Management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding: Clinical practice guidelines of the French National College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF)

OBJECTIVE

To provide French guidelines for the management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).

DESIGN

A consensus committee of 26 experts was formed. A formal conflict-of-interest policy was developed at the beginning of the process and enforced throughout. The entire guidelines process was conducted independently of any industry funding (i.e. pharmaceutical or medical device companies). The authors were advised to follow the rules of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE®) system to guide assessment of quality of evidence. The potential drawbacks of making strong recommendations in the presence of low-quality evidence were emphasized.

METHODS

The last guidelines from the Collège National des Gynécologues et Obstétriciens Français on the management of women with AUB were published in 2008. The literature seems now sufficient for an update. The committee studied questions within 7 fields (diagnosis; adolescents; idiopathic AUB; endometrial hyperplasia and polyps; type 0-2 fibroids; type 3 or higher fibroids; and adenomyosis). Each question was formulated in a PICO (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) format and evidence profiles were compiled. The GRADE® methodology was applied to the literature review and the formulation of recommendations.

RESULTS

The experts' synthesis work and the application of the GRADE method resulted in 36 recommendations. Among the formalized recommendations, 19 are strong and 17 weak. No response was found in the literature for 14 questions. We chose to abstain from recommendations rather than providing advice based solely on expert clinical experience.

CONCLUSIONS

The 36 recommendations make it possible to specify the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for various clinical situations practitioners encounter, from the simplest to the most complex.

Current vision on diagnosis and comprehensive care in hepatic encephalopathy

The first clinical guidelines on hepatic encephalopathy were published in 2009. Almost 14 years since that first publication, numerous advances in the field of diagnosis, treatment, and special condition care have been made. Therefore, as an initiative of the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología A.C., we present a current view of those aspects. The manuscript described herein was formulated by 24 experts that participated in six working groups, analyzing, discussing, and summarizing the following topics: Definition of hepatic encephalopathy; recommended classifications; epidemiologic panorama, worldwide and in Mexico; diagnostic tools; conditions that merit a differential diagnosis; treatment; and primary and secondary prophylaxis. Likewise, these guidelines emphasize the management of certain special conditions, such as hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure, as well as specific care in patients with hepatic encephalopathy, such as the use of medications and types of sedation, describing those that are permitted or recommended, and those that are not.

P-102 Progesterone luteal-phase support during IUI cycle should be added depending on women age and/or on previous mid-luteal progesterone assessment to promote live births

Study question

To determine the Mid-luteal progesterone (MLP) threshold which could condition live-birth (LB) after IUI, and effects of additional progesterone luteal-phase support (LPS) in subsequent cycles.

Summary answer

MLP threshold is age-dependant. LPS should only be used if previous MLP is below the age related threshold, as its inappropriate use reduces LB rate.

What is known already

Progesterone is essential to prepare and maintain the uterus suitable for a possible pregnancy. During IUI, it is not clear if LPS is beneficial to obtain a live birth, and whether it should be introduced systematically or only in women with a low MLP assessment during a previous cycle.

Study design, size, duration

In an audit purpose, we performed a retrospective uni-centric analysis of 705 IUl cycles performed from January 2015 to March 2020 in couples which fertility work-up concluded to unexplained infertility, mild male infertility or PCOS with no pregnancy after 3 cycles of clomiphene citrate. Our primary outcome was LB.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

IUI was performed after ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins. MLP was assessed using immuno assay method, days 7 post-IUI. LPS (Cyclogest® 200 mg/day) was added when consultant considered former cycle’s MLP was too low. MLP thresholds were defined without LPS using a ROC Curve, considering subgroups of patient’s age. LB rate was analyzed using Multivariate Gill Andersen models to take into account repetitions of IUI cycles. Prognostic factors for LBR were investigated using a Cox model.

Main results and the role of chance

Women were 33.6±3.9 years old. We obtained 99 (14%) LB.

In women who didn’t receive LPS, regardless of their age, MLP threshold was 57.5 nmo/l (AUC=0.57). Multivariate logistic regression modeling identified MLP assessment as a significant prognostic factor for obtaining LB after IUI (OR = 1.668, CI95%[1.023; 2.721], p = 0.0402).

When also considering women’s age, a cut-off of 36 years old was computed which allowed more fitted age-related MLP thresholds for obtaining LB after IUI. In women <36 years old, MLP threshold was 39.5 nmol/l (AUC=0.57) whereas it was 60.5 nmol/L (AUC=0.57) for age ≥36. Age-related thresholds were more predictive of LB than initial age independent threshold according to Akaike Criteria (1168.48 versus 1198.96, respectively).

Using the whole population (i.e. receiving or not LPS), the multivariate analysis highlighted that, compared to women with MLP above their age related threshold who (appropriately) didn’t receive LPS:

- Women below their age-related MLP threshold who appropriately receive LPS had similar LB rate: OR = 0.5474, CI95%[0.1857-1.6138], p = 0.2747. - Women below their age-related MLP threshold who didn’t receive LPS (inappropriately) had a significantly lower LB rate: OR = 0.4794, CI95%[0.2727-0.8427], p = 0.0106. - Women above their age-related MLP threshold who received LPS (inappropriately) had a significantly lower LB rate: OR = 0.5627, CI95%[0.3302-09587], p = 0.0433.

Limitations, reasons for caution

Because of the retrospective design of our study and because of the limited number of included couples, our results should be considered with caution. Confirmation is needed with further prospective studies with a larger number of participants.

