D-limonene inhibits peritoneal adhesion formation in rats via anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and antioxidative effects

The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of D-limonene on decreasing post-operative adhesion in rats and to understand the mechanisms involved. Peritoneal adhesions were induced by creating different incisions and excising a 1 × 1 cm section of the peritoneum. The experimental groups included a sham group, a control group in which peritoneal adhesions were induced without any treatment, and two treatment groups in which animals received D-limonene with dosages of 25 and 50 mg/kg after inducing peritoneal adhesions. Macroscopic examination of adhesions showed that both treatment groups had reduced adhesion bands in comparison to the control group. Immunohistochemical assessment of TGF-β1, TNF-α, and VEGF on day 14 revealed a significant increment in the level of immunopositive cells for the mentioned markers in the control group, whereas administration of limonene in both doses significantly reduced levels of TGF-β1, TNF-α, and VEGF (P < 0.05). Induction of peritoneal adhesions in the control group significantly increased TGF-β1, TNF-α, and VEGF on days 3 and 14 in western blot evaluation, while treatment with limonene significantly reduced TNF-α level on day 14 (P < 0.05). Moreover, VEGF levels in both treatment groups significantly reduced on days 3 and 14. In the control group, a significant increment in the levels of MDA and NO and a notable decline in the levels of GPX, CAT was observed (P < 0.05). Limonene 50 group significantly reduced MDA level and increased GPx and CAT levels on day 14 (P < 0.05). In summary, D-limonene reduced adhesion bands, inflammatory cytokines, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress.

Study on the effect of medicinal leech therapy (Hirudo medicinalis) on full-thickness excisional wound healing in the animal model

The possible impacts of alternative and conventional medicines on wound healing are now of growing interest. This study aimed to evaluate and elucidate the wound healing activity of medicinal leech therapy in wound excision of the rat model. After a round, full-thickness excision was made in the dorsal region of the body, the animals (n = 30) were randomly divided into three equal groups: I) the treatment group (MLT), where the wounds received leech treatment; II) the positive control group (PC), where the wounds received 1% sodium phenytoin treatment; and III) the negative control group (NC), where the wounds did not receive any treatment. On days 6 and 16, wound biopsy specimens were taken, and prepared sections were stained using various methods. The contraction rate differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the NC group and the other groups. The histopathological evaluation revealed that MLT group showed an accelerated healing process and lower inflammatory response compared to other groups. In ML-treated group maturation and remodeling of collagen had occurred, while in 1% sodium phenytoin treated group, proliferation was the prominent feature. Results showed that the fibroblast was significantly lower in the NC group in comparison to other groups. The number of MNC, s, and PMN, s was significantly higher in the NC group compared to other groups (P < 0.0001). In our study, medicinal leech therapy had a higher success rate in healing for the treatment of excisional wounds in animal models.

Comparing the effects of intravenous injection and intranasal atomisation of detomidine in sheep

BACKGROUND

Detomidine is an α-2 agonist sedative drug which reduces the release of norepinephrine in nerves. Administering this drug through intranasal (IN) route could cause direct transmission to the central nervous system. Therefore, IN administration of detomidine would decrease the side effects and the onset of sedation.

OBJECTIVES

In this study, IN administration of detomidine in sheep through an atomiser was compared to its IV administration.

METHODS

Fifteen mature female sheep with an approximate weight of 49.53 ± 1.72 kg were used. They were randomly divided into three groups: (1) atomising 10 μg/kg (IND₁₀ ); (2) IV 10 μg/kg (IVD) and (3) atomising 30 μg/kg (IND₃₀ ). Following administration, vital signs, electrocardiographic components, sedative score and biochemistry profile were measured after 15, 30 and 60 min, which were compared with the baseline measures.

RESULTS

Bradycardia and the percentage of reduction from the baseline value in the respiratory rate were lower in the IND₁₀ group compared to those in the IVD group. There was no significant difference in terms of the temperature and blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂ ) among all the groups (p > 0.05). The level of cortisol declined in all the groups, and in the IND₃₀ (60 min), it was significantly different with the baseline value. The level of glucose increased in all the groups compared to the baseline, which was not significant. Insulin concentration was reduced in all the groups, and in the IND₃₀ group, it changed significantly 60 min after the drug administration. Sedation onset time was faster in the IV group. However, sedation scores between the two administration methods were not different, and only a dose-dependent increase was found in the sedation score in the atomisation group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings revealed that IN atomisation of detomidine triggers similar sedation as its IV administration, which could be used as an alternative method.

