1
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Hinmon JA, King JM, Mayo LJ, Faries CR, Lockett YT, Crawford DW, Beardslee PC, Hendricks A, McNaughton BR. Cell surface β-lactamase recruitment: A facile selection to identify protein-protein interactions. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4919. [PMID: 38501433 PMCID: PMC10949332 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are central to many cellular processes, and the identification of novel PPIs is a critical step in the discovery of protein therapeutics. Simple methods to identify naturally existing or laboratory evolved PPIs are therefore valuable research tools. We have developed a facile selection that links PPI-dependent β-lactamase recruitment on the surface of Escherichia coli with resistance to ampicillin. Bacteria displaying a protein that forms a complex with a specific protein-β-lactamase fusion are protected from ampicillin-dependent cell death. In contrast, bacteria that do not recruit β-lactamase to the cell surface are killed by ampicillin. Given its simplicity and tunability, we anticipate this selection will be a valuable addition to the palette of methods for illuminating and interrogating PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Hinmon
- Department of Biological SciencesDelaware State UniversityDoverDelawareUSA
| | - Jade M. King
- Department of Biological SciencesDelaware State UniversityDoverDelawareUSA
| | - Latrina J. Mayo
- Department of Biological SciencesDelaware State UniversityDoverDelawareUSA
| | - Cierra R. Faries
- Department of Biological SciencesDelaware State UniversityDoverDelawareUSA
| | - Ya'hnis T. Lockett
- Department of Biological SciencesDelaware State UniversityDoverDelawareUSA
| | - David W. Crawford
- Department of ChemistryColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | | | | | - Brian R. McNaughton
- Department of Biological SciencesDelaware State UniversityDoverDelawareUSA
- Department of ChemistryColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
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2
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Hassan IS, Fuller JT, Dippon VN, Ta AN, Danneman MW, McNaughton BR, Alexandrova AN, Rovis T. Tuning Through-Space Interactions via the Secondary Coordination Sphere of an Artificial Metalloenzyme Leads to Enhanced Rh(III)-Catalysis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9220-9224. [PMID: 36093000 PMCID: PMC9384688 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03674f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report computationally-guided protein engineering of monomeric streptavidin Rh(iii) artificial metalloenzyme to enhance catalysis of the enantioselective coupling of acrylamide hydroxamate esters and styrenes. Increased TON correlates with calculated distances between the Rh(iii) metal and surrounding residues, underscoring an artificial metalloenzyme's propensity for additional control in metal-catalyzed transformations by through-space interactions. We report computationally-guided protein engineering of monomeric streptavidin Rh(iii) artificial metalloenzyme to enhance catalysis of the enantioselective coupling of acrylamide hydroxamate esters and styrenes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra S Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Jack T Fuller
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Vanessa N Dippon
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Angeline N Ta
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | | | - Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
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3
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Rosario PA, McNaughton BR. Computational Hot-Spot Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain/ACE2 Complex*. Chembiochem 2020; 22:1196-1200. [PMID: 33174669 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Infection and replication of SARS CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) requires entry to the interior of host cells. In humans, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) between the SARS CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the extracellular peptidase domain of ACE2 on the surface of cells in the lower respiratory tract is an initial step in the entry pathway. Inhibition of the SARS CoV-2 RBD/ACE2 PPI is currently being evaluated as a target for therapeutic and/or prophylactic intervention. However, relatively little is known about the molecular underpinnings of this complex. Employing multiple computational platforms, we predicted "hot-spot" residues in a positive-control PPI (PMI/MDM2) and the CoV-2 RBD/ACE2 complex. Computational alanine scanning mutagenesis was performed to predict changes in Gibbs' free energy that are associated with mutating residues at the positive control (PMI/MDM2) or SARS RBD/ACE2 binding interface to alanine. Additionally, we used the Adaptive Poisson-Boltzmann Solver to calculate macromolecular electrostatic surfaces at the interface of the positive-control PPI and SARS CoV-2/ACE2 PPI. Finally, a comparative analysis of hot-spot residues for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, in complex with ACE2, is provided. Collectively, this study illuminates predicted hot-spot residues, and clusters, at the SARS CoV-2 RBD/ACE2 binding interface, potentially guiding the development of reagents capable of disrupting this complex and halting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Rosario
- PEMaCS Division, Physics & Engineering Program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA
| | - Brian R McNaughton
- Delaware Institute for Science & Technology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA
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4
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Abstract
Infection and replication of SARS CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) requires entry to the interior of host cells. In humans, a Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) between the SARS CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) and the extracellular peptidase domain of ACE2, on the surface of cells in the lower respiratory tract, is an initial step in the entry pathway. Inhibition of the SARS CoV-2 RBD / ACE2 PPI is currently being evaluated as a target for therapeutic and/or prophylactic intervention. However, relatively little is known about the molecular underpinnings of this complex. Employing multiple computational platforms, we predicted hot-spot residues in a positive control PPI (PMI / MDM2) and the CoV-2 RBD/ACE2 complex. Computational alanine scanning mutagenesis was performed to predict changes in Gibbs free energy that are associated with mutating residues at the positive control (PMI/MDM2) or SARS RBD/ACE2 binding interface to alanine. Additionally, we used the Adaptive Poisson-Boltzmann Solver to calculate macromolecular electrostatic surfaces at the interface of the positive control PPI and SARS CoV-2 / ACE2 PPI. Collectively, this study illuminates predicted hot-spot residues, and clusters, at the SARS CoV-2 RBD / ACE2 binding interface, potentially guiding the development of reagents capable of disrupting this complex and halting COVID-19.
