1
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Xiang G, He X, Giardine BM, Isaac KJ, Taylor DJ, McCoy RC, Jansen C, Keller CA, Wixom AQ, Cockburn A, Miller A, Qi Q, He Y, Li Y, Lichtenberg J, Heuston EF, Anderson SM, Luan J, Vermunt MW, Yue F, Sauria ME, Schatz MC, Taylor J, Göttgens B, Hughes JR, Higgs DR, Weiss MJ, Cheng Y, Blobel GA, Bodine DM, Zhang Y, Li Q, Mahony S, Hardison RC. Interspecies regulatory landscapes and elements revealed by novel joint systematic integration of human and mouse blood cell epigenomes. bioRxiv 2024:2023.04.02.535219. [PMID: 37066352 PMCID: PMC10103973 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.02.535219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of locations and activities of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) is needed to decipher basic mechanisms of gene regulation and to understand the impact of genetic variants on complex traits. Previous studies identified candidate CREs (cCREs) using epigenetic features in one species, making comparisons difficult between species. In contrast, we conducted an interspecies study defining epigenetic states and identifying cCREs in blood cell types to generate regulatory maps that are comparable between species, using integrative modeling of eight epigenetic features jointly in human and mouse in our Validated Systematic Integration (VISION) Project. The resulting catalogs of cCREs are useful resources for further studies of gene regulation in blood cells, indicated by high overlap with known functional elements and strong enrichment for human genetic variants associated with blood cell phenotypes. The contribution of each epigenetic state in cCREs to gene regulation, inferred from a multivariate regression, was used to estimate epigenetic state Regulatory Potential (esRP) scores for each cCRE in each cell type, which were used to categorize dynamic changes in cCREs. Groups of cCREs displaying similar patterns of regulatory activity in human and mouse cell types, obtained by joint clustering on esRP scores, harbored distinctive transcription factor binding motifs that were similar between species. An interspecies comparison of cCREs revealed both conserved and species-specific patterns of epigenetic evolution. Finally, we showed that comparisons of the epigenetic landscape between species can reveal elements with similar roles in regulation, even in the absence of genomic sequence alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjue Xiang
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate Program, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Xi He
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate Program, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Belinda M. Giardine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kathryn J. Isaac
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Dylan J. Taylor
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Rajiv C. McCoy
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Camden Jansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Cheryl A. Keller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Alexander Q. Wixom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - April Cockburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Amber Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Qian Qi
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Yanghua He
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawai`i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Yichao Li
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Jens Lichtenberg
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Elisabeth F. Heuston
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stacie M. Anderson
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jing Luan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Marit W. Vermunt
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60611
| | - Michael E.G. Sauria
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Michael C. Schatz
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - James Taylor
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Welcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jim R. Hughes
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Douglas R. Higgs
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Mitchell J. Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Gerd A. Blobel
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David M. Bodine
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Qunhua Li
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Genome Sciences Institute, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Shaun Mahony
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Genome Sciences Institute, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Ross C. Hardison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Genome Sciences Institute, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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Hardison RC, Xiang G, Jansen C, Keller CA, Giardine BM, Cockburn A, He X, Sauria ME, Weaver K, Li Q, Zhang Y. Systematic Integration of Epigenomic Landscapes in Human and Mouse Blood Cells to Predict Activity and Targets of Regulatory Elements. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross C. Hardison
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA
| | | | - Camden Jansen
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA
| | - Cheryl A. Keller
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA
| | - Belinda M. Giardine
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA
| | - April Cockburn
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA
| | - Xi He
- Bioinformatics and GenomicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA
| | | | | | - Qunhua Li
- StatisticsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA
| | - Yu Zhang
- StatisticsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA
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3
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Rankin C, Robinson P, McCann C, Cockburn A, Palenzuela E. 631 The Time to Therapeutic Serum Levels of Vancomycin in Orthopaedic Patients. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab134.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Vancomycin is a commonly used antibiotic in the treatment of deep-seated infections. However, the current dosing calculator utilized in NHS Lothian may not adequately achieve therapeutic vancomycin serum concentrations (VSC), of 15-20mg/L, in a timely manner. We aimed to reaudit the length of time for vancomycin to reach therapeutic levels in orthopaedic patients using the new Lothian calculator. A previous audit loop looked at the current calculator in 2018.
Method
Inclusion criteria orthopaedic patients who were treated with vancomycin at the Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, data collection to finish mid-September. The duration to reach the therapeutic SVC, initial trough SVC and serial levels were recorded. A life-table analysis will be used to examine the data.
Results
First audit had Twenty-three patients. The mean initial trough VSC was 12.7mg/L. The mean duration to therapeutic VSC was 5.2 (± 1.3) days. Statistics not completed for second cycle, but initial data shows improvement in time to VSC.