Wider implications of the findings

Our study highlight for the first time the impact of age on the LPS strategy after IUI, and emphases the need for personalized fertility medicine based on previous MLP assessment when considering LPS.

Trial registration number

No needed, NHS Audit

[Management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding: Clinical practice guidelines of the French National College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF)]

OBJECTIVE

To provide French guidelines for the management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).

DESIGN

A consensus committee of 26 experts was formed. A formal conflict-of-interest (COI) policy was developed at the beginning of the process and enforced throughout. The entire guidelines process was conducted independently of any industrial funding (i.e. pharmaceutical, or medical devices). The authors were advised to follow the rules of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE®) system to guide assessment of quality of evidence. The potential drawbacks of making strong recommendations in the presence of low-quality evidence were emphasized.

METHODS

The last guidelines from the Collège national des gynécologues et obstétriciens français (CNGOF) on the management of women with AUB was published in 2008. The literature seems now sufficient for an update. The committee studied questions within 7 fields (diagnosis; adolescent; idiopathic AUB; endometrial hyperplasia and polyps; fibroids type 0 to 2; fibroids type 3 and more; adenomyosis). Each question was formulated in a PICO (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) format and the evidence profiles were produced. The literature review and recommendations were made according to the GRADE® methodology.

RESULTS

The experts' synthesis work and the application of the GRADE method resulted in 36 recommendations. Among the formalized recommendations, 19 present a strong agreement and 17 a weak agreement. Fourteen questions did not find any response in the literature. We preferred to abstain from recommending instead of providing expert advice.

CONCLUSIONS

The 36 recommendations made it possible to specify the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of various clinical situations managed by the practitioner, from the simplest to the most complex.

[French clinical practice guidelines developed by a modified Delphi consensus process for oocyte vitrification in women with benign gynecologic disease]

OBJECTIVES

To provide clinical practice guidelines about fertility preservation (FP) for women with benign gynecologic disease (BGD) developed by a modified Delphi consensus process for oocyte vitrification in women with benign gynecologic disease.

METHODS

A steering committee composed of 14 healthcare professionals and a patient representative with lived experience of endometriosis identified 42 potential practices related to FP for BGD. Then 114 key stakeholders including various healthcare professionals (n=108) and patient representatives (n=6) were asked to participate in a modified Delphi process via two online survey rounds from February to September 2020 and a final meeting. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this final meeting to reach consensus was held as a videoconference in November 2020.

RESULTS

Survey response of stakeholders was 75 % (86/114) for round 1 and 87 % (75/86) for round 2. Consensus was reached for the recommendations for 28 items, that have been distributed into five general categories: (i) Information to provide to women of reproductive age with a BGD, (ii) Technical aspects of FP for BGD, (iii) Indications for FP in endometriosis, (iv) Indications for FP for non-endometriosis BGD, (v) Indications for FP after a fortuitous diagnosis of an idiopathic diminished ovarian reserve.

CONCLUSION

These guidelines provide some practice advice to help health professionals better inform women about the possibilities of cryopreserving their oocytes prior to the management of a BGD that may affect their ovarian reserve and fertility.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

The CNGOF (Collège National des Gynécologues Obstétriciens Français) funded the implementation of the Delphi process.

The MELD Score Is Superior to the Maddrey Discriminant Function Score to Predict Short-Term Mortality in Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis: A Global Study

INTRODUCTION

Several scoring systems predict mortality in alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH), including the Maddrey discriminant function (mDF) and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score developed in the United States, Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score in the United Kingdom, and age, bilirubin, international normalized ratio, and creatinine score in Spain. To date, no global studies have examined the utility of these scores, nor has the MELD-sodium been evaluated for outcome prediction in AH. In this study, we assessed the accuracy of different scores to predict short-term mortality in AH and investigated additional factors to improve mortality prediction.

METHODS

Patients admitted to hospital with a definite or probable AH were recruited by 85 tertiary centers in 11 countries and across 3 continents. Baseline demographic and laboratory variables were obtained. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 28 and 90 days.

RESULTS

In total, 3,101 patients were eligible for inclusion. After exclusions (n = 520), 2,581 patients were enrolled (74.4% male, median age 48 years, interquartile range 40.9-55.0 years). The median MELD score was 23.5 (interquartile range 20.5-27.8). Mortality at 28 and 90 days was 20% and 30.9%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for 28-day mortality ranged from 0.776 for MELD-sodium to 0.701 for mDF, and for 90-day mortality, it ranged from 0.773 for MELD to 0.709 for mDF. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for mDF to predict death was significantly lower than all other scores. Age added to MELD obtained only a small improvement of AUC.

DISCUSSION

These results suggest that the mDF score should no longer be used to assess AH's prognosis. The MELD score has the best performance in predicting short-term mortality.

[CNGOF clinical practice guidelines: Evaluation one year after revision of the methodology]

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the revision of methodology of the clinical practice guidelines (CPG) of the French National College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF).

METHOD

Three CPGs were organized in 2020 on the topics of severe preeclampsia, menorrhagia, and prophylactic surgery according to AGREE II (Apraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation). Questions were presented in PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) format and the grading of scientific evidence was based on the GRADE (Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation) method.

RESULTS

All three CPGs groups adhered to this new methodology. However, the presentation of the arguments, the formulation of the recommendations and the development of the GRADE tables were heterogeneous from one group to another. A homogenization of the presentation is proposed, as well as a guide to the critical analysis of the literature to help the experts to rate the evidence.

