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Robert RC, Moody NG, Woody E, Kuehn D, Thompson P, Roess AA. Enrollment and use of a peer counselor mHealth texting program to support breastfeeding in low-income people: A pilot study in the District of Columbia. Public Health Nurs 2024. [PMID: 38613237 DOI: 10.1111/phn.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the characteristics of postpartum people who did and did not enroll in a breastfeeding peer-counselor mobile health (mHealth) texting program as well as the issues raised through 2-way texting with peer counselors. DESIGN Pilot intervention study involving two Special Supplemental Nutrition Programs for Women Infants and Children (WIC) sites in the District of Columbia over 1 year. SAMPLE WIC recipients. MEASUREMENTS Descriptive statistics, comparison of recipients who enrolled or not and qualitative content analysis of text messages. INTERVENTION A breastfeeding peer counselor texting program entitled BfedDC involving routine 1-way programmed messages and 2-way texting capacity for recipients to engage with peer counselors. RESULTS Among our sample (n = 1642), nearly 90% initiated breastfeeding. A total of 18.5% (n = 304) enrolled in the BfedDC texting program, of whom 19.7% (n = 60) utilized the 2-way texting feature. Message content covered seven content themes and included inquiries about expressing human milk, breastfeeding difficulties, breastfeeding frequency and duration, appointments and more. CONCLUSIONS Although enrollment was relatively low in BfedDC, benefits included 1-way supportive texts for breastfeeding and the ability to 2-way text with peer counselors. This program aligns with the Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding and promotes breastfeeding equity in low-income people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Robert
- Conway School of Nursing, The Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nicole G Moody
- Conway School of Nursing, The Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Emily Woody
- The District of Columbia (DC) Department of Health, DC Women Infant Child (WIC) State Agency, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Doris Kuehn
- The District of Columbia (DC) Department of Health, Community Automated Reliable Electronic System (CARES), DC Women Infant Child (WIC) State Agency, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Paulette Thompson
- The District of Columbia (DC) Department of Health, DC Women Infant Child (WIC) State Agency, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Amira A Roess
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
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Roess AA, Robert RC, Kuehn D, Andrews CF, Vinjamuri S. The Impact of COVID-19 on Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration in a Low-Income Population, Washington, DC. Breastfeed Med 2024; 19:120-128. [PMID: 38386992 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2023.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Objective: To assess the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on breastfeeding initiation (BFI) and duration among women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for women, infants, and children (WIC) in Washington District of Columbia (DC). Materials and Methods: We used WIC program data from Washington DC to assess the pandemic's impact on BFI and duration among WIC recipients. t-Tests and unadjusted odds ratios compared breastfeeding outcomes before and during the pandemic. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models estimated the pandemic's impact on initiation and duration, respectively, while controlling for social determinants of health and other factors. Results: BFI was similar among women who gave birth before (61.4%) or during the pandemic (60.4%) (p = 0.359). However, the proportion of women who breastfed at 1 month decreased significantly from 56.1% (before pandemic) to 47.6% (during pandemic) (p < 0.0001). This pattern for duration continued at 3 and 6 months: 46.9% to 37.1% (p < 0.0001) at 3 months and 34.8% to 25.7% (p < 0.0001) at 6 months. On average, women who delivered during the pandemic breastfed 33.9 fewer days than those who delivered before (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: BFI among DC WIC recipients was similar for infants born before or during the pandemic, and determinants of initiation remained similar to previous reports (e.g., race/ethnicity, education). However, for women who initiated breastfeeding, average duration was significantly lower for infants born during the pandemic than before. Our findings suggest the importance of leveraging WIC and other breastfeeding supports to promote breastfeeding during pandemics and other emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A Roess
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Rebecca C Robert
- Conway School of Nursing, The Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Doris Kuehn
- The District of Columbia (DC) Department of Health, DC Women Infant Child (WIC) State Agency, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Caroline F Andrews
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Swathi Vinjamuri
- The District of Columbia (DC) Department of Health, DC Women Infant Child (WIC) State Agency, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Roess AA, Henderson LF, Adams LM, Renshaw KD. Association Between Firearm Purchasing in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Stress, August 2021. AJPM Focus 2024; 3:100171. [PMID: 38293250 PMCID: PMC10825591 DOI: 10.1016/j.focus.2023.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Firearm sales and firearm-related injuries and deaths increased during the pandemic. Little is known about motivations for firearm purchasing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the mental health status of first-time purchasers. The purpose of this study was to estimate the association between firearm purchasing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and stress. Methods The authors analyzed data from a survey that approximated a nationally representative sample of American adults (N=3,528) who either did not own firearms (n=2,327) or purchased firearms for the first time in response to the pandemic (n=240). Self-reported stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms were determined using standardized self-assessment questionnaires (Perceived Stress Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, respectively). Using multivariable logistic regression, the association between firearm purchasing and each mental health measure were assessed after controlling for demographics and other determinants. Results In each model, first-time firearm owners were more likely to be younger, live in urban areas, believe the government does too much for its citizens, stay home, stock up on items, and keep their children at home. First-time owners had significantly higher odds of anxiety and depressive symptoms than non-owners (AOR=1.05; 95% CI=1.04, 1.07 and AOR=1.15; 95% CI=1.04, 1.26, respectively). Conclusions First-time firearm purchasers report higher depressive and anxiety symptoms than non-owners, suggesting that there may be a risk of suicide and other related firearm violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A. Roess
- Department of Global and Community Health George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Laura F. Henderson
- Department of Global and Community Health George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Leah M. Adams
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Keith D. Renshaw
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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Cleaveland C, Anderson T, McNally K, Roess AA. Vaccine Attitudes and Uptake Among Latino Residents of a Former COVID-19 Hotspot. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2024; 35:316-340. [PMID: 38661873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified Prince William County (PWC), Va. as a hotspot with a high disease rate among Latinos. This study uses spatial, survey, and qualitative data to understand attitudes towards vaccine uptake among PWC Latinos. A quantitative analysis (n=266) estimates the association for vaccine acceptance among Latinos. Next, qualitative interviews with Latinos (n=37) examine vaccine attitudes. Finally, a spatial analysis identifies clusters of social vulnerability and low vaccine uptake in PWC and adjacent counties. Our findings show that a substantial proportion of PWC Latinos had low vaccination rates as of December 2022, two years after the vaccine's release. Side effects and safety and approval concerns were cited in both the quantitative and qualitative studies. Persistent vaccine disparities are concerning given the high hospitalization and mortality rates that prevailed among Latinos early in the pandemic.