Conclusions
A delay in reaching therapeutic concentrations was observed in a significant proportion of patients using the current calculator. A more rapid achievement of therapeutic levels is required to maximize the period of antibiotic delivery and subsequently improve patient outcomes. The new calculator pilot will hopefully show that improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rankin
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - P Robinson
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - C McCann
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - A Cockburn
- Department of Pharmacy, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - E Palenzuela
- Department of Pharmacy, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Keller CA, Wixom AQ, Heuston EF, Giardine B, Hsiung CCS, Long MR, Miller A, Anderson SM, Cockburn A, Blobel GA, Bodine DM, Hardison RC. Effects of sheared chromatin length on ChIP-seq quality and sensitivity. G3 (Bethesda) 2021; 11:6206780. [PMID: 33788948 PMCID: PMC8495733 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel, high throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) is the method of choice for genome-wide identification of DNA segments bound by specific transcription factors or in chromatin with particular histone modifications. However, the quality of ChIP-seq datasets varies widely, with a substantial fraction being of intermediate to poor quality. Thus, it is important to discern and control the factors that contribute to variation in ChIP-seq. In this study, we focused on sonication, a user-controlled variable, to produce sheared chromatin. We systematically varied the amount of shearing of fixed chromatin from a mouse erythroid cell line, carefully measuring the distribution of resultant fragment lengths prior to ChIP-seq. This systematic study was complemented with a retrospective analysis of additional experiments. We found that the level of sonication had a pronounced impact on the quality of ChIP-seq signals. Over-sonication consistently reduced quality, while the impact of under-sonication differed among transcription factors, with no impact on sites bound by CTCF but frequently leading to the loss of sites occupied by TAL1 or bound by POL2. The bound sites not observed in low quality datasets were inferred to be a mix of both direct and indirect binding. We leveraged these findings to produce a set of CTCF ChIP-seq datasets in rare, primary hematopoietic progenitor cells. Our observation that the amount of chromatin sonication is a key variable in success of ChIP-seq experiments indicates that monitoring the level of sonication can improve ChIP-seq quality and reproducibility and facilitate ChIP-seq in rare cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Keller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alexander Q Wixom
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Elisabeth F Heuston
- NHGRI Hematopoiesis Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Belinda Giardine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chris C-S Hsiung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California, CA 94158, USA
| | - Maria R Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Amber Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Stacie M Anderson
- NHGRI Flow Cytometry Core, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20882, USA
| | - April Cockburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Gerd A Blobel
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David M Bodine
- NHGRI Hematopoiesis Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ross C Hardison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Hajduk GK, Walling CA, Cockburn A, Kruuk LEB. The 'algebra of evolution': the Robertson-Price identity and viability selection for body mass in a wild bird population. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190359. [PMID: 32146880 PMCID: PMC7133512 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By the Robertson–Price identity, the change in a quantitative trait owing to selection, is equal to the trait's covariance with relative fitness. In this study, we applied the identity to long-term data on superb fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus, to estimate phenotypic and genetic change owing to juvenile viability selection. Mortality in the four-week period between fledging and independence was 40%, and heavier nestlings were more likely to survive, but why? There was additive genetic variance for both nestling mass and survival, and a positive phenotypic covariance between the traits, but no evidence of additive genetic covariance. Comparing standardized gradients, the phenotypic selection gradient was positive, βP = 0.108 (0.036, 0.187 95% CI), whereas the genetic gradient was not different from zero, βA = −0.025 (−0.19, 0.107 95% CI). This suggests that factors other than nestling mass were the cause of variation in survival. In particular, there were temporal correlations between mass and survival both within and between years. We suggest that use of the Price equation to describe cross-generational change in the wild may be challenging, but a more modest aim of estimating its first term, the Robertson–Price identity, to assess within-generation change can provide valuable insights into the processes shaping phenotypic diversity in natural populations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of the Price equation’.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Hajduk
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - C A Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - A Cockburn
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - L E B Kruuk
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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6
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Xiang G, Keller CA, Heuston E, Giardine BM, An L, Wixom AQ, Miller A, Cockburn A, Sauria MEG, Weaver K, Lichtenberg J, Göttgens B, Li Q, Bodine D, Mahony S, Taylor J, Blobel GA, Weiss MJ, Cheng Y, Yue F, Hughes J, Higgs DR, Zhang Y, Hardison RC. An integrative view of the regulatory and transcriptional landscapes in mouse hematopoiesis. Genome Res 2020; 30:472-484. [PMID: 32132109 PMCID: PMC7111515 DOI: 10.1101/gr.255760.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of epigenomic data sets have been generated in the past decade, but it is difficult for researchers to effectively use all the data relevant to their projects. Systematic integrative analysis can help meet this need, and the VISION project was established for validated systematic integration of epigenomic data in hematopoiesis. Here, we systematically integrated extensive data recording epigenetic features and transcriptomes from many sources, including individual laboratories and consortia, to produce a comprehensive view of the regulatory landscape of differentiating hematopoietic cell types in mouse. By using IDEAS as our integrative and discriminative epigenome annotation system, we identified and assigned epigenetic states simultaneously along chromosomes and across cell types, precisely and comprehensively. Combining nuclease accessibility and epigenetic states produced a set of more than 200,000 candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) that efficiently capture enhancers and promoters. The transitions in epigenetic states of these cCREs across cell types provided insights into mechanisms of regulation, including decreases in numbers of active cCREs during differentiation of most lineages, transitions from poised to active or inactive states, and shifts in nuclease accessibility of CTCF-bound elements. Regression modeling of epigenetic states at cCREs and gene expression produced a versatile resource to improve selection of cCREs potentially regulating target genes. These resources are available from our VISION website to aid research in genomics and hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjue Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Cheryl A Keller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Elisabeth Heuston
