1
|
Abdul Halim A, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Allekotte I, Cheminant KA, Almela A, Aloisio R, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Yebra JA, Anastasi GA, Anchordoqui L, Andrada B, Andringa S, Anukriti, Apollonio L, Aramo C, Ferreira PRA, Arnone E, Velázquez JCA, Assis P, Avila G, Avocone E, Bakalova A, Barbato F, Mocellin AB, Bellido JA, Berat C, Bertaina ME, Bhatta G, Bianciotto M, Biermann PL, Binet V, Bismark K, Bister T, Biteau J, Blazek J, Bleve C, Blümer J, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Arbeletche LB, Borodai N, Brack J, Orchera PGB, Briechle FL, Bueno A, Buitink S, Buscemi M, Büsken M, Bwembya A, Caballero-Mora KS, Cabana-Freire S, Caccianiga L, Caruso R, Castellina A, Catalani F, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cerda M, Cermenati A, Chinellato JA, Chudoba J, Chytka L, Clay RW, Cerutti ACC, Colalillo R, Coleman A, Coluccia MR, Conceição R, Condorelli A, Consolati G, Conte M, Convenga F, Dos Santos DC, Costa PJ, Covault CE, Cristinziani M, Sanchez CSC, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, de Jesús J, de Jong SJ, Neto JRTDM, De Mitri I, de Oliveira J, Franco DDO, de Palma F, de Souza V, de Errico BPDS, De Vito E, Del Popolo A, Deligny O, Denner N, Deval L, di Matteo A, Dobre M, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Mendes LMD, Dorosti Q, Dos Anjos JC, Dos Anjos RC, Ebr J, Ellwanger F, Emam M, Engel R, Epicoco I, Erdmann M, Etchegoyen A, Evoli C, Falcke H, Farmer J, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Feldbusch F, Fenu F, Fernandes A, Fick B, Figueira JM, Filipčič A, Fitoussi T, Flaggs B, Fodran T, Fujii T, Fuster A, Galea C, Galelli C, García B, Gaudu C, Gemmeke H, Gesualdi F, Gherghel-Lascu A, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Glombitza J, Gobbi F, Gollan F, Golup G, Berisso MG, Vitale PFG, Gongora JP, González JM, González N, Goos I, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gottowik M, Grubb TD, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Guido E, Gülzow L, Hahn S, Hamal P, Hampel MR, Hansen P, Harari D, Harvey VM, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Hojvat C, Hörandel JR, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Insolia A, Isar PG, Janecek P, Jilek V, Johnsen JA, Jurysek J, Kampert KH, Keilhauer B, Khakurdikar A, Covilakam VVK, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Knapp F, Köhler J, Kunka N, Lago BL, Langner N, de Oliveira MAL, Lema-Capeans Y, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Lopes L, Lu L, Luce Q, Lundquist JP, Payeras AM, Majercakova M, Mandat D, Manning BC, Mantsch P, Marafico S, Mariani FM, Mariazzi AG, Mariş IC, Marsella G, Martello D, Martinelli S, Bravo OM, Martins MA, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthiae G, Mayotte E, Mayotte S, Mazur PO, Medina-Tanco G, Meinert J, Melo D, Menshikov A, Merx C, Michal S, Micheletti MI, Miramonti L, Mollerach S, Montanet F, Morejon L, Morello C, Mulrey K, Mussa R, Namasaka WM, Negi S, Nellen L, Nguyen K, Nicora G, Niechciol M, Nitz D, Nosek D, Novotny V, Nožka L, Nucita A, Núñez LA, Oliveira C, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Panja S, Parente G, Paulsen T, Pawlowsky J, Pech M, Pękala J, Pelayo R, Pereira LAS, Martins EEP, Armand JP, Bertolli CP, Perrone L, Petrera S, Petrucci C, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Platino M, Pont B, Pothast M, Shahvar MP, Privitera P, Prouza M, Puyleart A, Querchfeld S, Rautenberg J, Ravignani D, Akim JVR, Reininghaus M, Ridky J, Riehn F, Risse M, Rizi V, de Carvalho WR, Rodriguez E, Rojo JR, Roncoroni MJ, Rossoni S, Roth M, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Ruehl P, Saftoiu A, Saharan M, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salina G, Gomez JDS, Sánchez F, Santos EM, Santos E, Sarazin F, Sarmento R, Sato R, Savina P, Schäfer CM, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schimassek M, Schimp M, Schmidt D, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovánek P, Schröder FG, Schulte J, Schulz T, Sciutto SJ, Scornavacche M, Segreto A, Sehgal S, Shivashankara SU, Sigl G, Silli G, Sima O, Simkova K, Simon F, Smau R, Šmída R, Sommers P, Soriano JF, Squartini R, Stadelmaier M, Stanič S, Stasielak J, Stassi P, Strähnz S, Straub M, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Svozilikova Z, Szadkowski Z, Tairli F, Tapia A, Taricco C, Timmermans C, Tkachenko O, Tobiska P, Peixoto CJT, Tomé B, Torrès Z, Travaini A, Travnicek P, Trimarelli C, Tueros M, Unger M, Vaclavek L, Vacula M, Galicia JFV, Valore L, Varela E, Vásquez-Ramírez A, Veberič D, Ventura C, Quispe IDV, Verzi V, Vicha J, Vink J, Vorobiov S, Watanabe C, Watson AA, Weindl A, Wiencke L, Wilczyński H, Wittkowski D, Wundheiler B, Yue B, Yushkov A, Zapparrata O, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M. Demonstrating Agreement between Radio and Fluorescence Measurements of the Depth of Maximum of Extensive Air Showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory. Phys Rev Lett 2024; 132:021001. [PMID: 38277596 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.021001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
We show, for the first time, radio measurements of the depth of shower maximum (X_{max}) of air showers induced by cosmic rays that are compared to measurements of the established fluorescence method at the same location. Using measurements at the Pierre Auger Observatory we show full compatibility between our radio and the previously published fluorescence dataset, and between a subset of air showers observed simultaneously with both radio and fluorescence techniques, a measurement setup unique to the Pierre Auger Observatory. Furthermore, we show radio X_{max} resolution as a function of energy and demonstrate the ability to make competitive high-resolution X_{max} measurements with even a sparse radio array. With this, we show that the radio technique is capable of cosmic-ray mass composition studies, both at Auger and at other experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Abdul Halim
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - P Abreu
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Aglietta
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
| | - I Allekotte
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | | | - A Almela
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Aloisio
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - J Alvarez-Muñiz
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Ammerman Yebra
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - G A Anastasi
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
| | - L Anchordoqui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - B Andrada
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Andringa
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anukriti
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - L Apollonio
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
| | - C Aramo
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - E Arnone
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
| | | | - P Assis
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - G Avila
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - E Avocone
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - A Bakalova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Barbato
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | | | - J A Bellido
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru
| | - C Berat
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M E Bertaina
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
| | - G Bhatta
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Bianciotto
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
| | - P L Biermann
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete-San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio Atmósfera-Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones-UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
- University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - V Binet
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
| | - K Bismark
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Bister
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Biteau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
| | - J Blazek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C Bleve
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J Blümer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Boháčová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Boncioli
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - C Bonifazi
- International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete-San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - N Borodai
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - J Brack
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete-San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio Atmósfera-Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones-UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
- University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - P G Brichetto Orchera
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F L Briechle
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Bueno
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - S Buitink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Buscemi