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Karpov MV, Bartholmae MM, Levy BL, Roess AA, Renshaw KD, Sill JM, Dodani S. Exploring the influence of behavioral factors on depression and anxiety scores during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from the Virginia statewide COVIDsmart longitudinal study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1749. [PMID: 37679746 PMCID: PMC10485957 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been growing concern about the declining mental health and healthy behaviors compared to pre-pandemic levels. Despite this, there is a lack of longitudinal studies that have examined the relationship between health behaviors and mental health during the pandemic. In response, the statewide COVIDsmart longitudinal study was launched. The study's main objective is to better understand the effects of the pandemic on mental health. Findings may provide a foundation for the identification of public health strategies to mitigate future negative impacts of the pandemic. METHODS Following online recruitment in spring of 2021, adults, ages 18 to 87, filled out social, mental, economic, occupational, and physical health questionnaires on the digital COVIDsmart platform at baseline and through six monthly follow-ups. Changes in the participant's four health behaviors (e.g., tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical activity, and social media use), along with sex, age, loneliness score, and reported social and economic (SE) hardships, were analyzed for within-between group associations with depression and anxiety scores using Mixed Models Repeated Measures. RESULTS In this study, of the 669 individuals who reported, the within-between group analysis indicated that younger adults (F = 23.81, p < 0.0001), loneliness (F = 234.60, p < 0.0001), SE hardships (F = 31.25, p < 0.0001), increased tobacco use (F = 3.05, p = 0.036), decreased physical activity (F = 6.88, p = 0.0002), and both positive and negative changes in social media use (F = 7.22, p = 0.0001) were significantly associated with worse depression scores. Additionally, females (F = 6.01, p = 0.015), younger adults (F = 32.30, p < 0.0001), loneliness (F = 154.59, p < 0.0001), SE hardships (F = 22.13, p < 0.0001), increased tobacco use (F = 4.87, p = 0.004), and both positive and negative changes in social media use (F = 3.51, p = 0.016) were significantly associated with worse anxiety scores. However, no significant changes were observed in the within-between group measurements of depression and anxiety scores over time (p > 0.05). Physical activity was not associated with anxiety nor was alcohol consumption with both depression and anxiety (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the longitudinal changes in behaviors within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings may facilitate the design of preventative population-based health approaches during the COVID-19 pandemic or future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matvey V Karpov
- Eastern Virginia Medical School-Sentara Healthcare Analytics and Delivery Science Institute, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Marilyn M Bartholmae
- Eastern Virginia Medical School-Sentara Healthcare Analytics and Delivery Science Institute, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Brian L Levy
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Amira A Roess
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Keith D Renshaw
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Joshua M Sill
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Sunita Dodani
- Eastern Virginia Medical School-Sentara Healthcare Analytics and Delivery Science Institute, Norfolk, VA, USA.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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Galan DI, Schneider MC, Roess AA. Leptospirosis Risk among Occupational Groups in Brazil, 2010-2015. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:376-386. [PMID: 37400068 PMCID: PMC10397431 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that is primarily transmitted through close contact with contaminated environments or infected animals. Brazil has the highest number of reported cases of leptospirosis in the Americas (approximately 4,000 annual cases). The purpose of this study is to identify the occupational groups with a higher risk of leptospirosis in Brazil from 2010 through 2015 among suspected cases reported to the national surveillance system. Confirmed and unconfirmed cases of leptospirosis with laboratory diagnosis, 20,193 and 59,034 respectively, were classified into 12 occupational groups. Confirmed cases were predominantly male (79.4%), between 25 and 59 years of age (68.3%), white (53.4%), illiterate or with incomplete primary education (51.1%), and participating in agricultural work (19.9%). After controlling for age, sex, race, and area of residency, the multivariate analysis identified that between confirmed and unconfirmed cases of leptospirosis reported to the Brazilian national surveillance system, five occupational groups are at higher risk for leptospirosis: garbage and recycling collectors (odds ratio [OR] = 4.10; 95% CI = 3.36-4.99); agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers (OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.49-1.84); prisoners (OR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.04-2.35); building workers (OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.22-1.51); cleaners and mining workers (OR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.07-1.45). This is the first nationwide study to examine leptospirosis risk by occupational group in Brazil using national surveillance data. Our results suggest that among suspected cases there was an increased risk among occupational groups with low income and low educational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise I. Galan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Maria Cristina Schneider
- Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
- Institute of Studies in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amira A. Roess
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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Roess AA, Henderson LF, Adams LM, Renshaw KD. Predictors of firearm purchasing during the coronavirus pandemic in the United States: a cross-sectional study. Public Health 2023; 219:159-164. [PMID: 37244224 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare determinants of firearm purchasing related to the pandemic. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional survey. METHODS A total of 3853 online panel participants completed a survey between December 22, 2020, and January 2, 2021, to approximate a nationally representative sample of US adults (aged ≥18 years). Four firearm ownership groups were created: non-owners, a proxy for first-time COVID-19 owners, prepandemic owners with COVID-19 purchase, and prepandemic owners without COVID-19 purchase. Explanatory variables were in four domains: demographics, concern about the pandemic, actions taken in response to COVID-19, and emotional response to COVID-19. Multivariate analysis estimated the adjusted odds of the outcomes. RESULTS Respondents were categorized as non-owners (n = 2440), pandemic-related purchasers with no other firearms (n = 257), pandemic-related purchasers with other firearms (n = 350), and those who did not purchase in response to the pandemic but have other firearms (n = 806). Multivariable logistic regression found that compared with non-owners, those who had firearms at home with no pandemic-related purchases are more likely to be male, live in rural settings, have higher income, and be Republican. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the changing profile of American firearm owners and identify that those who purchased firearms for the first time (in response to the pandemic) should be the focus of tailored public health interventions, including provision of education about recommended firearm storage to reduce firearm violence, particularly because they are more likely to have children at home, and belong to demographic groups that may have less experience with firearm safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Roess
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Public Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Blvd, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
| | - L F Henderson
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Public Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Blvd, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - L M Adams
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Blvd, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - K D Renshaw
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Blvd, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
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Cevasco KE, Roess AA. Adaptation and Utilization of a Postmarket Evaluation Model for Digital Contact Tracing Mobile Health Tools in the United States: Observational Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023; 9:e38633. [PMID: 36947135 PMCID: PMC10036112 DOI: 10.2196/38633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Case investigation and contact tracing are core public health activities used to interrupt disease transmission. These activities are traditionally conducted manually. During periods of high COVID-19 incidence, US health departments were unable to scale up case management staff to deliver effective and timely contact-tracing services. In response, digital contact tracing (DCT) apps for mobile phones were introduced to automate these activities. DCT apps detect when other DCT users are close enough to transmit COVID-19 and enable alerts to notify users of potential disease exposure. These apps were deployed quickly during the pandemic without an opportunity to conduct experiments to determine effectiveness. However, it is unclear whether these apps can effectively supplement understaffed manual contact tracers. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate the effectiveness of COVID-19 DCT apps deployed in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) determine if there is sufficient DCT adoption and interest in adoption to meet a minimum population use rate to be effective (56%). To assess uptake, interest and safe use covariates were derived from evaluating DCTs using the American Psychological Association App Evaluation Model (AEM) framework. METHODS We analyzed data from a nationally representative survey of US adults about their COVID-19-related behaviors and experiences. Survey respondents were divided into three segments: those who adopted a DCT app, those who are interested but did not adopt, and those not interested. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize factors of the three groups. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the characteristics of segments adopting and interested in DCT apps against AEM framework covariates. RESULTS An insufficient percentage of the population adopted or was interested in DCTs to achieve our minimum national target effectiveness rate (56%). A total of 17.4% (n=490) of the study population reported adopting a DCT app, 24.7% (n=697) reported interest, and 58.0% (n=1637) were not interested. Younger, high-income, and uninsured individuals were more likely to adopt a DCT app. In contrast, people in fair to poor health were interested in DCT apps but did not adopt them. App adoption was positively associated with visiting friends and family outside the home (odds ratio [OR] 1.63, 95% CI 1.28-2.09), not wearing masks (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.38-0.71), and adopters thinking they have or had COVID-19 (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.21-2.12). CONCLUSIONS Overall, a small percentage of the population adopted DCT apps. These apps may not be effective in protecting adopters' friends and family from their maskless contacts outside the home given low adoption rates. The public health community should account for safe use behavioral factors in future public health contact-tracing app design. The AEM framework was useful in developing a study design to evaluate DCT effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E Cevasco