- NHGRI Hematopoiesis Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Belinda M Giardine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Lin An
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Alexander Q Wixom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Amber Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - April Cockburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Michael E G Sauria
- Departments of Biology and Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 20218, USA
| | - Kathryn Weaver
- Departments of Biology and Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 20218, USA
| | - Jens Lichtenberg
- NHGRI Hematopoiesis Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Welcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Qunhua Li
- Department of Statistics, Program in Bioinformatics and Genomics, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - David Bodine
- NHGRI Hematopoiesis Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Shaun Mahony
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - James Taylor
- Departments of Biology and Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 20218, USA
| | - Gerd A Blobel
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Jim Hughes
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas R Higgs
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Program in Bioinformatics and Genomics, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ross C Hardison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Courtenay M, Lim R, Castro-Sanchez E, Deslandes R, Hodson K, Morris G, Reeves S, Weiss M, Ashiru-Oredope D, Bain H, Black A, Bosanquet J, Cockburn A, Duggan C, Fitzpatrick M, Gallagher R, Grant D, McEwen J, Reid N, Sneddon J, Stewart D, Tonna A, White P. Development of consensus-based national antimicrobial stewardship competencies for UK undergraduate healthcare professional education. J Hosp Infect 2018; 100:245-256. [PMID: 29966757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare professionals are involved in an array of patient- and medicine-related stewardship activities, for which an understanding and engagement with antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is important. Undergraduate education provides an ideal opportunity to prepare healthcare professionals for these roles and activities. AIM To provide UK national consensus on a common set of antimicrobial stewardship competencies appropriate for undergraduate healthcare professional education. METHODS A modified Delphi approach comprising two online surveys delivered to a UK national panel of 21 individuals reflecting expertise in prescribing and medicines management with regards to the education and practice of nurses and midwives, pharmacists, physiotherapists, and podiatrists; and antimicrobial prescribing and stewardship. Data collection took place between October and December 2017. FINDINGS A total of 21 participants agreed to become members of the expert panel, of whom 19 (90%) completed round 1 questionnaire, and 17 (89%) completed round 2. Panelists reached a consensus, with consistently high levels of agreement reached, on six overarching competency statements (subdivided into six domains), and 55 individual descriptors essential for antimicrobial stewardship by healthcare professionals. CONCLUSION Due to the consistently high levels of agreement reached on competency statements and their associated descriptors, this competency framework should be used to direct education for undergraduate healthcare professionals, and those working in new clinical roles to support healthcare delivery where an understanding of, and engagement with, AMS is important. Although the competencies target basic education, they can also be used for continuing education.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Courtenay
- School of Health Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - R Lim
- Reading School of Pharmacy, Reading University, Reading, UK
| | - E Castro-Sanchez
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R Deslandes
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - K Hodson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - G Morris
- School of Health Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, UK
| | - S Reeves
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston & St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - M Weiss
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - D Ashiru-Oredope
- Antimicrobial Resistance Programme Public Health England, London, UK
| | - H Bain
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - A Black
- Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Bosanquet
- Antimicrobial Resistance Programme Public Health England, London, UK
| | - A Cockburn
- Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Duggan
- Royal Pharmaceutical Society, London, UK
| | | | | | - D Grant
- Reading School of Pharmacy, Reading University, Reading, UK
| | | | - N Reid
- Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - J Sneddon
- Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - D Stewart
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - A Tonna
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - P White
- Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, London, UK
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Harvey PW, Er J, Fernandes C, Rush KC, Major IR, Cockburn A. Corticosterone does not cause Testicular Toxicopathology in the Rat: Relevance to Methylxanthines, ACTH and Stress. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 11:505-9. [PMID: 1361140 DOI: 10.1177/096032719201100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1 Methylxanthines, ACTH and stress are well known to produce testicular pathology (e.g. seminiferous tubule atrophy). Methylxanthines, ACTH and stress alter hormone secretion, particularly from the pituitary-adrenocortical system. Consequently, it has recently been suggested that there may be a causal relationship between changes in endogenous physiological adrenocortical secretions, particularly corticosterone, and testicular pathology.1 2 This study tested the hypothesis that corticosterone mediates the testicular effects of both methylxanthine treatment and stress. Corticosterone was administered daily by subcutaneous injection to groups of 10 male rats at dose levels of 2 or 20 mg kg-1 in propylene glycol (1 ml kg-1) for 1 month (the shortest duration of methylxanthine or ACTH exposure known to produce testicular pathology). The highest dose of corticosterone resulted in plasma concentrations that closely matched values resulting from stress (200-700 ng ml-1) compared with controls (<25 ng ml-1). 3 The highest dose of corticosterone caused reduced body weight gain, lower thymus, adrenal, seminal vesicle and prostate weights, but did not induce any testicular pathology. 4 That a high, but physiologically relevant, dose of corticosterone did not cause testicular pathology in this experiment excludes this steroid in the direct aetiology of methylxanthine, ACTH and stress-induced testicular pathology. Other steroids secreted from the adrenal, in combination with corticosterone, may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Harvey
- Schering Agrochemicals Limited, Safety Evaluation Department, Chesterford Park Research Station, Saffron Walden, Essex, UK
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9