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5
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Ta AN, Tennyson RL, Aceveda DC, McNaughton BR. Disparities between Antibody Occupancy, Orientation, and Cytotoxicity in Immunotherapy. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2435-2439. [PMID: 32274876 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report fusion proteins designed to bind spatially distinct epitopes on the extracellular portion of HER2, a breast cancer biomarker and established therapeutic target, and recruit IgG (either anti-His6 or serum IgG) to the cell surface. When the proteins were incubated with anti-His6 antibody and various concentrations of a single HER2-binding protein His6 fusion, we observed interference and a decrease in antibody recruitment at HER2-binding protein concentrations exceeding ∼30 nM. In contrast, concomitant treatment with two or three distinct HER2-binding protein His6 fusions, and anti-His6 , results in increased antibody recruitment, even at relatively high HER2-binding protein concentration. In some instances, increased antibody recruitment leads to increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. While a fusion protein consisting of a HER2-binding nanobody and Sac7d, a protein evolved to recognize the Fc domain of IgG, binds IgG from serum, antibody recruitment does not lead to ADCC activity. Rationales for these disparities are provided. Collectively, our findings have implications for the design of efficacious targeted immunotherapeutic biologics, and ensembles thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline N Ta
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Rachel L Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Diane C Aceveda
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Delaware Institute for Science & Technology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA
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6
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Abstract
Drugs that block HIV-1 entry are relatively limited. Enfuvirtide is a 36-residue synthetic peptide that targets gp41 and blocks viral fusion. However, Enfuvirtide-resistant HIV has been reported, and this peptide drug requires daily injection. Previously, we have reported helix-grafted display proteins, consisting of HIV-1 gp41 C-peptide helix grafted onto Pleckstrin Homology domains. Some of these biologics inhibit HIV-1 entry with relatively modest and varied potency (IC50 = 190 nM to >1 μM). Here, we report that gp41 C-peptide helix-grafted Sac7d (Sac7d-Cpep) potently suppresses HIV-1 entry in a live virus assay (IC50 = 1.9-12.4 nM). Yeast display sequence optimization of solvent exposed helix residues led to new biologics with improved expression in E. coli (a common biosimilar expression host), with no appreciable change in entry inhibition. Evolved proteins inhibit the entry of a clinically relevant mutant of HIV-1 that is gp41 C-peptide sensitive and Enfuvirtide resistant. Fusion proteins designed for serum stability also potently suppress HIV-1 entry. Collectively, we report several evolved biologics that are functional against an Enfuvirtide-resistant strain and are designed for serum stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumasa Ikeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Rachel L. Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Susanne N. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Reuben S. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Brian R. McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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7
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Hassan IS, Ta AN, Danneman MW, Semakul N, Burns M, Basch CH, Dippon VN, McNaughton BR, Rovis T. Asymmetric δ-Lactam Synthesis with a Monomeric Streptavidin Artificial Metalloenzyme. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4815-4819. [PMID: 30865436 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reliable design of artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) to access transformations not observed in nature remains a long-standing and important challenge. We report that a monomeric streptavidin (mSav) Rh(III) ArM permits asymmetric synthesis of α,β-unsaturated-δ-lactams via a tandem C-H activation and [4+2] annulation reaction. These products are readily derivatized to enantioenriched piperidines, the most common N-heterocycle found in FDA approved pharmaceuticals. Desired δ-lactams are achieved in yields as high as 99% and enantiomeric excess of 97% under aqueous conditions at room temperature. Embedding a Rh cyclopentadienyl (Cp*) catalyst in the active site of mSav results in improved stereocontrol and a 7-fold enhancement in reactivity relative to the isolated biotinylated Rh(III) cofactor. In addition, mSav-Rh outperforms its well-established tetrameric forms, displaying 11-33 times more reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra S Hassan
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Angeline N Ta
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Michael W Danneman
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Natthawat Semakul
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Matthew Burns
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Corey H Basch
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Vanessa N Dippon
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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8
