Clemastine/tamoxifen hybrids as easily accessible antileishmanial drug leads

A library of hybrid molecules is developed based on the common chemical features shared by clemastine and tamoxifen both of which are well known for their antileishmanial activities. In the initial screening against Leishmania major and L. amazonensis promastigotes, as well as cytotoxicity assays using HepG2 cells, several hybrids showed submicromolar activity against the parasite and no toxicity against human cells. The compounds with an EC50 < 2 μM against promastigotes of both species and a selectivity index >10 were further characterized against intracellular amastigotes as well as promastigotes of species that cause both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, such as L. infantum and L. braziliensis, respectively. These sequential screenings revealed the high pan-activity of this class of molecules against these species, with several compounds displaying an EC50 ≤ 2 μM against both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Two of them were identified as the potential templates for lead optimization of this series having shown the highest activities against all species in both stages of parasite. The present findings can serve as a good starting point in the search for novel antileishmanial compounds that are easy to access and highly active.

The first full study of heavy metal(loid)s in western-European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from Portugal

The western-European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is an insectivore with a wide distribution in Portugal and a potential tool for biomonitoring relevant One Health hazards, including heavy metal(loid)s' pollution. The aim of this study was to positively contribute to the current knowledge about the metal(loid) pollution in Portugal. Forty-six hedgehogs (from rescue centres; with known provenance) were necropsied. Sex, age category and weight were determined. Spines, liver and kidney were collected, and metalloid concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS). In general, results did not present alarming metal(loid) concentrations, with the exception of cadmium (Cd) (in the kidneys) and copper (Cu). Hedgehogs from Viana do Castelo and Viseu showed elevated concentrations of arsenic (As) and Castelo Branco presented concerning values of cadmium (Cd). Adult and heavier hedgehogs tended to present higher levels of metal(loid)s. Sex does not seem to significantly affect the metal(loid)s' concentrations. Further analysis would be needed to prioritize areas with detail and allow the application of the necessary mitigation strategies.

Cepstral Measures in the Fado Voice: Gender, Age and Phonatory Tasks

Cepstral measures are sensitive to gender, age and phonatory tasks. With a cepstral measure designated as the CPP, it was possible to confirm the vulnerability of the Fado singers' voice. These were established at the vocal pathological threshold, which suggests a need for a direct clinical approach for these voice users.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS

This study aimed to characterize cepstral peak prominence (CPP) and cepstral peak prominence smoothed (CPPS) in the Fado singing voice and to determine if there were significant differences in CPP and CPPS measures between spoken and sung tasks, as well as due to singers' gender and age.

METHODS

Forty seven males and 57 females Fado singers, ranging from 18 to 70 years participated in this study. Spoken voice tasks were sustained [a] and reading aloud the phonetically balanced text "O Sol". Sung tasks were sustained [a] of the word [ɐfinaɫ] and the Fado chorus song "Nem às paredes confesso". Acoustic measures included CPP and CPPS. CPP was measured using Analyses of Dysphonia in Speech and Voice software, of Multi-Speech program, Model 3700, by KayPENTAX. CPPS was measured using Praat software (4.2.1/2003). Statistical analysis was performed with an IBM SPSS Statistics version 22 program. CPP and CPPS mean differences of spoken and sung tasks were analyzed using paired samples t-test, with α at .05.

RESULTS

CPP and CPPS values of singers' voice changed according to the gender, age and phonatory tasks. There were significant differences between CPP and CPPS measures (P < 0.05). Generally, young male singers, in their sung task, presented the highest CPP and CPPS values. The highest CPP mean was obtained by older males in sustained spoken [a] and the lowest was obtained by younger males in their reading aloud task. For CPPS, the highest mean value was obtained by younger males during sung [a] and the lowest was by younger males in the reading aloud task.

CONCLUSION

Males presented higher cepstral measures than females. Young singers presented higher cepstral measures than older. Sung tasks had higher cepstral measures than spoken tasks. CPPS means are overall higher than CPP means. This study reinforces the need for a clinical prevention approach directed at potential vocal disorders in Fado singers.

Bulk-Tank Milk Longitudinal Serosurvey Reveals Decreasing Schmallenberg Virus Circulation in a Confined Population of Portuguese Sheep

Introduction: In 2011, Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was first detected in dairy cattle herds in The Netherlands and Germany having since then spread across Europe. Today studies are starting to show a decrease in new SBV infections, a circumstance that raises alerts for possible re-emergence if ideal conditions for vector development occur. To assess the potential decrease in SBV circulation, we performed a 2-year longitudinal serological investigation for SBV infection at the herd level by using bulk-tank milk of a specific sheep breed from central Portugal. Materials and Methods: Bulk-tank milk samples from 68 flocks were collected in both 2015 and 2016, and lactosera were tested for IgG anti-SBV by EIA. Results and Discussion: Results show that in 2015, 92.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 83.9-96.8) of the bulk-tank milk samples were positive, whereas in 2016 only 77.9% (95% CI: 66.7-86.1 of the samples from the same flocks were positive. Differences in the 2015/2016 seroprevalences showed to be statistically significant (p = 0.027). This significant decrease at the herd level seems to be in agreement with reported data from other European countries and raise alerts, since increasingly favorable conditions (higher number of susceptible animals) are now present, potentially favoring SBV epidemics if improved conditions for midge replication occur in the future.