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy
| | - M Büsken
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Bwembya
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - S Cabana-Freire
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L Caccianiga
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
| | - R Caruso
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
| | - A Castellina
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
| | - F Catalani
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Cataldi
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - L Cazon
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Cerda
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - A Cermenati
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - J A Chinellato
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Chudoba
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Chytka
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - R W Clay
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A C Cobos Cerutti
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - R Colalillo
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
| | - A Coleman
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | | | - R Conceição
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Condorelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
| | - G Consolati
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
| | - M Conte
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - F Convenga
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - P J Costa
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C E Covault
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - M Cristinziani
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - C S Cruz Sanchez
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - S Dasso
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K Daumiller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B R Dawson
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - R M de Almeida
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J de Jesús
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S J de Jong
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J R T de Mello Neto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - I De Mitri
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - J de Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil
| | | | - F de Palma
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - V de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B P de Souza de Errico
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E De Vito
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - A Del Popolo
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
| | - O Deligny
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - N Denner
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Deval
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - M Dobre
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - C Dobrigkeit
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J C D'Olivo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - L M Domingues Mendes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Q Dorosti
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - J C Dos Anjos
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R C Dos Anjos
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
| | - J Ebr
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Ellwanger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Emam
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - I Epicoco
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - M Erdmann
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Etchegoyen
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Evoli
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - H Falcke
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - J Farmer
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - G Farrar
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - A C Fauth
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Fazzini
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete-San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio Atmósfera-Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones-UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
- University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - F Feldbusch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Fenu
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Fernandes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - B Fick
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - J M Figueira
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Filipčič
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - T Fitoussi
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Flaggs
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - T Fodran
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T Fujii
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - A Fuster
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Galea
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C Galelli
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
| | - B García
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - C Gaudu
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H Gemmeke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Gesualdi
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Gherghel-Lascu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - P L Ghia
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - J Glombitza
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - F Gobbi
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - F Gollan
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Golup
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - M Gómez Berisso
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P F Gómez Vitale
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - J P Gongora
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - J M González
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - N González
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I Goos
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - D Góra
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Gorgi
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
| | - M Gottowik
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T D Grubb
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - F Guarino
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
| | - G P Guedes
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - E Guido
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - L Gülzow
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Hahn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Hamal
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M R Hampel
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Hansen
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - D Harari
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - V M Harvey
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Hebbeker
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - C Hojvat
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete-San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio Atmósfera-Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones-UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
- University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - J R Hörandel
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Horvath
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - T Huege
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Insolia
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
| | - P G Isar
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - P Janecek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Jilek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J A Johnsen
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - J Jurysek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K-H Kampert
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - B Keilhauer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Khakurdikar
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - V V Kizakke Covilakam
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H O Klages
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kleifges
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Knapp
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Köhler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Kunka
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B L Lago
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil
| | - N Langner
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Y Lema-Capeans
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Letessier-Selvon
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - I Lhenry-Yvon
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - L Lopes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L Lu
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Q Luce
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J P Lundquist
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - A Machado Payeras
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Majercakova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Mandat
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - B C Manning