CONCLUSION

Adherence to these quality criteria should make it easier to apply the recommendations at the national level and improve international recognition of the work done by the CNGOF.

P–454 Oocyte vitrification for fertility preservation in women with benign gynecological disease: French national clinical guidelines with a modified Delphi consensus process

Study question

Is there consensual clinical practices about fertility preservation (FP) for benign gynecological diseases BGD)?

Summary answer

A consensus study using the modified Delphi method identified 28 consensual practices concerning oocyte vitrification for fertility preservation in women with benign gynecological disease.

What is known already

Clinical Practical international guidelines are still published in oncology for offering standardized information and care for adults and children with cancer. Recently, the ESHRE Female Fertility Preservation Guideline Development Group published recommendations for healthcare professionals involved in fertility preservation for post-pubertal women and transgender adolescents and young adults. However, benign gynecological indications weren’t distinctly individualized of malignant conditions. There’s a lack of large cohort studies assessing the risks and outcome of FP for benign gynecological diseases. Healthcare professionals need consensus for defining the “good” indications of FP for benign gynecological diseases that could impair fertility.

Study design, size, duration

A steering group composed by 14 healthcare professionals and a patient representative with lived experience of endometriosis identified 42 potential practices concerning fertility preservation for benign gynecological disease. Then, 114 key stakeholders including various healthcare professionals (n = 108) and patient representatives(n = 6) were asked to answer at two rounds of a modified Delphi via an online survey from February to September 2020.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Participants had to score 42 items for the first round and 31 for the second round using a nine-point Likert scale. These statements were distributed into five categories: Information to deliver to age-reproductive women with a BGD (n = 9), technical aspect of fertility preservation for BGD (n = 6), indications of FP for endometriosis (n = 13), indications of FP for none-endometriosis BGD (n = 10), idiopathic diminished ovarian reserve in the absence of gynecologic and endocrinologic diseases (n = 4).

Main results and the role of chance

Survey response of stakeholders was 75% (86 out of 114) for the round 1 and 87% (75 out of 86) for the round 2. Consensus recommendations were achieved for 28 items, and no consensus between stakeholders was achieved in the remaining items. Stakeholders rated the importance of an age-specific information concerning the risk of diminished ovarian reserve after surgery and the necessity to inform about the benefice/ risk balance of oocyte vitrification, in particular about the chance of live-birth according to the age at the time of oocyte vitrification. They endorsed oocyte vitrification as the reference FP technique for those benign indications. Experts rejected to determine lower and upper age limits in women for fertility preservation. FP shouldn’t be offered in rAFS stages I and II endometriosis without endometriomas.

Limitations, reasons for caution

Experts were only French native speakers from France, and Belgium. It would have been interesting to conduct this survey with experts from other continents.

Wider implications of the findings: At our knowledge, we present here the first guideline s focusing on FP in women with BGD, following a designed scientific Delphi procedure. These guidelines could be useful for gynecologists to better inform women with benign gynecological diseases about the indication or not to offer a FP procedure.

Trial registration number

Not applicable

P–127 Does sperm quality really matter for conceiving through an intrauterine insemination program? A retrospective analysis of 5920 attempts taking into account repetition of cycles

Study question

Are parameters of sperm quality part of the prognosis factors for an infertile couple to obtain a live birth when entering an intrauterine insemination program considering repetition of attempts?

Summary answer

Paradoxically, a lower sperm morphology independently predict quick live birth through IUI, as well as younger female age, lower D3 FSH, and higher triggering estradiol.

What is known already

Many studies have highlighted different prognosis factors for obtaining a live birth after IUI involving: male parameters (semen),female parameters (age, parity, ovulation, tubal, and endometriosis status, history of pelvic surgery),couple parameters (duration of infertility, number of previous attempt),IUI parameters (follicle number, endometrial thickness, estradiol at triggering, day of IUI, number of spermatozoa inseminated). However, most of these studies have included small number of attempts, semen parameters were either not collected or assessed with heterogeneity, and repetition of attempts (although iconic for IUI) was not considered, allocating inappropriate weight to cycles which failed in conceiving.

Study design, size, duration

We retrospectively studied the entire cohort of IUI attempts carried out with partner’s sperm at our center between 09/09/2003 and 01/17/2017. We included all male, female, couple and IUI parameters available. Each basic semen analyzes included have been carried out by a restricted number of skilled andrologists from our center. The closest semen assessment performed before IUI was considered as male parameter. IUI attempts were considered repeated unless a live birth or IUI abandonment occurred.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Our primary outcome was live birth occurrence. We included 2228 couples having performed 5920 IUI attempts, with 636 live births obtained. A mixed logistic regression model was used to take into account IUI repetition before obtaining a live birth. A survival analysis using Cox model, with IUI rank as time variable, live birth as endpoint, and taking into account recurrences was carried out to determine which parameter best predict a quick live birth through IUI.

Main results and the role of chance

Included women were 33.7 ± 4.6 years old in mean. Baseline semen assessment was available for 64% of couples.