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Aplin LM, Farine DR, Morand-Ferron J, Cole EF, Cockburn A, Sheldon BC. Individual personalities predict social behaviour in wild networks of great tits (Parus major). Ecol Lett 2013; 16:1365-72. [PMID: 24047530 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Social environments have an important effect on a range of ecological processes, and form a crucial component of selection. However, little is known of the link between personality, social behaviour and population structure. We combine a well-understood personality trait with large-scale social networks in wild songbirds, and show that personality underpins multiple aspects of social organisation. First, we demonstrate a relationship between network centrality and personality with 'proactive' (fast-exploring) individuals associating weakly with greater numbers of conspecifics and moving between flocks. Second, temporal stability of associations relates to personality: 'reactive' (slow-exploring) birds form synergistically stable relationships. Finally, we show that personality influences social structure, with males non-randomly distributed across groups. These results provide strong evidence that songbirds follow alternative social strategies related to personality. This has implications not only for the causes of social network structure but also for the strength and direction of selection on personality in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Aplin
- Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, 0200, Australia
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10
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Abstract
In cooperatively breeding birds, individuals that appear capable of reproducing on their own may instead assist others with their breeding efforts. Research into avian cooperative breeding has attempted to reconcile the apparent altruism of this behaviour with maximization of inclusive fitness. Most explanations of cooperative breeding have suggested that philopatry is enforced by ecological constraints, such as a shortage of resources critical to breeding. Non-dispersers may then benefit both directly and indirectly from contributing at the nest. Recent research has shown that such benefits may be sufficient to promote philopatry, without the need for ecological constraints, and emphasizes that consideration of both costs and benefits of philopatry is essential for a comprehensive approach to the problem. The growing body of data from long-term studies of different species should combine with an improved phylogenetic perspective on cooperative breeding, to provide a useful base for future comparative analyses and experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Heinsohn
- Dept of Zoology, Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra City, ACT 2601 Australia
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11
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Howlett J, Edwards D, Cockburn A, Hepburn P, Kleiner J, Knorr D, Kozianowski G, Müller D, Peijnenburg A, Perrin I, Poulsen M, Walker R. The safety assessment of Novel Foods and concepts to determine their safety in use. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09637480310001610308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Infectious diseases have been evolving from the earliest days of life on earth. Major factors influencing their developments include the splitting of continents (continental drift), the radiation of early primates into present-day forms, migrations of man around the world, the ending of the Ice Age, the invention of agriculture, the domestication of animals, the increase in populations, and the urbanization of societies. The impact of such basic changes on infectious diseases is reviewed.
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13
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Hepburn P, Howlett J, Boeing H, Cockburn A, Constable A, Davi A, de Jong N, Moseley B, Oberdörfer R, Robertson C, Wal J, Samuels F. The application of post-market monitoring to novel foods. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:9-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Constable A, Jonas D, Cockburn A, Davi A, Edwards G, Hepburn P, Herouet-Guicheney C, Knowles M, Moseley B, Oberdörfer R, Samuels F. History of safe use as applied to the safety assessment of novel foods and foods derived from genetically modified organisms. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2513-25. [PMID: 17692450 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Very few traditional foods that are consumed have been subjected to systematic toxicological and nutritional assessment, yet because of their long history and customary preparation and use and absence of evidence of harm, they are generally regarded as safe to eat. This 'history of safe use' of traditional foods forms the benchmark for the comparative safety assessment of novel foods, and of foods derived from genetically modified organisms. However, the concept is hard to define, since it relates to an existing body of information which describes the safety profile of a food, rather than a precise checklist of criteria. The term should be regarded as a working concept used to assist the safety assessment of a food product. Important factors in establishing a history of safe use include: the period over which the traditional food has been consumed; the way in which it has been prepared and used and at what intake levels; its composition and the results of animal studies and observations from human exposure. This paper is aimed to assist food safety professionals in the safety evaluation and regulation of novel foods and foods derived from genetically modified organisms, by describing the practical application and use of the concept of 'history of safe use'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constable
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-Chez-les-blanc 1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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15
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Abstract
Cooperative breeding systems are characterized by nonbreeding helpers that assist breeders in offspring care. However, the benefits to offspring of being fed by parents and helpers in cooperatively breeding birds can be difficult to detect. We offer experimental evidence that helper effects can be obscured by an undocumented maternal tactic. In superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus), mothers breeding in the presence of helpers lay smaller eggs of lower nutritional content that produce lighter chicks, as compared with those laying eggs in the absence of helpers. Helpers compensate fully for such reductions in investment and allow mothers to benefit through increased survival to the next breeding season. We suggest that failure to consider maternal egg-investment strategies can lead to underestimation of the force of selection acting on helping in avian cooperative breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Russell
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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16
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Montgomery HAC, Thom NS, Cockburn A. Determination of dissolved oxygen by the winkler method and the solubility of oxygen in pure water and sea water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5010140704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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18