A Nationwide Seroepidemiologic Study on Q Fever Antibodies in Sheep of Portugal

INTRODUCTION

Q fever is an almost global zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. Human infections can produce acute and chronic disease that can lead to abortions and stillbirths in pregnant women, usually infected by the inhalation of C. burnetii-contaminated aerosols or through consumption of contaminated products. Sheep are one of the primary animal reservoirs with disease being associated with vast shedding of bacteria in placentas, feces, milk, and birth fluids. Although almost neglected in the past, recent outbreaks of sheep origin have alerted the public and the scientific community.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An epidemiologic survey to estimate the seroprevalence of Q fever antibodies was performed in a representative number of sheep of all regions of continental Portugal (n = 1068), using a commercial ELISA (ID Screen Q Fever Indirect Multi-species Kit; IDvet™, Montpellier, France).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

An anti-C. burnetii seroprevalence of 11.4% (95% confidence interval 9.6-13.5) was found, with a clear distinction between the Center region with highest seroprevalence, and the rest of the territory. Sheep traditional farming is widely present in Portugal and is part of the cultural and gastronomical background of the country. This close proximity to small ruminants may contribute to the zoonotic transfer to humans.

Outbreaks of abortions by Coxiella burnetii in small ruminant flocks and a longitudinal serological approach on archived bulk tank milk suggest Q fever emergence in Central Portugal

Q fever is a worldwide zoonotic infectious disease caused by Coxiella burnetii and sheep and goats are known to be the main reservoir for human infection. This study describes the epidemiological and laboratory findings of C. burnetii outbreaks affecting sheep and goat flocks and also provides the results of a prospective serosurvey in bulk tank milk samples to assess C. burnetii circulation in a population of sheep living in close contact to the human population in Central Portugal. In the epizooties, C. burnetii was identified in tissues of the resulting abortions by qPCR. As for the serological survey, 10.2% (95%CI: 4.5-19.2) of the 78 bulk tank milk samples collected in 2015 presented IgG antibodies against C. burnetii. The same farms were visited and sampled in 2016 and 25.6% (95%CI: 16.4-36.8) were positive. This steep increase in the number of anti-C. burnetii farms between the 2015 and 2016 collections showed to be statistically significant (p = 0.020) and is strongly suggestive of Q fever emergence in Central Portugal. Measures on animal health and on disease spread control to the human population should be considered.

Activity of Lower Limb Muscles During Squat With and Without Abdominal Drawing-in and Pilates Breathing

Barbosa, AC, Martins, FM, Silva, AF, Coelho, AC, Intelangelo, L, and Vieira, ER. Activity of lower limb muscles during squat with and without abdominal drawing-in and Pilates breathing. J Strength Cond Res 31(11): 3018-3023, 2017-The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of abdominal drawing-in and Pilates breathing on the activity of lower limb muscles during squats. Adults (n = 13, 22 ± 3 years old) with some Pilates experience performed three 60° squats under each of the following conditions in a random order: (I) normal breathing, (II) drawing-in maneuver with normal breathing, and (III) drawing-in maneuver with Pilates breathing. Peak-normalized surface electromyography of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior during the knee flexion and extension phases of squat exercises was analyzed. There were significant differences among the conditions during the knee flexion phase for the rectus femoris (p = 0.001), biceps femoris (p = 0.038), and tibialis anterior (p = 0.001), with increasing activation from conditions I to III. For the gastrocnemius medialis, there were significant differences among the conditions during the knee extension phase (p = 0.023), with increased activity under condition I. The rectus and biceps femoris activity was higher during the extension vs. flexion phase under conditions I and II. The tibialis anterior activity was higher during the flexion compared with the extension phase under all conditions, and the medial gastrocnemius activity was higher during the extension phase under condition I. Doing squats with abdominal drawing-in and Pilates breathing resulted in increased rectus, biceps femoris, and tibialis anterior activity during the flexion phase, increasing movement stability during squat exercises.

Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in kidney samples of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Portugal: Evaluation of different methods

Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting both domestic and wild ruminants. The present work is part of a wider set of studies designed to assess the prevalence of paratuberculosis in free ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus). With that purpose, 877 free-ranging red deer legally hunted in the Centre-eastern Portugal were submitted to necropsy and sampled for molecular methods, microbiology and histopathology. Thirty-seven (4.2%) kidneys revealed acid-fast bacilli when screened with the Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Map was detected by IS900 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in thirty (81.1%) of the Ziehl-Neelsen positive kidneys. Subsequent PCR and/or culture from the different organs of the 37 examined animals allowed us to detect 86.4% (32 animals) infected red deer. Our results suggest that renal involvement in Map infected deer may be underdiagnosed and thus the routine examination of this organ and its inclusion in PCR techniques designed for Map detection could substantially improve the diagnostic of paratuberculosis in red deer.

Mesenteric lymph node granulomatous lesions in naturally infected wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Portugal--Histological, immunohistochemical and molecular aspects

Several studies have demonstrated that wildlife reservoirs of mycobacteria are responsible for the maintenance and spreading of the infection to livestock and wildlife counterparts. Recent data report the role of wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a reservoir for Mycobacterium bovis. This study was conducted to evaluate the chronic inflammatory response in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of wild boar with granulomatous lymphadenitis (n=30). Morphological parameters of the lesions were recorded. The expression of CD3 and CD79α molecules was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Molecular genotyping and culture to identify mycobacteria were performed. The lesions consisted mainly of stage III and stage IV granulomas. CD3 and CD79α positive cells were observed in 15 (50%) and in 11 (36.6%) MLN, respectively. In these lesions, higher percentages of T lymphocytes were found and a limited number of animals exhibited a tendency for an increased percentage of B lymphocytes. Our results suggest that there are similar percentages and distribution patterns of CD3 and CD79α in the lesions, regardless of the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), M. bovis or Map-M. bovis co-infection, and confirm that wild boar is both susceptible and could be an important Map and M. bovis wild reservoir in the study area.

A contribution to the rational design of Ru(CO)3Cl2L complexes for in vivo delivery of CO

A few ruthenium based metal carbonyl complexes, e.g. CORM-2 and CORM-3, have therapeutic activity attributed to their ability to deliver CO to biological targets. In this work, a series of related complexes with the formula [Ru(CO)3Cl2L] (L = DMSO (3), L-H3CSO(CH2)2CH(NH2)CO2H) (6a); D,L-H3CSO(CH2)2CH(NH2)CO2H (6b); 3-NC5H4(CH2)2SO3Na (7); 4-NC5H4(CH2)2SO3Na (8); PTA (9); DAPTA (10); H3CS(CH2)2CH(OH)CO2H (11); CNCMe2CO2Me (12); CNCMeEtCO2Me (13); CN(c-C3H4)CO2Et) (14)) were designed, synthesized and studied. The effects of L on their stability, CO release profile, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties are described. The stability in aqueous solution depends on the nature of L as shown using HPLC and LC-MS studies. The isocyanide derivatives are the least stable complexes, and the S-bound methionine oxide derivative is the more stable one. The complexes do not release CO gas to the headspace, but release CO2 instead. X-ray diffraction of crystals of the model protein Hen Egg White Lysozyme soaked with 6b (4UWN) and 8 (4UWN) shows the addition of Ru(II)(CO)(H2O)4 at the His15 binding site. Soakings with 7(4UWN) produced the metallacarboxylate [Ru(COOH)(CO)(H2O)3](+) bound to the His15 site. The aqueous chemistry of these complexes is governed by the water-gas shift reaction initiated with the nucleophilic attack of HO(-) on coordinated CO. DFT calculations show this addition to be essentially barrierless. The complexes have low cytotoxicity and low hemolytic indices. Following i.v. administration of CORM-3, the in vivo bio-distribution of CO differs from that obtained with CO inhalation or with heme oxygenase stimulation. A mechanism for CO transport and delivery from these complexes is proposed.

Blepharitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans in a cat from northern Portugal

Case summary We report a clinical case of blepharitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans yeasts in a 2-year-old stray cat from northern Portugal (Vila Real) without concurrent naso-ocular signs. Ophthalmological examination revealed mucopurulent discharge from an open wound in the right upper and lower lids. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy showed a normal anterior segment, and intraocular pressure was within the normal reference interval. No fundoscopic alterations were detected in either eye by direct and indirect ophthalmoscopic examination. Cytological examination of an appositional smear showed numerous polymorphic neutrophils and macrophages, together with spherical yeast cells compatible with Cryptococcus species. Molecular analysis by means of PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism identified C neoformans genotype VNI. The cat was treated with itraconazole, and amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, combined with a commercial ear ointment and an imidacloprid/moxidectin spot-on application for bilateral parasitic otitis caused by Otodectes cynotis. One month after treatment, the clinical signs were completely resolved. Localised cutaneous lesions, as in the present case, probably result from contamination of cat-scratch injuries with viable encapsulated yeasts.