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Belashov IA, Crawford DW, Cavender CE, Dai P, Beardslee PC, Mathews DH, Pentelute BL, McNaughton BR, Wedekind JE. Structure of HIV TAR in complex with a Lab-Evolved RRM provides insight into duplex RNA recognition and synthesis of a constrained peptide that impairs transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:6401-6415. [PMID: 29961805 PMCID: PMC6061845 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural and lab-evolved proteins often recognize their RNA partners with exquisite affinity. Structural analysis of such complexes can offer valuable insight into sequence-selective recognition that can be exploited to alter biological function. Here, we describe the structure of a lab-evolved RNA recognition motif (RRM) bound to the HIV-1 trans-activation response (TAR) RNA element at 1.80 Å-resolution. The complex reveals a trio of arginines in an evolved β2-β3 loop penetrating deeply into the major groove to read conserved guanines while simultaneously forming cation-π and salt-bridge contacts. The observation that the evolved RRM engages TAR within a double-stranded stem is atypical compared to most RRMs. Mutagenesis, thermodynamic analysis and molecular dynamics validate the atypical binding mode and quantify molecular contributions that support the exceptionally tight binding of the TAR-protein complex (KD,App of 2.5 ± 0.1 nM). These findings led to the hypothesis that the β2-β3 loop can function as a standalone TAR-recognition module. Indeed, short constrained peptides comprising the β2-β3 loop still bind TAR (KD,App of 1.8 ± 0.5 μM) and significantly weaken TAR-dependent transcription. Our results provide a detailed understanding of TAR molecular recognition and reveal that a lab-evolved protein can be reduced to a minimal RNA-binding peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Belashov
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - David W Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Chapin E Cavender
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Peng Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Patrick C Beardslee
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - David H Mathews
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Joseph E Wedekind
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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9
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Wedekind JE, Belashov IA, Crawford DW, Lavender CE, Dai P, Beardslee PC, Mathews DH, Pentelute BL, McNaughton BR. Structure of HIV-1 TAR in complex with a lab-evolved protein provides insight into RNA recognition and synthesis of a constrained peptide that impairs transcription. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767318096551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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Chavali SS, Belashov IA, Crawford D, McNaughton BR, Wedekind JE. Structural analysis of multiple lab-evolved proteins that bind HIV-1 TAR RNA with nanomolar affinity. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767318097647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Bjerke
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Patrick C Beardslee
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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12
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Nottingham KG, McNally A, McNaughton BR. Synthesis of biotinylated diazinon: Lessons learned for biotinylation of thiophosphate esters. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Chapman AM, McNaughton BR. Scratching the Surface: Resurfacing Proteins to Endow New Properties and Function. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 23:543-553. [PMID: 27203375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein engineering is an emerging discipline that dovetails modern molecular biology techniques with high-throughput screening, laboratory evolution technologies, and computational approaches to modify sequence, structure, and, in some cases, function and properties of proteins. The ultimate goal is to develop new proteins with improved or designer functions for use in biotechnology, medicine, and basic research. One way to engineer proteins is to change their solvent-exposed regions through focused or random "protein resurfacing." In this review we explain what protein resurfacing is, and discuss recent examples of how this strategy is used to generate proteins with altered or broadened recognition profiles, improved stability, solubility, and expression, cell-penetrating ability, and reduced immunogenicity. Additionally we comment on how these properties can be further improved using chemical resurfacing approaches. Protein resurfacing will likely play an increasingly important role as more biologics enter clinical use, and we present some arguments to support this view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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14
