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Stokes C, Ahmed D, Lind N, Haupt F, Becker D, Hamilton J, Muthurangu V, von Tengg-Kobligk H, Papadakis G, Balabani S, Díaz-Zuccarini V. Aneurysmal growth in type-B aortic dissection: assessing the impact of patient-specific inlet conditions on key haemodynamic indices. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230281. [PMID: 37727072 PMCID: PMC10509589 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-B aortic dissection is a cardiovascular disease in which a tear develops in the intimal layer of the descending aorta, allowing pressurized blood to delaminate the layers of the vessel wall. In medically managed patients, long-term aneurysmal dilatation of the false lumen (FL) is considered virtually inevitable and is associated with poorer disease outcomes. While the pathophysiological mechanisms driving FL dilatation are not yet understood, haemodynamic factors are believed to play a key role. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and 4D-flow MRI (4DMR) analyses have revealed correlations between flow helicity, oscillatory wall shear stress and aneurysmal dilatation of the FL. In this study, we compare CFD simulations using a patient-specific, three-dimensional, three-component inlet velocity profile (4D IVP) extracted from 4DMR data against simulations with flow rate-matched uniform and axial velocity profiles that remain widely used in the absence of 4DMR. We also evaluate the influence of measurement errors in 4DMR data by scaling the 4D IVP to the degree of imaging error detected in prior studies. We observe that oscillatory shear and helicity are highly sensitive to inlet velocity distribution and flow volume throughout the FL and conclude that the choice of IVP may greatly affect the future clinical value of simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Stokes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome-EPSRC Centre for Interventional Surgical Sciences, London, UK
| | - D. Ahmed
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - N. Lind
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F. Haupt
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D. Becker
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J. Hamilton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - V. Muthurangu
- Centre for Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - H. von Tengg-Kobligk
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G. Papadakis
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S. Balabani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome-EPSRC Centre for Interventional Surgical Sciences, London, UK
| | - V. Díaz-Zuccarini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome-EPSRC Centre for Interventional Surgical Sciences, London, UK
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Stokes C, Haupt F, Becker D, Muthurangu V, von Tengg-Kobligk H, Balabani S, Díaz-Zuccarini V. The Influence of Minor Aortic Branches in Patient-Specific Flow Simulations of Type-B Aortic Dissection. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:1627-1644. [PMID: 36967447 PMCID: PMC10264290 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Type-B aortic dissection (TBAD) is a disease in which a tear develops in the intimal layer of the descending aorta forming a true lumen and false lumen (FL). Because disease outcomes are thought to be influenced by haemodynamic quantities such as pressure and wall shear stress (WSS), their analysis via numerical simulations may provide valuable clinical insights. Major aortic branches are routinely included in simulations but minor branches are virtually always neglected, despite being implicated in TBAD progression and the development of complications. As minor branches are estimated to carry about 7-21% of cardiac output, neglecting them may affect simulation accuracy. We present the first simulation of TBAD with all pairs of intercostal, subcostal and lumbar arteries, using 4D-flow MRI (4DMR) to inform patient-specific boundary conditions. Compared to an equivalent case without minor branches, their inclusion improved agreement with 4DMR velocities, reduced time-averaged WSS (TAWSS) and transmural pressure and elevated oscillatory shear in regions where FL dilatation and calcification were observed in vivo. Minor branch inclusion resulted in differences of 60-75% in these metrics of potential clinical relevance, indicating a need to account for minor branch flow loss if simulation accuracy is sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stokes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome-EPSRC Centre for Interventional Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - F Haupt
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Becker
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - V Muthurangu
- Centre for Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - H von Tengg-Kobligk
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Balabani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome-EPSRC Centre for Interventional Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - V Díaz-Zuccarini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
- Wellcome-EPSRC Centre for Interventional Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
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Monzani B, Vidal-Ribas P, Turner C, Krebs G, Stokes C, Heyman I, Mataix-Cols D, Stringaris A. The Role of Paternal Accommodation of Paediatric OCD Symptoms: Patterns and Implications for Treatment Outcomes. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2020; 48:1313-1323. [PMID: 32683586 PMCID: PMC7445192 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Family accommodation (FA) refers to the participation of family members in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) rituals. Most studies have focused on maternal accommodation; consequently, little is known about fathers’ accommodation of OCD. The current study aims to extend the existing literature by examining maternal versus paternal accommodation of OCD symptoms. The sample consisted of 209 children with OCD (Mean [M] age = 14.1 years) and their parents (NMothers = 209, NFathers = 209) who had completed the Family Accommodation Scale- Parent Report (FAS-PR). Paired t-test and chi-square analyses were used to compare FA of OCD symptoms between mothers and fathers. Linear regression was used to examine correlates of maternal and paternal FA and its impact on treatment outcomes. Mothers reported significantly higher levels of daily FA than fathers. Correlates of maternal and paternal accommodation included OCD symptom severity, emotional and behavioral difficulties, and parent psychopathology. Both maternal and paternal FA significantly predicted worse treatment outcomes. Both mothers and fathers accommodate child OCD symptoms with high frequency, and in similar ways. Although mothers accommodate to a greater extent than fathers, both maternal and paternal involvement in rituals are a significant predictor of the child’s treatment response. Results emphasise the need to consider the whole family system, including fathers, in understanding and treating OCD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Monzani