Rosmarinic acid prevents post-operative abdominal adhesions in a rat model

This study aims to determine the effects of rosmarinic acid which involved the mechanisms to decrease the postoperative peritoneal adhesion formation in rats. Various incisions and removing a 1 × 1 cm piece of peritoneum was used to induce the peritoneal adhesions. Experimental groups were as follows: 1-Sham group. 2-Control group: Peritoneal adhesions were induced and no treatments were performed. 3-Treatment groups: Following inducing peritoneal adhesions, animals received rosmarinic acid with 50 and 70 mg/kg dosage, respectively. Macroscopic examination of adhesions indicated that adhesion bands were reduced in both treatment groups compared to the control group. Moreover, the adhesion score was decreased in both treatment groups on day 14. Inflammation and fibroblast proliferation were both reduced in the treatment groups on day 14. TGF-β1, TNF-α, and VEGF were all evaluated by western blot and immunohistochemistry on days 3 and 14. Treatment groups reduced inflammatory cytokines on days 3 and 14. The treatment group with a 70 mg/kg dosage decreased TGF-β1 and TNF-α levels more than the other treatment group. The administration of rosmarinic acid significantly reduced MDA and increased CAT levels. In conclusion, the rosmarinic acid was effective to reduce the adhesion bands, inflammatory cytokines, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress.

Graphene-MoS2 polyfunctional hybrid hydrogels for the healing of transected Achilles tendon

Healing of injured tendon is a major clinical challenge in orthopaedic medicine, due to the poor regenerative potential of this tissue. Two-dimensional nanomaterials, as versatile scaffolds, have shown a great potential to support, trigger and accelerate the tendon regeneration. However, weak mechanical properties, poor functionality and low biocompatibility of these scaffolds as well as post-surgery infections are main drawbacks that limit their development in the higher clinical phases. In this work, a series of hydrogels consisting polyglycerol functionalized reduced graphene oxide (PG), polyglycerol-functionalized molybdenum disulfide (PMoS₂) and PG/PMoS₂ hybrid within the gelatin matrix are formulated in new scaffolds and their ability for the healing of injured Achilles tendon, due to their high mechanical properties, low toxicity, cell proliferation enhancement, and antibacterial activities is investigated. While scaffolds containing PG and PMoS₂ showed a moderate tendon regeneration and anti-inflammatory effect, respectively, their hybridization into PG/PMoS₂ demonstrated a synergistic healing efficiency. Along the same line, an accelerated return of tendon function with low peritendinous adhesion and low cross-sectional area in animal group treated with scaffold containing PG/PMoS₂ was observed. Taking advantage of the high biocompatibility, high strength, straightforward construction and fast tendon regeneration, PG/PMoS₂ can be used as a new scaffold for the future tissue engineering.

P370 INNOVATIVE TELEMONITORED MODEL OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION IN SECONDARY PREVENTION DURING THE QUARANTINE

Introduction

COVID–19 pandemic induced the emanation of extraordinary measures like quarantine, that can be considered a risk factor for both physical and mental health in the population. In particular, gym’s closure and the need to stay home didn’t allow people to perform physical activity easily, with a consequent worsening of cardiovascular risk factors. During quarantine some general recommendations have been disseminated, but little is known about specific guidelines for home–based exercise prescription in patients with cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop home–based physical exercise programs for cardiac patients referred to the Center for Exercise Science and Sports of University of Ferrara.

Methods

On the basis of exercise capacity obtained from the last functional evaluation, performed in presence before the closure, three structured workouts were realized following the guidelines. They are composed as follows: warm–up, strenght and balance exercises alternate to indoor walking, cool–down. Patients received an explicative iconographic via e–mail or smartphone. Some domiciliary sessions were supervised by an operator through video connection.

Results

All patients showed excellent compliance with the proposed program. Adherence has been verified through biweekly recalls. No adverse events occurred.

Conclusions

Telemonitored exercise prescription in cardiac outpatients was effective and safe, helping to prevent negative consequences of the abrupt cessation of physical activity due to COVID–19 pandemic. These evidence could be useful even after the end of pandemic, for all those patients that are less likely to participate in traditional cardiovascular rehabilitation programs because of difficulties in reaching facilities or leaving home.

P401 REMOTE COUNSELING ROLE DURING COVID–19 PANDEMIC IN SECONDARY PREVENTION AFTER ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Introduction

Patients affected by acute coronary syndrome are usually referred to center–based secondary prevention programs where they are enrolled in physical activity programs and received indications about cardiovascular risk factors control. COVID–19 pandemic induced the emanation of restrictions in people’s mobility, ban on gathering and the obligation of social distancing. This made it difficult to maintain such group meetings in presence.

Methods

After hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome in Cardiology Unit of the AUSL of Ferrara, patients equipped with electronic devices were allowed to participate to remote counseling meetings on the digital platform LifesizeC. To improve participation, meetings were organized monthly (in order to gradually include new discharged patients) and involving caregivers (if patients weren’t able to access the web app). Information on regular physical activity benefits were provided. In particular, the F.I.T.T. principle (Frequency, Intensity, Type, Time) has been explained and Borg’s exertion scale was illustrated to be used in autonomy. Furthermore, there were provided recommendations about the need of a proper warm– up/cool–down, the possibility to wear a heart rate monitor and the early recognition of symptoms and warning signs. To complete health education, there were given information about correct nutrition, risk factors control and correct assumption of pharmacological therapy.

Results

All patients showed interest in the topics analyzed, asking various questions during the meetings. They also stated that they were strongly motivated to undertake regular physical activity having received convincing explanations on its usefulness and safety.

Conclusions

Remote counseling meetings obtained a high approval rating and the moments of discussion with the speakers were particularly well attended. The prescription of physical exercise in secondary prevention can follow innovative telemonitored approaches, which could be maintained even after COVID–19.