Relevance and novel information This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first clinical report of feline blepharitis due to C neoformans without concurrent naso-ocular signs. The current findings, together with those from recent reports of the infection in domestic animals, should alert the veterinary community both in Portugal and in Europe to this underdiagnosed disease.

Instantaneous quantification of skeletal muscle activation, power production, and fatigue during cycle ergometry

A rapid switch from hyperbolic to isokinetic cycling allows the velocity-specific decline in maximal power to be measured, i.e., fatigue. We reasoned that, should the baseline relationship between isokinetic power (Piso) and electromyography (EMG) be reproducible, then contributions to fatigue may be isolated from 1) the decline in muscle activation (muscle activation fatigue); and 2) the decline in Piso at a given activation (muscle fatigue). We hypothesized that the EMG-Piso relationship is linear, velocity dependent, and reliable for instantaneous fatigue assessment at intolerance during and following whole body exercise. Healthy participants (n = 13) completed short (5 s) variable-effort isokinetic bouts at 50, 70, and 100 rpm to characterize baseline EMG-Piso. Repeated ramp incremental exercise tests were terminated with maximal isokinetic cycling (5 s) at 70 rpm. Individual baseline EMG-Piso relationships were linear (r(2) = 0.95 ± 0.04) and velocity dependent (analysis of covariance). Piso at intolerance (two legs, 335 ± 88 W) was ∼45% less than baseline [630 ± 156 W, confidence interval of the difference (CIDifference) 211, 380 W, P < 0.05]. Following intolerance, Piso recovered rapidly (F = 44.1; P < 0.05; η(2) = 0.79): power was reduced (P < 0.05) vs. baseline only at 0-min (CIDifference 80, 201 W) and 1-min recovery (CIDifference 13, 80 W). Activation fatigue and muscle fatigue (one leg) were 97 ± 55 and 60 ± 50 W, respectively. Mean bias ± limits of agreement for reproducibility were as follows: baseline Piso 1 ± 30 W; Piso at 0-min recovery 3 ± 35 W; and EMG at Piso 3 ± 14%. EMG power is linear, velocity dependent, and reproducible. Deviation from this relationship at the limit of tolerance can quantify the "activation" and "muscle" related components of fatigue during cycling.

New Insights into Mycobacterium bovis Prevalence in Wild Mammals in Portugal

A survey to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis in wild mammals in Portugal was conducted by testing samples from hunted animals and those found dead between 2009 and 2013. In this study, we investigated 2116 wild mammals. Post-mortem examinations were performed, and tissues were collected from wild mammals representing 8 families and 11 different species, with a total of 393 animals analysed. Cultures were performed, and acid-fast isolates were identified by PCR. Tissues were also screened for Mycobacterium bovis by directly extracting DNA and testing for the Mycobacterium bovis-specific sequences. Mycobacterium bovis prevalence was 26.9% (95% CI: 22.8-31.5%). Mycobacterium bovis was recorded in 106 of the 393 studied species: prevalence by species were 26.9% (95% CI: 16.8-40.2%) in red foxes, 20.0% (95% CI: 7.0-45.2%) in Egyptian mongooses, 21.4% (95% CI: 16.2-27.7%) in wild boar and 38.3% (95% CI: 29.9-47.4%) in red deer. Mycobacterium bovis infection was detected in six of eight taxonomic families. For some species, the small sample sizes obtained were a reflection of their restricted range and low abundance, making estimates of infection prevalence very difficult (1 beech marten of 4; 1 Eurasian otter of 3; 2 common genet of 3). Infection was not detected in European badgers, hedgehog, wild rabbits and hare. The results of this study confirm the presence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wild carnivores in Portugal.

Spontaneous CO release from Ru(II)(CO)2-protein complexes in aqueous solution, cells, and mice

We demonstrate that Ru^II(CO)₂–protein complexes, formed by the reaction of the hydrolytic decomposition products of [fac-RuCl(κ²-H₂NCH₂CO₂)(CO)₃] (CORM-3) with histidine residues exposed on the surface of proteins, spontaneously release CO in aqueous solution, cells, and mice. CO release was detected by mass spectrometry (MS) and confocal microscopy using a CO-responsive turn-on fluorescent probe. These findings support our hypothesis that plasma proteins act as CO carriers after in vivo administration of CORM-3. CO released from a synthetic bovine serum albumin (BSA)–Ru^II(CO)₂ complex leads to downregulation of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in cancer cells. Finally, administration of BSA–Ru^II(CO)₂ in mice bearing a colon carcinoma tumor results in enhanced CO accumulation at the tumor. Our data suggest the use of Ru^II(CO)₂–protein complexes as viable alternatives for the safe and spatially controlled delivery of therapeutic CO in vivo.