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Starling M, Heinsohn R, Cockburn A, Langmore N. Cryptic gentes revealed in pallid cuckoos Cuculus pallidus using reflectance spectrophotometry. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:1929-34. [PMID: 16822754 PMCID: PMC1634764 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cuckoo species lay eggs that match those of their hosts, which can significantly reduce rejection of their eggs by the host species. However, egg mimicry is problematic for generalist cuckoos that parasitize several host species with different egg types. Some generalist cuckoos have overcome this problem by evolving several host-specific races (gentes), each with its own, host-specific egg type. It is unknown how generalist cuckoos lacking gentes are able to avoid egg rejection by hosts. Here we use reflectance spectrophotometry (300-700 nm) on museum egg collections to test for host-specific egg types in an Australian generalist cuckoo reported to have a single egg type. We show that the colour of pallid cuckoo (Cuculus pallidus) eggs differed between four host species, and that their eggs closely mimicked the eggs of the host they parasitized. These results reveal that pallid cuckoos have host-specific egg types that have not been detected by human observation, and indicate that gentes could be more common than previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Starling
- School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National UniversityCanberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - R Heinsohn
- Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National UniversityCanberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - A Cockburn
- School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National UniversityCanberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - N.E Langmore
- School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National UniversityCanberra ACT 0200, Australia
- Author for correspondence ()
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19
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Langmore N, Kilner R, Butchart S, Maurer G, Davies N, Cockburn A, Macgregor N, Peters A, Magrath M, Dowling D. The evolution of egg rejection by cuckoo hosts in Australia and Europe. Behav Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ari041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Double MC, Peakall R, Beck NR, Cockburn A. Dispersal, philopatry, and infidelity: dissecting local genetic structure in superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus). Evolution 2005; 59:625-35. [PMID: 15856704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal influences evolution, demography, and social characteristics but is generally difficult to study. Here we combine long-term demographic data from an intensively studied population of superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) and multivariate spatial autocorrelation analyses of microsatellite genotypes to describe dispersal behavior in this species. The demographic data revealed: (1) sex-biased dispersal: almost all individuals that dispersed into the study area over an eight-year period were female (93%; n = 153); (2) high rates of extragroup infidelity (66% of offspring), which also facilitated local gene dispersal; and (3) skewed lifetime reproductive success in both males and females. These data led to three expectations concerning the patterns of fine-scale genetic structure: (1) little or no spatial genetic autocorrelation among females, (2) positive spatial genetic autocorrelation among males, and (3) a heterogeneous genetic landscape. Global autocorrelation analysis of the genotypes present in the study population confirmed the first two expectations. A novel two-dimensional local autocorrelation analysis confirmed the third and provided new insight into the patterns of genetic structure across the two-dimensional landscape. We highlight the potential of autocorrelation analysis to infer evolutionary processes but also emphasize that genetic patterns in space cannot be fully understood without an appropriate and intensive sampling regime and detailed knowledge of the individuals genotyped.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Double
- School of Botany and Zoology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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21
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Double MC, Peakall R, Beck NR, Cockburn A. DISPERSAL, PHILOPATRY, AND INFIDELITY: DISSECTING LOCAL GENETIC SWTRUCTURE IN SUPERB FAIRY-WRENS (MALURS CYANEUS). Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Double MC, Peakall R, Beck NR, Cockburn A. DISPERSAL, PHILOPATRY, AND INFIDELITY: DISSECTING LOCAL GENETIC STRUCTURE IN SUPERB FAIRY-WRENS (MALURUS CYANEUS). Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1554/04-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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König A, Cockburn A, Crevel RWR, Debruyne E, Grafstroem R, Hammerling U, Kimber I, Knudsen I, Kuiper HA, Peijnenburg AACM, Penninks AH, Poulsen M, Schauzu M, Wal JM. Assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:1047-88. [PMID: 15123382 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides guidance on how to assess the safety of foods derived from genetically modified crops (GM crops); it summarises conclusions and recommendations of Working Group 1 of the ENTRANSFOOD project. The paper provides an approach for adapting the test strategy to the characteristics of the modified crop and the introduced trait, and assessing potential unintended effects from the genetic modification. The proposed approach to safety assessment starts with the comparison of the new GM crop with a traditional counterpart that is generally accepted as safe based on a history of human food use (the concept of substantial equivalence). This case-focused approach ensures that foods derived from GM crops that have passed this extensive test-regime are as safe and nutritious as currently consumed plant-derived foods. The approach is suitable for current and future GM crops with more complex modifications. First, the paper reviews test methods developed for the risk assessment of chemicals, including food additives and pesticides, discussing which of these methods are suitable for the assessment of recombinant proteins and whole foods. Second, the paper presents a systematic approach to combine test methods for the safety assessment of foods derived from a specific GM crop. Third, the paper provides an overview on developments in this area that may prove of use in the safety assessment of GM crops, and recommendations for research priorities. It is concluded that the combination of existing test methods provides a sound test-regime to assess the safety of GM crops. Advances in our understanding of molecular biology, biochemistry, and nutrition may in future allow further improvement of test methods that will over time render the safety assessment of foods even more effective and informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- A König
- Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, 718 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Double MC, Dawson D, Burke T, Cockburn A. Finding the fathers in the least faithful bird: a microsatellite‐based genotyping system for the superb fairy‐wren
Malurus cyaneus. Mol Ecol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1997.00228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Double
- Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia,
| | - D. Dawson
- Department of Zoology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - T. Burke
- Department of Zoology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - A. Cockburn
- Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia,
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Double
- Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia,
| | - A. Cockburn
- Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia,
| | - S. C. Barry
- Statistical Consulting Unit of the Graduate School, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia,
| | - P. E. Smouse
- Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia,
- Center for Theoretical & Applied Genetics, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903‐0231, USA
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26
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Oakwood M, Bradley AJ, Cockburn A. Correction for Oakwood
et al.