P422 EARLY EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION AFTER ACUTE CORONARY SINDROME. A NEW MODEL FROM BEDSIDE TO THE COMMUNITY

Purpose

Physical inactivity is a major risk factor and negative prognostic index of cardiovascular disease. It is necessary to define effective strategies to direct patients after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) to physically active lifestyle. The aim of this study was to examin efficacy, feasibility and long term adherence of a new physical activity prescription, adapted to patients (pts) early after ACS.

Methods

34 pts, mean age 67years, hospitalized for ACS, were enrolled consecutively and randomized 2:1 in treatment (TR) group (n = 23) or in control (CT) group. All pts were evaluated before discharge from hospital (T0) through Quality of Life (QoL) SF12 questionnaire, determination of physical activity during free time, six–minute walking test (6MWT). All pts were orally advised about the importance of changing life–style as recommended by current international guidelines. At T0, pts in the TR group performed a 500m moderate and perceptually–regulated (11–13 on the 6–20 Borg scale) treadmill walking test (500–m TWT) to estimate peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). A home–based physical activity based on walking, was provided to pts in the TR group: it was recommended to maintain the level of perceived intensity of effort as indicated during 500m–TWT. These pts also received a reinforce phone–call at 2 and 4 weeks (T1 and T2), that allowed monitoring the adherence to the programme. All pts were finally evaluated 8 weeks after enrollment (T3) through the same tests performed at T0.

Results

Pts of the TR group at T3 reported significative improvement, compared to T0, in 6MWT (+79 m, p &lt; 0.001), QoL (expressed in the items of SF12), usual physical activity during free time (+13MET/h/week, p &lt; 0.001), VO2peak (+4 mL/kg/min, p &lt; 0.001). Compliance to the programme resulted optimal since all TR group pts continued the planned physical activity for all the follow–up.

Conclusions

Results of this study on efficacy, feasibility and compliance of a new model of secondary prevention programme, suggest the importance of implementing programmes of tailored physical activity schedules, based on walking, that can be safetly started soon after clinical stabilization of ACS.

Adherence to a guided walking program with amelioration of cognitive functions in subjects with schizophrenia even during COVID-19 pandemic

Background

Aim of the study was to enrol a group of individuals with schizophrenia in a long-term moderate-intensity physical activity program and to evaluate its effects on their cognitive functions and cardiovascular risk factors. An additional aim of the study was the comparison of the adherence to the physical activity program before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

Forty sedentary patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (mean age 46.4 ± 9.6) followed by the Public Mental Health Department of Ferrara were included in the study. 28 of them followed a 1-year walking program consisting of two guided walking sessions/week, while 12 maintained their sedentary lifestyle and followed the usual Cognitive Rehabilitation program. To the participants following the walking program VO₂ peak and walking speed were assessed at baseline and at the end of the program. All participants were evaluated on blood pressure and anthropometric variable. Cognitive functions were assessed with the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP) and with the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) questionnaires.

Results

The 20 participants completing the walking program displayed significant improvements in cognitive functions (d_ppc2 0.35 for SCIP and 0.26 for FAB), with a positive correlation between SCIP score and the number of sessions attended (R = 0.86, p < 0.001), evident in the patients attending to at least 75 of the 100 walking sessions. Walking speed and VO₂peak increased significantly and a decrease of body weight, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure was also observed. The adherence to the walking program registered during Covid-19 period did not differ from that observed before the pandemic. The 12 CG (Control Group) patients maintaining the sedentary lifestyle did not display improvements of cognitive functions.

Conclusions

The main finding of this study is the improvement of cognitive functions which is significantly related to the number of walking sessions attended by participants with schizophrenia. The walking program, guided by exercise specialists, proved to be an enjoyable activity for people with mental disorder feasible even during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Trial registration Retrospectively registered on ISRCTN as non-randomized trial (n. ISRCTN14763786).

Testicular torsions in veterinary medicine

The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive comparison of spermatic cord torsion in domestic animals. Spermatic cord torsion leads to occlusion of testicular blood flow resulting in ischemia and tissue hypoxia. Spermatic cord torsion has been reported in all domestic mammals but dogs and horses are overrepresented. Abdominal pain (colic), anorexia, vomiting, lameness, and stiff gait are the most common clinical signs reported. The condition may be asymptomatic in cases of a low degree of spermatic cord torsion. In dogs, spermatic cord torsion is most commonly reported in undescended testes, which in some cases are neoplastic. However, in horses, spermatic cord torsion occurs more commonly in scrotal testes. Surgical treatment for spermatic cord torsion depends upon the degree and duration of torsion. If the affected testis is located within the scrotum and determined to still be viable, detorsion with orchidopexy can be performed. Orchiopexy of the unaffected scrotal testis is also recommended in stallions. If the affected testis cannot be salvaged, unilateral or bilateral orchidectomy is recommended. In all cases of spermatic cord torsion of an undescended testis, orchidectomy is recommended. Veterinarians should be aware of the clinical signs and treatment options for spermatic cord torsion in domestic mammals.