Disseminated Mycobacterium bovis infection in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) with cerebral involvement found in Portugal

A total of 49 road-killed red foxes were used for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) in Portugal. MTC infection was detected by PCR in 10 red foxes (20.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.8-31.2%) and confirmed in three (6.1%; 95% CI 0.0-7.9%) of them by microbiological culture. The complex was detected in 20 tissues out of 441 by PCR techniques (4.5%; 95% CI 16.3-23.7%) and in seven tissues out of 441 (1.6%; 95% CI 4.6-9.4%) by culture. MTC was most frequently detected in the brain (8.2%) and in the mediastinal lymph nodes (8.2%). The seven cultures obtained were positive for M. bovis by PCR-based genotyping of the MTC targeting genomic deletions. This study confirms the presence of disseminated M. bovis in red foxes in Portugal, and it is the first report in the world of the natural infection in the animals' brains.

Crude extract of Fusarium oxysporum induces apoptosis and structural alterations in the skin of healthy rats

We evaluate the biological and physicochemical effects of a Fusarium oxysporum crude extract (CE) on the skin of healthy rats. The CE is topically applied and subsequently the skin is collected after 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. The samples are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) and histomorphometric analysis. Terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL assay) is performed to detect both the cells in apoptosis and proliferation. There is a thickening of the epidermis after 6, 12, and 24 h and dermis after 12 and 24 h of CE application. A reduction of the dermis thickness is observed at 3 and 6 h. The treated skin shows higher labeling intensity by TUNEL at 3 h, while a higher intensity by proliferating cell nuclear antigen occurs at 3 and 12 h. FTIR-PAS data support the histology observations showing an increase in the absorption peaks in the dermis after the application of the CE. F. oxysporum CE permeated through the epidermis and the dermis, reaching the subcutaneous tissue, inducing cell apoptosis, and causing physicochemical changes in the organic molecules located in the dermis. This is the first known study associating histopathological and physical chemistry changes on healthy skin after the application of F. oxysporum CE.

Characterization of a versatile organometallic pro-drug (CORM) for experimental CO based therapeutics

The complex fac-[Mo(CO)(3)(histidinate)]Na has been reported to be an effective CO-Releasing Molecule in vivo, eliciting therapeutic effects in several animal models of disease. The CO releasing profile of this complex in different settings both in vitro and in vivo reveals that the compound can readily liberate all of its three CO equivalents under biological conditions. The compound has low toxicity and cytotoxicity and is not hemolytic. CO release is accompanied by a decrease in arterial blood pressure following administration in vivo. We studied its behavior in solution and upon the interaction with proteins. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon exposure to air and polyoxomolybdate formation in soaks with lysozyme crystals were observed as processes ensuing from the decomposition of the complex and the release of CO.

Diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium complex in granulomatous lymphadenitis in slaughtered domestic pigs

The aim of this study was to compare two diagnostic methods for the detection of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection in lymph nodes with granulomatous lymphadenitis from slaughtered domestic pigs. Fifty affected lymph nodes were collected from 50 pigs and examined microscopically and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Microscopically, granulomatous lesions were observed in 92% of the samples, consisting mostly of central necrosis (78%) with dystrophic calcification (46%) and associated with inflammatory infiltration by epithelioid giant cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils (92%), eosinophils (60%) and Langhans-type cells (70%). In 64% of the lesions, a capsule of connective tissue was found. Acid-fast bacilli were observed in all cases. PCR detected DNA from Mycobacterium spp. in 82% (41/50) of the lymph nodes. MAC was confirmed in 58% (24/41) and M. avium avium/silvaticum subspecies in 39% (16/41). The results of this study suggest that combined histopathology and PCR of lymph nodes are useful in the diagnosis of granulomatous lymphadenitis in slaughtered pigs.

New insights into the chemistry of fac-[Ru(CO)₃]²⁺ fragments in biologically relevant conditions: the CO releasing activity of [Ru(CO)₃Cl₂(1,3-thiazole)], and the X-ray crystal structure of its adduct with lysozyme

Complexes of the general formula fac-[Ru(CO)(3)L(3)](2+), namely CORM-2 and CORM-3, have been successfully used as experimental CO releasing molecules (CO-RMs) but their mechanism of action and delivery of CO remain unclear. The well characterized complex [Ru(CO)(3)Cl(2)(1,3-thiazole)] (1) is now studied as a potential model CO-RM of the same family of complexes using LC-MS, FTIR, and UV-vis spectroscopy, together with X-ray crystallography. The chemistry of [Ru(CO)(3)Cl(2)(1,3-thiazole)] is very similar to that of CORM-3: it only releases residual amounts of CO to the headspace of a solution in PBS7.4 and produces marginal increase of COHb after long incubation in whole blood. 1 also reacts with lysozyme to form Ru adducts. The crystallographic model of the lysozyme-Ru adducts shows only mono-carbonyl Ru species. [Ru(H(2)O)(4)(CO)] is found covalently bound to a histidine (His15) and to two aspartates (Asp18 and Asp119) at the protein surface. The CO release silence of both 1 and CORM-3 and their rapid formation of protein-Ru(CO)(x)(H(2)O)(y) (x=1,2) adducts, support our hypothesis that fac-[Ru(CO)(3)L(3)] CO-RMs deliver CO in vivo through the decay of their adducts with plasma proteins.