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Tennyson RL, Walker SN, Ikeda T, Harris RS, McNaughton BR. Evaluation of sequence variability in HIV-1 gp41 C-peptide helix-grafted proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:1220-1224. [PMID: 28811070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many therapeutically-relevant protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been reported that feature a helix and helix-binding cleft at the interface. Given this, different approaches to disrupting such PPIs have been developed. While short peptides (<15 amino acids) typically do not fold into a stable helix, researchers have reported chemical approaches to constraining helix structure. However, these approaches rely on laborious, and often expensive, chemical synthesis and purification. Our premise is that protein-based solutions that stabilize a therapeutically-relevant helix offer a number of advantages. In contrast to chemically constrained helical peptides, or minimal/miniature proteins, which must be synthesized (at great expense and labor), a protein can be expressed in a cellular system (like all current protein therapeutics). If selected properly, the protein scaffold can stabilize the therapeutically-relevant helix. We recently reported a protein engineering strategy, which we call "helix-grafted display", and applied it to the challenge of suppressing HIV entry. We have reported helix-grafted display proteins that inhibit formation of an intramolecular PPI involving HIV gp41 C-peptide helix, and HIV gp41 N-peptide trimer, which contain C-peptide helix-binding clefts. Here, we used yeast display to screen a library of grafted C-peptide helices for N-peptide trimer recognition. Using 'hits' from yeast display library screening, we evaluated the effect helix mutations have on structure, expression, stability, function (target recognition), and suppression of HIV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Susanne N Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Terumasa Ikeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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15
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Bruce VJ, McNaughton BR. Inside Job: Methods for Delivering Proteins to the Interior of Mammalian Cells. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:924-934. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, and Western blot are common bioanalytical techniques. Successful execution traditionally requires the use of one or more commercially available antibody-small-molecule dyes or antibody-reporter protein conjugates that recognize relatively short peptide tags (<15 amino acids). However, the size of antibodies and their molecular complexity (by virtue of post-translational disulfide formation and glycosylation) typically require either expression in mammalian cells or purification from immunized mammals. The preparation and purification of chemical dye- or reporter protein-antibody conjugates is often complicated and expensive and not commonplace in academic laboratories. In response, researchers have developed comparatively simpler protein scaffolds for macromolecular recognition, which can be expressed with relative ease in E. coli and can be evolved to bind virtually any target. Nanobodies, a minimalist scaffold generated from camelid-derived heavy-chain IgGs, are one such example. A multitude of nanobodies have been evolved to recognize a diverse array of targets, including a short peptide. Here, this peptide tag (termed BC2T) and BC2 nanobody-dye conjugates or reporter protein fusions are evaluated in ELISA, flow cytometry, and Western blot experiments and compared to analogous experiments using commercially available antibody-conjugate/peptide tag pairs. Collectively, the utility and practicality of nanobody-based reagents in bioanalytical chemistry is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia J Bruce
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia J. Bruce
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Angeline N. Ta
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Brian R. McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
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18
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Tennyson RL, Walker SN, Ikeda T, Harris RS, Kennan AJ, McNaughton BR. Helix-Grafted Pleckstrin Homology Domains Suppress HIV-1 Infection of CD4-Positive Cells. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1945-1950. [PMID: 27441758 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The size, functional group diversity and three-dimensional structure of proteins often allow these biomolecules to bind disease-relevant structures that challenge or evade small-molecule discovery. Additionally, folded proteins are often much more stable in biologically relevant environments compared to their peptide counterparts. We recently showed that helix-grafted display-extensive resurfacing and elongation of an existing solvent-exposed helix in a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-led to a new protein that binds a surrogate of HIV-1 gp41, a validated target for inhibition of HIV-1 entry. Expanding on this work, we prepared a number of human-derived helix-grafted-display PH domains of varied helix length and measured properties relevant to therapeutic and basic research applications. In particular, we showed that some of these new reagents expressed well as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli, were relatively stable in human serum, bound a mimic of pre-fusogenic HIV-1 gp41 in vitro and in complex biological environments, and significantly lowered the incidence of HIV-1 infection of CD4-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Susanne N Walker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Terumasa Ikeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Alan J Kennan
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.