Incidence of iodine deficiency and congenital goitre in goats and kids of Darreh Garm region, Khorramabad, Iran

One of the thyroid disorders of ruminants is goitre, which is triggered by iodine deficiency. This study evaluates goitre in the goats of the Darreh Garm region in the vicinity of the Khorramabad city. Three goats with congenital enlarged thyroid glands were referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Lorestan University with signs of arrhythmia, dyspnea and anorexia. Clinical examination, radiographic and sonographic evaluations were performed. Afterward, a comprehensive visual observation was accomplished in the outbreak region and blood samples were taken for thyroid hormones measurement in does and kids. Moreover, soil and forage samples were collected to assess the iodine concentration and soil parameters. Results indicated that the thyroid hormone concentration in the serum of the affected does and kids were significantly lower than healthy and treated animals. Treatment with sodium thyroxine significantly increased the concentration of T3 and T4 hormones. Pasture (5.28 ± 1.57 mg/kg) and soil (11.0 ± 1.49 mg/kg) iodine levels were lower than normal levels in this region. Histopathological slides of the thyroid glands from the dead kids indicated thyroid follicles with different sizes and hyperplasia of the glands. Overall, a 0.5 mg/kg iodine in the diet meal of the goats needs to be considered for prevention of the iodine deficiency.

Leech therapy (Hirudo medicinalis) attenuates testicular damages induced by testicular ischemia/reperfusion in an animal model

BACKGROUND

Testicular torsion/detorsion triggers tissue ischemia/reperfusion, leading to reactive oxygen species overgeneration and apoptosis. The saliva of leeches is full of anti-inflammatory, anticoagulants, antioxidants, and antimicrobial agents. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the protective mechanism of leech therapy on testicular ischemia/reperfusion damage.

METHODS

18 adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups: 1-Sham-operated group (SO). 2-Torsion/detorsion (T.D) group: two hours of testicular torsion with two hours of testicular detorsion was performed. 3-Torsion/detorsion + Leech therapy (TDL) group. Sperm parameters (motility, vitality, morphology, and concentration), oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, CAT, GPx, and TAC), histopathological factors (Mean seminiferous tubular diameter, Germinal epithelial cell thickness, Testicular capsule thickness, Johnson's score, and Cosentino's score), and immunohistochemical markers for apoptosis detection (Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3) were measured.

RESULTS

There was a significant difference for all sperm parameters in the T. D group compared to the sham group. Leech therapy significantly increased progressive motility and normal morphology and reduced non-progressive motility. In the TDL group, MDA concentration significantly reduced, and levels of GPx, TAC, and CAT remarkably increased. All evaluated histopathological parameters in the TDL group significantly increased compared to the T. D group except for the testicular capsule thickness. T. D notably increased the expression of Bax and Caspase-3, while the treatment group slowed the rate of apoptosis compared to the control group. Bcl-2 expression in the T. D group was significantly lower than that in the sham group. Leech therapy increased the Bcl-2 expression.

CONCLUSION

Leech therapy attenuates damages to testicular tissue following torsion/detorsion due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Hence, it can be considered as an effective remedy for testicular ischemia/reperfusion.

The effect of aqueous extract of Prunus dulcis on tibial bone healing in the rabbit

BACKGROUND

Bone fractures are medical emergencies that require prompt intervention to help return bone to its normal function. Various methods and treatments have been utilized to increase the speed and efficiency of bone repair. This study aimed to investigate the treatment effects of Prunus dulcis aqueous extract on tibial bone healing in rabbits.

METHODS

All animals were distributed in five groups with six rats in each group, including the sham group, the control group in which tibial lesion was made and received distilled water, treatment groups with 150 mg kg^-1, 300 mg kg^-1 doses of Prunus dulcis extract, and osteocare treated group. Biochemical blood factors including calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase (on days 0, 10, 30, and 50), biomarkers of oxidative stress such as GPx, CAT, and MDA (on days 10 and 30), radiological evaluation, histopathological parameters, and osteocalcin immunohistochemical expression were assessed.

RESULTS

The data showed calcium levels in the treatment groups increased significantly from day 10 to day 50, respectively, and blood phosphorus levels decreased from day 10 to day 50 in the treatment groups. Alkaline phosphatase initially increased and then decreased in treatment groups. In the treatment groups, GPx and CAT levels significantly increased, and the serum amount of MDA reduced. The best antioxidant results were related to the extract-treated group with a higher dose. Radiographic score was significantly higher in the treatment groups than the control group on day 30. Based on the pathological findings, the healing occurred faster in the extract-treated group with a higher dose. Osteocalcin expression was significantly higher in the control group than that in the treatment groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment with Prunus dulcis extract with a dosage of 300 mg/kg accelerated tibial bone healing in rabbits.

Salvia miltiorrhiza hydroalcoholic extract inhibits postoperative peritoneal adhesions in rats

Background

One of the most prevalent postoperative complications is believed to be intra-abdominal peritoneal adhesions, which is followed by several complications. Several adhesion prevention products have been examined, yet none of them were found to be completely effective. The current research is conducted to evaluate the beneficial effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza hydroalcoholic extract in inhibiting postoperative peritoneal adhesions in rats.

