1
|
Tamayo KS, Heckelman LN, Spritzer CE, DeFrate LE, Collins AT. Obesity impacts the mechanical response and biochemical composition of patellofemoral cartilage: An in vivo, MRI-based investigation. J Biomech 2022; 134:110991. [PMID: 35176590 PMCID: PMC11103252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a primary risk factor for osteoarthritis. While previous work has addressed relationships between in vivo cartilage mechanics, composition, and obesity in the tibiofemoral joint, there is limited information on these relationships in the patellofemoral joint. The purpose of this study was to compare the patellofemoral cartilage mechanical response to walking in participants with normal and obese body mass indices (BMIs). Additionally, patellar cartilage T1rho relaxation times were measured before exercise to characterize the biochemical composition of the tissue. Fifteen participants (eight with normal BMI and seven with obese BMI) underwent baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of their right knee. They then walked on a treadmill for 20 min at a speed normalized to their leg length before a second MRI scan. Subsequently, three-dimensional models of the bones and articular surfaces of the patellofemoral joint were created via manual segmentation of the pre- and post-exercise MR images to compute cartilage thickness and strain. Strain was defined as the change in patellofemoral cartilage thickness normalized to the baseline thickness. Results showed that participants with an obese BMI exhibited significantly increased patellofemoral cartilage strain compared to those with a normal BMI (5.4 ± 4% vs. 1.7 ± 3%, respectively; p = 0.003). Furthermore, patellar cartilage T1rho values were significantly higher in participants with obese versus normal BMIs (95 ms vs. 83 ms, respectively; p = 0.049), indicative of decreased proteoglycan content in those with an obese BMI. In summary, the altered patellofemoral cartilage strain and composition observed in those with an obese BMI may be indicative of cartilage degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Tamayo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - L N Heckelman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - C E Spritzer
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - L E DeFrate
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - A T Collins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zak J, Vives V, Szumska D, Vernet A, Schneider JE, Miller P, Slee EA, Joss S, Lacassie Y, Chen E, Escobar LF, Tucker M, Aylsworth AS, Dubbs HA, Collins AT, Andrieux J, Dieux-Coeslier A, Haberlandt E, Kotzot D, Scott DA, Parker MJ, Zakaria Z, Choy YS, Wieczorek D, Innes AM, Jun KR, Zinner S, Prin F, Lygate CA, Pretorius P, Rosenfeld JA, Mohun TJ, Lu X. ASPP2 deficiency causes features of 1q41q42 microdeletion syndrome. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1973-1984. [PMID: 27447114 PMCID: PMC5136487 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities are implicated in a substantial number of human developmental syndromes, but for many such disorders little is known about the causative genes. The recently described 1q41q42 microdeletion syndrome is characterized by characteristic dysmorphic features, intellectual disability and brain morphological abnormalities, but the precise genetic basis for these abnormalities remains unknown. Here, our detailed analysis of the genetic abnormalities of 1q41q42 microdeletion cases identified TP53BP2, which encodes apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 2 (ASPP2), as a candidate gene for brain abnormalities. Consistent with this, Trp53bp2-deficient mice show dilation of lateral ventricles resembling the phenotype of 1q41q42 microdeletion patients. Trp53bp2 deficiency causes 100% neonatal lethality in the C57BL/6 background associated with a high incidence of neural tube defects and a range of developmental abnormalities such as congenital heart defects, coloboma, microphthalmia, urogenital and craniofacial abnormalities. Interestingly, abnormalities show a high degree of overlap with 1q41q42 microdeletion-associated abnormalities. These findings identify TP53BP2 as a strong candidate causative gene for central nervous system (CNS) defects in 1q41q42 microdeletion syndrome, and open new avenues for investigation of the mechanisms underlying CNS abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zak
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - V Vives
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - D Szumska
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - A Vernet
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - J E Schneider
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - P Miller
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - E A Slee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - S Joss
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Glasgow, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Y Lacassie
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
- Genetics Services, Children's Hospital New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - E Chen
- Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - L F Escobar
- St Vincent Children's Hospital, Indianapolis, IN 46260, USA
| | - M Tucker
- St Vincent Children's Hospital, Indianapolis, IN 46260, USA
| | - A S Aylsworth