Effects of gastroesophageal reflux on esophageal motility

Esophageal characteristics during swallowing in individuals with reflux are not well known. This study aimed to compare manometric esophageal characteristics between a group of individuals with gastroesophageal reflux and a group without these symptoms.

METHODS

A stationary esophageal manometry and a questionnaire of gastrointestinal symptoms were performed on 41 individuals, of whom 13 (31.7%) complained of gastroesophageal reflux.

RESULTS

The following data were obtained in cases of non-reflux vs. reflux: mean wave amplitude, 53.4 +/- 17.9 mm Hg vs. 48.6 +/- 11.8 mm Hg; similar mean upstroke; and lower esophageal sphincter pressure of 16.7 +/- 6.4 mm Hg vs. 17.9 +/- 4.9 mm Hg (p = 0.5). The relaxing degree and duration were similar. In the analysis according to the severity of the symptoms, we verified the following differences between cases of slight and severe reflux: amplitude in proximal esophagus, 40.75 +/- 13.1 mm Hg sec vs. 23.0 +/- 9.2 mm Hg sec (p = 0.02); mean average upstroke, 36.6 +/- 8.2 mm Hg sec vs. 24.8 +/- 7.3 mm Hg sec (p = 0.02); mean maximum upstroke, 61.4 +/- 10.4 mm Hg sec vs. 47.0 +/- 12.4mm Hg sec (p = 0.04); and relaxing duration, 5.36 +/- 2.0 sec vs. 8.76 +/- 1.6 sec (p = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

1. No differences in the manometric characteristics of the esophagus were found between individuals with and without reflux. 2. The wave amplitude and the upstroke were significantly higher in the proximal esophagus of patients with less severe complaints. 3. The mean and maximum upstroke of the esophageal wave were lower in individuals with severe reflux. 4. The relaxation duration was higher in patients with severe complaints.

Age and years in practice as factors associated with needlestick and sharps injuries among health care workers in a Portuguese hospital

Health care workers are attributed to the group at highest risk of occupationally acquired bloodborne diseases as the result of contact with blood and body fluids. A cross sectional study was conducted between November 2009 and February 2010 in the North of Portugal, to identify potential risk factors for needlestick and sharps injuries. A questionnaire was provided to 363 health care professionals. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated to needlestick and sharps injuries, calculating odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI). Sixty-five percent of health care workers (64.5%, 234/363) reported needlestick and sharps injuries in the previous 5 years. Of the injured workers, 74.8% were nurses. Of the total injuries reported, the commonest were from syringe needle unit. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that the strongest risk factor was having more than 10 years or more of work in health services (OR 3.37, 95% CI 1.82, 6.24). Another significantly related factor was being over 39 years-old (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.03, 3.63). In Portugal, there is a lack of epidemiological evidence related to needlestick and sharps injuries. Considering that patients infected with hepatitis B and C virus are commonly encountered in the hospital environment and that the prevalence of HIV infection in Portugal is one of the highest in Europe, these results should be considered in the design of biosafety strategies at the Hospital Center.

High levels of leptin modulate esophageal motor characteristics in type 2 diabetic patients

Leptin regulates gastric and intestinal motility, but its effect on oesophageal motility is unknown. We analyzed oesophageal manometric characteristics in diabetics with elevated leptin.

METHODS

Fasting blood leptin levels were measured in 32 type 2 individuals aged from 39-81 years. An oesophageal stationary manometry was then performed. Each manometric door (P) registered one third of the oesophageal activity. Results are presented as mean +/- SD.