- College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Amira A Roess
- College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
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Schilling J, Klein D, Bartholmae MM, Shokouhi S, Toepp AJ, Roess AA, Sill JM, Karpov MV, Maney K, Brown KP, Levy BL, Renshaw KD, Dodani S, Jain P. A Digital Health Initiative (COVIDsmart) for Remote Data Collection and Study of COVID-19's Impact on the State of Virginia: Prospective Cohort Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e37550. [PMID: 36795656 PMCID: PMC10018797 DOI: 10.2196/37550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people's lives beyond severe and long-term physical health symptoms. Social distancing and quarantine have led to adverse mental health outcomes. COVID-19-induced economic setbacks have also likely exacerbated the psychological distress affecting broader aspects of physical and mental well-being. Remote digital health studies can provide information about the pandemic's socioeconomic, mental, and physical impact. COVIDsmart was a collaborative effort to deploy a complex digital health research study to understand the impact of the pandemic on diverse populations. We describe how digital tools were used to capture the effects of the pandemic on the overall well-being of diverse communities across large geographical areas within the state of Virginia. OBJECTIVE The aim is to describe the digital recruitment strategies and data collection tools applied in the COVIDsmart study and share the preliminary study results. METHODS COVIDsmart conducted digital recruitment, e-Consent, and survey collection through a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant digital health platform. This is an alternative to the traditional in-person recruitment and onboarding method used for studies. Participants in Virginia were actively recruited over 3 months using widespread digital marketing strategies. Six months of data were collected remotely on participant demographics, COVID-19 clinical parameters, health perceptions, mental and physical health, resilience, vaccination status, education or work functioning, social or family functioning, and economic impact. Data were collected using validated questionnaires or surveys, completed in a cyclical fashion and reviewed by an expert panel. To retain a high level of engagement throughout the study, participants were incentivized to stay enrolled and complete more surveys to further their chances of receiving a monthly gift card and one of multiple grand prizes. RESULTS Virtual recruitment demonstrated relatively high rates of interest in Virginia (N=3737), and 782 (21.1%) consented to participate in the study. The most successful recruitment technique was the effective use of newsletters or emails (n=326, 41.7%). The primary reason for contributing as a study participant was advancing research (n=625, 79.9%), followed by the need to give back to their community (n=507, 64.8%). Incentives were only reported as a reason among 21% (n=164) of the consented participants. Overall, the primary reason for contributing as a study participant was attributed to altruism at 88.6% (n=693). CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the need for digital transformation in research. COVIDsmart is a statewide prospective cohort to study the impact of COVID-19 on Virginians' social, physical, and mental health. The study design, project management, and collaborative efforts led to the development of effective digital recruitment, enrollment, and data collection strategies to evaluate the pandemic's effects on a large, diverse population. These findings may inform effective recruitment techniques across diverse communities and participants' interest in remote digital health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dave Klein
- Vibrent Health, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Marilyn M Bartholmae
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Sentara Healthcare Analytics and Delivery Science Institute, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Joshua M Sill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Matvey V Karpov
- Sentara Healthcare Analytics and Delivery Science Institute, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | | | | | - Brian L Levy
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | | | - Sunita Dodani
- Sentara Healthcare Analytics and Delivery Science Institute, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
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Obaidat MM, Malania L, Arner RJ, Roess AA. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Brucella Infections in Jordan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022. [DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease and is endemic in several regions of the world. This study is aimed to determine the nationwide spatial distribution, seroprevalence, and risk factors for Brucella infections in Jordan. Serum samples of 938 individuals from 11 governorates were tested for Brucella spp. antibodies using Rose Bengal and Brucellacapt® tests. A validated questionnaire was used to collect demographic, animal ownership, and food consumption data. The seroprevalence of Brucella infection in Jordan’s population was 6.7% (95% CI, 5.2–8.5%). The multivariate model showed that location of residence, consuming raw milk/milk products, and owning small ruminants (goat and/or sheep) were significantly associated with seropositivity after controlling for age and gender. Individuals living in the northern Badia region had 8.82 greater odds (95% CI, 4.56–17.03) of seropositivity than individuals living in the Middle region of the country. Individuals who reported consumption of raw milk/milk products had 3.7 higher odds (95% CI, 2.01–6. 81) of seropositivity compared with individuals not consuming raw milk/milk products. In addition, individuals who own small ruminants (goat and/or sheep) had 2.14 higher odds (95% CI, 1.11–4.12) of seropositivity compared with individuals who do not own small ruminants. The identified geographic hotspots and small ruminants’ ownership, risk of raw milk products highlight the need for tailored training, education campaigns, and resources for controlling brucellosis in Jordan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Obaidat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Lile Malania
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ryan J. Arner
- Ryan Arner Science Consulting, LLC, Freeport, Pennsylvania
| | - Amira A. Roess
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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11
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Roess AA, Hosh FM, Morton LC, Bestul N, Davis J, Carruth L. Associations between unpasteurised camel and other milk consumption, livestock ownership, and self-reported febrile and gastrointestinal symptoms among semi-pastoralists and pastoralists in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 151:e44. [PMID: 35499070 PMCID: PMC10052392 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact with livestock and consumption of unpasteurised dairy products are associated with an increased risk of zoonotic and foodborne infection, particularly among populations with close animal contact, including pastoralists and semi-pastoralists. However, there are limited data on disease risk factors among pastoralists and other populations where livestock herding, particularly of dromedary camels, is common. This cross-sectional study used a previously validated survey instrument to identify risk factors for self-reported symptoms. Adults (n = 304) were randomly selected from households (n = 171) in the Somali Region of Ethiopia, a region characterised by chronic food insecurity, population displacement, recurrent droughts and large semi-pastoralist and pastoralist populations. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations between self-reported symptoms and type of milk consumed, controlling for demographics and human-animal interaction. Consumption of days-old unrefrigerated raw camel milk was significantly associated with symptoms in the 30 days prior to the survey (AOR = 5.07; 95% CI 2.41-10.66), after controlling for age, refugee status, sanitation, camel ownership and source of drinking water and accounting for clustering. Consumption of days-old unrefrigerated raw ruminant milk was significantly associated with symptoms (AOR = 4.00, 95% CI 1.27-12.58). Source of drinking water and camel ownership, a proxy for camel contact, were significantly associated with the outcome in each model. There were no significant associations between self-reported symptoms and fresh or soured animal milk consumption. Research is needed to identify pathogens and major routes of transmission. Tailored communication campaigns to encourage safe food preparation should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Roess
- College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - F M Hosh
- Public Health Consultant, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - L C Morton
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - N Bestul
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J Davis
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Carruth
- School of International Service, American University, Washington, DC, USA
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Roess AA, Robert RC, Kuehn D, Ume N, Ericson B, Woody E, Vinjamuri S, Thompson P. Disparities in Breastfeeding Initiation Among African American and Black Immigrant WIC Recipients in the District of Columbia, 2007-2019. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:671-674. [PMID: 35319957 PMCID: PMC8961857 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To estimate differences in breastfeeding initiation (BFI) rates between African Americans and Black immigrants enrolled in the District of Columbia Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) between 2007 and 2019. Methods. We used data collected as part of routine WIC program activities for first-time mothers (n = 38 142). Using multivariable logistic regression models, we identified determinants of BFI for African Americans, Black immigrants, non-Hispanic Whites, and Hispanics. To assess the trend in BFI over time, we calculated the average of the annual percentage changes. Results. Compared with African Americans, Black immigrants had a 2.7-fold higher prevalence and Hispanics had a 5.8-fold higher prevalence of BFI. The average of the annual percentage changes was 0.85 for Hispanics, 3.44 for Black immigrants, 4.40 for Non-Hispanic Whites, and 4.40 for African Americans. African Americans had the only statistically significant change (P < .05). Disparities in BFI persisted over the study period, with African Americans demonstrating the lowest rates each year. Conclusions. Significant differences exist in BFI between Black immigrants and African Americans. Combining African Americans and Black immigrants masks important differences, overestimates rates among African Americans, and may lead to missed opportunities for targeting interventions and policies to improve breastfeeding. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(4):671-674. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306652).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A Roess
- Amira A. Roess is with the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. Rebecca C. Robert is with the Conway School of Nursing, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC. Doris Kuehn, Emily Woody, Swathi Vinjamuri, and Paulette Thompson are with the District of Columbia Department of Health, District of Columbia Women Infant Child State Agency, Washington, DC. Nwanneamaka Ume is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Brianna Ericson is with the Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health
| | - Rebecca C Robert