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - H A Dubbs
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A T Collins
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - J Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, CHRU de Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | | | - E Haberlandt
- Clinical Department of Pediatrics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - D Kotzot
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - D A Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - M J Parker
- Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - Z Zakaria
- Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Pahang 50588, Malaysia
| | - Y S Choy
- Prince Court Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 50450, Malaysia
| | - D Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Clinic Essen, Duisburg-Essen University, Essen 45122, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Clinic, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - A M Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3B 6A8
| | - K R Jun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, Haeundae-gu, Busan, Korea
| | - S Zinner
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - F Prin
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - C A Lygate
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - P Pretorius
- Department of Neuroradiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - J A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - T J Mohun
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - X Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zoni E, van der Horst G, van de Merbel AF, Chen L, Rane JK, Pelger RCM, Collins AT, Visakorpi T, Snaar-Jagalska BE, Maitland NJ, van der Pluijm G. miR-25 Modulates Invasiveness and Dissemination of Human Prostate Cancer Cells via Regulation of αv- and α6-Integrin Expression. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2326-36. [PMID: 25858144 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Altered microRNA (miRNA; miR) expression is associated with tumor formation and progression of various solid cancers. A major challenge in miRNA expression profiling of bulk tumors is represented by the heterogeneity of the subpopulations of cells that constitute the organ, as well as the tumor tissue. Here, we analyzed the expression of miRNAs in a subpopulation of epithelial stem/progenitor-like cells in human prostate cancer [prostate cancer stem cell (PCSC)] and compared their expression profile to more differentiated cancer cells. In both cell lines and clinical prostate cancer specimens, we identified that miR-25 expression in PCSCs was low/absent and steadily increased during their differentiation into cells with a luminal epithelial phenotype. Functional studies revealed that overexpression of miR-25 in prostate cancer cell lines and selected subpopulation of highly metastatic and tumorigenic cells (ALDH(high)) strongly affected the invasive cytoskeleton, causing reduced migration in vitro and metastasis via attenuation of extravasation in vivo. Here, we show, for the first time, that miR-25 can act as a tumor suppressor in highly metastatic PCSCs by direct functional interaction with the 3'-untranslated regions of proinvasive αv- and α6-integrins. Taken together, our observations suggest that miR-25 is a key regulator of invasiveness in human prostate cancer through its direct interactions with αv- and α6-integrin expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Zoni
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - G van der Horst
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A F van de Merbel
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - L Chen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J K Rane
- Department of Biology, YCR Cancer Research Unit, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - R C M Pelger
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A T Collins
- Department of Biology, YCR Cancer Research Unit, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - T Visakorpi
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - B E Snaar-Jagalska
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - N J Maitland
- Department of Biology, YCR Cancer Research Unit, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - G van der Pluijm
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Collins AT, Richardson RT, Higginson JS. Interlimb symmetry of dynamic knee joint stiffness and co-contraction is maintained in early stage knee osteoarthritis. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2014; 24:497-501. [PMID: 24768278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with knee OA often exhibit greater co-contraction of antagonistic muscle groups surrounding the affected joint which may lead to increases in dynamic joint stiffness. These detrimental changes in the symptomatic limb may also exist in the contralateral limb, thus contributing to its risk of developing knee osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interlimb symmetry of dynamic knee joint stiffness and muscular co-contraction in knee osteoarthritis. Muscular co-contraction and dynamic knee joint stiffness were assessed in 17 subjects with mild to moderate unilateral medial compartment knee osteoarthritis and 17 healthy control subjects while walking at a controlled speed (1.0m/s). Paired and independent t-tests determined whether significant differences exist between groups (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in dynamic joint stiffness or co-contraction between the OA symptomatic and OA contralateral group (p=0.247, p=0.874, respectively) or between the OA contralateral and healthy group (p=0.635, p=0.078, respectively). There was no significant difference in stiffness between the OA symptomatic and healthy group (p=0.600); however, there was a slight trend toward enhanced co-contraction in the symptomatic knees compared to the healthy group (p=0.051). Subjects with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis maintain symmetric control strategies during gait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Collins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
| | - R T Richardson
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - J S Higginson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States; Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pellacani D, Kestoras D, Droop AP, Frame FM, Berry PA, Lawrence MG, Stower MJ, Simms MS, Mann VM, Collins AT, Risbridger GP, Maitland NJ. DNA hypermethylation in prostate cancer is a consequence of aberrant epithelial differentiation and hyperproliferation. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:761-73. [PMID: 24464224 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is mostly composed of luminal-like differentiated cells, but contains a small subpopulation of basal cells (including stem-like cells), which can proliferate and differentiate into luminal-like cells. In cancers, CpG island hypermethylation has been associated with gene downregulation, but the causal relationship between the two phenomena is still debated. Here we clarify the origin and function of CpG island hypermethylation in CaP, in the context of a cancer cell hierarchy and epithelial differentiation, by analysis of separated basal and luminal cells from cancers. For a set of genes (including GSTP1) that are hypermethylated in CaP, gene downregulation is the result of cell differentiation and is not cancer specific. Hypermethylation is however seen in more differentiated cancer cells and is promoted by hyperproliferation. These genes are maintained as actively expressed and methylation-free in undifferentiated CaP cells, and their hypermethylation is not essential for either tumour development or expansion. We present evidence for the causes and the dynamics of CpG island hypermethylation in CaP, showing that, for a specific set of genes, promoter methylation is downstream of gene downregulation and is not a driver of gene repression, while gene repression is a result of tissue-specific differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Pellacani
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - D Kestoras
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - A P Droop
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - F M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - P A Berry
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - M G Lawrence
- Prostate Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M J Stower
- York District Hospital, Wigginton Road, City Centre, York, UK
| | - M S Simms
- 1] Castle Hill Hospital, Castle Rd, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, UK [2] Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - V M Mann
- 1] Castle Hill Hospital, Castle Rd, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, UK [2] Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - A T Collins
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - G P Risbridger
- Prostate Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - N J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oldridge EE, Walker HF, Stower MJ, Simms MS, Mann VM, Collins AT, Pellacani D, Maitland NJ. Retinoic acid represses invasion and stem cell phenotype by induction of the metastasis suppressors RARRES1 and LXN. Oncogenesis 2013; 2:e45. [PMID: 23588494 PMCID: PMC3641360 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse haematopoietic stem cell (SC) regulator Latexin (LXN) is the only known homologue of the retinoic acid receptor responder 1 (RARRES1) gene. Both genes lie adjacent on chromosome 3 and differ mostly by the presence of a transmembrane domain in RARRES1. Despite their homology, it is not known whether they possess similar regulatory mechanisms, cellular localization and function. Here, we identified RARRES1 and LXN as highly significantly downregulated genes in human prostate SCs, whose expression was induced by the pro-differentiation agent all-trans retinoic acid (atRA). AtRA induced expression in the most differentiated cells compared with the SC fraction, suggesting that this subpopulation was less responsive to atRA. Small interfering RNA suppression of RARRES1 and LXN enhanced the SC properties of primary prostate cultures, as shown by a significant increase in their colony-forming ability. Expression of both RARRES1 and LXN was co-ordinately repressed by DNA methylation in prostate cancer cell lines and inhibition of RARRES1 and LXN increased the invasive capacity of primary prostate cultures, which also fully rescued an inhibitory effect induced by atRA. Moreover, we showed that RARRES1 and LXN reside within different sub-cellular compartments, providing evidence that RARRES1 is not a plasma membrane protein as previously supposed but is located primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum; whereas LXN was detected in the nucleus of prostate epithelial cells. Thus, LXN and RARRES1 are potential tumour suppressor genes, which are co-ordinately regulated, SC-silenced genes functioning to suppress invasion and colony-forming ability of prostate cancer cells; yet the proteins reside within different sub-cellular compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E Oldridge