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- National and Specialist OCD and Related Disorders Clinic for Young People, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Pablo Vidal-Ribas
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Social and Behavioral Science Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia Turner
- Primary Care Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Georgina Krebs
- National and Specialist OCD and Related Disorders Clinic for Young People, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Social, Genetic and Development Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Stokes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Isobel Heyman
- Psychological Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Mood Brain and Development Unit, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
It is not uncommon for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to present with symptoms that suggest possible risk. This can include apparent risk, which reflects the content of obsessional fears, and genuine risk arising as the unintended consequence of compulsive behaviors. In both situations, risk can cause confusion in relation to diagnosis and treatment. The current article adds to the small existing literature on risk in OCD by presenting case examples illustrating different types of risk in the context of pediatric OCD, along with a discussion of their implications for management. The cases highlight that it is crucial that risk in OCD is considered carefully within the context of the phenomenology of the disorder. Guidance is offered to support clinical decision making and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lewis
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Caroline Stokes
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Isobel Heyman
- Great Ormond Street Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Georgina Krebs
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Kim YJ, Radloff J, Murphy L, Lysaght C, Stokes C, Lin CC. The Effects of Collaborative Communication Methods on Interprofessional Students’ Discharge Decision Making: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Am J Occup Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2019.73s1-po6026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Date Presented 04/05/19
This quasi-experimental study with two groups examined the effects of face-to-face communication and written communication (documentation review) among OT, PT, and physician assistant students who made discharge decisions for a standardized patient in acute care. The findings advance the knowledge of the influences on effective communication among healthcare teams, how decision making differs between professions, and considerations for curricular planning.
Primary Author and Speaker: Young Joo Kim
Additional Authors and Speakers: Jennifer Radloff, Lynne Murphy, Christine Lysaght, C Stokes, Chia-Cheng Lin
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - C Stokes
- East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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6
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Schäfer SK, Weidner KJ, Becker N, Lass-Hennemann J, Stokes C, Lammert F, Köllner V. [Sensitivity and Specificity of the Reizdarm-Fragebogen]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2019; 69:382-388. [PMID: 30731510 DOI: 10.1055/a-0834-6207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Reizdarm-Fragebogen (RDF) is the first German questionnaire to assess subjectively perceived symptom severity of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Thus far, this was only possible in the context of a medical examination by a practitioner. The goal of the current study was to assess differences in RDF scores among IBS patients and other clinical and non-clinical populations. Further, the study aimed to define a cut-off score for the presence of IBS and thereby, to evaluate the RDF as screening instrument in IBS diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 372 individuals (62.6% male, mean age=41±17 years). 17.5% (of the sample) were IBS patients, 9.9% received treatment for chronic inflammatory bowel disease, 12.1% of the participants were recruited from a psychosomatic clinic, and 50.5% belonged to a control group. All participants filled out the 13 item RDF. RESULTS The IBS patients' RDF scores differed significantly from those of other clinical and non-clinical subsamples [t(98.82)=13.61, p<0.001]. Except for the subscale "bloating" this difference was consistently found for all RDF subscales ("diarrhea", "constipation", and "pain and feeling of tension"). With respect to the identification of a cut-off for IBS diagnosis, a score of 32 showed both good sensitivity (90.80%) and specificity (75.56%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The RDF is an efficient instrument for the assessment of subjectively perceived symptom severity in IBS. Based on the current findings and its good psychometric properties it can be used as a screening instrument for IBS in both clinical practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Schäfer
- Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Universität des Saarlandes
| | | | - Nicolas Becker
- Differentielle Psychologie und Psychodiagnostik, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken
| | | | - Caroline Stokes
- Medizinische Fakultät der Universität des Saarlandes, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastroenterologie und Endokrinologie, Homburg/Saar
| | - Frank Lammert
- Medizinische Fakultät der Universität des Saarlandes, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastroenterologie und Endokrinologie, Homburg/Saar
| | - Volker Köllner
