large genomic deletions, which eventually led the mutant embryos to dominant lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fukamachi
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hawkins WE, Clark MS, Shima A, Walter RB, Winn RN, Westerfield M. Four resource centers for fishes: specifies, stocks, and services. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2001; 3:S239-S248. [PMID: 14961320 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-001-0046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A conference on "Aquaria Fish Models of Human Disease" was held September 20-23, 2000, at Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA. The meeting was sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (National Institutes of Health), the Roy and Joan Mitte Foundation, and Southwest Texas State University, home of the Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center. In conjunction with the meeting, the conference organizers asked several participants to describe those components of their research programs that provide services and information to other researchers. This article summarizes their responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Hawkins
- College of Marine Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA.
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23
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Nonaka M, Matsuo M, Naruse K, Shima A. Comparative genomics of medaka: the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2001; 3:S141-S144. [PMID: 14961309 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-001-0035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is one of the best characterized regions of the vertebrate genome. The human MHC has three subregions, classes I, II, and III. The MHC of chicken and Xenopus contain all three subregions. In contrast, in all teleost species so far analyzed, the class I and II genes are not linked to each other, suggesting that there was extensive genomic reorganization of the MHC region during an early stage of vertebrate evolution. To elucidate the details of this reorganization, we carried out genetic and physical analyses of the medaka MHC genes. We isolated the medaka counterparts of human MHC genes, class I A, class II B, LMP2, LMP7, TAP2, complement Bf and C4, and subjected them to linkage analysis. Except for the linkage of class IA, LMP2, LMP7, and TAP2 on linkage group (LG)11, all other genes were assigned to separate linkage groups. Thus, the class IA gene and the genes involved in class I antigen presentation seem to form the evolutionary stable core of the MHC. A physical analysis of medaka MHC class I region is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nonaka
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Shinohara Y, Daikoku T, Kajimoto K, Shima A, Yamazaki N, Terada H. Expression of NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in brown adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 281:634-8. [PMID: 11237704 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
cDNA clones significantly expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) but not in white adipose tissue (WAT) of rats were isolated by use of a PCR-select cDNA subtraction kit. Of the isolated clones, structural features of two of them, 2-58 and 2-67, were studied in detail. The results indicated that these clones were cDNAs encoding alpha- and beta-subunits of rat NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)-ICDH). Previous biochemical study suggested the importance of NAD(+)-ICDH in metabolism in BAT; however, transcript levels of individual subunits of this enzyme in BAT had never been analyzed. In the present study, using these newly isolated cDNAs, we clearly demonstrate that the expression of three subunits of NAD(+)-ICDH was the most remarkable in BAT among the various tissues analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shinohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Shomachi-1, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
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25
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Naruse K, Kondo S, Mitani H, Shima A, Fukamachi S, Kondo M, Mitani H, Shima A. [Medaka linkage map--from positional cloning and comparative genomics to genome evolution]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2000; 45:2844-52. [PMID: 11187788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Naruse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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26
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Shimada A, Shima A. [Spontaneous and induced germ-cell mutation frequencies in the Medaka oryzias latipes]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2000; 45:2886-92. [PMID: 11187793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Kawakami K, Shima A, Kawakami N. Identification of a functional transposase of the Tol2 element, an Ac-like element from the Japanese medaka fish, and its transposition in the zebrafish germ lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:11403-8. [PMID: 11027340 PMCID: PMC17212 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.21.11403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tol2 element of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes belongs to the hAT family of transposons (hobo/Ac/Tam3). We report here identification of a functional transposase of Tol2 that is capable of catalyzing its transposition in the germ line of zebrafish Danio