RESULTS

Twenty-one subjects had elevated leptin (HLL) while 11 displayed normal levels (NLL). Peristaltic wave distributions (%) in NLL vs. HLL were 79.4 +/- 26.3 vs. 88.6 +/- 8.3 (p = 0.2). Simultaneous and retrograde waves showed similar trends. Non-transmitted waves were 16.1 +/- 26.5 vs. 4.6 +/- 4.5% (p < 0.05). Amplitudes in NLL vs. HLL (in mm Hg) were P1: 30.2 +/- 10.8 vs. 33.2 +/- 11.7 (p = 0.4), P2: 38.4 +/- 14.4 vs. 58.0 +/- 21.2 (p = 0.01), P3: 42.4 +/- 14.4 vs. 64.7 +/-2 8.3 (p < 0.006), and average amplitudes: 37.1 +/- 12.1 vs. 52.1 +/- 17.6 (p = 0.01). Wave average upstroke (in mm Hgs) was P1: 25.6 +/- 19.1 vs. 23.3 +/- 10.1 (p = 0.6), P2: 26.8 +/- 10.7 vs. 36.2 +/- 11.6 (p < 0.03), and P3: 25.5 +/- 9.1 vs. 34.1 +/- 16.3, (p < 0.06). Wave maximum upstroke was P1: 39.0 +/- 18.6 vs. 40.5 +/- 13.8, (p = 0.8), P2: 45.5 +/- 15.5 vs. 63.8 +/- 19.2 (p = 0.01), P3: 46.6 +/- 17.8 vs. 65.0 +/- 29.1 (p <0.03). Wave duration in distal oesophagus was 4.5 +/- 0.7 vs. 5.5 +/- 1.1 s (p = 0.01), and velocity 3.3 +/- 3.3 vs. 2.96 +/- 3.7 cm/s (p = 0.6).

CONCLUSION

1--Non-transmitted waves were slightly higher in NLL. 2--In medium and distal oesophagus, the wave amplitude, medium and maximum upstroke, and duration in distal oesophagus were increased in HLL.

A seroepidemiological survey of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in sheep from North of Portugal

The aim of this study was evaluate the risk factors for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) seroprevalence in sheep in the North of Portugal. The effects on seroprevalence of several variables such as individual characteristics, management practices, farm characteristics, animal health, and available veterinary services were evaluated. This information was then used in a multivariable logistic regression model in order to identify risk factors for Map seropositivity. Univariable analysis was used to screen the variables used in the logistic regression model. Variables that showed p values of <0.15 were retained for the multivariable analysis. Fifteen variables were associated with paratuberculosis in univariable analysis. The multivariable logistic regression model identified a number of variables as risk factors for seropositivity like sheep pure local and/or a cross of a local breed (OR=2.02), herd size with 31-60 head (OR=2.14), culling during the Spring-Summer season (OR=1.69) and the use of an anti-parasitic treatment such as Ivermectin as the only anti-parasitic medication (OR=5.60). Potential risk factors identified in this study support current recommendations for the control of paratuberculosis.

Comparative evaluation of PCR in Ziehl-Neelsen stained smears and PCR in tissues for diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Thirty six tissues from sheep, previously diagnosed with paratuberculosis, were tested by PCR in positive Ziehl-Neelsen staining smears of tissues, and PCR in tissues targeting IS900 specific for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. DNA amplification was achieved in 33.3% Ziehl-Neelsen smears, and in 61.1% tissue samples. Combination of both techniques found 66.7% samples as positive. Combination of techniques would, therefore, increase the sensitivity of diagnosis.

1-Hydr-oxy-1,1,3,3,3-penta-phenyl-disiloxane, [Si(2)O(OH)(Ph)(5)], at 100 K

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(30)H(26)O(2)Si(2), one Si(Ph)(3) residue is bound to another Si(OH)(Ph)(2) residue via a non-linear Si-O-Si bridge. The asymmetric unit is composed of two such molecules which inter-act, on the one hand, via a strong and highly directional O-H⋯O hydrogen bond involving the two neighbouring Si-OH units and, on the other, via an O-H⋯π contact connecting the second hydroxyl group with an adjacent phenyl group.

1-Hydr-oxy-1,1,3,3,3-penta-phenyl-disiloxane, [Si(2)O(OH)(Ph)(5)], at 150 K

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C₃₀H₂₆O₂Si₂, one Si(Ph)₃ residue is bound to another Si(OH)(Ph)₂ residue via a nonlinear Si—O—Si bridge. The asymmetric unit is composed of four [Si₂O(OH)(Ph)₅] molecules. Each pair of adjacent molecules inter­acts via strong and highly directional O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connecting neighbouring Si—OH units, and via inter-unit O—H⋯π contacts connecting the second hydroxyl groups with adjacent phenyl groups.

A case-control study of risk factors for brucellosis seropositivity in Portuguese small ruminants herds