- Abt. Psychosomatik und Verhaltenstherapie, Rehazentrum Seehof der Deutschen Rentenversicherung, Teltow.,Forschungsgruppe Psychosomatische Rehabilitation, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik, Centrum für Innere Medizin und Dermatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Kaiser R, Grotemeyer KC, Böhmer P, Stokes C, Held M, Lammert F, Lepper PM, Bals R, Wilkens H. Leberfunktionstests als prognostische Marker bei chronischer präkapillärer pulmonaler Hypertonie. Pneumologie 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1544898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Kaiser R, Grotemeyer KC, Böhmer P, Stokes C, Lepper PM, Bals R, Wilkens H. Beeinträchtigung der linksventrikulären Torsion bei pulmonaler Hypertonie. Pneumologie 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1544899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Kaiser R, Grotemeyer KC, Böhmer P, Stokes C, Lepper PM, Bals R, Wilkens H. Zusammenhang haemodynamischer Parameter mit zirkulierenden natriuretischen Peptiden bei präkapillärer pulmonaler Hypertonie. Pneumologie 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1544770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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McClure-Begley TD, Papke RL, Stone KL, Stokes C, Levy AD, Gelernter J, Xie P, Lindstrom J, Picciotto MR. Rare human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4 subunit (CHRNA4) variants affect expression and function of high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 348:410-20. [PMID: 24385388 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.209767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component in tobacco smoke, produces its behavioral effects through interactions with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). α4β2 nAChRs are the most abundant in mammalian brain, and converging evidence shows that this subtype mediates the rewarding and reinforcing effects of nicotine. A number of rare variants in the CHRNA4 gene that encode the α4 nAChR subunit have been identified in human subjects and appear to be underrepresented in a cohort of smokers. We compared three of these variants (α4R336C, α4P451L, and α4R487Q) to the common variant to determine their effects on α4β2 nAChR pharmacology. We examined [(3)H]epibatidine binding, interacting proteins, and phosphorylation of the α4 nAChR subunit with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in HEK 293 cells and voltage-clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We observed significant effects of the α4 variants on nAChR expression, subcellular distribution, and sensitivity to nicotine-induced receptor upregulation. Proteomic analysis of immunopurified α4β2 nAChRs incorporating the rare variants identified considerable differences in the intracellular interactomes due to these single amino acid substitutions. Electrophysiological characterization in X. laevis oocytes revealed alterations in the functional parameters of activation by nAChR agonists conferred by these α4 rare variants, as well as shifts in receptor function after incubation with nicotine. Taken together, these experiments suggest that genetic variation at CHRNA4 alters the assembly and expression of human α4β2 nAChRs, resulting in receptors that are more sensitive to nicotine exposure than those assembled with the common α4 variant. The changes in nAChR pharmacology could contribute to differences in responses to smoked nicotine in individuals harboring these rare variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D McClure-Begley
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (T.D.M.-B., A.D.L., J.G., M.R.P.); Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado (T.D.M.-B.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (R.L.P., C.S.); W.M. Keck Biotechnology Research Laboratory (K.S.), Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (A.D.L., M.R.P.), Department of Genetics (J.G., P.X.), and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.R.P.); Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut (J.G.); Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.X.); and Department of Neuroscience, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.L.)
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Lallès JP, Bizon A, Taekema A, Arnal ME, Stokes C, Bailey M, Smidt H, Jansman A, Koopmans S. P077 La diversité microbienne initiale influence la physiologie digestive chez le porc. NUTR CLIN METAB 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0985-0562(13)70409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Zachariah R, Bienvenue B, Ayada L, Manzi M, Maalim A, Engy E, Jemmy JP, Ibrahim Said A, Hassan A, Abdulrahaman F, Abdulrahman O, Bseiso J, Amin H, Michalski D, Oberreit J, Draguez B, Stokes C, Reid T, Harries AD. Practicing medicine without borders: tele-consultations and tele-mentoring for improving paediatric care in a conflict setting in Somalia? Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17:1156-62. [PMID: 22845678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In a district hospital in conflict-torn Somalia, we assessed (i) the impact of introducing telemedicine on the quality of paediatric care, and (ii) the added value as perceived by local clinicians. METHODS A 'real-time' audio-visual exchange of information on paediatric cases (Audiosoft Technologies, Quebec, Canada) took place between clinicians in Somalia and a paediatrician in Nairobi. The study involved a retrospective analysis of programme data, and a perception study among the local clinicians. RESULTS Of 3920 paediatric admissions, 346 (9%) were referred for telemedicine. In 222 (64%) children, a significant change was made to initial case management, while in 88 (25%), a life-threatening condition was detected that had been initially missed. There was a progressive improvement in the capacity of clinicians to manage complicated cases as demonstrated by a significant linear decrease in changes to initial case management for meningitis and convulsions (92-29%, P = 0.001), lower respiratory tract infection (75-45%, P = 0.02) and complicated malnutrition (86-40%, P = 0.002). Adverse outcomes (deaths and lost to follow-up) fell from 7.6% in 2010 (without telemedicine) to 5.4% in 2011 with telemedicine (30% reduction, odds ratio 0.70, 95% CI: 0.57-0.88, P = -0.001). The number needed to be treated through telemedicine to prevent one adverse outcome was 45. All seven clinicians involved with telemedicine rated it to be of high added value. CONCLUSION The introduction of telemedicine significantly improved quality of paediatric care in a remote conflict setting and was of high added value to distant clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zachariah
- Medecins sans Frontieres, Brussels Operational Centre, Luxembourg, Belgium.