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Despite the discovery over 60 years ago by Huggins and Hodges that prostate cancers respond to androgen deprivation therapy, hormone-refractory prostate cancer remains a major clinical challenge. There is now mounting evidence that solid tumours originate from undifferentiated stem cell-like cells coexisting within a heterogeneous tumour mass that drive tumour formation, maintain tumour homeostasis and initiate metastases. This review focuses upon current evidence for prostate cancer stem cells, addressing the identification and properties of both normal and transformed prostate stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - AT Collins
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of YorkUK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Collins
- a Wheatstone Physics Laboratory, King's College , Strand, London , WC2R 2LS, England
| | - G. S. Woods
- b CSO Valuations Limited , 17 Charterhouse Street, London , EC1N 6RA , England
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- G. S. Woods
- a CSO Valuations AG , 17 Charterhouse Street , London , EC1N 6RA, England
| | - J. A. Van Wyk
- b Department of Physics , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , Republic of South Africa
| | - A. T. Collins
- c Wheatstone Physics Laboratory, King's College , Strand, London , WC2R 2LS , England
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Collins
- a Wheatstone Physics Laboratory , King's College , Strand, London , WC2R 2LS , England
| | - G. S. Woods
- b CSO Valuations Limited , 17 Charterhouse Street, London , EC1N , 6RA , England
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Prostate cancer is now a common disease in men over 50 years of age. Medical therapies for prostate cancer are based on discoveries from the mid-twentieth century, and in the long term are rarely curative. Most treatments are directed towards an androgen receptor-expressing, highly proliferative target cell, which does indeed form the vast majority of cells in a prostate tumour. However, by invoking the existence of a cancer stem cell which, like normal epithelial stem cells in the prostate, does not express androgen receptor and is relatively quiescent, the observed resistance to most medical therapies can be explained. The phenotype of the prostate cancer stem cells is that of a basal cell and cultures derived from cancers, but not benign tissues, express a range of prostate cancer-associated RNAs. Furthermore, stem cells purified on the basis of alpha2beta1 high integrin and CD133 cell surface antigen expression, from an established culture of Gleason 4 (2+2) prostate cancer (P4E6), were able to form multiple intraprostatic tumours in nude mice when grafted orthotopically in a matrigel plug containing human prostatic stroma. The final tumours reexpressed androgen receptor and displayed a histology similar to that of a Gleason 4 cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Maitland
- Department of Biology, YCR Cancer Research Unit, University of York, YO10 5YW York, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Riddick ACP, Shukla CJ, Pennington CJ, Bass R, Nuttall RK, Hogan A, Sethia KK, Ellis V, Collins AT, Maitland NJ, Ball RY, Edwards DR. Identification of degradome components associated with prostate cancer progression by expression analysis of human prostatic tissues. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:2171-80. [PMID: 15928670 PMCID: PMC2361819 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteases of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and serine protease families participate in many aspects of tumour growth and metastasis. Using quantitative real-time RT–PCR analysis, we have undertaken a comprehensive survey of the expression of these enzymes and of their natural inhibitors in 44 cases of human prostate cancer and 23 benign prostate specimens. We found increased expression of MMP10, 15, 24, 25 and 26, urokinase plasminogen activator-receptor (uPAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1), and the newly characterised serine proteases hepsin and matriptase-1 (MTSP1) in malignant tissue compared to benign prostate tissue. In contrast, there was significantly decreased expression of MMP2 and MMP23, maspin, and the protease inhibitors tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), TIMP4 and RECK (reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs) in the cancer specimens. The expression of MMP15 and MMP26 correlated positively with Gleason score, whereas TIMP3, TIMP4 and RECK expression correlated negatively with Gleason score. The cellular localisation of the expression of the deregulated genes was evaluated using primary malignant epithelial and stromal cell cultures derived from radical prostatectomy specimens. MMP10 and 25, hepsin, MTSP1 and maspin showed predominantly epithelial expression, whereas TIMP 3 and 4, RECK, MMP2 and 23, uPAR and PAI1 were produced primarily by stromal cells. These data provide the first comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the expression and localisation of MMPs and their inhibitors in human prostate cancer, leading to the identification of several genes involved in proteolysis as potential prognostic indicators, in particular hepsin, MTSP1, MMP26, PAI1, uPAR, MMP15, TIMP3, TIMP4, maspin and RECK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C P Riddick