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Crawford DW, Blakeley BD, Chen PH, Sherpa C, Le Grice SF, Laird-Offringa IA, McNaughton BR. An Evolved RNA Recognition Motif That Suppresses HIV-1 Tat/TAR-Dependent Transcription. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2206-15. [PMID: 27253715 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Potent and selective recognition and modulation of disease-relevant RNAs remain a daunting challenge. We previously examined the utility of the U1A N-terminal RNA recognition motif as a scaffold for tailoring new RNA hairpin recognition and showed that as few as one or two mutations can result in moderate affinity (low μM dissociation constant) for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) trans-activation response element (TAR) RNA, an RNA hairpin controlling transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome. Here, we use yeast display and saturation mutagenesis of established RNA-binding regions in U1A to identify new synthetic proteins that potently and selectively bind TAR RNA. Our best candidate has truly altered, not simply broadened, RNA-binding selectivity; it binds TAR with subnanomolar affinity (apparent dissociation constant of ∼0.5 nM) but does not appreciably bind the original U1A RNA target (U1hpII). It specifically recognizes the TAR RNA hairpin in the context of the HIV-1 5'-untranslated region, inhibits the interaction between TAR RNA and an HIV trans-activator of transcription (Tat)-derived peptide, and suppresses Tat/TAR-dependent transcription. Proteins described in this work are among the tightest TAR RNA-binding reagents-small molecule, nucleic acid, or protein-reported to date and thus have potential utility as therapeutics and basic research tools. Moreover, our findings demonstrate how a naturally occurring RNA recognition motif can be dramatically resurfaced through mutation, leading to potent and selective recognition-and modulation-of disease-relevant RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Po-Han Chen
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Chringma Sherpa
- Basic
Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Stuart F.J. Le Grice
- Basic
Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ite A. Laird-Offringa
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
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20
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Bruce VJ, Lopez-Islas M, McNaughton BR. Resurfaced cell-penetrating nanobodies: A potentially general scaffold for intracellularly targeted protein discovery. Protein Sci 2016; 25:1129-37. [PMID: 26991318 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
By virtue of their size, functional group diversity, and complex structure, proteins can often recognize and modulate disease-relevant macromolecules that present a challenge to small-molecule reagents. Additionally, high-throughput screening and evolution-based methods often make the discovery of new protein binders simpler than the analogous small-molecule discovery process. However, most proteins do not cross the lipid bilayer membrane of mammalian cells. This largely limits the scope of protein therapeutics and basic research tools to those targeting disease-relevant receptors on the cell surface or extracellular matrix. Previously, researchers have shown that cationic resurfacing of proteins can endow cell penetration. However, in our experience, many proteins are not amenable to such extensive mutagenesis. Here, we report that nanobodies-a small and stable protein that can be evolved to recognize virtually any disease-relevant receptor-are amenable to cationic resurfacing, which results in cell internalization. Once internalized, these nanobodies access the cytosol. Polycationic resurfacing does not appreciably alter the structure, expression, and function (target recognition) of a previously reported GFP-binding nanobody, and multiple nanobody scaffolds are amenable to polycationic resurfacing. Given this, we propose that polycationic resurfaced cell-penetrating nanobodies might represent a general scaffold for intracellularly targeted protein drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia J Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Monica Lopez-Islas
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
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21
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Gray MA, Tao RN, DePorter SM, Spiegel DA, McNaughton BR. Back Cover: A Nanobody Activation Immunotherapeutic that Selectively Destroys HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cells (ChemBioChem 2/2016). Chembiochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Gray
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Ran N. Tao
- Department of Chemistry; Yale University; 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Sandra M. DePorter
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - David A. Spiegel
- Department of Chemistry; Yale University; 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Brian R. McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CT 80523 USA
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22
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Gray MA, Tao RN, DePorter SM, Spiegel DA, McNaughton BR. A Nanobody Activation Immunotherapeutic that Selectively Destroys HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cells. Chembiochem 2015; 17:155-8. [PMID: 26556305 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We report a rationally designed nanobody activation immunotherapeutic that selectively redirects anti-dinitrophenyl (anti-DNP) antibodies to the surface of HER2-positive breast cancer cells, resulting in their targeted destruction by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. As nanobodies are relatively easy to express, stable, can be humanized, and can be evolved to potently and selectively bind virtually any disease-relevant cell surface receptor, we anticipate broad utility of this therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ran N Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sandra M DePorter
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - David A Spiegel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CT, 80523, USA.