A case-control study involving 255 small ruminants herds randomly selected was carried out in Portugal between January and December 2004, to identify risk factors associated with brucellosis seropositivity. To achieve this objective, two groups of herds selected according their prevalence status were compared: "cases" (farms with seroprevalence higher than 5%, n=123) and "controls" (farms seronegatives, n=132). A carefully structured questionnaire was used to collect data from each herd. A statistical analysis to compare "case" versus "control" herds was performed with the variables obtained from the questionnaire and the seroprevalence results. The effects on seroprevalence of several variables such as: individual characteristics; farm management practices; farm characteristics; animal health; knowledge and characteristics of farmers were evaluated. Data were analysed using logistic regression. Univariable analysis was used to screen the variables used in the logistic regression model. Nine variables were associated with brucellosis seropositivity in univariable analysis p<0.10. These variables were retained for multivariable logistic regression model. Regression model identified five variables as risk factors for seropositivity. The odds of brucellosis were increased: herds with more than 116 animals (OR=2.99); in herds with no cleaned-watering places (OR=3.05); in herds with insufficient manure removal and insufficient cleaning of premises (OR=2.87); in introduction of animals from non-free brucellosis herds or from herds of unknown status (OR=12.11). In the other hand, farmers' age (the eldest) was related to decreased odds (OR=0.4). Potential risk factors identified in this study were consistent factors associated with brucellosis seropositivity and support current recommendations for the control of brucellosis. Considering the paucity of epidemiological reports on brucellosis in the Northeast of Portugal and the absence of any data concerning factors related to either the prevention or the spread of the disease, our results could make a useful contribution towards the prevention of small ruminants brucellosis in the area.

Microwave assisted synthesis of molybdenum and tungsten tetracarbonyl complexes with a pyrazolylpyridine ligand. Crystal structure of cis-[Mo(CO)4{ethyl[3-(2-pyridyl)-1-pyrazolyl]acetate}]

We report the one-step syntheses in good yields of the complexes cis-[M(CO)4(pzpy)] {M = Mo, W; pzpy = ethyl[3-(2-pyridyl)-1-pyrazolyl]acetate} directly from the corresponding M(CO)6 starting materials by using microwave-assisted heating and reaction times of either 30 s (M = Mo) or 15 min (M = W). The structure of the molybdenum tetracarbonyl complex was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound is monomeric and the molybdenum atom has a highly distorted octahedral geometry. The close packing of the individual cis-[Mo(CO)4(pzpy)] species is essentially driven by the need to fill the space effectively, closely mediated by weak C-H-O and pi-pi interactions.

Microwave assisted synthesis of molybdenum and tungsten tetracarbonyl complexes with a pyrazolylpyridine ligand. Crystal structure of cis-[Mo(CO)4{ethyl[3-(2-pyridyl)-1-pyrazolyl]acetate}]

We report the one-step syntheses in good yields of the complexes cis-[M(CO)4(pzpy)] {M = Mo, W; pzpy = ethyl[3-(2-pyridyl)-1-pyrazolyl]acetate} directly from the corresponding M(CO)6 starting materials by using microwave-assisted heating and reaction times of either 30 s (M = Mo) or 15 min (M = W). The structure of the molybdenum tetracarbonyl complex was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound is monomeric and the molybdenum atom has a highly distorted octahedral geometry. The close packing of the individual cis-[Mo(CO)4(pzpy)] species is essentially driven by the need to fill the space effectively, closely mediated by weak C-H-O and pi-pi interactions.

Synthesis and structure of a sodium complex of an aromatic beta-diketone and pyrazolylpyridine

Reaction of NaH with a THF solution of Eu(BTA)3(pypzH) [BTA = 1-benzoyl-3,3,3-trifluoroacetonate, pypzH = 2-(3-pyrazolyl)pyridine] leads to the formation of the europium-free tetrasodium complex [Na(4)(pypzH)(2)(micro4-BTA)(2)(micro2-BTA)(2)]. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed the presence of a centrosymmetric Na+ hybrid tetramer,which fully occupies the contents of the triclinic unit cell. The crystal structure contains two individual Na+ cations, Na(1) and Na(2), which have highly irregular [NaN(2)O(3)] and[NaO(6)] local coordination environments, respectively. One of the key features is the presence of a central [Na(4)O(6)] core, which is unprecedented for Na+ . Externally to this [Na(4)O(6)] cluster pyrazolylpyridine organic molecules are N,N-chelated to Na(1). Even though all of the organic residues contain aromatic rings, the crystal packing of individual centrosymmetric tetrasodium [Na(4)(pypzH)(2)(micro4-BTA)(2)(micro2-BTA)(2)] molecular moieties is essentially driven through geometrical aspects combined with weak C-H...pi interactions, rather than the expected a priori pi-pi interactions. The material also contains classical strong hydrogen bonds, even though these do not directly contribute to the packing driving forces.

Identification of an elicitin gene cluster in Phytophthora cinnamomi

Elicitins are a group of highly conserved proteins secreted by species of Phytophthora and a species of the related genus Pythium, Pythium vexans. Some of these proteins act as inducers of the necrotic hypersensitive-like response and the associated systemic acquired resistance phenomenon, in some species. We cloned and characterised the cinnamomin-beta and -alpha genes and two related elicitin genes from Phytophthora cinnamomi. These four open reading frames (ORFs) are clustered in tandem pairs. Two out of these four genes present homologies with the basic and acidic elicitin groups; but the two others encode, if expressed, elicitin isoforms exhibiting homologies with the class II of highly acidic elicitins.