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13
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Dawson R, Messina SM, Stokes C, Salyani S, Alcalay N, De Fiebre NC, De Fiebre CM. Solid-Phase Extraction and HPLC Assay of Nicotine and Cotinine in Plasma and Brain. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 12:45-58. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510209167935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Inman CF, Haverson K, Konstantinov SR, Jones PH, Harris C, Smidt H, Miller B, Bailey M, Stokes C. Rearing environment affects development of the immune system in neonates. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:431-9. [PMID: 20184618 PMCID: PMC2883114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life exposure to appropriate microbial flora drives expansion and development of an efficient immune system. Aberrant development results in increased likelihood of allergic disease or increased susceptibility to infection. Thus, factors affecting microbial colonization may also affect the direction of immune responses in later life. There is a need for a manipulable animal model of environmental influences on the development of microbiota and the immune system during early life. We assessed the effects of rearing under low- (farm, sow) and high-hygiene (isolator, milk formula) conditions on intestinal microbiota and immune development in neonatal piglets, because they can be removed from the mother in the first 24 h for rearing under controlled conditions and, due to placental structure, neither antibody nor antigen is transferred in utero. Microbiota in both groups was similar between 2 and 5 days. However, by 12-28 days, piglets reared on the mother had more diverse flora than siblings reared in isolators. Dendritic cells accumulated in the intestinal mucosa in both groups, but more rapidly in isolator piglets. Importantly, the minority of 2-5-day-old farm piglets whose microbiota resembled that of an older (12-28-day-old) pig also accumulated dendritic cells earlier than the other farm-reared piglets. Consistent with dendritic cell control of T cell function, the effects on T cells occurred at later time-points, and mucosal T cells from high-hygiene, isolator pigs made less interleukin (IL)-4 while systemic T cells made more IL-2. Neonatal piglets may be a valuable model for studies of the effects of interaction between microbiota and immune development on allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Inman
- Divisions of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Immunity, School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, UK.
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15
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Birchall M, Inman C, Laycock G, Sait L, Vandeimen P, Rees L, Cogan T, Phillips A, Burt R, Mitchard L, Ayling S, Stokes C, Humphrey T, Stevens M, Bailey M. The development of upper airway mucosal immune architecture depends on peri-natal bacterial colonisation. Clin Otolaryngol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2008.01747_3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Stokes C, Moran GP, Spiering MJ, Cole GT, Coleman DC, Sullivan DJ. Lower filamentation rates of Candida dubliniensis contribute to its lower virulence in comparison with Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol 2007; 44:920-31. [PMID: 17251042 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis are very closely related yeast species. In this study, we have conducted a thorough comparison of the ability of the two species to produce hyphae and their virulence in two infection models. Under all induction conditions tested C. albicans consistently produced hyphae more efficiently than C. dubliniensis. In the oral reconstituted human epithelial model, C. dubliniensis isolates grew exclusively in the yeast form, while the C. albicans strains produced abundant hyphae that invaded and caused significant damage to the epithelial tissue. In the oral-intragastric infant mouse infection model, C. dubliniensis strains were more rapidly cleared from the gastrointestinal tract than C. albicans. Immunosuppression of Candida-infected mice caused dissemination to internal organs by both species, but C. albicans was found to be far more effective at dissemination than C. dubliniensis. These data suggest that a major reason for the comparatively low virulence of C. dubliniensis is its lower capacity to produce hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stokes
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental School and Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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17
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Barker E, Murison P, Macchiarini P, Jones A, Otto C, Rothkoetter HJ, Haverson K, Bailey M, Birchall M, Stokes C. Early immunological changes associated with laryngeal transplantation in a major histocompatibility complex-matched pig model. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 146:503-8. [PMID: 17100771 PMCID: PMC1810420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal transplantation is an increasingly viable proposition for patients with irreversible diseases of the larynx. One human transplant has been performed successfully, but many questions remain before routine transplantation can begin. In order to measure the immunological changes in mismatched transplants, it is first necessary to know the immediate combined effects of ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) plus the added insult of major surgery in a fully matched setting. We measured the changes in immunologically active mucosal cells following 3 h of cold ischaemia and 8 h of in situ reperfusion in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched minipig model (n = 4). Biopsies were prepared for quantitative, multiple-colour immunofluorescence histology. The number of immunologically active cells was significantly altered above (supraglottis) and below (subglottis) the vocal cords following transplantation and reperfusion (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively). However, the direction of the change differed between the two subsites: cell numbers decreased post-transplant in the supraglottis and increased in the subglottis. Despite the statistical evidence for IRI, these changes were less than the large normal inter- and intrapig variation in cell counts. Therefore, the significance of IRI in exacerbating loss of function or rejection of a laryngeal allograft is open to question. Longer-term studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barker
- Laryngeal Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Bailey M, Haverson K, Inman C, Harris C, Jones P, Corfield G, Miller B, Stokes C. The development of the mucosal immune system pre- and post-weaning: balancing regulatory and effector function. Proc Nutr Soc 2006; 64:451-7. [PMID: 16313686 DOI: 10.1079/pns2005452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system fulfils the primary function of defence against potential pathogens that may enter across vulnerable surface epithelia. However, a secondary function of the intestinal immune system is to discriminate between pathogen-associated and 'harmless' antigens, expressing active responses against the former and tolerance to the latter. Control of immune responses appears to be an active process, involving local generation of IgA and of regulatory and/or regulated T lymphocytes. Two important periods of maximum exposure to novel antigens occur in the young animal, immediately after birth and at weaning. In both cases the antigenic composition of the intestinal contents can shift suddenly, as a result of a novel diet and of colonisation by novel strains and species of bacteria. Changes in lifestyles of man, and husbandry of animals, have resulted in weaning becoming much more abrupt than previously in evolution, increasing the number of antigens that must be simultaneously evaluated by neonates. Thus, birth and weaning are likely to represent hazard and critical control points in the development of appropriate responses to pathogens and harmless dietary and commensal antigens. Neonates are born with relatively undeveloped mucosal immune systems. At birth this factor may prevent both expression of active immune responses and development of tolerance. However, colonisation by intestinal flora expands the mucosal immune system in antigen-specific and non-specific ways. At weaning antibody to fed proteins can be detected, indicating active immune responses to fed proteins. It is proposed that under normal conditions the ability of the mucosal immune system to mount active responses to foreign antigens develops simultaneously with the ability to control and regulate such responses. Problems arise when one or other arm of the immune system develops inappropriately, resulting in inappropriate effector responses to harmless food proteins (allergy) or inadequate responses to pathogens (disease susceptibility).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bailey