Muti-variate analysis showed that live birth was more frequent when: Femal factors: age was young (33 to 38yo, OR 0.76 [0.60;0.96], >38 yo OR 0.49 [0.35;0.67], p = 0.0001), FSH ≤ 8.0 (OR 0.59 [0.45;0.79], p = 0.0002), AMH > 8.9ng/mL (OR 0.59 [0.45;0.79], p = 0.0001), endometriosis was absent (OR 0.56 [0.36;0.88], p = 0.0109), the patient already delivered (OR 1.36 [1.06;1.74], p = 0.0034) Male factors: sperm motility ≤26.0% (OR 0.71 [0.53;0.96], p = 0.0062), sperm vitality ≤72.0% (OR 0.65 [0.47;0.90], p = 0.0032), sperm typical form ≤ 25.0% (OR 0.51 [0.34 ; 0.78], p = 0.0016), IUI attempt factors: total dose of gonadotropin > 495.0 (OR 1.54 [1.26;1.88], p = 0.0001) follicle number > 2 (OR 1.23 [1.69;2.21], p = 0.0296), Estradiol at trigerring > 215.0pg/ml (OR 1.90 [1.53;2.36], p = 0.0001), Endometrial thickness >9.6mm (OR 1.43, p = 0.0024), day of IUI >13 (1.53 [1.24;1.89], p = 0.0001). Using Cox model, couples obtained quickly a livebirth if: woman age was below 33yo: For 33 to 38 yo, OR 0.37 [0.25;0.54], p = 0.0001, >38yo OR 0.19 [0.11;0.32], p = 0.0001 D3 FSH<8 (if above, OR 0.55 [0.34;0.90], p = 0.0160) - Sperm typical form ≤25.0 (if above, OR 0.34 [0.20;0.58], p = 0.0001) Triggering estradiol >215.0pg/ml, OR 1.99 [1.51;2.63], p = 0.0001)

Limitations, reasons for caution

Baseline semen assessment was missing a bit more when cycles were successful, so that a bias connot be excluded. This weird result concerning semen parameters which appear to lower the live birth rate when they are good should thus be considered with caution.

Wider implications of the findings: Good baseline semen parameters do not appear as primordial for obtaining an IUI live birth, and were even found deleterious. However, thresholds highlighted in the present study were high, i.e. of limited clinical mean, and semen below them to remain normal. After confirming, explanations should be investigated: excessive acrosome reaction.

Trial registration number

Not applicable

[Cesarean scare niche: Definition, diagnosis, risk factors, prevention, symptoms, adverse effects, and treatments]

OBJECTIVES

To review the definitions, diagnostic methods, risk factors, symptoms, and treatments for caesarean scar niche.

METHODS

Review of the literature, critical reflection, and pragmatic advice.

RESULTS

There is no consensus on the definition of caesarean scar niche. Some suggest an indentation≥2mm of the myometrium of the caesarean scar, but this is present in more than half of women with caesarean history and takes no account of woman's symptoms. The most popular diagnostic method is ultrasound±hysterosonography. Risks factors for niche are multiple Caesareans, Cesarean during labor with too low incision, and retroverted uterus. Symptoms include abnormal gynaecologic bleeding and pelvic pain, and their presence establish the "Caesarean scar syndrome". The risks of pregnancy with niche is poorly studied, but pregnancy is not contraindicated, even if the niche is untreated. The treatment of caesarean scar niche is mainly surgery and conservative. The former should be reserved for symptomatic patients, and those with secondary infertility and fertility treatment failure. Patients with residual myometrium thickness≥2.5mm may benefit from first-line hysteroscopic treatment, whereas a laparoscopic or vaginal approach could be offered in other cases.

CONCLUSIONS

A pragmatic definition of caesarean scar niche as a disease including symptoms is the necessary prerequisite for the management of women. The treatment is mainly surgical, or conservative depending on the desire for subsequent pregnancy.

Are mucous retention cysts and pseudocysts in the maxillary sinus a risk factor for dental implants? A systematic review

Background

Mucous retention cysts and pseudocysts of the maxillary sinus are benign lesions present in up to 13% of adult patients. Different surgical approaches for sinus lift and dental implant placement in the presence of these lesions have been proposed.

Material and Methods

A systematic review was performed following the PRISMA statement recommendations to answer the PICO question: Does the aspiration or removal of mucous retention cysts/pseudocysts before or during sinus lifting and dental implant placing, affect the survival of the implants? The study was pre-registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020185528). Included articles quality was assessed using the “NIH quality assessment tool” and “The Newcastle-Ottawa scale”.

Results

Previous literature in this field is scarce and with a low level of evidence. There are no randomized prospective studies. Only 19 studies were identified, being composed of 2 cohort studies and 17 case series/reports. These studies involved 182 patients with a previous history of mucous retention cyst or pseudocyst in 195 maxillary sinuses where 233 implants were placed. The mean age of the patients was 45.5 (range: 12-80 years); 122 (67%) were male patients and 60 (33%) were female patients. The mean follow-up of the patients was 17.6 (range: 4-90 months). Only two fail was reported. No differences were identified in relation to the surgical approach or in relation to the removal/aspiration of the sinus lesion (prior to or simultaneous to sinus grafting) or not.

Conclusions

The level of evidence was grade 4 according to the CEBM and further studies are needed to confirm this observations, but with the available data, dental implants placement after sinus lift procedure in patients with mucous retention cysts and pseudocysts seems to be safe and present high survival regardless on the removal of the lesion or not.

Key words:Dental implants, maxillary sinus, sinus lift, mucous retention cyst, pseudocyst.

Efficacy of assisted reproductive technology after ovarian tissue transplantation in a cohort of 11 patients with or without associated infertility factors

PURPOSE

IVF treatment in women with grafted frozen-thawed ovarian tissue is associated with poor reproductive outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT) followed by assisted reproductive technology (ART) in women with or without associated infertility factors.