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
| | - C J Shukla
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - C J Pennington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - R Bass
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - R K Nuttall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - A Hogan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - K K Sethia
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
| | - V Ellis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - A T Collins
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, YO 10 5YW, UK
| | - N J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, YO 10 5YW, UK
| | - R Y Ball
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
| | - D R Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Collins AT, Habib FK, Maitland NJ, Neal DE. Identification and isolation of human prostate epithelial stem cells based on α2β1-integrin expression. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:3865-72. [PMID: 11719553 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114.21.3865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major impediment to our understanding of the biology of stem cells is the inability to distinguish them from their differentiating progeny. We made use of the known association of stem cells with basement membranes to isolate prostate epithelial stem cells. We show that, in vivo, putative stem cells express higher levels of the α2-integrin subunit than other cells within the basal layer. Approximately 1% of basal cells examined by confocal microscopy were integrin ‘bright’, and these cells can be selected directly from the tissue on the basis of rapid adhesion to type I collagen. This selected population has a basal phenotype, as determined by expression of CK5 and CK14 and lack of expression of the differentiation-specific markers prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and has a fourfold greater ability to form colonies in vitro than the total basal population. These putative stem cells are distinguished from other basal cells by their ability to generate prostate-like glands in vivo with morphologic and immuno-histochemical evidence of prostate-specific differentiation. These properties are consistent with a stem cell origin. Furthermore, the presence of surface integrins on prostate stem cells suggests that these cells share common pathways with stem cells in other tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Collins
- Prostate Research Group, Department of Surgery, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
Crossfield MD, Davies G, Collins AT, Lightowlers EC. The role of defect interactions in reducing the decay time of H3 luminescence in diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/7/10/018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
|
22
|
|
23
|
Collins AT, Jeffries T. Circuits to eliminate the voltage spikes caused by cosmic rays in germanium PIN-diode infrared detectors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/15/7/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
|
26
|
|
27
|
|
28
|
Mohammed K, Davies G, Collins AT. Uniaxial stress splitting of photoluminescence transitions at optical centres in cubic crystals: theory and application to diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/15/12/024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
|
33
|
|
34
|
|
35
|
|
36
|
|
37
|
|
38
|
|
39
|
|
40
|
Robson CN, Gnanapragasam V, Byrne RL, Collins AT, Neal DE. Transforming growth factor-beta1 up-regulates p15, p21 and p27 and blocks cell cycling in G1 in human prostate epithelium. J Endocrinol 1999; 160:257-66. [PMID: 9924195 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1600257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) is inhibitory to most epithelia, but its role in the control of proliferation of prostatic epithelium is unclear. In some cells, TGFbeta1 inhibition is achieved by up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors including p15, p21 and p27. Our aims were to determine whether the effects of TGFbeta1 on human prostatic epithelial cell cycle kinetics were mediated by alterations in the levels of the cdk inhibitors p15, p16, p21 and p27 and hypo-phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (Rb). Human prostatic epithelial cells in primary culture were grown in the presence of TGFbeta1 (0-10 ng/ml) for up to 4 days and proliferation assessed using a [3H]thymidine uptake assay. Levels of p15, p16, p21 and p27 were measured at both mRNA and protein level by means of a reverse transcriptase PCR-based assay and Western analysis. Rb and cdk2 levels were measured. Exogenous TGFbeta1 (0-5 ng/ml) inhibited proliferation. This was associated with blocking of the cell cycle at G1, and up to 4-fold increases in p15, p21 and p27 mRNA levels, but no change was observed in p16 mRNA levels; these changes were not blocked by cycloheximide. Increased levels of p15, p21 and p27 protein were also accompanied by increased levels of hypo-phosphorylated Rb and decreased cdk2 kinase activity. TGFbeta1 has mainly inhibitory effects on benign human prostatic epithelium, which are caused by up-regulation of cdk inhibitors, hypo-phosphorylation of Rb and delaying of the cell cycle in G1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C N Robson