, Semelparity in a large marsupial. Proc Biol Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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27
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Abstract
Complete mortality of males after mating is known in several small dasyurid and didelphid species (up to 300g) and has previously been suggested to be a consequence of their small size and their inability to sequester sufficient fat reserves for an intense rut in the winter. Males of these species use increased corticosteroid levels to allow protein catabolism, enabling them to support their mating effort with other body reserves. However, increased corticosteroid levels have negative consequences such as anaemia, gastrointestinal ulceration, immune suppression and disease. The Australian dasyurid Dasyurus hallucatus shows complete male die off after mating in tropical savannah, yet males of this species may weigh as much as 1120 g and continue to eat during the rut. Die off in D. hallucatus shows many similarities to that in the smaller species including weight loss, fur loss, parasite infestation, increased testosterone levels and anaemia. However, in contrast to smaller species, there is no evidence of elevated corticosteroid levels or gastrointestinal ulceration. Consequently, the phenomenon of male die off after mating lacks a universal explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oakwood
- Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
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28
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Peters A, Astheimer LB, Boland CRJ, Cockburn A. Testosterone is involved in acquisition and maintenance of sexually selected male plumage in superb fairy-wrens, Malurus cyaneus. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/s002650050688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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30
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Abstract
Despite great interest in the use of extra-pair mating as a tool for examining female choice and intersexual selection, the underlying assumption of female control has proved difficult to verify empirically. We combined microsatellite genotyping and radiotelemetry of fertile females in order to investigate mate choice in superb fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus, the bird with the highest known rate of extra-pair fertilization. All five females radio tracked during the peak of fertility, two to four days before the first egg is laid, undertook pre-dawn forays. All extra-pair young produced by the female were sired by a male visited during their forays, indicating that females control extra-pair fertilizations. In a larger sample of paternity data, some broods were sired by two extra-group males. In virtually all the cases the territory of the two sires were on an identical linear trajectory from the female's territory. This again suggests that extra-group paternity in superb fairy-wrens is directly linked to female extra-territorial forays. In other species mixed paternity has been taken to indicate that females attempt to insure against infertile pairings or try to maximize the genetic diversity of their brood. However, in fairy-wrens the likelihood of multiple extra-group paternity increased greatly as females traversed more territories in order to mate, perhaps suggesting that females which foray further are more likely to have difficulties locating the preferred male.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Double
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT.
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31
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Abstract
The devastation in Central America following the 1998 hurricane (Hurricane Mitch) resulted more from economic and political policies than from "natural" disaster. Over the last 30 or 40 years, huge numbers of poor people in these countries have been forced off good, stable agricultural land onto degraded hillsides and into shanty towns constructed on floodplains--areas known to pose serious hazards of flooding and mudslides. This, together with the failure of impoverished countries to anticipate disaster through mass evacuations or to respond effectively to the hurricane's widespread damage--ensured the loss of thousands of lives.
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32
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33
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Harvey PW, Cockburn A, Davies WW. Commentary on 'an unusual poisoning with the unusual pesticide amitraz' with respect to the pharmacology of amitraz. Hum Exp Toxicol 1998; 17:191-2. [PMID: 9587790 DOI: 10.1177/096032719801700312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P W Harvey
- Toxicology Function, AgrEvo UK Ltd, Essex, UK
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34
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Harvey P, Cockburn A, Davies W. Commentary on ‘an unusual poisoning with the unusual pesticide amitraz’ with respect to the pharmacology of amitraz. Hum Exp Toxicol 1998. [DOI: 10.1191/096032798678908387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Phillips JC, Price RJ, Cunninghame ME, Osimitz TG, Cockburn A, Gabriel KL, Preiss FJ, Butler WH, Lake BG. Effect of piperonyl butoxide on cell replication and xenobiotic metabolism in the livers of CD-1 mice and F344 rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1997; 38:64-74. [PMID: 9268606 DOI: 10.1006/faat.1997.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Male CD- 1 mice were fed diets containing 0 (control), 10, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg/day piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and 0.05% sodium phenobarbital (NaPB) and male F344 rats were fed diets containing 0 (control), 100, 550, 1050, and 1850 mg/kg/day PBO and 0.5% NaPB for periods of 7 and 42 days. In both species PBO and NaPB increased relative liver weight and whereas PBO produced a midzonal (mouse) or periportal/midzonal (rat) hypertrophy, NaPB produced a centrilobular hypertrophy. In the rat, individual cell necrosis was also observed at 42 days after high doses of PBO. Replicative DNA synthesis, assessed as the hepatocyte labeling index following implantation of 7-day osmotic pumps containing 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine during Study Days 0-7 and 35-42, was increased in mice given 300 mg/kg/day PBO and NaPB for 7 days and in rats given 550 and 1050 mg/kg/day PBO and NaPB for 7 days and 1050 mg/kg/day PBO for 42 days. While PBO had no effect on body weights in mice, the body weights of rats given 550, 1050, and 1850 mg/kg/day PBO for 42 days were reduced to 92, 89, and 70% of