METHODS

This is a prospective cohort study with retrospective data collection including eleven women, four of whom having an infertility factor (IF), who had undergone OTT in one university center between 2005 and 2017, followed by ART in six in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers.

RESULTS

In total, 25 of the 85 cycles initiated (29%) were canceled, resulting in 60 oocyte retrievals. Ninety-five oocytes were retrieved: 36 were abnormal or immature, 29/39 fertilized (74%) after ICSI and 13/20 (65%) after IVF. Thirty-five embryos were transferred in seven patients (5/7 patients without IF and 2/4 patients with IF). After ART, one patient with IF experienced two pregnancies, one resulting in a live birth. For all patients, pregnancy rates and live birth rates were 7.4% and 3.7% per embryo transfer, respectively. Nine pregnancies and four live births occurred after spontaneous conception in five patients without IF, none in the infertility group.

CONCLUSION

This study confirms that IVF treatment in women with grafted frozen-thawed ovarian tissue is associated with poor outcomes. However, the chances of natural conception are high in women without IF. Patients with IF, without the possibility of spontaneous pregnancy, should be informed of poor reproductive outcomes after OTT followed by ART.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT02184806.

Production of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins during the development of hepatic fibrosis due to chronic hepatitis C

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS

Insulin-like growth factor 1 is modulated by the insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) that are synthesized in the liver. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the concentrations of IGFBPs 1-7 in patients with chronic hepatitis C and study their association with fibrosis stage.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted that included patients with chronic hepatitis C. The stages of fibrosis were determined through FibroTest and FibroScan and the patients were compared with a control group. Serum levels of IGFBPs 1-7 were quantified through multiple suspension arrays. The Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's correlation, and ROC curves were used for the statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Upon comparing the patients and controls, the highest concentrations were found in IGFBPs 1, 2, 4, and 7 (p=0.02, p=0.002, p=0.008, and p<0.001, respectively). IGFBP-3 levels had a tendency to be lower in the patients (p=0.066), whereas values were similar between patients and controls for IGFBP-5 and 6 (p=0.786 and p=0.244, respectively). Of the seven IGFBPs, IGFBP-3 concentrations were the highest. There were significant differences between fibrosis stages for IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-7.

CONCLUSION

IGFBPs play a relevant role in the fibrotic process in liver damage. IGFBP-7, in particular, differentiates fibrosis stages, making it a potential serum biomarker.

Variational reduced density matrix method in the doubly-occupied configuration interaction space using four-particle N-representability conditions: Application to the XXZ model of quantum magnetism

This work deals with the variational determination of the two-particle reduced density matrix (2-RDM) and the energy corresponding to the ground state of N-particle systems within the doubly occupied configuration interaction (DOCI) space. Here, we impose for the first time up to four-particle N-representability constraint conditions in the variational determination of the 2-RDM matrix elements using the standard semidefinite programming algorithms. The energies and 2-RDMs obtained from this treatment and the corresponding computational costs are compared with those arisen from previously reported less restrictive variational methods [D. R. Alcoba et al., J. Chem. Phys. 149, 194105 (2018)] as well as with the exact DOCI values. We apply the different approximations to the one-dimensional XXZ model of quantum magnetism, which has a rich phase diagram with one critical phase and constitutes a stringent test for the method. The numerical results show the usefulness of our treatment to achieve a high degree of accuracy.

NPWTid in the treatment of infected diabetic foot

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy with instillation therapy and dwelling time (NPWTid) represents a good tool to treat severely infected non-healing wounds. This topical treatment consists of negative pressure and retrograde instillation of antiseptic/antibiotic Romasolutions into the wound surface, to promote cleansing and consequently the healing process. We reported our initial experience (five cases) in the treatment of severely infected diabetic foot, that can be considered a life-threatening condition. In our case reports, patients presented with clinical signs and symptoms of severe sepsis. Our treatment based on multidisciplinary approach (surgical, NPWTid, interventional radiology, skin grafts) had satisfying results. NPWT represented an important support to treatment of these diabetic patients.

Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy and future treatment options

Understanding of the pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy has conditioned new treatment options. Ammonia detoxification in hepatic encephalopathy is regulated by two enzymes: glutaminase or glutamine synthetase. The first produces ammonia and the second detoxifies the ammonia, which is why treatments are aimed at glutaminase inhibition or glutamine synthetase activation. At present, we know that both enzymes are found not only in the liver, but also in the muscle, intestine, kidney, and brain. Therefore, current treatments can be directed at each enzyme at different sites. Awareness of those potential treatment sites makes different options of approach possible in the patient with hepatic encephalopathy, and each approach should be personalized.

Dietary management and supplementation with branched-chain amino acids in cirrhosis of the liver

One of the most important characteristics of malnutrition is the loss of muscle mass and the severe depletion of the protein reserve, secondarily affecting energy metabolism. That impacts nutritional status and the progression of disease-related complications. Nutritional treatment is one of the main factors in the comprehensive management of those patients. Achieving adequate energy intake that provides the macronutrients and micronutrients necessary to prevent or correct malnutrition is attempted through dietary measures. ESPEN, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, recommends a caloric intake of 30-40kcal/kg/day, in which carbohydrates provide 45-60% of the daily energy intake and proteins supply 1.0-1.5g/kg/day. The remaining portion of the total energy expenditure should be covered by lipids. The administration of branched-chain amino acids has been shown to be beneficial not only in counteracting malnutrition, but also as a coadjuvant treatment in specific complications, thus playing a favorable role in outcome and quality of life. Therefore, branched-chain amino acids should be considered part of nutritional treatment in patients with advanced stages of cirrhosis of the liver, particularly in the presence of complications.