- Amira A. Roess is with the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. Rebecca C. Robert is with the Conway School of Nursing, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC. Doris Kuehn, Emily Woody, Swathi Vinjamuri, and Paulette Thompson are with the District of Columbia Department of Health, District of Columbia Women Infant Child State Agency, Washington, DC. Nwanneamaka Ume is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Brianna Ericson is with the Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health
| | - Doris Kuehn
- Amira A. Roess is with the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. Rebecca C. Robert is with the Conway School of Nursing, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC. Doris Kuehn, Emily Woody, Swathi Vinjamuri, and Paulette Thompson are with the District of Columbia Department of Health, District of Columbia Women Infant Child State Agency, Washington, DC. Nwanneamaka Ume is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Brianna Ericson is with the Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health
| | - Nwanneamaka Ume
- Amira A. Roess is with the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. Rebecca C. Robert is with the Conway School of Nursing, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC. Doris Kuehn, Emily Woody, Swathi Vinjamuri, and Paulette Thompson are with the District of Columbia Department of Health, District of Columbia Women Infant Child State Agency, Washington, DC. Nwanneamaka Ume is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Brianna Ericson is with the Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health
| | - Brianna Ericson
- Amira A. Roess is with the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. Rebecca C. Robert is with the Conway School of Nursing, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC. Doris Kuehn, Emily Woody, Swathi Vinjamuri, and Paulette Thompson are with the District of Columbia Department of Health, District of Columbia Women Infant Child State Agency, Washington, DC. Nwanneamaka Ume is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Brianna Ericson is with the Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health
| | - Emily Woody
- Amira A. Roess is with the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. Rebecca C. Robert is with the Conway School of Nursing, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC. Doris Kuehn, Emily Woody, Swathi Vinjamuri, and Paulette Thompson are with the District of Columbia Department of Health, District of Columbia Women Infant Child State Agency, Washington, DC. Nwanneamaka Ume is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Brianna Ericson is with the Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health
| | - Swathi Vinjamuri
- Amira A. Roess is with the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. Rebecca C. Robert is with the Conway School of Nursing, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC. Doris Kuehn, Emily Woody, Swathi Vinjamuri, and Paulette Thompson are with the District of Columbia Department of Health, District of Columbia Women Infant Child State Agency, Washington, DC. Nwanneamaka Ume is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Brianna Ericson is with the Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health
| | - Paulette Thompson
- Amira A. Roess is with the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. Rebecca C. Robert is with the Conway School of Nursing, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC. Doris Kuehn, Emily Woody, Swathi Vinjamuri, and Paulette Thompson are with the District of Columbia Department of Health, District of Columbia Women Infant Child State Agency, Washington, DC. Nwanneamaka Ume is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Brianna Ericson is with the Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health
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13
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Cevasco KE, Roess AA, North HM, Zeitoun SA, Wofford RN, Matulis GA, Gregory AF, Hassan MH, Abdo AD, von Fricken ME. Survival analysis of factors affecting the timing of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions by U.S. universities. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1985. [PMID: 34727895 PMCID: PMC8562371 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During March of 2020 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) guidance as the primary mitigation strategy against growing COVID-19 community spread due to the absence of a vaccine or effective treatment at that time. CDC guidance states that NPIs are most effective when instituted in an early, targeted, and layered fashion. NPIs are effective in slowing spread, and measures should be custom-tailored to each population. This study examines factors associated with implementation and timing of NPI interventions across large public and private U.S. universities at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods NPI decisions of interest include when U.S. universities canceled international travel, shifted to online learning, moved faculty/staff to remote work, limited campus housing, and closed campus for all non-essential personnel. Cox proportional hazard analyses of retrospective data were conducted to assess the time to NPI events. Hazard ratios were calculated for university governance, campus setting, religious affiliation, health infrastructure, faculty diversity, and student demographics. The methods control for variance inflation factors, COVID case prevalence, and time varying covariates of spring break and states’ state of emergency (SOE) orders. This study captures NPI decisions at 575 U.S. universities during spring of 2020 which affected the movement of seven million students and two million employees. Results Universities located in districts represented by Democratic party congressional members reported earlier NPI implementation than Republican (Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) range 0.61–0.80). University religious affiliation was not associated with the timing any of the NPI decisions. Universities with more diverse faculty showed an association with earlier NPI implementation (HR range 0.65–0.76). The existence of university-affiliated health infrastructure was not associated with NPI timing. Conclusion University NPI implementation was largely driven by local COVID-19 epidemiology, culture and political concerns. The timing of university NPI decisions varied by regional politics, faculty demographics, university governance, campus setting, and foreign student prevalence adjusting for COVID-19 state case prevalence and spring break timing. Religious affiliation and presence of university health infrastructure were not associated with timing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12035-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E Cevasco
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Amira A Roess
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Hayley M North
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Sheryne A Zeitoun
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Rachel N Wofford
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Graham A Matulis
- Department of Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Abigail F Gregory
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Maha H Hassan
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Aya D Abdo
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Michael E von Fricken
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
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14
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Obaidat MM, Malania L, Bani Salman AE, Dreyfus A, Arner RJ, Roess AA. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Leptospira sp. among different groups in the Jordanian population: first study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:1260-1264. [PMID: 34555845 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is re-emerging as a major public health problem worldwide. However, there are limited data on the disease from the Middle East, including from Jordan, despite recent outbreaks occurring in Jordan's neighbouring countries. METHODS Sera samples from 809 participants in 11 governorates were tested for Leptospira sp. seropositivity to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of Leptospira sp. in Jordan. RESULTS Overall, 3.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2 to 4.8) of individuals tested were seropositive for Leptospira antibodies. Individuals who drink surface water (spring or rain water) had 5.69 (95% CI 2.57 to 12.60) higher odds of seropositivity compared with individuals who used municipal or filtered water, after controlling for age and practicing horticulture. CONCLUSIONS This is the first seroprevalence study of Leptospira sp. in Jordan and included important data on environmental and animal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Obaidat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, Irbid, Jordan
| | - L Malania
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - A E Bani Salman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, Irbid, Jordan
| | - A Dreyfus
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,Institute Pasteur de Madagascar, B.P. 1274, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - R J Arner
- Ryan Arner Science Consulting, Freeport, PA, USA
| | - A A Roess
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, 4400 University Blvd., Fairfax, VA, USA
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15
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Galan DI, Roess AA, Pereira SVC, Schneider MC. Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in urban and rural areas of Brazil, 2000-2015. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247763. [PMID: 33661947 PMCID: PMC7932126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonosis in the world and Brazil has the highest number of cases in Latin America. Transmission occurs mainly through exposure to water and soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. The goals of this study are to describe the geographic distribution, demographic characteristics and exposure factors of urban and rural cases of leptospirosis, and identify spatial clusters in urban and rural areas of Brazil. Methods/results A retrospective epidemiological study was carried out using 16 years (2000–2015) of surveillance data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Cases were described by age, sex and race, and exposure factors were characterized in urban and rural areas. A spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted using local Moran’s I to identify urban and rural clusters of disease. On average 3,810 leptospirosis cases were reported annually with higher numbers in urban areas. National urban and rural incidence rates were the same (1.9 cases/100,000 population), however, regional differences were observed. Urban incidence rates were higher in the North and Northeast regions, while rural incidence rates were higher in the Southeast and South. The main exposure factor reported in urban and rural areas was exposure to places with signs of rodents, followed by flood in urban areas and agriculture and animal farming in rural areas. Clusters of leptospirosis were identified in densely populated urban areas of the North, Southeast and South regions, while rural clusters were concentrated in of the Southern region with large agriculture and animal farming practices. Conclusions This study highlights that leptospirosis is an important public health problem in both urban and rural areas of Brazil. The results provide decision-makers with detailed information about where disease incidence is high and can be used in the development of prevention and control strategies for priority areas and risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise I. Galan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amira A. Roess
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Maria Cristina Schneider
- Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Institute of Studies in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Cevasco KE, North HM, Zeitoun SA, Wofford RN, Matulis GA, Gregory AF, Hassan MH, Abdo AD, Farris D, Roess AA, von Fricken ME. COVID-19 observations and accompanying dataset of non-pharmaceutical interventions across U.S. universities, March 2020. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240786. [PMID: 33064753 PMCID: PMC7567344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publishes COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) guidance for specific institutional audiences to limit community spread. Audiences include: business, clinical, public health, education, community, and state/local government. The swift, severe, and global nature of COVID-19 offers an opportunity to systematically obtain a national view of how larger institutions of higher education adopted NPI guidance at the onset of the pandemic. Method An original database of COVID-19-related university NPI policy changes was compiled. Survey team members manually combed university websites and official statements capturing implementation decisions and dates for five NPI variables from 575 U.S. universities, across 50 states and the District of Columbia, during March of 2020. The universities included in this study were selected from the Department of Education Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), which provides a set of university explanatory variables. Using IPEDS as the basis for the organizational data allows consistent mapping to event-time and institutional characteristic variables including public health announcements, geospatial, census, and political affiliation. Results The dataset enables event-time analysis and offers a variety of variables to support institutional level study and identification of underlying biases like educational attainment. A descriptive analysis of the dataset reveals that there was substantial heterogeneity in the decisions that were made and the timing of these decisions as they temporally related to key state, national, and global emergency announcements. The WHO pandemic declaration coincided with the largest number of university decisions to implement NPIs. Conclusion This study provides descriptive observations and produced an original dataset that will be useful for future research focused on drivers and trends of COVID-19 NPIs for U.S. Universities. This preliminary analysis suggests COVID-19 university decisions appeared to be made largely at the university level, leading to major variations in the nature and timing of the responses both between and within states, which requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E. Cevasco
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hayley M. North
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sheryne A. Zeitoun
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rachel N. Wofford
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Graham A. Matulis
- Department of Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Abigail F. Gregory
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Maha H. Hassan
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Aya D. Abdo
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David Farris
- Environmental Health and Safety Office, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Amira A. Roess
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael E. von Fricken
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Obaidat MM, Alshehabat MA, Hayajneh WA, Roess AA. Seroprevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Jordan. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101559. [PMID: 33086189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis has not been studied in Jordan or in much of the Middle East. However, limited research indicates that the tick vector, Ixodes ricinus, exists in the region. This study examined the seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l. in Jordan and potential demographic and zoonotic risk factors for seropositivity. Serum samples of 824 apparently healthy participants from 11 governorates in Jordan were tested for B. burgdorferi s.l. using Enzygnost Lyme link VlsE/IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A validated questionnaire was used to collect demographic and animal exposure data. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with seropositivity. The results showed that 11.7 % (95 % CI, 9.3-14.0 %) of the participants were seropositive for B. burgdorferi s.l.. There was a bimodal age distribution of seroprevalence with higher seroprevalence among individuals <20 and>60 years old. After controlling for governorate of residence, females had 2.77 (95 % CI 1.53-5.00) times greater odds of seropositivity compared to males. Individuals living in the southeastern part of Jordan (Ma'an) had 2.32 (95 % CI, 1.02-5.31) greater odds of seropositivity compared to those living in Amman, the Capital of Jordan, while those living in the northeast had significantly lower odds of seropositivity. This study presents the first evidence of B. burgdorferi s.l. seropositivity in Jordan and suggests several risk factors which were reported in studies conducted elsewhere. This study suggests that Lyme borreliosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with skin lesions in Jordan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Obaidat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - M A Alshehabat
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - W A Hayajneh
- School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - A A Roess
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington D.C, USA; Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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18
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Obaidat MM, Malania L, Bani Salman AE, Arner RJ, Roess AA. Seroepidemiology, Spatial Distribution, and Risk Factors of Francisella tularensis in Jordan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:659-664. [PMID: 32524955 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of data on Francisella tularensis in the Middle East and North Africa. This is the first countrywide study to determine the seroprevalence, spatial distribution, and risk factors for F. tularensis in Jordan. A total of 828 Jordanians were serologically tested for F. tularensis by ELISA. These individuals filled out a self-administered questionnaire to collect demographic and risk factor information. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to determine which variables are associated with seropositivity. The overall seroprevalence of F. tularensis was 7.7% (95% CI: 6.10-9.75). The bivariate analyses showed that age, region of residence, small ruminant ownership, and practicing horticulture were significantly associated with seropositivity, and these variables were controlled for in the multivariate analysis. The multivariate analysis showed an increased odds of seropositivity among individuals living in northern desert, middle, and northern highland areas, compared with individuals living in the drier southern area, as 7.27 (95% CI: 2.49-21.19), 3.79 (95% CI: 1.53-9.39), and 3.52 (95% CI: 1.45-388.55), respectively. Individuals owning a small ruminant had 1.86 (95% CI: 1.02-3.40) greater odds for seropositivity than individuals who do not own a small ruminant. Individuals practicing horticulture had 2.10 (95% CI: 1.20-3.66) greater odds for seropositivity than individuals who do not practice horticulture. This is the first study to address the seroprevalence of F. tularensis in Jordan and the Middle East. Further research is needed to identify clinical cases of tularemia in Jordan and to determine the circulating F. tularensis subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Obaidat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Lile Malania
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Alaa E Bani Salman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ryan J Arner
- Ryan Arner Science Consulting, LLC, Freeport, Pennsylvania
| | - Amira A Roess
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Obaidat MM, Roess AA. Individual animal and herd level seroprevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis E in ruminants in Jordan. Infect Genet Evol 2020; 81:104276. [PMID: 32147473 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is zoonotic and endemic in several countries. There are no data on the farm level-prevalence and risk factors of HEV in ruminant farms in Jordan or elsewhere. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors of HEV in ruminant farms in all regions of Jordan. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 460 apparently healthy ruminants from 115 (31 cow, 51 sheep and 33 goat) farms were tested for HEV antibodies using a double antigen sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent test. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data on animal health and husbandry practices. RESULTS The results showed that 37.4% of the dairy farms under study (51.6%, 37.2% and 24.2% of dairy cow, sheep and goat farms; respectively) had at least one HEV seropositive animal. At the individual animal level, 12.1% of the tested animals were HEV positive; 14.5% (n = 18), 12.7% (n = 26) and 8.3% (n = 11) of cows, sheep and goats; respectively. Infrequent cleaning of feeders was associated with a significantly greater odds of HEV seropositivity in both large and small dairy ruminant farms (AOR = 16.0, p-val = 0.03, AOR = 3.4, p-val = 0.02, respectively). Farms which reported that small ruminants (sheep and goats) were mixed together had a greater odds of farm-level HEV seroprevalence (AOR = 3.1, p-val = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS This study shows widespread and high farm-level HEV seroprevalence in dairy farms in Jordan. Husbandry practices and off-abattoir carcass processing in Jordan could amplify emergence and transmission of zoonotic HEV. Future studies should include HEV genotyping in ruminants, their products and humans to better understand HEV epidemiology in Jordan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Obaidat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Amira A Roess
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Obaidat MM, Malania L, Imnadze P, Roess AA, Bani Salman AE, Arner RJ. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Coxiella burnetii in Jordan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:40-44. [PMID: 31115294 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii in Jordan. A total of 781 individuals from 11 governorates of Jordan were tested by SERION ELISA classic C. burnetii IgG Phase 2. A validated and pretested questionnaire was used to collect risk factors and demographic data. The overall seroprevalence for C. burnetii was 24.2% (95% CI; 21.3-27.3%). Unadjusted odds ratios showed that governorate of residence, consumption of raw milk, and ownership of sheep, goats, and dogs were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with C. burnetii seropositivity. The multivariate logistic regression showed that individuals who own small ruminants had three times greater odds of seropositivity than those who do not own a small ruminant, after controlling for age, gender, raw milk consumption, and ownership of dogs. In addition, individuals who live in Al-Karak, Az-Zarqa, and Al-Tafilah had significantly greater odds of seropositivity compared with individuals who live in the capital city, Amman (OR = 3.6, 4.8, and 2.7, respectively). This study suggests that preventive measures should be practiced in ruminant farms in Jordan to avoid C. burnetii infection. Coxiella burnetii should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile-like illnesses in Jordan, especially among farmers and veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Obaidat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Lile Malania
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Paata Imnadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Amira A Roess
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Alaa E Bani Salman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ryan J Arner
- Ryan Arner Science Consulting, LLC, Freeport, Pennsylvania