control, respectively. PBO induced microsomal cytochrome P450 content and mixed function oxidase activities in the mouse and rat, although the effects were less marked than those produced by NaPB. In summary, this data demonstrates that PBO can produce liver enlargement in the mouse and the rat which is associated with induction of xenobiotic metabolism, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia. The hepatic effects of PBO in the mouse were similar to but less marked than those produced by NaPB. In the rat high doses of PBO were hepatotoxic and resulted in a marked reduction in body weight. Thus while the reported formation of eosinophilic nodules in mouse liver by PBO may occur by a mechanism(s) similar to that of NaPB and other nongenotoxic enzyme inducers, the reported tumor formation in rats at greater than the maximum tolerated dose is most likely associated with marked enzyme induction in conjunction with a regenerative hyperplasia resulting from PBO-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Phillips
- BIBRA International, Woodmansterne Road, Carshalton, Surrey, SM5 4DS, England
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36
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Flanagan RJ, Ruprah M, Strutt AV, Malarkey P, Cockburn A. Effect of urinary alkalinisation and acidification on the tissue distribution of hexachlorophene in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 1995; 14:795-800. [PMID: 8562119 DOI: 10.1177/096032719501401003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1. Urinary alkalinisation may be helpful in treating acute poisoning with uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation containing a phenolic hydroxyl (pKa 4-6) or other acidic moiety. 2. We studied the effects of urine alkalinisation and acidification on the tissue distribution of hexachlorophene (HCP, pKa 5.7) in male Sprague Dawley rats (10 rats/group). 3. Ammonium chloride (10 mL kg-1, 2% m/v) or sodium bicarbonate (10 mL kg-1, 2% m/v) were administered by gavage on three occasions over 24 h, prior to a single gavage dose of HCP (180 mg kg-1). Controls received aqueous sodium chloride (10 mL kg-1, 0.9% m/v) followed by either HCP (180 mg kg-1) or vehicle alone. 4. Urine pH, body mass and body temperature were monitored during the study and, at the conclusion of the experiment (12 h post-HCP dose), organ mass (liver, kidney, brain), and plasma, urine and tissue HCP concentrations were measured. 5. No clinical features of toxicity were observed in any group. However, sodium bicarbonate significantly reduced median HCP in liver--median plasma and kidney HCP concentrations were also reduced but not significantly. Conversely, ammonium chloride significantly increased median HCP concentrations in liver and kidney--median plasma HCP was also increased but not significantly. 6. The results provide some support for the hypothesis that blood pH influences the tissue distribution of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation containing an acidic moiety. Urinary alkalinisation may be useful in treating acute poisoning with these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Flanagan
- Poisons Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital Trust, London, UK
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37
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Harvey PW, Healing G, Major IR, McFarlane M, Purdy KA, Olatunde O, Garcia Conesa MT, Everett DJ, Cockburn A. Glucocorticoid amelioration of nephrotoxicity: a study of cephaloridine-methylprednisolone interaction in the rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 1995; 14:554-61. [PMID: 7576815 DOI: 10.1177/096032719501400702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Groups of ten male rats were treated with a high challenge dose of cephaloridine (CPH, 3750 mg kg-1), with methylprednisolone (MP, 100 mg kg-1) or with cephaloridine and methylprednisolone (CPH + MP) by single subcutaneous injection. A control group received the injection vehicles only. Urine was collected from all animals daily over 18-h collection periods, up to 96 h after treatment. Blood was collected at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after treatment. At necropsy, kidneys were weighed, processed and examined histopathologically. Results show that methylprednisolone significantly ameliorated the nephrotoxicity of the challenge dose of cephaloridine. CPH-only treated rats had severe toxic nephrosis characterised by acute tubular necrosis, and elevated blood urea and creatinine. By contrast, the majority of CPH + MP treated rats had only a slight or moderate toxic nephrosis, and had lower blood urea and creatinine levels compared with rats treated with CPH only, indicating preservation of kidney function. Interestingly, rats treated with CPH + MP had higher urinary enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyltransferase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase) as well as protein and glucose, compared with rats treated with CPH only. This is taken to indicate that rats treated with CPH only had such marked kidney damage and necrosis that the population of cells able to produce these marker enzymes was significantly and rapidly depleted, but the protection afforded by methylprednisolone allowed CPH + MP treated rats to sustain urinary enzyme output. Effects on urinary glucose and other parameters such as body weight and kidney weight demonstrate interactions between glucocorticoid pharmacology and cephaloridine nephrotoxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Harvey
- AgrEvo UK Limited, Toxicology, Essex, UK
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38
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Abstract
Despite their pivotal role in interpretation of the complex mating systems of the ratites, the mating system of free-living emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) has not been characterised. Here we report observations on an introduced but free-ranging population of emus at Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve in the Australian Capital Territory. Emus combined monogamy, polyandry and promiscuity. All initially unpaired males paired with and incubated a clutch for females whose primary mates were preoccupied with incubation. However, females were also promiscuous, and most copulations we observed were extra-pair. Females fight vigorously among themselves for access to unpaired males. Coupled with observations on cassowaries, these data suggest that there is no simple correlation between habitat (grassland/forest) and the mating system in ratites. Instead, the resolution of the complex conflicts of interest between the sexes appears to determine the predominant mating systems exhibited by a species.