Management of endometriosis: CNGOF/HAS clinical practice guidelines - Short version

First-line diagnostic investigations for endometriosis are physical examination and pelvic ultrasound. The second-line investigations are: targeted pelvic examination performed by an expert clinician, transvaginal ultrasound performed by an expert physician sonographer (radiologist or gynaecologist), and pelvic MRI. Management of endometriosis is recommended when the disease has a functional impact. Recommended first-line hormonal therapies for the management of endometriosis-related pain are combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) or the 52mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (IUS). There is no evidence base on which to recommend systematic preoperative hormonal therapy solely to prevent surgical complications or facilitate surgery. After surgery for endometriosis, a CHC or 52mg levonorgestrel-releasing IUS is recommended as first-line treatment when pregnancy is not desired. In the event of failure of the initial treatment, recurrence, or multiorgan involvement, a multidisciplinary team meeting is recommended, involving physicians, surgeons and other professionals. A laparoscopic approach is recommended for surgical treatment of endometriosis. HRT can be offered to postmenopausal women who have undergone surgical treatment for endometriosis. Antigonadotrophic hormonal therapy is not recommended for patients with endometriosis and infertility to increase the chances of spontaneous pregnancy, including postoperatively. Fertility preservation options must be discussed with patients undergoing surgery for ovarian endometriomas.

The Mexican consensus on the treatment of hepatitis C

The aim of the Mexican Consensus on the Treatment of HepatitisC was to develop clinical practice guidelines applicable to Mexico. The expert opinion of specialists in the following areas was taken into account: gastroenterology, infectious diseases, and hepatology. A search of the medical literature was carried out on the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases through keywords related to hepatitisC treatment. The quality of evidence was subsequently evaluated using the GRADE system and the consensus statements were formulated. The statements were then voted upon, using the modified Delphi system, and reviewed and corrected by a panel of 34 voting participants. Finally, the level of agreement was classified for each statement. The present guidelines provide recommendations with an emphasis on the new direct-acting antivirals, to facilitate their use in clinical practice. Each case must be individualized according to the comorbidities involved and patient management must always be multidisciplinary.

Atypical manifestations of hepatitis A virus infection

Acute hepatitis due to the hepatitis A virus usually has a short, benign and self-limited course, without causing chronic hepatitis. However, some cases have an atypical presentation, such as relapsing hepatitis, prolonged or persistent cholestasis, fulminant hepatic failure, or liver failure associated with autoimmune hepatitis. The typical clinical course of acute hepatitis A virus infection is spontaneous remission in 90% of the cases, but atypical cases have a prevalence that varies from less than 1 to 20%, depending on the manifestation (overall prevalence ∼7%). There is little information on the atypical clinical courses of hepatitis A virus infection and the lack of recognizing those presentations in clinical practice often results in carrying out numerous studies and treatments that not only are unnecessary, but can also be harmful. The aim of the present article was to describe 3 clinical cases of atypical hepatitis A infection and provide a literature review of such cases.

[Expectations of women with endometriosis: What information to deliver? CNGOF-HAS Endometriosis Guidelines]

Women with endometriosis often say that the information doctors give them should be improved. Patient support groups can provide missing information but may lack objectivity, or reliability, and may even generate anxiety or even harm their health. Clear unbiased medical information is the ideal. New patients with endometriosis wish to be taken seriously by primary care physicians, and be referred quickly to a specialist without further unnecessary investigation or delay. The diagnosis of endometriosis should ideally be made quickly, and should clearly specify the nature of the disease, its evolution, and its consequences on quality of life, relationships, and fertility. When choosing a treatment, information should state the risks of each treatment, the risks of recurrence long term, and the therapeutic alternatives. These should include conventional medical treatment, lifestyle adaptation, or alternative therapies. In case of surgery, prior written information should be provided, the likely scar appearance, the short and long term consequences in terms of pain, postoperative recovery time and complication rates. Once the surgery is performed, the degree of endometriotic involvement and the treatment undertaken should be explained. At discharge, patients should be told the expected recovery time, and the consequences of the operation on daily life.

[Management of endometriosis: CNGOF-HAS practice guidelines (short version)]

First-line investigations to diagnose endometriosis are clinical examination and pelvic ultrasound. Second-line investigations include pelvic examination performed by a referent clinician, transvaginal ultrasound performed by a referent echographist, and pelvic MRI. It is recommended to treat endometriosis when it is symptomatic. First-line hormonal treatments recommended for the management of painful endometriosis are combined with hormonal contraceptives or levonorgestrel 52mg IUD. There is no evidence to recommend systematic preoperative hormonal therapy for the unique purpose of preventing the risk of surgical complications or facilitating surgery. After endometriosis surgery, combined hormonal contraceptives or levonorgestrel SIU 52mg are recommended as first-line therapy in the absence of desire of pregnancy. In case of initial treatment failure, recurrence, or multiple organ involvement by endometriosis, medico-surgical and multidisciplinary discussion is recommended. The laparoscopic approach is recommended for the surgical treatment of endometriosis. HRT may be offered in postmenopausal women operated for endometriosis. In case of infertility related to endometriosis, it is not recommended to prescribe anti-gonadotropic hormone therapy to increase the rate of spontaneous pregnancy, including postoperatively. The possibilities of fertility preservation should be discussed with the patient in case of surgery for ovarian endometrioma.