rerio. A transcript produced from Tol2 encodes a putative transposase. Zebrafish fertilized eggs were coinjected with mRNA transcribed in vitro, using cDNA of the Tol2 transcript as a template and a plasmid DNA harboring a mutant Tol2, which had a deletion in the putative transposase gene but retained necessary cis sequences. The injected fish were raised to adulthood and mated to noninjected fish, and genomic DNA of the progeny fish were analyzed by PCR and Southern hybridization. Half of F(1) fish obtained from one of eight injected fish contained the Tol2 DNA in their genomes but not the vector portion. Among these F(1) fish, Tol2 insertions at four different loci were identified, and some F(1) fish carried two or three different Tol2 insertions, indicating that the germ line of the founder fish is highly mosaic. Sequencing analyses revealed that, in all cases, Tol2 was surrounded by zebrafish genomic sequences, and an 8-bp duplication was created at the target site, indicating that Tol2 was integrated in the zebrafish genome through transposition. This study identifies an autonomous member of a DNA-based transposable element from a vertebrate genome. The Tol2 transposon system should thus be used to develop novel transgenesis and insertional mutagenesis methods in zebrafish and possibly in other fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawakami
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Abstract
Tol2 is a transposable element of the terminal-inverted-repeat class, residing in the genome of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes. The genus Oryzias contains more than 10 species for which phylogenetic relationships have previously been estimated. To infer the history of Tol2 in this genus we performed genomic Southern blots and PCR analyses of 10 of the species. It was revealed that Tol2 occurs in 2 of the 10 species (O. curvinotus and O. latipes) and that the length and the restriction map structure of Tol2 are identical in the two cases. Further, sequencing analysis revealed an extremely low level of divergence compared with that in a nuclear gene. These results suggest recent incorporation of Tol2 into one or both of the two species, implying horizontal transfer of Tol2 from one species to the other or into them both from a common source.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koga
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Daikoku T, Shinohara Y, Shima A, Yamazaki N, Terada H. Specific elevation of transcript levels of particular protein subtypes induced in brown adipose tissue by cold exposure. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1457:263-72. [PMID: 10773170 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To understand the difference in metabolic flow in rat brown adipose tissue (BAT) from that in white adipose tissue (WAT) at the molecular level, we examined the steady-state transcript levels of 39 proteins in both adipose tissues with and without cold exposure by Northern blot analysis. In addition to the transcript levels of uncoupling protein isoforms, those of proteins involved in the transport and catabolism of fatty acids and glucose in BAT were elevated by cold exposure, suggesting the stimulation of utilization of fatty acids and glucose as fuels in BAT. As to these changes, the muscle-type subtypes were remarkable; and therefore, they were suggested to be responsible for the cold exposure-induced acceleration of energy expenditure in BAT. Furthermore, of the isoforms of beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) and CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), transcript levels of beta(1)-AR and C/EBPbeta in BAT were increased by the cold exposure. Possible roles of these proteins in energy metabolism in BAT were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Daikoku
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Shomachi-1, Tokushima, Japan
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Kawakami K, Amsterdam A, Shimoda N, Becker T, Mugg J, Shima A, Hopkins N. Proviral insertions in the zebrafish hagoromo gene, encoding an F-box/WD40-repeat protein, cause stripe pattern anomalies. Curr Biol 2000; 10:463-6. [PMID: 10801422 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish, Danio rerio, has three types of pigment cells (melanophores, xanthophores and iridophores) and, in adult fish, these cells are organized into a stripe pattern. The mechanisms underlying formation of the stripe pattern are largely unknown. We report here the identification and characterization of a novel dominant zebrafish mutation, hagoromo (hag), which was generated by insertional mutagenesis using a pseudotyped retrovirus. The hag mutation caused disorganized stripe patterns. Two hag mutant alleles were isolated independently and proviruses were located within the fifth intron of a novel gene, which we named hag, encoding an F-box/WD40-repeat protein. The hag gene was mapped to linkage group (LG)13, close to fgf8 and pax2.1. Amino acid sequence similarity, conserved exon-intron boundaries and conserved synteny indicated that zebrafish hag is an ortholog of mouse Dactylin, the gene mutated in the Dactylaplasia (Dac) mouse [1]. The Dac mutation is dominant and causes defects in digit formation in fore- and hindlimbs. This study revealed that the hag locus is important for pattern formation in fish but is involved in distinct morphogenetic events in different vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawakami
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, 108-8639, Japan.