Methods

Forty rats were randomly classified into five equal groups (n = 8): 1) the normal group did not undergo surgical operations, 2) the control group in which the adhesion was induced, and which did not receive any treatment, 3) distilled water group that received distilled water, and 4,5) treatment groups treated with 1 and 5% of Salvia miltiorrhiza hydroalcoholic extract. The rats were euthanized 14 days following the surgery and the macroscopic score, the microscopic score of granulomatous inflammation and granulation tissue formation, IHC markers (vimentin, CD31, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS), and oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, GPx, CAT, and TAC) were assessed in the experimental groups of the study.

Results

The difference between the control group and other groups for the adhesions macroscopic score, microscopic score, IHC markers, and oxidative stress biomarkers was significant (p < 0.05). Distilled water had no protective effect on the formation of peritoneal adhesions. Salvia miltiorrhiza treatment in two different doses significantly reduced macroscopic and microscopic scores, MDA concentration, Vimentin, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The levels of GPx, CAT, and TAC in the treatment groups increased significantly compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Our findings revealed that a higher dose of Salvia miltiorrhiza was more effective in reducing peritoneal adhesions, proinflammatory and mesenchymal cell markers, and oxidative stress.

Conclusions

Salvia miltiorrhiza extract, owing to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, could effectively reduce peritoneal adhesions. Therefore, Salvia miltiorrhiza is recommended to be used as an effective anti-peritoneal post-operative adhesive agent.

Co-administration of Salvia miltiorrhiza and verapamil inhibits detrimental effects of torsion/detorsion on testicular tissue in rats

Testicular torsion/detorsion is one of the important emergencies that requires fast surgical intervention. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza hydroalcoholic extract combined with verapamil on testicular ischaemia/reperfusion damage in Wistar albino rats. All animals were distributed in 3 groups (n = 8), including the sham-operated group, torsion/detorsion (TD) group and torsion/detorsion + pretreatment with 200 mg/kg Salvia miltiorrhiza extract combined with 0.3 mg/kg verapamil (SMV) group. Oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, GPx, CAT and TAC) both in plasma and testicular tissue, sperm parameters (motility, vitality, concentration and morphology) and histopathological parameters (MSTD, GECT, Johnson's score, Cosentino's score and testicular cell thickness) were assessed in all groups. Ischaemia/reperfusion significantly increased MDA and decreased GPx, CAT and TAC levels (p < .05). Pretreatment with SMV significantly increased GPx, CAT and TAC levels (p < .05). SMV group increased progressive sperm motility and vitality and reduced non-progressive motility of spermatozoon (p < .05). Testicular torsion significantly decreased all histopathological parameters compared to the sham group (p < .05). SMV pretreatment remarkably increased MSTD, GECT and Cosentino's score in comparison with the TD group (p < .05). A combination of Salvia miltiorrhiza with verapamil could reduce damages triggered by testicular torsion detorsion and improve sperm functionality parameters and oxidative stress defence systems.

Iridociliary adenoma in a sheep (Iranian Shaal breed): A case report

Ocular tumors are rarely seen in farm animals. Iridociliary epithelial tumors are the second most common tumor of the eye in dogs and cats, but there is just one report of this tumor in sheep. This case report described the history, clinical signs, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, and surgical management of an iridociliary adenoma tumor in a 3-year-old Iranian Shaal sheep with signs of anorexia, depression, loss of vision, and a mass covering the left eye. The mass had protruded from the left eye globe but had not penetrated the periocular tissues. Enucleation was performed to excise the tumor. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue staining methods were done for the mass, but the result for both of them was negative. Slides were also immunostained for antibodies against cytokeratin AE1/AE3, vimentin, and S-100 protein. The results were positive for vimentin but negative for cytokeratin and S-100. According to the results of histopathology and immunohistochemistry, the type of tumor was diagnosed as iridociliary adenoma. To our knowledge, it was the second report of the iridociliary tumor in the sheep and the first report of this tumor in the Iranian Shaal breed.

Esophageal foreign body removal through gastrotomy using a covault hook in a female dog: A case report

One of the most critical emergencies in dogs is esophageal foreign bodies. The most important foreign body reported in the esophagus is bone; however, there are also reports of fish hooks lodged in the esophagus. This case report describes the history, clinical signs, radiographic findings and surgical management of an esophageal foreign body due to a single-barbed fish hook in a 4-month-old Siberian Husky female dog with regurgitation, pain, anorexia and lethargy. In this case, plain radiography was taken to determine the type and location of the foreign body and it was confirmed that a single-barbed fish hook was lodged in the heart base of thorax. Depending on the type of foreign body, penetrable or non-penetrable as well as the location, a variety of methods including endoscopy, fluoroscopy, and surgery are used for its removal. For treatment, for the first time, a covault hook was utilized to remove the foreign body via gastrotomy. Case follow-up during two weeks showed no postoperative complications and the patient was healthy.