[Epidemiology and diagnosis strategy: CNGOF-HAS Endometriosis Guidelines]

Based on the best evidence available, we have provided guidelines for clinical practice to target the nature of endometriosis as a disease, the consequences of its natural history on management, and the clinical and imaging evaluation of the disease according to the level of care (primary care, specialized or referral). The frequency of endometriosis is unknown in the general population; endometriosis requires management when it causes symptoms (pain, infertility) or when it affect the function of an organ. In the absence of symptom, there is no need for follow-up or screening of the disease. Endometriosis may be responsible for various pain symptoms such as severe dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, painful bowel movements or low urinary tract signs increasing with menstruation, or infertility. A careful evaluation of the symptoms and their impact on the quality of life should be made. The first-line examinations for the diagnosis of endometriosis are: digital examination and pelvic ultrasound. The second-line examinations are: the pelvic exam by an expert clinician, the pelvic MRI and/or the transvaginal ultrasound by an expert. MRI and ultrasound carrying different and complementary information. Other examinations may be considered as part of the pre-therapeutic assessment of the disease in case of specialized care. Diagnostic laparoscopy may be suggested in case of clinical suspicion of endometriosis whereas preoperative examinations have not proved the disease, it must be part of a management plan of endometriosis-related pain or infertility. During management, it is recommended to give comprehensive information on the different therapeutic alternatives, the benefits and risks expected from each treatment, the risk of recurrence, fertility, especially before surgery. The information must be personalized and take into account the expectations and preferences of the patient, and accompanied by an information notice given to the patient.

[Quality of oocytes and embryos from women with polycystic ovaries syndrome: State of the art]

The frequency of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the consequent fertility disorders cause many difficulties in the management of the assisted reproductive technics. Some studies are focused on different additional treatments, stimulation protocols or techniques that could optimize the in vitro fertilization cycles. The quality of the oocytes and embryos of these patients is also an outstanding issue. They remain difficult to actually evaluate during management, and none of the few published studies on this subject demonstrated any inferiority, compared to control patients. However, many differences have been highlighted, studying intra- and extra-ovarian factors. The advent of new genetic techniques could allow a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the syndrome, as well as refining the evaluation of oocytes and embryos, in order to better predict the results of in vitro fertilization attempts. Pregnancy and birth rates, however, appear to be comparable to those of the general population.

The Mexican consensus on probiotics in gastroenterology

INTRODUCTION

Probiotics are frequently prescribed in clinical practice. Their efficacy in treating gastrointestinal disorders is supported by a significant number of clinical trials. However, the correct prescription of these agents is hampered due to a lack of knowledge of the scientific evidence and to the different presentations and microbial compositions of the probiotics that are currently available.

AIM

To provide the clinician with a consensus review of probiotics and recommendations for their use in gastroenterology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Controlled clinical trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews published up to 2015 were selected, using the MESH terms: probiotics, gastrointestinal diseases, humans, adults, AND children. The Delphi method was employed. Eighteen gastroenterologists treating adult patients and 14 pediatric gastroenterologists formulated statements that were voted on until agreement>70% was reached. The level of evidence based on the GRADE system was evaluated for each statement.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Eleven statements on the general concepts of probiotics and 27 statements on the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases in both adults and children were formulated. The consensus group recommends the use of probiotics under the following clinical conditions: the prevention of diarrhea associated with antibiotics, the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea, the prevention of Clostridium difficile infection and necrotizing enterocolitis, the reduction of adverse events from Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy, relief from irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, the treatment of functional constipation in the adult, and the induction and maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis and pouchitis, and the treatment of covert and overt hepatic encephalopathy.

Inhibition of human placental endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis by netrin-4

INTRODUCTION

Netrin-4 is a secreted member of the laminin-related protein family, known to be involved in axonal guidance and endothelial cell survival, proliferation, and migration. We have recently reported the cellular localization of netrin-4 and its receptor neogenin in human first trimester and term placenta. A strong expression of netrin-4 was observed in trophoblast and in endothelial cells, suggesting a potential role of this protein in placental angiogenesis. In relation to human pregnancy, it has been reported that circulating netrin-4 were increased in fetal umbilical cord blood of intrauterine growth restriction IUGR compared to normal pregnancy suggesting an adverse effect of this protein on placental and fetal development. The aim of this study was to determine the role of netrin-4 in placental angiogenesis.

METHODS

The effects of netrin-4 on proliferation, migration, tube-like organization, and spheroid sprouting of human placental microvascular endothelial cells (HPEC) were studied.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that netrin-4 inhibits HPEC proliferation, tube-like formation, migration and spheroid sprouting, suggesting a direct role of netrin-4 in the regulation of intra-villus angiogenesis.

DISCUSSION

This is the first report of an anti-angiogenic activity of netrin-4 in human placenta. This study brings new insights into netrin-4 roles in placental angiogenesis and suggests possible involvements of netrin-4 in angiogenesis-related pathologies such as IUGR.