- School of Surgical Sciences, Medical School, Framlington Place, University of Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human prostatic epithelium consists mainly of basal and secretory luminal cells: the origin of these phenotypes from a common stem cell, within the basal compartment, has been proposed but not yet demonstrated. METHODS Analyses by light and electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry were used to determine lineage. The criteria for identifying the different phenotypes were characteristic morphology, and organization and expression of luminal- and basal-specific markers. RESULTS After organoids attached, outgrowths appeared with cells maintaining close cell-to-cell associations. The dividing cell compartment contained a subpopulation of cells with stem-cell characteristics and a major population that may correspond to amplifying cells. The characteristics of the stem-cell phenotype included reactivity with antibodies CKbasal, CK14, and Ki67. The amplifying cells were characterized as an intermediate phenotype between basal and luminal, as reactivity was demonstrated with CKbasal, CK14, and CK18. As outgrowths eventually merged, multilayering was apparent and cells on the uppermost layer had numerous secretory vacuoles and reacted strongly with antibodies CK18 and CK19, androgen receptor, and prostate-specific antigen, which is characteristic of secretory luminal cells in vivo. In passaged cultures, loss of reactivity with CKbasal was detected; we postulate that this population contains the stem-cell fraction. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that basal and luminal cells are of the same lineage and are derived from a common stem cell. Moreover, the progenitor stem cells reside within the basal compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Robinson
- Smith and Nephew Group Research Centre, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitors of 5 alpha reductase (5 alpha R), the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), have been shown to retard the growth of hyperplastic prostates. This study evaluates the effects of the 5 alpha R inhibitor, epristeride, on cultured stromal and epithelial cells from benign, hyperplastic adult prostates. METHODS [3H]-thymidine incorporation was used as a measure of proliferation. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was quantified by ELISA and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Stromal cell proliferation in response to testosterone was dose-dependently inhibited by epristeride (1 x 10(-9) -3 x 10(-7) M, P < 0.05). However, epristeride had no effect on DHT-induced growth or the growth of androgen-unresponsive stroma. Upregulation of PSA secretion from epithelial cells by androgens was downregulated by epristeride (3 x 10(-9) M, P < 0.05) in testosterone-treated cells. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF beta-1) secretion was downregulated by testosterone treatment and increased following treatment with epristeride (3 x 10(-9) M, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This demonstrates that epristeride specifically blocks testosterone-induced effects on prostatic cultures. TGF beta-1 may be a marker of 5 alpha reductase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Robinson
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Cellular interactions between stroma and epithelium are important in the growth and proliferation of prostate cancer. Peptide growth factors may facilitate the progression of prostate cancer as autocrine and/or paracrine factors. Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF or FGF7) has a differentiative and proliferative effect on the epithelium of the developing rat prostate. We investigated if KGF may act as a paracrine agent in human prostate cancer and examined the expression of KGF and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) (IIIb and IIIc isoforms of the FGFR1 and FGFR2 genes). Sixty-five percent (11 out of 17 informative cases) of prostate cancers (CaP) expressed KGF mRNA by RT-PCR, while KGF expression was not detected in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (n = 6). Upregulation of KGF expression was related to hormone insensitive tumours (P<0.05). Tumour grade and stage were not associated with KGF expression. The source of KGF expression was further characterised using an in vitro primary culture model, showing its restriction to the prostatic stroma. The FGFR1IIIb isoform was expressed in all cases of prostate cancer (n = 17), and FGFR1IIIc mRNA was not detected. In the BPH group, FGFR1IIIb transcripts were detected in four out of six cases. FGFR2IIIb expression was detected in five of six cases of BPH and twelve out of seventeen (71%) cases of prostate cancer. In CaP, though not reaching statistical significance, the persistence of FGFR2IIIb expression appeared to be associated with hormone insensitive tumours (P=0.052). FGFR2IIIc expression was present in eleven of seventeen tumours but was absent in all six cases of BPH. Functional assessment of recombinant KGF in a proliferation assay demonstrated a mitogenic effect of up to 100% on cultured prostatic epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Y Leung