The effects of verapamil and heparin co-administration on sperm parameters and oxidative stress in prevention of testicular torsion/detorsion damage in rats

In this research, the impacts of combined administration of verapamil and heparin on testicular torsion damage were examined. In this experimental study, 30 sexually mature male Wistar albino rats were divided into five equal groups haphazardly (n = 6): Group 1 was the sham group. In group 2, a 2-hr testicular torsion was induced, and thereafter, detorsion was done. Rats in group 3 and group 4 experienced an identical surgical procedure like group 2, but verapamil and heparin were administered in 0.3 mg/kg and 800 IU/kg doses respectively, and in group 5, a combination of verapamil and heparin were administered. Intraperitoneal drug injection in all treatment groups was done 30 min before testicular detorsion. Testicular torsion significantly changed sperm parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers and Cosentino's histological score compared to the sham group (p < .05). All treatment groups reduced testicular damage by decreasing oxidative stress and improving sperm parameters, but heparin and co-administration of verapamil and heparin were significantly better than verapamil injection alone. However, heparin injected group was more effective than other treatment groups (p < .05). Overall, an anticoagulant like heparin is more effective than a calcium channel blocker such as verapamil, and it is more likely to reduce testicular torsion injuries.

Surgical treatment of a penetrated metallic foreign body in the oral cavity wall of a mare

One of the reasons of weight loss and poor performance in horses is decrease in food intake. Oral cavity problems can cause malfunctions in prehension and deglutition resulting in dysphagia. There are few published reports about a metallic foreign body disorders in the oral cavity of horses due to an important role of their flexible lip and incisor teeth in food selection and prehension. This report describes the history, clinical, hematological and radiographic findings and surgical management of a left oral wall fistula formation due to a piece of wire penetration in a pregnant mare. The wire was removed through surgical intervention in a standing position of the horse under mild sedation and local anesthesia. One-month follow-up examination showed that the mare had regained her previous work performance with no post-operative complication. Precise oral examination and using an ancillary diagnostic device such as radiography can be suggested for oral cavity pathologies detection and accurate diagnosis in horses.

Influence of tramadol on anesthesia times, analgesia and electrocardiogram associated with injection anesthesia in common buzzards (Buteo buteo)

A balanced anesthesia protocol is called perfect when it has fast induction, excellent recovery, the least effect on the cardiopulmonary system and sufficient analgesia. Many of anesthetic combinations have an analgesic effect without opioids. However, at the end of anesthesia, analgesia decreases or is incomplete. The purpose of this study was to evaluate anesthesia times, electrocardiogram (ECG) and analgesic effect of tramadol when administrated with ketamine, ketamine-diazepam, ketamine-midazolam, and ketamine-xylazine and selected a balanced anesthesia protocol in buzzards. Ten adult common buzzards (Buteo buteo) received seven different anesthetic protocols (with or without tramadol). In each protocol, anesthesia times, electrocardiograph parameters and analgesic effect were recorded. Excluding ketamine-tramadol, all protocols produced deep anesthesia in all buzzards. Among of all protocols, no significant differences regarding the amplitude and duration of waves (P, QRS and T) was found. By adding tramadol to anesthetic protocols, response duration to thermal sense increased up 3 hr after recovery. Tramadol did not make considerable effects on anesthesia times and ECG and made analgesic effect up to 3 hr when used with ketamine-benzodiazpins or ketamine-xylazine. Therefore, tramadol can be used with injectable anesthetics to make suitably balanced anesthesia in buzzards.

Effect of Local Administration of Verapamil Combined with Chitosan Based Hybrid Nanofiber Conduit on Transected Sciatic Nerve in Rat

Objective:

To assess the effect of locally administered verapamil on transected peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery.

Methods:

Sixty male healthy white Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups (n=15), randomly: In transected group (TC), left sciatic nerve was transected and stumps were fixed in the adjacent muscle. In treatment group defect was bridged using chitosan tube (CHIT/Verapamil) filled with 10 µL verapamil (100ng/mL). In chitosan conduit group (CHIT), the tube was filled with phosphate-buffered saline alone. In sham-operated group (SHAM), sciatic nerve was exposed and manipulated. The repair trend was examined based on behavioral and performance tests as well as the variations of the gastrocnemius muscle, morphometric indices, and immunohistochemical indices.

Results:

Sciatic nerve functional study, muscle mass and morphometric indices confirmed faster recovery of regenerated axons in CHIT/Verapamil than CHIT group (P = 0.001). When loaded in a chitosan tube verapamil accelerated and improved functional recovery and morphometric indices of sciatic nerve. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the S-100 protein was vastly present in the transverse nerve sections and the myelin sheath. In the treatment group (chit/verapamil), the immunohistochemical susceptibility of the axons being repaired and the axons in the myelin sheath to S-100 protein was higher than the other groups.

Conclusion:

The present study demonstrated that a single local application of verapamil could accelerate functional recovery after transection of sciatic nerve.

Extract of Berula angustifolia (L.) Mertens Enhances Wound Healing in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes-impaired wound healing and other tissue abnormalities are considered to be a major concern.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to assess the wound healing activity of the methanolic extracts of Berula angustifolia leaves.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seven- week-old male Wistar rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin injection were randomized into 5 groups of 6 rats based on allocated treatment. Wounds were created by an excision-based or incision-based wound model. For wound healing activity, the extracts were applied topically in the form of ointment and compared with the control groups. The healing of the wound was assessed based on excision, incision, hydroxyproline estimation, biomechanical, and biochemical studies.