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
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Bliss TM, Kelly S, Shah AK, Foo WC, Kohli P, Stokes C, Sun GH, Ma M, Masel J, Kleppner SR, Schallert T, Palmer T, Steinberg GK. Transplantation of hNT neurons into the ischemic cortex: Cell survival and effect on sensorimotor behavior. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:1004-14. [PMID: 16496370 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplantation offers a potential new treatment for stroke. Animal studies using models that produce ischemic damage in both the striatum and the frontal cortex have shown beneficial effects when hNT cells (postmitotic immature neurons) were transplanted into the ischemic striatum. In this study, we investigated the effect of hNT cells in a model of stroke in which the striatum remains intact and damage is restricted to the cortex. hNT cells were transplanted into the ischemic cortex 1 week after stroke induced by distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAo). The cells exhibited robust survival at 4 weeks posttransplant even at the lesion border. hNT cells did not migrate, but they did extend long neurites into the surrounding parenchyma mainly through the white matter. Neurite extension was predominantly toward the lesion in ischemic animals but was bidirectional in uninjured animals. Extension of neurites through the cortex toward the lesion was also seen when there was some surviving cortical tissue between the graft and the infarct. Prolonged deficits were obtained in four tests of sensory-motor function. hNT-transplanted animals showed a significant improvement in functional recovery on one motor test, but there was no effect on the other three tests relative to control animals. Thus, despite clear evidence of graft survival and neurite extension, the functional benefit of hNT cells after ischemia is not guaranteed. Functional benefit could depend on other variables, such as infarct location, whether the cells mature, the behavioral tests employed, rehabilitation training, or as yet unidentified factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Bliss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
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Bailey M, Haverson K, Inman C, Harris C, Jones P, Corfield G, Miller B, Stokes C. The influence of environment on development of the mucosal immune system. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:189-98. [PMID: 16102842 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system expresses active responses against pathogens and also tolerance against harmless food and commensal bacterial antigens. The mechanisms that determine which of these outcomes occur after recognition of antigens by T-cells are not clear. One possibility is that it is determined by the initial interaction between a dendritic and a naïve T-cell in organised lymphoid tissue. However, such organised structures are, evolutionarily, quite recent and the original immune system must have made appropriate responses in more diffuse immunological architecture; a second possibility is that the critical interaction is between primed T-cells and their environment, in the lamina propria of the intestine. The mucosal immune system of neonates is poorly developed and inefficient at expressing appropriate immune responses. Development is influenced by a range of environmental factors including maternally derived antigen or antibody and commensal flora and pathogens. The intestine is a complex immunological structure in which the immune system and the macro- and microenvironment interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bailey
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
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Abstract
A previous epidemiological study found an association between high sugar consumption and two year outcome of schizophrenia. The primary aim of the present pilot study was to assess the possible relationship between dietary sugar intake and the severity of schizophrenic symptoms in a group of 20 patients. A significant negative correlation (r = -0.54, p = 0.02) between dietary sugar and severity of schizophrenic symptoms, appears to be confounded by the effect of medication. Patients taking the antipsychotic drug clozapine consumed almost twice as much sugar as those taking other antipsychotic agents, (235.4+/-92.6 g/day versus 143+/-59, p = 0.02) and had less severe symptoms. Consumption of other nutrients showed no association with clozapine treatment. In a secondary analysis, severity of schizophrenic symptoms correlated with dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (r = -0.54, p = 0.02) and this was independent of the effect of medication. This finding is consistent with earlier studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Stokes
- Rotherham Mental Health Services, Swallownest Court, Sheffield, S26 4TH, UK
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Abstract
The importance of omega-3 fatty acids for physical health is now well recognised and there is increasing evidence that omega-3 fatty acids may also be important to mental health. The two main omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have important biological functions in the CNS. DHA is a major structural component of neuronal membranes, and changing the fatty acid composition of neuronal membranes leads to functional changes in the activity of receptors and other proteins embedded in the membrane phospholipid. EPA has important physiological functions that can affect neuronal activity. Epidemiological studies indicate an association between depression and low dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids, and biochemical studies have shown reduced levels of omega-3 fatty acids in red blood cell membranes in both depressive and schizophrenic patients. Five of six double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in schizophrenia, and four of six such trials in depression, have reported therapeutic benefit from omega-3 fatty acids in either the primary or secondary statistical analysis, particularly when EPA is added on to existing psychotropic medication. Individual clinical trials have suggested benefits of EPA treatment in borderline personality disorder and of combined omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The evidence to date supports the adjunctive use of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of treatment unresponsive depression and schizophrenia. As these conditions are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus, omega-3 fatty acids should also benefit the physical state of these patients. However, as the clinical research evidence is preliminary, large, and definitive randomised controlled trials similar to those required for the licensing of any new pharmacological treatment are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Peet
- Swallownest Court Hospital, Doncaster and South Humber Healthcare NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK.