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Obaidat MM, Stringer AP, Roess AA. Seroprevalence, risk factors and spatial distribution of West Nile virus in Jordan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 113:24-30. [PMID: 30299511 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This is the first countrywide study of the seroprevalence, risk factors and spatial distribution of West Nile virus (WNV) in Jordan. Methods A cross-sectional sample of 801 participants was administered a comprehensive questionnaire survey and tested for WNV immunoglobulin G antibodies. Results The point seroprevalence rate for WNV infection was 8.61% (95% confidence interval 6.8 to 10.8). Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that sex, age, climate, income and drinking water source were significantly associated with seropositivity (p≤0.05). Males had 1.73 greater odds of infection compared with females. Compared with 15 to 29-year-olds, adults 30-49 y old and adults ≥50 y old had 2.0 and 3.1 greater odds of infection, respectively. Individuals living in the Jordan Valley and Badia had 22.2 and 7.2 times greater odds of infection, respectively, compared with individuals living in the highlands. Households with an income of <US$750/month had 1.8 greater odds of infection compared with those with higher household incomes. Individuals using spring lakes as a drinking water source had 5.1 greater odds of infection than people who used water from any other source. Conclusions This study demonstrates that WNV is circulating in Jordan and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in medical cases presenting with nervous system symptoms, especially for older populations living in the Jordan Valley and Badia areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Obaidat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Andrew P Stringer
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Amira A Roess
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, USA
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Colón-Ramos U, Roess AA, Robien K, Marghella PD, Waldman RJ, Merrigan KA. Foods Distributed During Federal Disaster Relief Response in Puerto Rico After Hurricane María Did Not Fully Meet Federal Nutrition Recommendations. J Acad Nutr Diet 2019; 119:1903-1915. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Obaidat MM, Roess AA. First report on seroprevalence and risk factors of dengue virus in Jordan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 112:279-284. [PMID: 29992312 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are no data available on dengue epidemiology in Jordan. This is the first study of the seroprevalence and risk factors of dengue virus (DENV) infection in Jordan. Methods Sera samples from 892 apparently healthy individuals from all over Jordan were tested for DENV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a validated questionnaire was completed by all participants to identify and rank possible risk factors. Results The seroprevalence was 24.6% (95% confidence interval 21.8 to 27.5). In univariate regression analysis, age, education, history of travel, living in rainy areas and practicing agriculture were significantly (p<0.05) associated with seropositivity. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that those who live in a rainy climate (odd ratio [OR] 1.7), are older (OR 2.3), have a history of international travel (OR 1.5) and are male with a history of international travel had a significantly greater odds of DENV seropositivity (OR 3.4). Conclusions These data suggest that DENV circulates in Jordan and that cases may be imported or locally transmitted. Further research is needed to determine the circulating DENV serotypes and vectors in Jordan. Given the high rate of DENV seropositivity, dengue should be considered as a differential diagnosis in febrile diseases in Jordan, especially among populations living in rainy climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Obaidat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Amira A Roess
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Obaidat MM, Roess AA. First nationwide seroepidemiology and risk factors report of Helicobater pylori in Jordan. Helicobacter 2019; 24:e12572. [PMID: 30868689 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Helicobacter pylori inhabits the gastric mucosa of humans and causes 89% of all gastric cancers. This is the first study of the seroprevalence, spatial distribution, and risk factors for H pylori in Jordan. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of 460 healthy participants (aged between 15 and 81 years) proportionately sampled across each region of Jordan. Sera samples were tested for H pylori using Enzygnost® anti-H pylori immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Participants completed a validated questionnaire about potential risk factors including food consumption habits and environmental and animal exposure. Multivariate generalized linear models identified risk factors for infection. RESULTS The results showed a high seroprevalence (88.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 85.3-91.2) of H pylori in the study population. After adjusting for possible confounders, age, consumption of raw milk, and location of residence were significantly associated with seropositivity. Older participants aged 30-49 years had an 11% greater risk of seropositivity compared to participants aged 15-29 years. Participants who consume raw milk and dairy products have a 9% decreased risk in seropositivity (prevalence ratio = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.84-0.99) compared to those who do not consume these products. CONCLUSION This study reports a negative association between consumption of raw milk and seropositivity, and this is in line with several studies that report consumption of raw milk may be protective against H pylori. However, because of the risk of other serious pathogens associated with the consumption of raw dairy products, this study recommends pasteurization of raw milk. Future studies on the effect of fermented dairy products on H pylori colorization in gastric mucosa are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Obaidat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Amira A Roess
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Carruth L, Roess AA, Terefe Y, Hosh FM, Salman MD. Antimicrobial resistance and food safety in Africa. Lancet Infect Dis 2018; 17:575-576. [PMID: 28555570 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Carruth
- School of International Service, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
| | - Amira A Roess
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yitagele Terefe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Farah Mussa Hosh
- School of International Service, American University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - M D Salman
- Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Roess AA, Jacquier EF, Catellier DJ, Carvalho R, Lutes AC, Anater AS, Dietz WH. Food Consumption Patterns of Infants and Toddlers: Findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016. J Nutr 2018; 148:1525S-1535S. [PMID: 30247583 PMCID: PMC6126630 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes continues to increase. These conditions disproportionately affect minorities and are associated with poor nutrition early in life. Current food-consumption patterns can inform pending dietary guidelines for infants and toddlers. Objective The aim of this study was to describe infant feeding, complementary feeding, and food and beverage consumption patterns of 0- to 23.9-mo-olds in the general population. Methods The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2016 is a cross-sectional survey of caregivers of children aged <4 y. Dietary data were collected from a national random sample by using a 24-h dietary recall (n = 3235). The percentage of children consuming foods from >400 food groups was calculated. Differences in the percentage consuming between Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic black children aged 0-23.9 mo were evaluated with the use of ORs and 95% CIs. Results Eighty-three percent of 0- to 23.9-mo-olds (n = 2635) were ever breastfed, 34% of 0- to 3.9-mo-olds (n = 305) and 15% of 4- to 5.9-mo-olds (n = 295) were exclusively breastfed, and 24% of 12- to 14.9-mo-olds (n = 412) consumed breast milk on the day of the recall. Complementary foods were more likely to be introduced before 4 mo in formula-fed infants (27%) than in infants who did not consume formula (5%). Half of 4- to 5.9-mo-olds consumed iron-fortified infant cereal, but few consumed iron-rich meats. Among toddlers (12-23.9 mo; n = 1133), >20% consumed no servings of fruit or vegetables on the day of the recall, approximately half consumed 100% fruit juice, and one-quarter to one-third consumed a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB). Conclusions Breastfeeding initiation and duration have improved, but exclusivity remains low. Low consumption of iron-rich foods, fruit, and vegetables and lack of variety in vegetable consumption are problems. Efforts to reduce the consumption of SSBs and 100% fruit juice are warranted in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A Roess
- The George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC
| | | | | | | | | | | | - William H Dietz
- The George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC
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Obaidat MM, Bani Salman AE, Davis MA, Roess AA. Major diseases, extensive misuse, and high antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli in large- and small-scale dairy cattle farms in Jordan. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:2324-2334. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Obaidat MM, Roess AA. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis E infection in Jordan’s population: First report. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 66:121-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Obaidat MM, Salman AEB, Roess AA. Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates from Seafood from Three Developing Countries and of Worldwide Environmental, Seafood, and Clinical Isolates from 2000 to 2017. J Food Prot 2017; 80:2060-2067. [PMID: 29154715 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-associated illness. This study investigated the prevalence, virulence, and antibiotic resistance of V. parahaemolyticus in three low- and middle-income countries. Freshly caught fish samples (n = 330) imported to Jordan from Yemen, India, and Egypt were tested. The overall prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus was 15% (95% confidence interval: 11 to 19%). Three isolates (6%) were positive for the thermostable direct hemolysin-related (trh) gene, and all isolates was negative for the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene. All isolates were resistant to colistin sulfate, neomycin, and kanamycin, and 51 and 43% of isolates were resistant to tetracycline and ampicillin, respectively. Only 4% of the isolates were resistant to cefotaxime and chloramphenicol, and no isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, streptomycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. All isolates were resistant to two classes of antibiotics, and 86% were multidrug resistant (resistant to at least one drug in three or more classes of antibiotics). A literature review of clinical, seafood, and environmental V. parahaemolyticus isolates worldwide revealed high rates of gentamicin and ampicillin resistance, emerging resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, and limited resistance to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and chloramphenicol. Thus, last-resort antibiotics could be ineffective for treating V. parahaemolyticus infections. Several global reports also documented illness outbreaks in humans caused by trh- and tdh-negative V. parahaemolyticus strains. More research is needed to determine whether the presence of these genes is sufficient to classify the strains as virulent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Obaidat
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan 22110; and
| | - Alaa E Bani Salman
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan 22110; and
| | - Amira A Roess
- 2 Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