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Naruse K, Fukamachi S, Mitani H, Kondo M, Matsuoka T, Kondo S, Hanamura N, Morita Y, Hasegawa K, Nishigaki R, Shimada A, Wada H, Kusakabe T, Suzuki N, Kinoshita M, Kanamori A, Terado T, Kimura H, Nonaka M, Shima A. A detailed linkage map of medaka, Oryzias latipes: comparative genomics and genome evolution. Genetics 2000; 154:1773-84. [PMID: 10747068 PMCID: PMC1461045 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/154.4.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We mapped 633 markers (488 AFLPs, 28 RAPDs, 34 IRSs, 75 ESTs, 4 STSs, and 4 phenotypic markers) for the Medaka Oryzias latipes, a teleost fish of the order Beloniformes. Linkage was determined using a reference typing DNA panel from 39 cell lines derived from backcross progeny. This panel provided unlimited DNA for the accumulation of mapping data. The total map length of Medaka was 1354.5 cM and 24 linkage groups were detected, corresponding to the haploid chromosome number of the organism. Thirteen to 49 markers for each linkage group were obtained. Conserved synteny between Medaka and zebrafish was observed for 2 independent linkage groups. Unlike zebrafish, however, the Medaka linkage map showed obvious restriction of recombination on the linkage group containing the male-determining region (Y) locus compared to the autosomal chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Naruse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Kuroda N, Naruse K, Shima A, Nonaka M, Sasaki M. Molecular cloning and linkage analysis of complement C3 and C4 genes of the Japanese medaka fish. Immunogenetics 2000; 51:117-28. [PMID: 10663574 DOI: 10.1007/s002510050020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The thioester-containing complement components, C3 and C4, are believed to have arisen by gene duplication from a common ancestor, and the mammalian C4 gene resides in the vicinity of the C2 and B genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region. To analyze the evolution of both the complement system and the MHC, we determined the complete primary structures of two C3 genes, termed Orla C3-1 and Orla C3-2, and one C4 gene, termed Orla C4, of a teleost, Japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes), by analyzing cDNA clones isolated from a liver library constructed using the inbred AA2 strain. The deduced basic structures of Orla C3-1, C3-2, and C4, such as the subunit chain structure, the thioester site, and the proteolytic activation site, are similar to their mammalian counterparts. However, the catalytic His residue which greatly increases the rate of thioester reaction, is replaced by Ala in Orla C3-2, implying functional differentiation between two C3 molecules. Mapping analysis revealed a close linkage between the C3-1 and C3-2 genes, indicating that they arose by a local duplication rather than by a genome-wide tetraploidization. The C4 gene belongs to a different linkage group, and no linkage was observed among the C3, C4, Bf/C2, MHC class I, and MHC class II loci. These results suggest that the MHC class III complement region was established in the tetrapod lineage, or lost in the teleost lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kuroda
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
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Ohtsuka M, Makino S, Yoda K, Wada H, Naruse K, Mitani H, Shima A, Ozato K, Kimura M, Inoko H. Construction of a linkage map of the medaka (Oryzias latipes) and mapping of the Da mutant locus defective in dorsoventral patterning. Genome Res 1999; 9:1277-87. [PMID: 10613850 PMCID: PMC311007 DOI: 10.1101/gr.9.12.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/1999] [Accepted: 09/01/1999] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Double anal fin (Da) is a medaka with an autosomal semidominant mutation that causes mirror image duplication of the ventral region concentrating on the caudal region. The chromosomal location of the Da gene and its sequence have remained unknown. We constructed a medaka linkage map as a first step to approach positional cloning of the gene. The segregation analysis was performed on the basis of genetic recombination during female meiosis using 134 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, 13 sequence-tagged sites (STSs), 15 polymorphic sequences from known genes, and the Da gene. One hundred forty-six markers from the above markers segregated into 26 linkage groups. The size of the genome was estimated to be 1776 cM in length. We identified four syntenic regions between medaka and zebrafish (and human) by mapping the known genes and found one of them to be located in close proximity to the Da gene. By mapping the region surrounding the Da gene in high resolution, two markers were detected flanking the Da gene at 0.32 and 0.80 cM. The detected markers providing a vital clue to initiate chromosome walking will lead us to the definite location of the Da gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohtsuka