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23
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Chapman AM, McNaughton BR. Synthetic Proteins Potently and Selectively Bind the Oncoprotein Gankyrin, Modulate Its Interaction with S6 ATPase, and Suppress Gankyrin/MDM2-Dependent Ubiquitination of p53. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1880-6. [PMID: 25955581 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the ankyrin repeat oncoprotein gankyrin is directly linked to the onset, proliferation, and/or metastasis of many cancers. The role of gankyrin in multiple disease-relevant biochemical processes is profound. In addition to other cellular processes, gankyrin overexpression leads to decreased cellular levels of p53, through a complex that involves MDM2. Thus, inhibition of this interaction is an attractive strategy for modulating oncogenic phenotypes in gankyrin-overexpressing cells. However, the lack of well-defined, hydrophobic, small-molecule binding pockets on the putative ankyrin repeat binding face presents a challenge to traditional small-molecule drug discovery. In contrast, by virtue of their size and relatively high folding energies, synthetic gankyrin-binding proteins could, in principle, compete with physiologically relevant PPIs involving gankyrin. Previously, we showed that a shape-complementary protein scaffold can be resurfaced to bind gankyrin with moderate affinity (KD ∼6 μM). Here, we used yeast display high-throughput screening, error-prone PCR, DNA shuffling, and protein engineering to optimize this complex. The best of these proteins bind gankyrin with excellent affinity (KD ∼21 nM), selectively co-purifies with gankyrin from a complex cellular milieu, modulates an interaction between gankyrin and a physiological binding partner (S6 ATPase), and suppresses gankyrin/MDM2-dependent ubiquitination of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Chapman
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Brian R. McNaughton
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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24
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Walker SN, Tennyson RL, Chapman AM, Kennan AJ, McNaughton BR. GLUE that sticks to HIV: a helix-grafted GLUE protein that selectively binds the HIV gp41 N-terminal helical region. Chembiochem 2014; 16:219-22. [PMID: 25477243 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the stabilization of well-defined helical peptide drugs and basic research tools have received considerable attention in the last decade. Here, we report the stable and functional display of an HIV gp41 C-peptide helix mimic on a GRAM-Like Ubiquitin-binding in EAP45 (GLUE) protein. C-peptide helix-grafted GLUE selectively binds a mimic of the N-terminal helical region of gp41, a well-established HIV drug target, in a complex cellular environment. Additionally, the helix-grafted GLUE is folded in solution, stable in human serum, and soluble in aqueous solutions, and thus overcomes challenges faced by a multitude of peptide drugs, including those derived from HIV gp41 C-peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne N Walker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 (USA)
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25
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Abstract
A complex with the C-terminal portion of the proteosomal subunit S6 ATPase is the only available structure of a protein-protein interaction involving the oncoprotein gankyrin. However, difficulties associated with recombinant expression of S6 ATPase alone, or truncations thereof, have limited our understanding of this assembly. We replaced the C-terminal portion of FtsH from Escherichia coli with the structurally homologous C-terminal portion of S6 ATPase and used this grafted protein to characterize the gankyrin-S6 ATPase binding interaction by isothermal titration calorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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26
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Abstract
Increased cellular levels of protein-protein interactions involving the ankyrin repeat oncoprotein gankyrin are directly linked to aberrant cellular events and numerous cancers. Inhibition of these protein-protein interactions is thus an attractive therapeutic strategy. However, the relatively featureless topology of gankyrin's putative binding face and large surface areas involved in gankyrin-dependent protein-protein interactions present a dramatic challenge to small molecule discovery. The size, high folding energies, and well-defined surfaces present in many proteins overcome some of the challenges faced by small molecule discovery. We used split-superpositive Green Fluorescent Protein (split-spGFP) reassembly to screen a 5×10(9) library of resurfaced proteins that are shape complementary to the putative binding face of gankyrin and identified mutants that potently and selectively bind this oncoprotein in vitro and in living cells. Collectively, our findings represent the first synthetic proteins that bind gankyrin and may represent a general strategy for developing protein basic research tools and drug leads that bind disease-relevant ankyrin repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Brian R. McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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27
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DePorter SM, McNaughton BR. Engineered M13 bacteriophage nanocarriers for intracellular delivery of exogenous proteins to human prostate cancer cells. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1620-5. [PMID: 25134017 DOI: 10.1021/bc500339k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The size, well-defined structure, and relatively high folding energies of most proteins allow them to recognize disease-relevant receptors that present a challenge to small molecule reagents. While multiple challenges must be overcome in order to fully exploit the use of protein reagents in basic research and medicine, perhaps the greatest challenge is their intracellular delivery to a particular diseased cell. Here, we describe the genetic and enzymatic manipulation of prostate cancer cell-penetrating M13 bacteriophage to generate nanocarriers for the intracellular delivery of functional exogenous proteins to a human prostate cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M DePorter
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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28