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Roess AA, Di Peppi R, Kinzoni EA, Molouania M, Kennedy E, Ibata SR, Badinga N, Mabola FS, Moses C. Knowledge Gained and Retained from a Video-Centered, Community-Based Intervention for Ebola Prevention, Congo. J Health Commun 2017; 22:913-922. [PMID: 29125394 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2017.1377321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There are few effective communication interventions to respond to Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreaks, and their development is a continuing challenge. The largest outbreak of EVD was first recognized in 2014 and once again highlighted the need for health education communication campaigns. EVD emergence and transmission are associated with behaviors that increase exposure to infected individuals and infected wildlife. In 2008-2009, an educational video-centered intervention consisting of a film followed by a structured discussion was developed to improve EVD knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KABs) for prevention of EVD and care of infected people. The film was produced for a Congolese audience in local languages and features doctors and residents from the region. The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of this intervention to change KABs related to EVD. The intervention was conducted over 12 months and reached >60,000 people; 220 individuals were sampled before and immediately after the intervention, and a subsample of 53 who had received the intervention 1 year earlier were interviewed to assess changes in KABs related to EVD. Statistically significant improvements in EVD recognition, transmission, and mitigation of risk after the intervention were observed. This study also demonstrates significant retention of knowledge one year after the intervention. Overall, the intervention was effective in improving KABs among a limited literacy population and knowledge was retained for more than one year. The materials and approaches developed were used in 2014 as part of a social mobilization strategy in response to an Ebola outbreak in the Congo Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A Roess
- a Department of Global Health , George Washington University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Rosemarie Di Peppi
- a Department of Global Health , George Washington University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Eric A Kinzoni
- b International Conservation and Education Fund , Washington , DC , USA
| | | | - Emily Kennedy
- b International Conservation and Education Fund , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Saturnin R Ibata
- b International Conservation and Education Fund , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Nkenda Badinga
- c Medicins D'Afrique , Brazzaville , Republic of the Congo
| | - Fredy S Mabola
- b International Conservation and Education Fund , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Cynthia Moses
- b International Conservation and Education Fund , Washington , DC , USA
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Carruth L, Roess AA, Mekonnen YT, Melaku SK, Nichter M, Salman M. Zoonotic tuberculosis in Africa: challenges and ways forward. Lancet 2016; 388:2460-2461. [PMID: 27871735 PMCID: PMC7135042 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Carruth
- School of International Service, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
| | - Amira A Roess
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Nichter
- School of Anthropology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, and College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mo Salman
- Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Roess AA, Winch PJ, Akhter A, Afroz D, Ali NA, Shah R, Begum N, Seraji HR, El Arifeen S, Darmstadt GL, Baqui AH. Household Animal and Human Medicine Use and Animal Husbandry Practices in Rural Bangladesh: Risk Factors for Emerging Zoonotic Disease and Antibiotic Resistance. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 62:569-78. [PMID: 25787116 PMCID: PMC4575599 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Animal antimicrobial use and husbandry practices increase risk of emerging zoonotic disease and antibiotic resistance. We surveyed 700 households to elicit information on human and animal medicine use and husbandry practices. Households that owned livestock (n = 265/459, 57.7%) reported using animal treatments 630 times during the previous 6 months; 57.6% obtained medicines, including antibiotics, from drug sellers. Government animal healthcare providers were rarely visited (9.7%), and respondents more often sought animal health care from pharmacies and village doctors (70.6% and 11.9%, respectively), citing the latter two as less costly and more successful based on past performance. Animal husbandry practices that could promote the transmission of microbes from animals to humans included the following: the proximity of chickens to humans (50.1% of households reported that the chickens slept in the bedroom); the shared use of natural bodies of water for human and animal bathing (78.3%); the use of livestock waste as fertilizer (60.9%); and gender roles that dictate that females are the primary caretakers of poultry and children (62.8%). In the absence of an effective animal healthcare system, villagers must depend on informal healthcare providers for treatment of their animals. Suboptimal use of antimicrobials coupled with unhygienic animal husbandry practices is an important risk factor for emerging zoonotic disease and resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Roess
- Department of International Health, International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P J Winch
- Department of International Health, International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Akhter
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - D Afroz
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - N A Ali
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - R Shah
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - N Begum
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - H R Seraji
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S El Arifeen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - G L Darmstadt
- Department of International Health, International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A H Baqui
- Department of International Health, International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Roess AA, Winch PJ, Ali NA, Akhter A, Afroz D, El Arifeen S, Darmstadt GL, Baqui AH. Animal husbandry practices in rural Bangladesh: potential risk factors for antimicrobial drug resistance and emerging diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:965-70. [PMID: 24062478 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial drug administration to household livestock may put humans and animals at risk for acquisition of antimicrobial drug-resistant pathogens. To describe animal husbandry practices, including animal healthcare-seeking and antimicrobial drug use in rural Bangladesh, we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with key informants, including female household members (n = 79), village doctors (n = 10), and pharmaceutical representatives, veterinarians, and government officials (n = 27), and performed observations at animal health clinics (n = 3). Prevalent animal husbandry practices that may put persons at risk for acquisition of pathogens included shared housing and water for animals and humans, antimicrobial drug use for humans and animals, and crowding. Household members reported seeking human and animal healthcare from unlicensed village doctors rather than formal-sector healthcare providers and cited cost and convenience as reasons. Five times more per household was spent on animal than on human healthcare. Strengthening animal and human disease surveillance systems should be continued. Interventions are recommended to provide vulnerable populations with a means of protecting their livelihood and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A Roess
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Roess AA, McCollum AM, Gruszynski K, Zhao H, Davidson W, Lafon N, Engelmeyer T, Moyer B, Godfrey C, Kilpatrick H, Labonte A, Murphy J, Carroll DS, Li Y, Damon IK. Surveillance of parapoxvirus among ruminants in Virginia and Connecticut. Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 60:543-8. [PMID: 23398718 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2008, two deer hunters in Virginia and Connecticut were infected with a unique strain of pseudocowpox virus, a parapoxvirus. To estimate the prevalence of this virus, and in an attempt to define the reservoir, Parapoxvirus surveillance was undertaken between November 2009 and January 2010. 125 samples from four ruminant species (cows, goat, sheep and white-tailed deer) were collected in Virginia, and nine samples from white-tailed deer were collected in Connecticut. We found no evidence that the parapoxvirus species that infected the deer hunters is circulating among domesticated ruminants or white-tailed deer. However, parapoxvirus DNA of a different parapoxvirus species, bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), was detected in 31 samples obtained from asymptomatic cattle in Virginia. Parapoxvirus DNA-positive cattle originated from the same counties indicating probable transmission among animals. Molecular analysis identified BPSV as the parapoxvirus affecting animals. Asymptomatic parapoxvirus infections in livestock, particularly young animals, may be common, and further investigation will inform our knowledge of virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Roess
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Roess AA, Levine RS, Barth L, Monroe BP, Carroll DS, Damon IK, Reynolds MG. Sealpox virus in marine mammal rehabilitation facilities, North America, 2007-2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:2203-8. [PMID: 22172454 PMCID: PMC3311194 DOI: 10.3201/eid1712.101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Risks for human infection may be appreciable and can be reduced by workplace education. Sealpox, a zoonotic disease affecting pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), can occur among captive and convalescing animals. We surveyed 1 worker each from 11 marine mammal centers and interviewed 31 other marine mammal workers to ascertain their knowledge of and experience with sealpox virus and to identify factors associated with sealpox virus outbreaks among pinnipeds in marine rehabilitation facilities. Demographic and health data were obtained for 1,423 pinnipeds at the 11 facilities. Among the 23 animals in which sealpox was clinically diagnosed, 4 arrived at the facility ill, 11 became ill <5 weeks after arrival, and 2 became ill >5 weeks after arrival; the timing of illness onset was unknown for 6 animals. Most infections occurred in pinnipeds <1 year of age. Nine affected animals were malnourished; 4 had additional illnesses. Sealpox had also occurred among workers at 2 facilities. Sealpox is a noteworthy zoonosis of rehabilitating convalescing pinnipeds; workplace education can help to minimize risks for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A Roess