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Kawakami K, Shima A. Identification of the Tol2 transposase of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes that catalyzes excision of a nonautonomous Tol2 element in zebrafish Danio rerio. Gene 1999; 240:239-44. [PMID: 10564832 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The Tol2 element is found in the genome of the medaka fish, Oryzias latipes, and contains DNA sequences similar to those of transposons of the hAT family. Previously, we have developed a transient embryonic excision assay in zebrafish, in which zebrafish embryos were injected with a plasmid DNA harboring the Tol2 element, and have shown that the Tol2 element is excisable from the injected plasmid DNA (Kawakami, K., Koga, A., Hori, H., Shima, A., 1998. Excision of the Tol2 transposable element of the medaka fish, Oryzias latipes, in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Gene 225, 17-22). Although the Tol2 element is thought to be autonomous, an active transposase encoded by the Tol2 element has not been identified. Here we report the identification and analysis of mRNA transcribed from the Tol2 element in zebrafish embryos. The Tol2 transcript has the capacity to encode a protein of 649 amino acids, whose amino acid sequence is similar to those of transposases of the hAT family. To determine whether the transcript encodes an active enzyme, we developed a novel transient embryonic excision assay in which zebrafish fertilized eggs were co-injected with RNA transcribed in vitro using the Tol2 cDNA as a template and a plasmid DNA harboring a nonautonomous Tol2 element, which has a deletion in the transposase coding region. The nonautonomous Tol2 element could be efficiently excised in the zebrafish only when co-injected with the Tol2 RNA. This result indicates that the Tol2 transcript encodes an active enzyme, a probable transposase, that can catalyze the excision reaction in trans. Further, by the co-injection analysis, we found that the Tol2 sequence lacking the first intron sequence of the transposase gene could not be excised, suggesting that it may contain essential cis-elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawakami
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shiroganedai, Tokyo, Japan.
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Nishigaki R, Mitani H, Tsuchida N, Shima A. Effect of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers on apoptosis induced by different wavelengths of UV. Photochem Photobiol 1999; 70:228-35. [PMID: 10461461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation within three different wavelength ranges, UVA (340-400 nm), UVB (290-320 nm) or UVC (200-290 nm), was shown to induce apoptosis in OCP13 cells, derived from the medaka fish. Morphological changes such as cell shrinkage and a decrease in the number of nucleoli appeared 4 h after UVA, UVB or UVC irradiation, although with different relative efficiencies. Doses required to induce apoptosis with similar efficiencies were about 2500-fold higher for UVA and 10-fold higher for UVB than for UVC. The following phenomena occurred after UVA irradiation but not after UVB or UVC irradiation. (1) Ultraviolet-A-induced cell detachment occurred with or without cycloheximide pretreatment. (2) Cells attached to plastic showed morphological changes such as rounding up of nuclei without a change in the cell distribution. (3) Morphological changes after UVA irradiation could not be evaded by photorepair treatment. (4) Morphological changes did not occur in cells attached to glass coverslips but only those in plastic dishes. (5) Apoptosis occurred without detectable increase of caspase-3-like activity. (6) Morphological changes were inhibited by N-acetylcysteine, a scavenger of active oxygen species. These results suggest the existence of two different pathways leading to apoptosis, one for long- (UVA) and the other for short- (UVB or UVC) wavelength radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nishigaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