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Dawson Jr R, Messina SM, Stokes C, Salyani S, Alcalay N, de Fiebre NC, de Fiebre CM. SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION AND HPLC ASSAY OF NICOTINE AND COTININE IN PLASMA AND BRAIN. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/10517230252875895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stokes
- Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK
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25
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Healton C, Messeri P, Reynolds J, Wolfe C, Stokes C, Ross J, Flint K, Robb W, Farrelly M. Tobacco use among middle and high school students--United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000; 49:49-53. [PMID: 10725970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Healton
- American Legacy Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
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26
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Gupton JT, Burham BS, Byrd BD, Krumpe KE, Stokes C, Shuford J, Winkle S, Webb T, Warren AE, Barnes CR, Henry J, Hall IH. The cytotoxicity and mode of action of 2,3,4-trisubstituted pyrroles and related derivatives in human Tmolt4 leukemia cells. Pharmazie 1999; 54:691-7. [PMID: 10522273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
4-Carbethoxy-1-methyl-2-phenacyl-3-phenylpyrrole (9), 4-carbethoxy-2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrrole (10) and 2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-3,4-bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrrole (11) proved to be potent cytotoxic agents against the growth of murine and human leukemias and lymphomas. Selective toxicity was demonstrated against the growth of solid tumors, e.g., human adenocarcinoma of the colon SW480 and ileum HCT-8, glioma U-87-MG, and rat UMR-106 osteosarcoma. A mode of action study in Tmolt4 leukemia cells demonstrated that the agents inhibited de novo purine synthesis at the regulatory sites PRPP-amido transferase, IMP dehydrogenase as well as dihydrofolate reductase resulting in significant inhibition of DNA synthesis in 60 min. Other biochemical sites which were affected significantly were thymidylate synthetase, DNA polymerase alpha, RNA polymerases, nucleoside kinase and ribonucleoside reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Gupton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Ashville, USA
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27
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Webster JC, Francis MM, Porter JK, Robinson G, Stokes C, Horenstein B, Papke RL. Antagonist activities of mecamylamine and nicotine show reciprocal dependence on beta subunit sequence in the second transmembrane domain. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127:1337-48. [PMID: 10455283 PMCID: PMC1760656 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that a portion of the TM2 domain regulates the sensitivity of beta subunit-containing rat neuronal nicotinic AChR to the ganglionic blocker mecamylamine, such that the substitution of 4 amino acids of the muscle beta subunit sequence into the neuronal beta4 sequence decreases the potency of mecamylamine by a factor of 200 and eliminates any long-term effects of this drug on receptor function. The same exchange of sequence that decreases inhibition by mecamylamine produces a comparable potentiation of long-term inhibition by nicotine. Inhibition by mecamylamine is voltage-dependent, suggesting a direct interaction of mecamylamine with sequence elements within the membrane field. We have previously shown that sensitivity to TMP (tetramethylpiperidine) inhibitors is controlled by the same sequence elements that determine mecamylamine sensitivity. However, inhibition by bis-TMP compounds is independent of voltage. Our experiments did not show any influence of voltage on the inhibition of chimeric receptors by nicotine, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of nicotine are mediated by binding to a site outside the membrane's electric field. An analysis of point mutations indicates that the residues at the 6' position within the beta subunit TM2 domain may be important for determining the effects of both mecamylamine and nicotine in a reciprocal manner. Single mutations at the 10' position are not sufficient to produce effects, but 6' 10' double mutants show more effect than do the 6' single mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Webster
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0267, USA
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28
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Abstract
This article discusses the empirical study of reform in the human resource management function in the Hong Kong Hospital Authority. It describes the prior management of the hospitals based on the civil service administration model before looking at management reform in general. From this research, the creative tensions between the centrifugal and centripetal forces in the pursuit of 'effectiveness', 'efficiency' and 'economy' are explored in terms of decentralization. A survey of line managers, in eleven Hospital Authority hospitals, revealed the progress of decentralization: a majority of respondents felt that, over the previous five years, managers at their level had been given greater responsibility for human resource management issues. In spite of the widespread perception of increased decentralization, however, it was recognized that there are limits to decentralization. It was the routine administration rather than the policy formulation and interpretation which had been decentralized, and hospitals continued to rely on the Hospital Authority Head of Office for guidance on policy interpretation. Several barriers to the effective decentralization of responsibility for human resource management were identified, including a lack of management skill, knowledge and time, the attitudes of some managers and the tight control of budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thompson
- Department of Management, Hong Kong Polytechnic University