- Department of Surgery, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The current study was undertaken, using cultures of prostatic epithelial and stromal cells, to determine the functional interactions between androgens, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1) and their importance in maintaining stromal homeostasis. Treatment of stromal cells with TGF beta 1 significantly increased intracellular FGF2 and FGF2 sequestered to the extracellular matrix. FGF2 was also detected in stromal conditioned medium (SCM), but at levels 70-fold less than found in cell lysates. TGF beta 1 (0.1 ng/ml) treatment caused an initial increase of 86% in secreted FGF2 levels, but high concentrations of TGF beta 1 (5 ng/ml) decreased FGF2 levels by 38%, relative to the untreated control. Further studies showed that epithelial conditioned medium (ECM), androgen-treated, stromal conditioned medium (ASCM), but not SCM were mitogenic for stromal cells. Both ECM and ASCM caused a threefold increase in DNA synthesis. FGF2 may be the mediator of these interactions, since the mitogenic effect of both ECM and ASCM was significantly reduced by the addition of anti-FGF2 neutralising antibody. We hypothesise that the lack of response of stromal cells to SCM is due to TGF beta 1 blocking the mitogenic effect of FGF2. Thus down-regulation of TGF beta 1 synthesis, by androgens, results in stromal proliferation by ASCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Collins
- Department of Surgery, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Klein PB, Crossfield MD, Freitas JA, Collins AT. Donor-acceptor pair recombination in synthetic type-IIb semiconducting diamond. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 51:9634-9642. [PMID: 9977627 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.9634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
46
|
Collins AT, Zhiming B, Gilmore K, Neal DE. Androgen and oestrogen responsiveness of stromal cells derived from the human hyperplastic prostate: oestrogen regulation of the androgen receptor. J Endocrinol 1994; 143:269-77. [PMID: 7530286 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1430269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Stromal cells derived from collagenase-digested benign hyperplastic adult prostates were isolated and grown in culture. Androgen and oestrogen receptor status were determined and growth in response to mibolerone (a synthetic androgen) and oestradiol-17 beta was measured. In addition, the ability of oestrogens to regulate the androgen receptor in stromal cells was investigated. [3H]Thymidine incorporation into DNA was stimulated by mibolerone in primary and secondary cultures, but sensitivity was lost with subsequent passages. Androgen stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation was consistently inhibited by the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate. Oestradiol-17 beta also stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, and this effect was inhibited by the anti-oestrogen tamoxifen. Sensitivity to oestradiol was lost with subsequent passages. A combination of mibolerone and oestradiol was not synergistic in increasing [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, but maximal stimulation occurred at 100-fold lower concentrations of mibolerone and oestradiol when the two hormones were applied in combination. Specific high-affinity [3H]mibolerone- and [3H]oestradiol-binding sites were demonstrated by radioligand binding in intact cells. The affinity for oestradiol binding to its receptor exceeded that quantified for mibolerone binding to the androgen receptor, whilst the number of oestradiol-binding sites was approximately tenfold less than that quantified for mibolerone. Treatment with oestradiol down-regulated the number of [3H]mibolerone binding sites 1.7-fold (P < 0.005) as early as day 2 after oestradiol treatment. In conclusion, we successfully cultured stromal cells derived from hyperplastic prostates which retained sensitivity to androgen and oestrogen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Collins
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Davies G, Lawson SC, Collins AT, Mainwood A, Sharp SJ. Vacancy-related centers in diamond. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1992; 46:13157-13170. [PMID: 10003356 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
48
|
|
49
|
|
50
|
Abstract
A 22-month-old child suffered accidental strangulation, which rendered him comatose with intermittent generalized tonic-clonic seizures. His elecroencephalogram (EEG) displayed widespread activity of alpha frequency unreactive to sensory stimuli. Upon clinical recovery, a slower posterior EEG rhythm, attenuated by eye opening, was detected, which was more consistent with the patient's age. This observation is remarkable, because of the rarity of reports of an alpha pattern after cerebral anoxia in young children and the subsequent EEG and clinical evolutions.
Collapse
|