To obtain an understanding of the origin, diversification and genomic organization of vertebrate olfactory receptor genes, we have newly cloned and characterized putative olfactory receptor genes, mfOR1, mfOR2, mfOR3 and mfOR4 from the genomic DNA of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). The four sequences contained features commonly seen in known olfactory receptor genes and were phylogenetically most closely related to those of catfish and zebrafish. Among them, mfOR1 and mfOR2 showed the highest amino acid (aa) similarity (93%) and defined a novel olfactory receptor gene family that is most divergent among all other vertebrate olfactory receptor genes. Southern hybridization analyses suggested that mfOR1 and mfOR2 are tightly linked to each other (within 24kb), although suitable marker genes were not available to locate their linkage group. Unlike observation in catfish olfactory receptor sequences, nucleotide (nt) substitutions between the two sequences did not show any evidence of positive natural selection. mfOR3 and mfOR4, however, showed a much lower aa similarity (26%) and were both mapped to a region in the medaka linkage group XX. After including these medaka fish sequences, olfactory receptors of terrestrial and aquatic animals formed significantly different clusters in the phylogenetic tree. Although the member genes of each olfactory receptor gene subfamily are less in fish than that in mammals, fish seem to have maintained more diverse olfactory receptor gene families. Our finding of a novel olfactory receptor gene family in medaka fish may provide a step towards understanding the emergence of the olfactory receptor gene in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sun
- Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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Wang B, Fujita K, Ohhira C, Watanabe K, Odaka T, Mitani H, Hayata I, Ohyama H, Yamada T, Shima A. Radiation-induced apoptosis and limb teratogenesis in embryonic mice. Radiat Res 1999; 151:63-8. [PMID: 9973085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
In utero irradiation of the fetus during the period of organogenesis induces a dramatic increase in malformation. However, the mechanisms underlying the teratogenesis remain to be elucidated. In the present study, the correlation between radiation-induced apoptosis and limb malformation was examined in mice. The mice were exposed to X rays in utero on day 11 of gestation during the period of organogenesis of limb buds. A marked increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the predigital regions in the forelimb buds was detected 4 h after irradiation. The preinterdigital regions of the forelimb buds did not show such an increase at the same time. Aphlangy and ectrodactyly were the main types of anomalies observed on day 19 in the limbs of the fetuses irradiated with 5 Gy. The increases in prenatal death and teratogenesis in limb digits in living fetuses were dependent on dose. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Division of Radiobiology and Biodosimetry, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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38
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Abstract
The Tol2 element is a transposable element in Oryzias latipes (the medaka fish) found in the tyrosinase gene locus of the tyrosinase-deficient mutant medaka fish and has been shown to be excised from the genome during medaka embryogenesis (Koga, A., Suzuki, M., Inagaki, H., Bessho, Y., Hori, H., 1996. Transposon element in fish. Nature 383, 30). It is, however, not known whether the Tol2 element is an autonomous element. To determine whether the cloned Tol2 element is an autonomous element and whether excision can occur also in the other fish species, the plasmid DNA harboring the Tol2 element was injected to fertilized eggs of zebrafish, Danio rerio, and the total DNA extracted from the embryos 9-10h after the injection was analyzed by PCR. When a plasmid with the full-length Tol2 element was used for the microinjection, in 39 out of 43 injected embryos, we found generation of short PCR products indicative of the loss of the Tol2 element from the injected plasmid. Ten of these cases were analyzed at the DNA sequence level, and nine of them showed either precise excision of the Tol2 element (three cases) or nearly precise excision of the element with the addition of a few nucleotides of the target duplication (six cases). When a deletion version of the Tol2 element that retained the terminal inverted repeats but lacked about one-fourth of the open reading frame-coding region was used for the microinjection, such short PCR products could not be amplified from any of the injected embryos (0 out of 30). Thus, the Tol2 element is capable of excision in zebrafish embryos, presumably dependent on a putative transposase encoded by the Tol2 element itself. This transient embryonic excision assay using zebrafish should be useful to analyze the structure and the function of the transposase and cis-elements necessary for excision. Also, this study implies the potential use of the Tol2 element in transgenesis and insertional mutagenesis in both zebrafish and the medaka fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawakami
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shiroganedai, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan.