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Roess AA, Rea N, Lederman E, Dato V, Chipman R, Slate D, Reynolds MG, Damon IK, Rupprecht CE. National surveillance for human and pet contact with oral rabies vaccine baits, 2001-2009. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:163-8. [PMID: 22217024 DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the rate and absolute number of human and pet exposures to oral rabies vaccine (ORV) bait containing liquid vaccinia rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine and to evaluate factors that might affect human contact with bait to modify the program and reduce human exposure to the vaccine. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of surveillance data (2001 to 2009). SAMPLE Reports on human and pet contact with ORV baits in states with ORV surveillance programs. PROCEDURES Data were collected from passive, multistate ORV surveillance systems in Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. Data collected included the nature of human or pet contact with bait and vaccine, the caller's knowledge of the ORV bait program, local human population density, and other relevant demographic data. RESULTS All 18 states participated in the surveillance program for at least 1 year, for a combined 68 years of observation. One thousand four hundred thirty-six calls were reported, representing 3,076 found baits (6.89/100,000 baits dropped); 296 (20%) calls were related to human contact with ruptured bait, and 550 (38%) involved pet contact with the bait. Six adverse events in humans were reported, one of which required hospitalization. Fifty-nine adverse events in pets were noted, all of which were nonserious. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings from surveillance activities have been used to improve baiting strategies and minimize human and pet contact with ORV baits. Overall, human and pet contact with ORV baits was infrequent. Surveillance has led to early identification of persons exposed to ORV and rapid intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A Roess
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, 1600 Clifton Rd, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Gurman TA, Rubin SE, Roess AA. Effectiveness of mHealth behavior change communication interventions in developing countries: a systematic review of the literature. J Health Commun 2012; 17 Suppl 1:82-104. [PMID: 22548603 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2011.649160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mobile health (mHealth) technologies and telecommunication have rapidly been integrated into the health care delivery system, particularly in developing countries. Resources have been allocated to developing mHealth interventions, including those that use mobile technology for behavior change communication (BCC). Although the majority of mobile phone users worldwide live in the developing world, most research evaluating BCC mHealth interventions has taken place in developed countries. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to determine how much evidence currently exists for mHealth BCC interventions. In addition to analyzing available research for methodological rigor and strength of evidence, the authors assessed interventions for quality, applying a set of 9 standards recommended by mHealth experts. The authors reviewed 44 articles; 16 (36%) reported evaluation data from BCC mHealth interventions in a developing country. The majority of BCC mHealth interventions were implemented in Africa (n = 10) and Asia (n = 4). HIV/AIDS (n = 10) and family planning/pregnancy (n = 4) were the health topics most frequently addressed by interventions. Studies did not consistently demonstrate significant effects of exposure to BCC mHealth interventions on the intended audience. The majority of publications (n = 12) described interventions that used two-way communication in their message delivery design. Although most publications described interventions that conducted formative research about the intended audience (n = 10), less than half (n = 6) described targeting or tailoring the content. Although mHealth is viewed as a promising tool with the ability to foster behavior change, more evaluations of current interventions need to be conducted to establish stronger evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilly A Gurman
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA
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Roess AA, Sikka NK. The use of mobile communication technologies to improve the health of individuals and populations has great potential. Introduction. J Health Commun 2012; 17 Suppl 1:4. [PMID: 22548592 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2012.667715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amira A Roess
- School of Public Health and Health Services , George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA.
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Roess AA, Monroe BP, Kinzoni EA, Gallagher S, Ibata SR, Badinga N, Molouania TM, Mabola FS, Mombouli JV, Carroll DS, MacNeil A, Benzekri NA, Moses C, Damon IK, Reynolds MG. Assessing the effectiveness of a community intervention for monkeypox prevention in the Congo basin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1356. [PMID: 22028942 PMCID: PMC3196471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In areas where health resources are limited, community participation in the recognition and reporting of disease hazards is critical for the identification of outbreaks. This is particularly true for zoonotic diseases such as monkeypox that principally affect people living in remote areas with few health services. Here we report the findings of an evaluation measuring the effectiveness of a film-based community outreach program designed to improve the understanding of monkeypox symptoms, transmission and prevention, by residents of the Republic of the Congo (ROC) who are at risk for disease acquisition. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS During 90 days, monkeypox outreach was conducted for ∼23,860 people in northern ROC. Two hundred seventy-one attendees (selected via a structured sample) were interviewed before and after participating in a small-group outreach session. The proportion of interviewees demonstrating monkeypox-specific knowledge before and after was compared. Significant gains were measured in areas of disease recognition, transmission, and mitigation of risk. The ability to recognize at least one disease symptom and a willingness to take a family member with monkeypox to the hospital increased from 49 and 45% to 95 and 87%, respectively (p<0.001, both). Willingness to deter behaviors associated with zoonotic risk, such as eating the carcass of a primate found dead in the forest, remained fundamentally unchanged however, suggesting additional messaging may be needed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that our current program of film-based educational activities is effective in improving disease-specific knowledge and may encourage individuals to seek out the advice of health workers when monkeypox is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A. Roess
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Benjamin P. Monroe
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Kinzoni
- International Conservation and Education Fund, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Seamus Gallagher
- International Conservation and Education Fund, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Saturnin R. Ibata
- International Conservation and Education Fund, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | | | - Trolienne M. Molouania
- International Conservation and Education Fund, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Fredy S. Mabola
- International Conservation and Education Fund, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Jean V. Mombouli
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Darin S. Carroll
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adam MacNeil
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Noelle A. Benzekri
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Moses
- International Conservation and Education Fund, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Inger K. Damon
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mary G. Reynolds
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Roess AA, Galan A, Kitces E, Li Y, Zhao H, Paddock CD, Adem P, Goldsmith CS, Miller D, Reynolds MG, Zaki SR, Damon IK. Novel deer-associated parapoxvirus infection in deer hunters. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:2621-7. [PMID: 21190456 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1007407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parapoxviruses are a genus of the double-stranded DNA family of poxviruses that infect ruminants, and zoonotic transmission to humans often results from occupational exposures. Parapoxvirus infection in humans begins with an incubation period of 3 to 7 days, followed by the development of one or more erythematous maculopapular lesions that evolve over the course of several weeks into nodules. In 2009, parapoxvirus infection was diagnosed in two deer hunters in the eastern United States after the hunters had field-dressed white-tailed deer. We describe the clinical and pathological features of these infections and the phylogenetic relationship of a unique strain of parapoxvirus to other parapoxviruses. Deer populations continue to increase, leading to the possibility that there will be more deer-associated parapoxvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A Roess
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and the Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Christian P, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Roess AA, Wu L, Yuenger JD, Zenilman JM. Prevalence and risk factors of chlamydia and gonorrhea among rural Nepali women. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81:254-8. [PMID: 15923297 PMCID: PMC1744991 DOI: 10.1136/sti.2004.011817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in rural, developing world populations is poorly understood. We estimated the prevalence and risk factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in a female population in rural Nepal. METHODS We conducted a cross sectional study in a sample of 1177 postpartum women participating in a micronutrient supplementation trial in Nepal. Urine samples were collected to test for the two infections using the ligase chain reaction (LCR). RESULTS C trachomatis was detected in 1.0% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.4 to 1.5) and N gonorrhoeae in 2.3% (95% CI: 1.2 to 3.4) of women. None of the women tested positive for both. Self report of all three symptoms of lower abdominal pain, pain and burning on urination, and vaginal discharge was associated with the presence of gonorrhoea (odds ratio (OR): 12.1, 95% CI: 1.3 to 115.0). Neonatal eye discharge was associated with maternal gonococcal infection (OR = 5.2, 95% CI: 1.1 to 24.9). Incidence of low birth weight was not related to these maternal infections, but very preterm delivery (<32 weeks) was higher among women positive for gonorrhoea (OR = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.0 to 22.0). In a multivariable analysis, low body mass index (<18.5) and cattle ownership were associated with gonorrhoea (p <0.05), whereas woman's literacy was associated with chlamydia (p = 0.06). CONCLUSION We found the rates of N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis to be low among women in this rural population of Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Christian
- Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Room W2041, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Baqui AH, Black RE, El Arifeen S, Yunus M, Zaman K, Begum N, Roess AA, Santosham M. Zinc therapy for diarrhoea increased the use of oral rehydration therapy and reduced the use of antibiotics in Bangladeshi children. J Health Popul Nutr 2004; 22:440-442. [PMID: 15663177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Excessive use of antibiotics for diarrhoea is a major contributing factor towards increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Zinc therapy for diarrhoea has been shown to be beneficial in controlled efficacy trials, and it is of interest to determine if availability of zinc syrup for treatment of diarrhoea would satisfy the demand for a 'medicine' for diarrhoea, thus reducing the use of antibiotics, without competing with the use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT). This community-based controlled trial was conducted from November 1998 to October 2000, and all children aged 3-59 months in the study area were included. In this trial, the availability of zinc supplements, along with ORT and appropriate education programmes, was associated with significantly higher use of ORT and lower use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah H Baqui
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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