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Abstract
This study found CD4+ T cells present in leucocyte populations isolated from the lamina propria of the pig to be almost exclusively CD45RC-, consistent with their being highly differentiated by exposure to antigen. Following activation in vitro these cells up-regulated expression of IL-2R with similar kinetics to splenic CD4+ cells. However, while splenic cells progressively secreted IL-2 into cultures during the first 24 h, IL-2 was not detected in supernatants of lamina propria cells after 8 h. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed that this reflected a transcriptional difference: IL-2 transcripts were detected in cultures of splenic and lamina propria cells in the first few hours after activation but persisted only in splenic cells. In contrast, IL-4 transcripts were strongly expressed by activated lamina propria cells. Cell-cycle analysis demonstrated that fewer lamina propria CD4+ cells progressed into S-phase than did splenic CD4+ cells (26.0 11.1% and 45.0 11.3% respectively, P=0.011). Our results suggest that CD4+ T cells in these populations are differentiated effector cells whose potential for expansion may be dependent upon local factors. Such cells may be targets for immunoregulation by their local microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bailey
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
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30
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Brodersen R, Bijlsma F, Gori K, Jensen KT, Chen W, Dominguez J, Haverson K, Moore PF, Saalmüller A, Sachs D, Slierendrecht WJ, Stokes C, Vainio O, Zuckermann F, Aasted B. Analysis of the immunological cross reactivities of 213 well characterized monoclonal antibodies with specificities against various leucocyte surface antigens of human and 11 animal species. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 64:1-13. [PMID: 9656427 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
213 Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against leucocyte surface antigens from human and 11 animal species were analyzed for reactivities against leucocytes from human and 15 different animal species. We found 77 mAbs (36%) to cross-react. Altogether, 217 cross reactions were registered out of 3195 possible combinations (7%). Most of the cross reacting mAbs had integrin or MHC class II specificities. This study defined cross reactions on the following markers: CD1a, 1c, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11a, 11b, 14, 18, 20, 21, 23, 29, 31, 41, 43, 44, 45, 45R, 46, 49, 61, 62L, TCR gamma/delta, BCR, Thy-1, MHC class I and MHC class II, Swine-WC7 and Cattle-WC1. In order to characterize the molecular weight (MW) of the corresponding cross reacting antigens, selected mAbs were used to immunoprecipitate the antigens. The MW's of the analyzed precipitated antigens were in good agreement with the MWs of the homologous antigens. The followed strategy was found to be efficient and economical in defining new leucocyte antigen reactive mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brodersen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Saalmüller A, Pauly T, Aasted B, Jensen KT, Sachs DH, Arn S, Davis WC, Park YH, McCullough K, Summerfield A, Murtaugh M, Pampusch MS, Burger KD, Laber J, Nielsen J, Pescovitz MD, Stokes C, Haverson K, Boyd P, Lunney JK. Summary of the first round analyses of the Second International Swine CD Workshop. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 60:237-49. [PMID: 9589562 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(97)00100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of 176 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) submitted to the Second International Swine CD Workshop, together with 19 internal standards, was analyzed by flow cytometry on 16 different cell types as a means of establishing the proper cell subset for later detailed clustering analyses. The exact CD subset reactivity of the 19 internal standard mAb had been characterized in the First International Swine CD Workshop. The flow cytometric analyses resulted in 40 data sets which were then subjected to statistical clustering using the Leukocyte Typing Database IV (LTDB4) software. As result of this work, 22 clusters were defined. After review of these results, panels of mAb from the defined first round clusters were assigned to cell subsets. The respective mAb in those first round clusters were then distributed to subset group researchers for further examination during the second round of the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saalmüller
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Tübingen, Germany
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32
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Aasted B, Gori K, Dominguez J, Ezquerra A, Bullido R, Arn S, Bianchi A, Binns R, Chu RM, Davis WC, Denham S, Haverson K, Jensen KT, Kim YB, Magyar A, Petersen KR, Saalmüller A, Sachs D, Schütt C, Shimizu M, Stokes C, Whittall T, Yang H, Zuckermann F. Immunoprecipitation studies of monoclonal antibodies submitted to the Second International Swine CD Workshop. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 60:229-36. [PMID: 9589561 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(97)00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Aasted
- Department of Veterinary Virology and Immunology, Royal Veterinary University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Boynton WR, Murray L, Hagy JD, Stokes C, Kemp WM. A Comparative Analysis of Eutrophication Patterns in a Temperate Coastal Lagoon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.2307/1352459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