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39
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Abstract
Evolution of the two gene families of the complement system involved in the formation of the C3 convertases, B/C2 and C3/C4/C5, was studied at the cDNA level in lower vertebrates. Cyclostomes, the most primitive extant vertebrates, seem to possess only one member each of these families, indicating that gene duplication between B and C2 or among C3, C4 and C5 occurred in the lineage of jawed vertebrates. Typical C3 and C4 cDNAs were identified in both amphibian (Xenopus) and teleost (medaka fish), locating the C3/C4 gene duplication before the divergence of ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish. On the other hand, typical B cDNA was identified in Xenopus, whereas teleost counterparts from three species all showed intermediate character between B and C2, suggesting the possibility that the B/C2 gene duplication occurred in the tetrapod lineage. Genetic linkage between these two family genes within the MHC was observed in Xenopus but not in medaka fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nonaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Uchida N, Mitani H, Shima A. Repair of (6-4) photoproducts in cultured goldfish cells at confluence or treated with H2O2. Photochem Photobiol 1998; 68:725-8. [PMID: 9825702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously we reported that fluorescent light (FL) illumination prior to UV irradiation (FL preillumination) had multiple effects on the repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and (6-4) photoproducts ([6-4] PD) in cultured goldfish cells (RBCF-1) at the exponentially growing phase. In this study, it is shown that even under the confluent condition of RBCF-1 cells, FL preillumination increased the disappearance of (6-4) PD in the dark. In addition, both at confluence and at the exponentially growing phase, the disappearance of (6-4) PD after PR treatment was increased by FL preillumination to RBCF-1 cells. Moreover, it was found that H2O2 pretreatment, followed by UV irradiation, of the exponentially growing cells also enhanced the disappearance of (6-4) PD in the dark and by photorepair treatment. The degree of enhancement by H2O2 pretreatment was almost the same as that by FL preillumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Uchida
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photolyase is known to reverse pyrimidine dimers specifically under illumination with visible light. OCP13, a Medaka cell line showing a high level expression of the gene for CPD photolyase, completely reversed pyrimidine dimers induced by 20 J/m2 UVC by 1 h of photorepair. When OCP13 cells were irradiated with 20 J/m2 UVC, morphological changes such as shrinkage of cells, distorted nuclear shape, and decrease in the number of nucleoli appeared 2 to 4 h after UVC irradiation. Thereafter, the irradiated cells began to detach from the substratum, and DNA ladders were observed in the DNA extracted from detached cells. Thus, these changes in cells after UVC exposure were used to characterize the progression of UV-induced apoptosis in OCP13 cells. Although formation of DNA ladders and cell detachment were blocked by cycloheximide treatment prior to UVC exposure, the morphological changes were not. With photorepair treatment, even after the morphological changes appeared cells were still able to restore their normal morphological features and remained attached. On the other hand, the cell-cycle progression in UVC-irradiated cells was arrested even after photorepair of pyrimidine dimers. Thus, photorepair can rescue cells from UV-induced apoptosis, although DNA damage other than that of pyrimidine dimers, as well as additional non-DNA damage, possibly remained, and DNA replication was left inhibited. Among the various kinds of damage induced by UVC irradiation, the presence of pyrimidine dimers is proposed to be the major trigger for UVC-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nishigaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Shimada A, Shima A. Combination of genomic DNA fingerprinting into the medaka specific-locus test system for studying environmental germ-line mutagenesis. Mutat Res 1998; 399:149-65. [PMID: 9672657 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(97)00253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A specific-locus test (SLT) system has been established using the medaka fish (Oryzias latipes), where recessive visible mutations (at the b, lf or gu loci) detected during early embryonic stages (TM) or after hatching (VM), and dominant lethals (DL) can be examined in the same individual F1 progeny of treated parents. It was found that approximately 90% of the F1 embryos with gamma-ray-induced specific-locus mutations were concomitantly accompanied by dominant lethals irrespective of doses and germ-cell stages at the time of exposure, suggesting that DNA alterations in such mutants might include both the marker loci and region(s) responsible for dominant lethals. In contrast, embryonic lethality of the ENU (ethylnitorosourea)-induced specific-locus mutants considerably varied among ENU concentrations as well as germ-cell stages treated. Further, synergistic effect of combined treatments with gamma-rays and ENU on induction of mutations were suggested in postmeiotic male germ cells, while in spermatogonia no synergistic effect was found. DNA alterations at the 87 arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) markers spread over the genome were examined for individual dominant lethal embryos from 4.75 Gy-irradiated sperm or spermatids. It was found that, 14 out of 20 dominant lethal embryos lost