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Blakeley BD, McNaughton BR. Synthetic RNA recognition motifs that selectively recognize HIV-1 trans-activation response element hairpin RNA. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1320-9. [PMID: 24635165 DOI: 10.1021/cb500138h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of RNA hairpins are directly implicated in human disease. Many of these RNAs are potentially valuable targets for drug discovery and basic research. However, very little is known about the molecular requirements for achieving sequence-selective recognition of a particular RNA sequence and structure. Although a relatively modest number of synthetic small to medium-sized RNA-binding molecules have been reported, rapid identification of sequence-selective RNA-binding molecules remains a daunting challenge. RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains may represent unique privileged scaffolds for the generation of synthetic proteins that selectively recognize structured disease-relevant RNAs, including RNA hairpins. As a demonstration of this potential, we mutated putative RNA-binding regions within the U1A RRM and a variant thereof and screened these synthetic proteins for affinity to HIV-1 trans-activation response (TAR) element hairpin RNA. Some of these U1A-derived proteins bind TAR with single-digit micromolar dissociation constants, and they do so preferentially over the native protein's original target RNA (U1hpII) and a DNA TAR variant. Binding affinity is not appreciably diminished by addition of 10 molar equivalents of cellular tRNAs from Escherichia coli. Taken together, our findings represent the first synthetic RRMs that selectively bind a disease-relevant RNA hairpin and may represent a general approach for achieving sequence-selective recognition of RNA hairpins, which are the focus of therapeutic discovery and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D. Blakeley
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Brian R. McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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29
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Mohan U, Burai R, McNaughton BR. Reactivity between acetone and single-stranded DNA containing a 5′-capped 2′-fluoro-N7-methyl guanine. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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DePorter SM, Lui I, Bruce VJ, Gray MA, Lopez-Islas M, McNaughton BR. Mutagenesis modulates the uptake efficiency, cell-selectivity, and functional enzyme delivery of a protein transduction domain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:18-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70429g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Abstract
We report the in vitro selection of a single-stranded 72-nucleotide DNA enzyme (deoxyribozyme) that catalyzes a Friedel-Crafts reaction between an indole and acyl imidazole in good yield and in aqueous solvent. Appreciable Friedel-Crafts product requires addition of copper nitrate and the deoxyribozyme. We observe deoxyribozyme-mediated bond formation for both in cis and in trans Friedel-Crafts reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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32
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Blakeley BD, Shattuck J, Coates MB, Tran E, Laird-Offringa IA, McNaughton BR. Analysis of protein-RNA complexes involving a RNA recognition motif engineered to bind hairpins with seven- and eight-nucleotide loops. Biochemistry 2013; 52:4745-7. [PMID: 23806102 DOI: 10.1021/bi400801q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
U1A binds U1hpII, a hairpin RNA with a 10-nucleotide loop. A U1A mutant (ΔK50ΔM51) binds U1hpII-derived hairpins with shorter loops, making it an interesting scaffold for engineering or evolving proteins that bind similarly sized disease-related hairpin RNAs. However, a more detailed understanding of complexes involving ΔK50ΔM51 is likely a prerequisite to generating such proteins. Toward this end, we measured mutational effects for complexes involving U1A ΔK50ΔM51 and U1hpII-derived hairpin RNAs with seven- or eight-nucleotide loops and identified contacts that are critical to the stabilization of these complexes. Our data provide valuable insight into sequence-selective recognition of seven- or eight-nucleotide loop hairpins by an engineered RNA binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D Blakeley
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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33
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DePorter SM, Hendricks NK, Gray MA, McNaughton BR. A one-pot synthesis of micron-sized and nanoscale poly(N-acryloxysuccinimide-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) particles. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Blakeley BD, DePorter SM, Mohan U, Burai R, Tolbert BS, McNaughton BR. Methods for identifying and characterizing interactions involving RNA. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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35
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Blakeley BD, Chapman AM, McNaughton BR. Split-superpositive GFP reassembly is a fast, efficient, and robust method for detecting protein-protein interactions in vivo. Mol Biosyst 2012; 8:2036-40. [PMID: 22692102 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25130b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Split-GFP reassembly is an operationally simple in vivo technique used to identify and study interactions involving proteins and/or peptides. However, the instability of split-GFP fragments and their susceptibility to aggregation place limitations on the broader use of split-GFP reassembly. Supercharged proteins, including supercharged GFP, are variants with high theoretical negative or positive charge that are resistant to aggregation. We show that a split-superpositive GFP (split-spGFP) variant reassembles faster and more efficiently than previously reported split-sg100 GFP and split-folding-reporter GFP (split-frGFP) systems. In addition, interaction-dependent split-spGFP reassembly is efficient at physiological temperature. The increased efficiency and robustness of split-spGFP reassembly make this reporter system ideal for identifying and studying interactions involving proteins and/or peptides in vivo, and may be particularly useful for identifying or studying interactions involving proteins or peptides that are themselves susceptible to aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D Blakeley
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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36
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Burai R, Chatwichien J, McNaughton BR. A programmable “build–couple” approach to the synthesis of heterofunctionalized polyvalent molecules. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5056-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05606a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Cronican JJ, Thompson DB, Beier KT, McNaughton BR, Cepko CL, Liu DR. Potent delivery of functional proteins into Mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo using a supercharged protein. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:747-52. [PMID: 20545362 PMCID: PMC2924640 DOI: 10.1021/cb1001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The inability of proteins to potently penetrate mammalian cells limits their usefulness as tools and therapeutics. When fused to superpositively charged GFP, proteins rapidly (within minutes) entered five different types of mammalian cells with potency up to ∼100-fold greater than that of corresponding fusions with known protein transduction domains (PTDs) including Tat, oligoarginine, and penetratin. Ubiquitin-fused supercharged GFP when incubated with human cells was partially deubiquitinated, suggesting that proteins delivered with supercharged GFP can access the cytosol. Likewise, supercharged GFP delivered functional, nonendosomal recombinase enzyme with greater efficiencies than PTDs in vitro and also delivered functional recombinase enzyme to the retinae of mice when injected in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Cronican