The Missouri Department of Health realized it had a problem with 67 different information systems that ran on different platforms and could not communicate with one another. A new, integrated information system, the Missouri Health Strategic Architectures and Information Cooperative (MOHSAIC) is being developed based on information engineering (IE). This article describes IE, the process of developing MOHSAIC, and some key lessons learned in developing the system. Some of the lessons learned include the importance of executive sponsorship, tension between efficiency and program accountability, importance of confidentiality, and difficulties of funding an integrated system. The article stresses how integrated information systems will be important for the viability of public health under health care reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Land
- Missouri Department of Health, USA
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36
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Kambarage DM, Bland P, Stokes C. Comparison of the requirement of porcine peripheral blood monocytes and intestinal lamina propria macrophages as accessory cells in primary allogeneic mixed leukocyte responses and oxidative mitogenesis. J Vet Med Sci 1995; 57:617-21. [PMID: 8519887 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.57.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences and/or similarities of the accessory cell activity of circulating peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) and intestinal lamina propria macrophages (LPM) in the pig have never been evaluated. Therefore this study was designed to compare the accessory cell activity of these cells in the induction of primary allogeneic mixed leukocyte responses (MLR) and polyclonal mitogenesis. Splenic adherent cells (SPAC) were used as control accessory cells. It was observed that PBM, LPM and SPAC induced significant T cell proliferation in response to allo-antigens. Significantly higher responses were elicited by SPAC, followed by PBM whereas, LPM induced low responses when cultures were established a T cell: accessory cell ratio of 1:1. PBM was the only accessory cell which induced significant responses at a cell ratio of 10:1. Whereas LPM and SPAC were able to induce significant oxidative mitogenesis, PBM were poor stimulators of this response. The observed difference between PBM, SPAC and LPM is attributed partly to differences in number of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II positive cells and the intensity of expression of the glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Kambarage
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine, University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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37
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Abstract
Although intestinal macrophages stimulated significant T cell responses to MHC class II antigens and polyclonalmitogens, they were weak stimulators of ovalbumin-driven responses. These cells showed numerous and large endocytic vacuoles, lysosomes and phagolysosomes which may be indicative of active phagocytosis during the isolation process. The poor antigen presenting activity of the cells in protein antigen-elicited may be an in vitro artifact attributed to acquired inefficiency in antigen uptake and/or processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kambarage
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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38
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Gandara DR, Harvey WH, Monaghan GG, Perez EA, Stokes C, Bryson JC, Finn AL, Hesketh PJ. The delayed-emesis syndrome from cisplatin: phase III evaluation of ondansetron versus placebo. Semin Oncol 1992; 19:67-71. [PMID: 1387253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin may evoke both an acute emetic response during the first 24 hours following treatment and a less well-recognized syndrome of delayed emesis. While delayed emesis is usually less severe in terms of frequency of vomiting episodes, the problem continues to result in significant morbidity. In comparison with acute emesis, the exact pathogenesis of the delayed emesis syndrome remains unclear. Although a combination of oral metoclopramide and dexamethasone is effective in many patients in preventing delayed emesis, almost 50% continue to experience at least one emetic episode when treated with this regimen. A phase III multicenter study has evaluated oral ondansetron versus placebo in the prevention of the delayed-emesis syndrome in 50 patients during days 2 through 5 following high-dose cisplatin administration. Although the daily rates of complete emetic control, failure, and control of nausea favor ondansetron, this trial is statistically inconclusive in establishing efficacy of ondansetron as a single agent in the prevention of delayed emesis. Ondansetron was well tolerated in the dose and schedule used.
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Wells L, Heiney SP, Swygert E, Troficanto G, Stokes C. Psychosocial stressors, coping resources, and information needs of parents of adolescent cancer patients. J Assoc Pediatr Oncol Nurses 1989; 6:23-4. [PMID: 2738842 DOI: 10.1177/104345428900600213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Baumann MA, Paul CC, Stokes C, Bernstein JM. Modulation of monocyte Mo2 surface antigen expression by exposure to respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Hematol 1987; 25:337-40. [PMID: 2440300 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830250314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Mo2 antibody recognizes a monocyte-specific cell surface antigen of unknown function. Upward modulation of Mo2 surface epitope density was demonstrated in response to 72-hr culture of monocytes with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), but this was not seen after culture with phytohemagglutinin or other respiratory viruses. Monoclonal antibody probes for RSV proteins were used to demonstrate probable replication of RSV proteins in peripheral blood monocytes and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. These data provide possible clues to the biologic role of the Mo2 antigen.
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Smith CL, Homentowski E, Stokes C. Direct nondestructive pumping of ruby lasers by chemical means. Appl Opt 1967; 6:1130-1131. [PMID: 20062141 DOI: 10.1364/ao.6.001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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