Overlap syndromes of autoimmune hepatitis: diagnosis and treatment

Some patients with autoimmune liver disease have characteristics of cholestasis, as well as of autoimmune hepatitis. Despite the fact that this is a relatively frequent clinical condition seen in referral centers for liver diseases, there is little evidence as regards the clinical management of these syndromes due to their low prevalence and the lack of standardized definitions and diagnostic criteria. This is relevant, given that published studies report that there is a lower therapeutic response and poorer outcome in patients with overlap syndrome than in those presenting solely with autoimmune hepatitis. Whether overlap syndromes are distinct entities or the presence of 2 concurrent diseases is still a subject of debate. They should be suspected in autoimmune hepatitis patients that present with signs of cholestasis, as it is known that overlap behavior tends to be more aggressive, with higher rates of cirrhosis and the need for liver transplantation. Treatment response is also poorer and should be directed at the predominant component. Standardized definitions are necessary so that these syndromes can be studied in controlled clinical trials.

A human morphologically normal spermatozoon may have noncondensed chromatin

According to numerous assisted reproductive medicine practitioners, semen with normal characteristics might not require further investigation. However, on the scale of the individual spermatozoon, it is well known that normal morphology does not guarantee optimal nuclear quality. Here, for 20 patients with normal sperm characteristics and a high proportion of spermatozoa with noncondensed chromatin, we subsequently assessed chromatin condensation status (aniline blue staining) and morphology (Papanicolaou staining) of the same 3749 spermatozoa. Although the overall proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa was not correlated with the overall proportion of spermatozoa with noncondensed chromatin, an individual spermatozoon's morphology appeared to be closely related to its chromatin condensation status. Morphologically normal spermatozoa with noncondensed chromatin were seen in all patients; the proportion averaged 23.3% [min 10.9%-max 44.4%]. Morphologically abnormal spermatozoa were more likely to have noncondensed chromatin than morphologically normal ones (P < 0.0001). Small-, large- or multiple-headed spermatozoa presented the highest degree of noncondensation (>80% for each type), and more than half the vacuolated spermatozoa also presented noncondensed chromatin. However, a morphologically normal spermatozoon may also have a noncondensed chromatin.

[Role of GnRH agonists in preserving female fertility]

The impact of cancer treatment on ovarian function and fertility has been known since the 70s. Preservation of fertility is now an important focus of care for patients of reproductive age with cancer. The beneficial role of GnRH agonists in fertility preservation is controversial since the early 2000s. Recent randomized studies come to overturn this role. The POEMS multicenter randomized trial with long-term follow-up is ongoing and will provide results that could help clarify the current uncertain indication of these compounds in this context.

Factors related to unstained areas in whole ewe ovaries perfused with a metabolic marker

STUDY QUESTION

What factors are associated with the presence of areas unexposed to the perfusate after whole ovary perfusion?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Over half the ovaries perfused with the metabolic marker methylthiazolyl blue tetrazolium (MTT) were incompletely stained. Incomplete staining was statistically significantly associated with a small ovarian slice surface area, inexperience of the experimenter, and the presence of a corpus luteum.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Whole ovary cryopreservation followed by vascular auto-transplantation has provided poor outcomes as an alternative way to safeguard fertility. Perfusion, commonly used to expose the ovaries to cryoprotectants, may miss areas excluded from the vascular network, explaining subsequent poor ovarian functionality.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

An observational study of 360 ewe ovaries stained by in vitro perfusion with MTT as a qualitative marker of tissue blood supply was performed. A logistic regression model was built to identify factors associated with incomplete ovary staining.

MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Whole ewe ovaries with their vascular pedicles were perfused at 0.35 ml/min with 1 g/l MTT for 2 h at 39°C under 19 experimental conditions. The pedicles were removed and the ovaries cut in half sagittally and photographed. The unstained area of the slice surface was measured. Times from ovary collection to ovary rinsing and to MTT perfusion initiation, ovary weight and slice surface area, presence of a corpus luteum and operator experience (number of ovaries previously perfused) were recorded. Pedicle MTT staining was quantified at 564 nm after solubilization in alcohol.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Unstained areas were observed in 64.4% of the ovaries. Multivariate analysis found that incomplete ovary staining was independently associated with lower experimenter experience (P < 0.02), smaller ovary slice surface area (P < 0.0001) and presence of a corpus luteum (P < 0.01). The presence of unstained areas was independent from experimental conditions. The rate of incomplete ovary staining decreased from 83 to 60% beyond the 80th perfused ovary (P < 0.0001).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Descriptive study.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Blood-supply impairments that result in incomplete perfusion might adversely affect outcomes after whole ovary cryopreservation. Improved perfusion techniques should enhance success.

[Acute effects of fast dynamic stretching on rate of force development in ice hockey players: a pilot study]

BACKGROUND

Fast dynamic stretching has a positive effect on rate of force development in ice hockey players. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the influence of fast dynamic stretching (FDS) of the gluteus maximus muscle on rate of force development.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

This study included 12 healthy ice hockey players. The intervention was based on a fast dynamic stretching of the gluteus maximus muscle. For quantification, measurements were performed before and after the intervention. The rate of force development was determined by using the drop jump (DJ) for ground contact time and jump height, and sprint time was measured on ice over 20 meters.

RESULTS

The intervention showed significant extension of the ground reaction time. The jump height and the sprint time showed no significant differences after FDS intervention.

CONCLUSION

The data in this present randomised controlled pilot study showed that FDS interventions on the gluteus maximus muscle have no influence on rate of force development. For future studies, it is recommended that the study protocol should be modified with regard to determining the stretched muscle groups. Furthermore, the FDS intervention on the gluteus maximus muscle showed no positive influence on DJ and sprint.