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - David B. Thompson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Kevin T. Beier
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Department of Opthamology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Brian R. McNaughton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Constance L. Cepko
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Department of Opthamology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - David R. Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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38
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McNaughton BR, Gareiss PC, Jacobs SE, Fricke AF, Scott GA, Miller BL. A potent activator of melanogenesis identified from small-molecule screening. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1583-9. [PMID: 19670207 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 (USA)
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39
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Gareiss PC, Sobczak K, McNaughton BR, Palde PB, Thornton CA, Miller BL. Dynamic combinatorial selection of molecules capable of inhibiting the (CUG) repeat RNA-MBNL1 interaction in vitro: discovery of lead compounds targeting myotonic dystrophy (DM1). J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:16254-61. [PMID: 18998634 PMCID: PMC2645920 DOI: 10.1021/ja804398y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults, is an RNA-mediated disease. Dramatically expanded (CUG) repeats accumulate in nuclei and sequester RNA-binding proteins such as the splicing regulator MBNL1. We have employed resin-bound dynamic combinatorial chemistry (RBDCC) to identify the first examples of compounds able to inhibit MBNL1 binding to (CUG) repeat RNA. Screening an RBDCL with a theoretical diversity of 11 325 members yielded several molecules with significant selectivity for binding to (CUG) repeat RNA over other sequences. These compounds were also able to inhibit the interaction of GGG-(CUG)(109)-GGG RNA with MBNL1 in vitro, with K(i) values in the low micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Gareiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
- The Center for Future Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Krzysztof Sobczak
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Brian R. McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
- The Center for Future Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Prakash B. Palde
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
- The Center for Future Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | | | - Benjamin L Miller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
- The Center for Future Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
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40
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McNaughton BR, Gareiss PC, Miller BL. Identification of a selective small-molecule ligand for HIV-1 frameshift-inducing stem-loop RNA from an 11,325 member resin bound dynamic combinatorial library. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:11306-7. [PMID: 17722919 DOI: 10.1021/ja072114h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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41
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Rozenman MM, McNaughton BR, Liu DR. Solving chemical problems through the application of evolutionary principles. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:259-68. [PMID: 17548235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular evolution has been widely applied in the laboratory to generate novel biological macromolecules. The principles underlying evolution have more recently been used to address problems in the chemical sciences, including the discovery of functional synthetic small molecules, catalysts, materials and new chemical reactions. The application of these principles in dynamic combinatorial chemistry and in efforts involving small molecule-nucleic acid conjugates has facilitated the evaluation of large numbers of candidate structures or reactions for desired characteristics. These early efforts suggest the promise of pairing evolutionary approaches with synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Rozenman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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42
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Abstract
Olefin cross-metathesis (CM) is potentially an attractive method for generating dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs). In order for the CM reaction to be useful for DCL production, the course of the reaction and product distribution must be relatively insensitive to functionality remote from the reacting centers. We report on the CM of a series of allyl- and homoallylamides that are strongly dependent on remote functionality. This includes an unusual example of a cis-selective CM. [Reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Chemistry, and The Center for Future Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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43
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] Dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) is a promising technique for receptor-aided selection of high-affinity ligands from equilibrating combinatorial libraries. Identification of the specific ligand(s) selected is often challenging, however, due to difficulties associated with chromatographic separation and/or mass degeneracy within the library. Herein, we describe proof-of-concept experiments demonstrating a new technique termed resin-bound DCC (RB-DCC), which provides a solution to this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, and The Center for Future Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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44
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] The Friedländer synthesis of quinolines is an extensively employed protocol, yielding the desired heterocycle in a two-step reduction-condensation sequence. We have developed a mild, efficient, high-yielding single-step variant of this methodology, which employs SnCl(2) and ZnCl(2) to effect the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Dermatology, The Center for Future Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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