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39
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Fritz GN, Conn J, Cockburn A, Seawright J. Sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 from populations of Anopheles nuneztovari (Diptera: Culicidae). Mol Biol Evol 1994; 11:406-16. [PMID: 8015435 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence variation of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) was examined for populations of the malaria vector Anopheles nuneztovari collected in Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Suriname, and Brazil. Mosquitoes from Colombia and Venezuela had identical ITS2 sequences and were distinguished from sequences in other populations by three insertion/deletion events (indels) and by one transversion. The length of the ITS2 was 363-369 bp, and it had a G+C content of 55.3%-55.7%. Variation in the length of the ITS2 between and within populations was due to indels in simple repeats. ITS2 consensus sequences were similar or identical for samples from the following three groups: (1) Colombia, Bolivia, and Venezuela; (2) Suriname and northern Brazil; and (3) eastern and central Brazil. The presence of two different consensus sequences from a single location near Manaus, Brazil, suggests that populations from eastern Brazil and those from Suriname converge in this region of the Amazon Basin. These data show that putative cryptic species of An. nuneztovari are distinguished by very minor differences in DNA sequence of the ITS2 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Fritz
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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Betton G, Cockburn A, Harpur E, Hopkins J, Illing P, Lumley C, Connors T. A critical review of the optimum duration of chronic rodent testing for the determination of non-tumourigenic toxic potential: a report by the BTS Working Party on Duration of Toxicity Testing. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:221-32. [PMID: 8204306 DOI: 10.1177/096032719401300401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This review indicates that for the detection of non-neoplastic toxic effects: 1. Four decades of accumulated literature provide no lead as to the optimum duration of repeat dose toxicity testing required for all classes of chemicals, although 6 months repeated administration appears adequate for pharmaceuticals. 2. Three month studies predicted the 2 year outcome for 70% of the compounds evaluated in this pilot study using data published by the US National Toxicology Program. 3. In spite of the limitations of this pilot study, this finding is considered encouraging as it is close to that generated previously on more detailed confidential pharmaceutical data. This suggests that the exercise should now be expanded using confidential surveys of industrial data to determine the concordance resulting from the evaluation of a larger group of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Betton
- Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
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Abstract
Group formation may help animals reduce their risk of predation and allow more time for activities other than vigilance against predators. Eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus, are gregarious and form open-membership groups. Vigilance behaviour of free-ranging kangaroos was observed in relation-to number of individuals within the group, sex and reproductive status of individuals, proximity to cover and position within the group. Our data support the view that kangaroos adjust their behaviour in relation to the risk of predation. Reproductive females, individuals on the periphery of the group and individuals in groups far from cover were most vigilant. Contrary to previous reports, vigilance behaviour was not influenced by group size except through the edge effect-the tendency of the proportion of individuals on the periphery of the group to decline as group size increases.
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Abstract
Free-living Antechinus stuartii at the Monga State Forest showed almost no variation in date of birth, yet weaning took place over a period of three weeks. Males were weaned slightly earlier and at greater weights than females. When daughters were considered, weaning was delayed in years when breeding density was high, and females with ten teats weaned their young later and at slightly lower weights than females with eight teats. The difference between the two teat phenotypes was not simply associated with increased reproductive investment, as successful eight-teated mothers weaned their young earlier than less successful mothers, and there was no relation between weaning success and date of weaning for ten-teated mothers. Age of mother did not influence weaning weight or date, and mothers tended to wean at the same time in each year of their life. These patterns are discussed in relation to recent debate on the detection of life-history trade-offs in free-living populations.
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Mcnee A, Cockburn A. Specific Identity Is Not Correlated With Behavioral and Life-History Diversity in Antechinus-Stuartii Sensu-Lato. AUST J ZOOL 1992. [DOI: 10.1071/zo9920127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two genetically distinct forms of Antechinus stuartii coexist in southern New South Wales, and apparently do not hybridise. We show that sympatric populations cohabit in communal nests both outside and during the breeding season. Contrary to previous claims, there is no evidence that the species are isolated allochronically. There is no evidence that variation in behaviour within A. stuartii is associated with the species difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cockburn
- Department of Zoology, Australian National University
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Cockburn A. Uncertainties about Mammals: Evolution of Life Histories of Mammals. Science 1989; 246:391. [PMID: 17747924 DOI: 10.1126/science.246.4928.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abstract
Many marsupials produce sex ratios biased towards male or female young. In several cases these changes are comfortably accommodated in the existing theory of sex allocation. Local resource competition and the Trivers-Willard hypothesis have been usefully applied to several data sets, and preliminary experimental work has supported the main tenets of theory. By contrast, several data sets lack explanation, and provide challenges to theoreticians. The high frequency of bias in marsupials does not result from data-dredging, as bias is usually reported in descriptive accounts of marsupial reproduction, without recourse to any theoretical or mechanistic explanations. It is not possible to distinguish whether the marsupial mode of reproduction is well suited to manipulate sex allocation, or whether it facilitates measurement of biased sex allocation. As for most eutherians and birds, the mechanism of prenatal sex allocation is unknown for any marsupial. However, the current interest in sex-determining mechanisms in marsupials suggests a profitable avenue for collaboration between geneticists, physiologists and evolutionary ecologists.
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Rigby JC, Cockburn A. Psychiatric discharge summaries--an assessment of need. Practitioner 1988; 232:677-9. [PMID: 3255956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
We observed the effect of several flock and extrinsic variables on the vigilance and foraging behaviour of red-rumped parrots, Psephotus haematonotus (Gould), and galahs, Cacatua roseicapilla (Vieillot), during the non-breeding and early breeding season in the Canberra region. Birds devoted less time to vigilance and more to foraging as flock size increased. However, log-linear modelling revealed that this relation was affected by a complex set of variables, inevitably in the direction of higher vigilance as predation risk increased. Although both species adjust scan rates, red-rumped parrots were more likely to adjust the length of scans than galahs, possibly because the opportunity to increase scan rates is restricted when scan rate is already high. Changes to food resources and the physiological demands of winter cause adjustments to the diurnal pattern of foraging, but not to the total time spent foraging, or to the pattern of flocking. We conclude that the risk of predation is the dominant influence on flocking by parrots.
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Cockburn A. Efficient implementation of the OSI transport protocol checksum algorithm using 8/16-bit arithmetic. SIGCOMM Comput Commun Rev 1987. [DOI: 10.1145/36727.36730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The checksum algorithm recommended in the OSI transport-protocol specfications is an arithemetic checksum algorithm which makes heavy use of base-255 addition. In this technical note, an efficient implementation of the recommended checksum algorithm is derived, using 8-bit unsigned addition as the base for an inexpensive modulo-255 addition.
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