more than one AP-PCR markers, including multiple markers located on the identical linkage group (average genetic distances, approximately 11 cM). Also found was that frequency of loss of the AP-PCR markers in the severely malformed dominant lethal embryos was higher (approximately 4.5%) than that in the slightly malformed lethal embryos (approximately 1.6%). Here, results of these studies, including previously unpublished work, are presented to illustrate the potential usefulness of the medaka SLT system for monitoring environmental mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Mukai T, Naruse K, Sato T, Shima A, Morisawa M. Multiregional introgressions inferred from the mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of a hybridizing species complex of gobiid fishes, genus Tridentiger. Mol Biol Evol 1997; 14:1258-65. [PMID: 9402736 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Partial sequences of the cytochrome b gene (402 bp) in mtDNA were determined for brackishwater gobiid fishes, genus Tridentiger, collected from geographically distant locations in the Japanese Archipelago, and their interspecific and geographic variations were analyzed and compared. Contrary to the results of a previous allozyme analysis which revealed the existence of considerable genetic divergence (Nei's genetic distance > 0.5) between T. obscurus and T. brevispinis, the mtDNA haplotypes (mitotypes) of these two species were very similar and could not be distinguished by any of the neighbor-joining, maximum-likelihood or parsimony analyses. Hybrid individuals between the two species were also found, with several mitotypes being shared by both species and their hybrids. The phylogenetic relationships of mitotypes were divided into three subgroups, the geographical distributions of the latter being allied to geographical features of the Archipelago. These results suggested the occurrence of multiregional introgression between the two species, with mitotypes transferring from one species to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mukai
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, University of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Japan.
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44
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Namikawa-Yamada C, Naruse K, Wada H, Shima A, Kuroda N, Nonaka M, Sasaki M. Genetic linkage between the LMP2 and LMP7 genes in the medaka fish, a teleost. Immunogenetics 1997; 46:431-3. [PMID: 9271634 DOI: 10.1007/s002510050298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Namikawa-Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Medical School, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya 467, Japan
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Daikoku T, Shinohara Y, Shima A, Yamazaki N, Terada H. Dramatic enhancement of the specific expression of the heart-type fatty acid binding protein in rat brown adipose tissue by cold exposure. FEBS Lett 1997; 410:383-6. [PMID: 9237667 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To understand the difference in energy metabolisms in brown (BAT) and white (WAT) adipose tissues, we examined the steady-state transcript levels of the heart-type and adipose-type fatty acid binding proteins (H-FABP and A-FABP, respectively) by Northern blot analysis. The transcript of H-FABP in rat BAT was increased about 100-fold by cold exposure, whereas that in WAT was negligible, and was increased only slightly by cold exposure. The transcript of A-FABP was observed in both BAT and WAT, the level being slightly greater in WAT. However, its transcript level was not affected by cold exposure in either adipose tissue. In addition, on treatment with norepinephrine (NE), transcript level of H-FABP was elevated markedly but that of A-FABP was not changed in rat brown adipocytes. Therefore, the stimulatory effect of cold exposure on the transcript of H-FABP in BAT was concluded to be mediated by NE, like that of the uncoupling protein (UCP). Thus, the expressions of H-FABP and UCP may be controlled by the same mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Daikoku
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Japan
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46
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Yamazaki N, Yamanaka Y, Hashimoto Y, Shinohara Y, Shima A, Terada H. Structural features of the gene encoding human muscle type carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. FEBS Lett 1997; 409:401-6. [PMID: 9224698 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We isolated a human muscle type of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI-M) genomic clone and determined its entire nucleotide sequence. By comparison of the nucleotide sequence of the genomic clone with that of cDNA, we determined the intron/exon junctions. For detection of the exon(s) in the 5'-region of the CPTI-M gene, we isolated cDNA clones corresponding to the 5'-region of its transcript by 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5'-RACE method). Results showed two alternative exons, 1A and 1B, that do not encode amino acids in the 5'-region of the human CPTI-M gene. The gene encoding human CPTI-M was found to consist of two 5'-non-coding exons, 18 coding exons and one 3'-non-coding exon spanning approximately 10 kbp. Furthermore, on analysis of the 5'-flanking region, a putative gene encoding a 'choline kinase homologue' was found to be located only about 300 bp upstream from exon 1A of the human CPTI-M gene. Comparison of the gene structure of human CPTI-M with the reported partial gene structure of human liver type CPTI (CPTI-L) showed that the intron insertion sites were completely conserved in these two genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yamazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Japan