RESULTS

The healing rate of the extract-treated groups was significantly different compared with the control group (P < .05). Hydroxyproline contents increased significantly in the extract-treated groups (P < .05). There were significant differences in the extract-treated versus nonextract-treated groups, particularly in terms of cellular infiltration, acute hemorrhage, congestion, edema, collagen production and density, reepithelialization, and neovascularization.

CONCLUSIONS

The methanolic extract of B angustifolia enhances wound healing activity significantly in both studied wound models. From this animal study, enhanced wound contraction, decreased epithelialization time, increased hydroxyproline content, improved mechanical indices, histological characteristics, and biochemical studies suggest the extract of B angustifolia leaves may have therapeutic benefits in diabetes-impaired wound healing.

Pervaporation separation of ethyl acetate from aqueous solutions using ZSM-5 filled dual-layer poly(ether-block-amide)/polyethersulfone membrane

In the present study, dual-layer mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were prepared by incorporating ZSM-5 zeolite into poly(ether-block-amide) (PEBA) as an active layer on the polyethersulfone (PES) membrane as a support layer for pervaporation separation of ethyl acetate (EAc) from EAc/water mixtures. The ZSM-5 zeolite nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrothermal technique and characterized using XRD, XRF and FESEM analysis. The ATR-FTIR, SEM, DSC and contact angle tests were used to characterize the fabricated MMMs. The effect of ZSM-5 concentration on the performance of the membranes was investigated by the pervaporation experiments and the results showed that loading 10% wt% ZSM-5 into the PEBA matrix had the best separation performance. The effect of feed concentration (1–5 wt%) and operating temperature (30–50 °C) on the separation factor and permeation flux of the neat PEBA/PES and PEBA/PES membranes containing 10 wt% ZSM-5 were studied at laminar and turbulent feed flow regimes. Analysis of variance was used to investigate the interaction effect of EAc concentration and temperature on the performance of the prepared membranes. It was observed that both feed concentration and temperature had positive effects on the total permeation flux and separation factor. The ZSM-5/PEBA/PES membrane containing 10 wt% ZSM-5 showed a separation factor and total flux of 124.94 and 1882 g m⁻² h⁻¹ at laminar flow and 134.22 and 1985 g m⁻² h⁻¹ at turbulent flow, respectively for a feed concentration of 5 wt% and temperature of 50 °C.

Dual-layer mixed matrix membranes were prepared by incorporating ZSM-5 zeolite into PEBA as an active layer on the PES membrane as a support layer for pervaporation separation of EAc from the EAc/water mixtures.

Diffuse type testicular seminoma in a stallion

A 7-year-old stallion with progressive left testicular enlargement was presented. Grossly, the excised testicle measured 25 × 15 × 12 cm and weighed 3.7 kg. It was multinodular with a gray-white surface; however, the right testis was normal. Histologically, the neoplastic cells were disseminated diffusely in the tumoral stroma with a minimal fibrovascular stroma. Neoplastic cells were round to polygonal with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large round to oval vesicular or hyperchromatic nucleous with a single prominent nucleolus. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive nuclear immunostaining for C-KIT and negative for OCT3/4. According to gross, histopathological, and immunohistochemical characteristics, the diffuse type of seminoma was diagnosed. Nine months later, the follow-up observation of the case showed that the tumor had no recurrence and metastasis.

Pebax-1657 mixed matrix membrane containing surface modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes for gas separation

In this study different functional groups on the surface of carbon nanotube enhanced the performance of Pebax 1657/MWNTs.

Effects of local administration of ibuprofen on sciatic nerve regeneration and reinnervation after egg shell membrane conduit repair in rat

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of locally administered ibuprofen (IBU) on transected peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery.

METHODS

Seventy-five male Wistar rats were divided into five experimental groups (N.=15), randomly: In authograft group (AUTO) a segment of sciatic nerve was transected and reimplanted reversely. In transected group (TC), left sciatic nerve was transected and stumps were fixed in the adjacent muscle. In treatment group defect was bridged using an egg shell membrane conduit (ESM/IBU) filled with 10 µL ibuprofen (100 ng/mL). In ESM conduit group (ESM), the conduit was filled with phosphate-buffered saline alone. In sham-operated group (SHAM), sciatic nerve was exposed and manipulated. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups of five animals each and regenerated nerve fibers were studied 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery.

RESULTS

Behavioral testing, biomechanical studies, sciatic nerve functional study, electrophysiological, gastrocnemius muscle mass and morphometric indices confirmed faster recovery of regenerated axons in ESM/IBU than ESM group (P<0.05). In immunohistochemistry, location of reactions to S-100 in ESM/IBU was clearly more positive than that in ESM group.

CONCLUSIONS

Ibuprofen accelerated and improved functional recovery and morphometric indices of sciatic nerve. This study is expected to set a stage for testing the ibuprofen in the human patients.

Alpha-lipoic acid loaded in chitosan conduit enhances sciatic nerve regeneration in rat

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effect of topical administration of alpha-lipoic acid into chitosan conduit on peripheral nerve regeneration using a rat sciatic nerve transection model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty five Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups randomly. A 10-mm gap of sciatic nerve was bridged with a chitosan conduit following surgical preparation and anesthesia. In treatment group, the conduit was filled with 30 µl alpha-lipoic acid (10 mg/kg/bw).It was filled with 30 µl phosphate buffered saline solution in control group. In Sham group sciatic nerve was just exposed.

RESULTS

The recovery of nerve function was faster in treatment group than in control, at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery (P-value<0.05). Conduction velocity was better in treatment group than in control group at 4 and 12 weeks (P-value<0.05). Recovery index was higher in treatment group than the control group, 8 weeks after surgery (P-value <0.05). Greater nerve fiber diameter, axon diameter, and myelin sheath thickness were observed in treatment group compared to control group at 8 and 12 weeks after surgery (P-value<0.05). The immunoreactivity of regenerated axons and myelin sheath in treatment group were far more similar to sham group.

CONCLUSION

Alpha-lipoic acid when loaded in a chitosan conduit could improve transected sciatic nerve regeneration in rat.

Enhancing the antifouling property of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes using NaX zeolite and titanium oxide nanoparticles

The fouling tendency of nanocomposite membranes containing TiO₂ and NaX zeolite nanoparticles was significantly lower than the neat PES membrane.

The mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles enhance sciatic nerve regeneration in rat: a novel approach in peripheral nerve cell therapy

BACKGROUND

The accomplishment for desired functional peripheral nerve regeneration is still challenging despite various materials and methods. The effects of local application of omental adipose mesenchymal stromal cell-derived microvesicles (MVs) on peripheral nerve regeneration were studied using a rat sciatic nerve transection model.

METHODS

A 10-mm gap of sciatic nerve was bridged with a chitosan conduit. The rats were divided into five experimental groups randomly as follows: cultured undifferentiated omental adipose-derived stromal cells, rest mesenchymal stem cell-derived MVs (c-MVs), anti-inflammatory mesenchymal stem cell-derived MVs (anti-MVs), proinflammatory mesenchymal stem cell-derived MVs (pro-MVs), and negative control (Chit).

RESULTS

The functional assessment of nerve regeneration (walking track analyses), electrophysiologic measurements, muscle mass measurements, as well as histomorphometrical and immunohistochemical indices showed drastic improvement in nerve regeneration in c-MVs and anti-MVs animals compared with pro-MVs animals (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The anti-inflammatory stem cell-derived MVs can be used as an alternative for the improvement of rat sciatic nerve regeneration.

Biopharmaceutical characterization of oral theophylline and aminophylline tablets. Quantitative correlation between dissolution and bioavailability studies

Considering the narrow therapeutic index of theophylline and the low range between the safe and toxic serum concentrations of this drug, the study of its pharmacokinetic properties is necessary. However, considering the time consuming and expensive in vivo tests, quantitative correlation between in vivo bioavailability and in vitro dissolution tests can be used routinely in quality control tests of these drug products to predict the in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters. For this reason healthy human volunteers were used for in vivo studies and serum samples were analyzed by a fluorescence polarization immunoassay analysis (FPIA) method. The results showed that an open one compartmental model could best describe the pharmacokinetic properties of orally administered theophylline and aminophylline tablets. Linear regression analysis by least-square method showed a good correlation between some in vivo and in vitro parameters obtained from dissolution studies by rotating basket and paddle methods. D(30)% (percentage of drug dissolved in vitro after 30 min) and F(0.5)% (drug absorbed in vivo after half an hour calculated by Wagner-Nelson equation) showed best correlation (r=0. 99036). C(max) (maximum serum concentration) of this drug also correlates well with t(25%) (time required to dissolve 25% of the drug). The calculated correlation coefficients could best predict the actual values of some pharmacokinetic parameters; AUC(0-->infinity), AUC(0-->1), F(0.5)% and C(max).

Biopharmaceutical evaluation of a tablet dosage form made from ethyl cellulose encapsulated aspirin particles

Ethyl cellulose encapsulated aspirin particles, suitable for preparation of direct compression tablets were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. Ethyl acetate was used as a solvent for the polymer in combination with a saturated solution of aspirin as the dispersing medium to prevent partitioning and drug loss. This resulted in a high yield of free-flowing, non-aggregated particles. In vitro-in vivo evaluations of the experimental aspirin tablets (made by direct compression of ethyl cellulose encapsulated particles) and three different commercial aspirin products (a conventional tablet, a timed-release tablet, and a timed-release caplet) were undertaken. Comparison of the dissolution in acidic media at pH 1.2 showed different release profiles for these products. While the conventional tablet and the timed-release caplet showed the highest and the lowest rate of release, respectively; the timed-release tablet and the experimentally made tablet revealed an intermediate rate and very similar release profiles. The cumulative urinary excretion data collected in a complete crossover study, using five healthy subjects further indicated that the experimental tablet has an in vivo availability identical to that of the timed-release tablet.