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47
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Abstract
We previously reported that when cultured goldfish cells are illuminated with fluorescent light, photorepair ability for both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and (6-4) photoproducts increased. In the present study, it was found that the duration of the induced photorepair ability for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers was longer than that for (6-4) photoproducts, suggesting the presence of different photolyases for repair of these two major forms of DNA damage. A gel shift assay was then performed to show the presence of protein(s) binding to (6-4) photoproducts and its dissociation from (6-4) photoproducts under fluorescent light illumination. In addition, at 8 h after fluorescent light illumination of the cell, the binding of protein(s) to (6-4) photoproducts increased. The restriction enzymes that have recognition sites containing TT or TC sequences failed to digest the UV-irradiated DNA photoreactivated by using Escherichia coli photolyase for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, indicating that restriction enzymes could not function because (6-4) photoproducts remained in recognition sites. But, when UV-irradiated DNA depleted of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers was incubated with extract of cultured goldfish cells under fluorescent light illumination, it was digested with those restriction enzymes. These results suggested the presence of (6-4) photolyase in cultured goldfish cells as in Drosophila, Xenopus and Crotalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Uchida
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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48
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Wang B, Fujita K, Watanabe K, Mitani H, Yamada T, Shima A. Induction of Apoptosis in Cultured Midbrain Cells from Embryonic Mice. Radiat Res 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/3579337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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49
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Wang B, Fujita K, Watanabe K, Mitani H, Yamada T, Shima A. Induction of apoptosis in cultured midbrain cells from embryonic mice. Radiat Res 1997; 147:304-8. [PMID: 9052676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Midbrain cells from embryonic mice were cultured at a high cell density for 4 days to observe proliferation and differentiation. Results indicate that UVC radiation caused dose-dependent inhibition of their proliferation and differentiation. Inhibitory effects of UVC radiation (per unit dose) were greater on cell differentiation than on proliferation. The percentage of apoptotic cells in the groups irradiated with 15 J/m2 became significantly higher than the control level 2 h after irradiation. The percentage of apoptotic cells increased with time in a dose-associated fashion and reached a maximum at about 7.5 h after irradiation. Then it decreased with time and returned to the control level at about 30 h after irradiation. Metabolic inhibitors could postpone occurrence of intermediate apoptosis (>2 h, but <20 h) if they were added at suitable times after irradiation but failed to prevent a delayed apoptosis (>24 h). Results showed that UVC radiation induced intermediate apoptosis which could be postponed by metabolic inhibitors, and that UVC could also induce delayed apoptosis with the addition of metabolic inhibitors. The result that UVC radiation could induce intermediate apoptosis in the midbrain cells was different from previous data obtained using cells of an established cell line. The implications of the results for the understanding of the mechanism involved are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Wang B, Watanabe K, Yamada T, Shima A. Effects of beta radiation from organically bound tritium on cultured mouse embryonic mid brain cells. Health Phys 1996; 71:915-921. [PMID: 8919075 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-199612000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Effects of beta radiation from four kinds of organically bound tritium compounds were investigated on cultured mouse embryonic mid brain cells, isolated from 11-d-old mouse embryos. The MBC showed a critical time when they were more radiosensitive. Although dose-dependent inhibition was found for both cellular proliferation and differentiation, the differentiation was more sensitive to radiation than proliferation when compared at ID50, the inhibitory dose that reduced assessment value by 50% of the control. Dose-dependent decrease of DNA and protein contents were also observed. The relative biological effectiveness values, ranging from 4.6 to 8.7, of beta ray from organically bound tritium compounds were obtained when compared with x irradiation at their ID50s on the inhibition of cell proliferation and differentiation, and on the decrease of DNA and protein contents of the cultures. The mixed exposure to x ray and one kind of organically bound tritium compound or to any two kinds of organically bound tritium compound resulted in a more efficiently inhibitory effect on differentiation than the exposure to x ray or to any one kind of organically bound tritium compound alone, especially when methyl-3H-thymidine was used. Doses as low as 0.05 Gy (5 cGy) from a mixed exposure resulted in detectable inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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