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - P Mantsch
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete-San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio Atmósfera-Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones-UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
- University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - S Marafico
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - F M Mariani
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
| | - A G Mariazzi
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Marsella
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy
| | - D Martello
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - S Martinelli
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - M A Martins
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - H-J Mathes
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Matthews
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete-San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio Atmósfera-Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones-UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
- University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - G Matthiae
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
| | - E Mayotte
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - S Mayotte
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - P O Mazur
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete-San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio Atmósfera-Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones-UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
- University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - G Medina-Tanco
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - J Meinert
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Menshikov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Merx
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Michal
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M I Micheletti
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
| | - L Miramonti
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
| | - S Mollerach
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - F Montanet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - L Morejon
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - C Morello
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
| | - K Mulrey
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Mussa
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - W M Namasaka
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Negi
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Nellen
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - K Nguyen
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - G Nicora
- Laboratorio Atmósfera-Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones-UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
| | - M Niechciol
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - D Nitz
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - D Nosek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Novotny
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Nožka
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - A Nucita
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - L A Núñez
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - C Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Palatka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Pallotta
- Laboratorio Atmósfera-Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones-UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
| | - S Panja
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Parente
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T Paulsen
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Pawlowsky
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Pech
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Pękala
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - R Pelayo
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - L A S Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - E E Pereira Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Perez Armand
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Pérez Bertolli
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Perrone
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - S Petrera
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - C Petrucci
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - T Pierog
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Pimenta
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Platino
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B Pont
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Pothast
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Pourmohammad Shahvar
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy
| | - P Privitera
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M Prouza
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Puyleart
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - S Querchfeld
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Rautenberg
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D Ravignani
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - M Reininghaus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Ridky
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Riehn
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Risse
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - V Rizi
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - E Rodriguez
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Rodriguez Rojo
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - M J Roncoroni
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Rossoni
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Roth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - E Roulet
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - A C Rovero
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Ruehl
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - A Saftoiu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - M Saharan
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F Salamida
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - H Salazar
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - G Salina
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
| | | | - F Sánchez
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E M Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Santos
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Sarazin
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - R Sarmento
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Sato
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - P Savina
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - C M Schäfer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - V Scherini
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Schimassek
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - M Schimp
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D Schmidt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O Scholten
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Schoorlemmer
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Schovánek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - J Schulte
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - T Schulz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S J Sciutto
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Scornavacche
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Segreto
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
| | - S Sehgal
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S U Shivashankara
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - G Sigl
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Silli
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O Sima
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - K Simkova
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Simon
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Smau
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - R Šmída
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - P Sommers
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete-San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio Atmósfera-Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones-UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
- University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - J F Soriano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - R Squartini
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - M Stadelmaier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
| | - S Stanič
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - J Stasielak
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - P Stassi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S Strähnz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Straub
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - T Suomijärvi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
| | - A D Supanitsky
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Z Svozilikova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Z Szadkowski
- University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland
| | - F Tairli
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Tapia
- Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - C Taricco
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
| | - C Timmermans
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O Tkachenko
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Tobiska
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C J Todero Peixoto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B Tomé
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Z Torrès
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Travaini
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - P Travnicek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C Trimarelli
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - M Tueros
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Unger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Vaclavek
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Vacula
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - J F Valdés Galicia
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - L Valore
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
| | - E Varela
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | | | - D Veberič
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Ventura
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - V Verzi
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
| | - J Vicha
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Vink
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Vorobiov
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - C Watanabe
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A A Watson
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete-San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio Atmósfera-Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones-UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
- University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Wiencke
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - H Wilczyński
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - D Wittkowski
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - B Wundheiler
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B Yue
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Yushkov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Zapparrata
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Zas
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D Zavrtanik
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Zavrtanik
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ventura C, Junco M, Santiago Valtierra FX, Gooz M, Zhiwei Y, Townsend DM, Woster PM, Maldonado EN. Synergism of small molecules targeting VDAC with sorafenib, regorafenib or lenvatinib on hepatocarcinoma cell proliferation and survival. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:176034. [PMID: 37652292 PMCID: PMC10586475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Voltage dependent anion channels (VDAC) in the outer mitochondrial membrane regulate the influx of metabolites that sustain mitochondrial metabolism and the efflux of ATP to the cytosol. Free tubulin and NADH close VDAC. The VDAC-binding small molecules X1 and SC18 modulate mitochondrial metabolism. X1 antagonizes the inhibitory effect of tubulin on VDAC. SC18 occupies an NADH-binding pocket in the inner wall of all VDAC isoforms. Here, we hypothesized that X1 and SC18 have a synergistic effect with sorafenib, regorafenib or lenvatinib to arrest proliferation and induce death in hepatocarcinoma cells. We used colony formation assays to determine cell proliferation, and a combination of calcein/propidium iodide, and trypan blue exclusion to assess cell death in the well differentiated Huh7 and the poorly differentiated SNU-449 cells. Synergism was assessed using the Chou-Talalay method. The inhibitory effect of X1, SC18, sorafenib, regorafenib and lenvatinib was concentration and time dependent. IC50s calculated from the inhibition of clonogenic capacity were lower than those determined from cell survival. At IC50s that inhibited cell proliferation, SC18 arrested cells in G0/G1. SC18 at 0.25-2 IC50s had a synergistic effect with sorafenib on clonogenic inhibition in Huh7 and SNU-449 cells, and with regorafenib or lenvatinib in SNU-449 cells. X1 or SC18 also had synergistic effects with sorafenib on promoting cell death at 0.5-2 IC50s for SC18 in Huh7 and SNU-449 cells. These results suggest that small molecules targeting VDAC represent a potential new class of drugs to treat liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ventura
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Institute for Immunological and Physiopathological Studies (IIFP), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - M Junco
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - F X Santiago Valtierra
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - M Gooz
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Y Zhiwei
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - D M Townsend
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - P M Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - E N Maldonado
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Floridi C, Cacioppa LM, Rossini N, Ventura C, Macchini M, Rosati M, Boscarato P, Torresi M, Candelari R, Giovagnoni A. Predictive factors of selective transarterial embolization failure in acute renal bleeding: a single-center experience. Emerg Radiol 2023; 30:597-606. [PMID: 37481680 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-023-02159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transarterial embolization of renal artery branches (RTE) is a minimally invasive procedure commonly performed in life-threatening renal bleeding of different etiologies. Despite the widespread use of RTE, no consensus guidelines are currently available. Our aim was to investigate clinical and technical efficacy and to identify potential predictors for clinical failure of this procedure. METHODS All the RTE procedures performed in our Interventional Radiology unit in last 10 years were retrospectively collected and analyzed. All selected patients underwent both pre-procedural computed tomography angiography (CTA) and post-procedural CTA within 30 days. Clinical success was considered as primary endpoint. Demographic, laboratory, and diagnostic findings predictive of clinical failure of RTE were identified. RESULTS Over a total of 51 patients enrolled, 27 (53%) were females and 33 (64.7%) had a renal bleeding of iatrogenic origin. Technical and clinical success was 100% and 80.4%, respectively. Hematoma volumes > 258.5 cm3 measured at CTA, higher pre- and post-procedural serum creatinine (Scr) levels, an increase in Scr value > 0.135 mg/dl after the procedure, a worse post-procedural estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a post-procedural reduction of eGFR < 3.350 ml/min, and a post-procedural reduction of platelet count (PLT) > 46.50 × 103/mmc showed a significantly higher rate of clinical failure. CONCLUSION RTE is a safe and effective procedure in the management of acute renal bleeding of various origins. Hematoma volume, Scr, PLT, and eGFR values were found to be predictive factors of poor clinical outcome and should be closely monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Floridi
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
- Division of Radiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital "Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Delle Marche", 60126, Ancona, Italy
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital "Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Delle Marche", 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - L M Cacioppa
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital "Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Delle Marche", 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - N Rossini
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| | - C Ventura
- UOC Radiology, AST Fermo, Marche Region, 63900, Fermo, Italy
| | - M Macchini
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital "Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Delle Marche", 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Rosati
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital "Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Delle Marche", 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - P Boscarato
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital "Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Delle Marche", 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Torresi
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital "Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Delle Marche", 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - R Candelari
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital "Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Delle Marche", 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Giovagnoni
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
- Division of Radiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital "Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Delle Marche", 60126, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abreu P, Aglietta M, Albury JM, Allekotte I, Almeida Cheminant K, Almela A, Aloisio R, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Alves Batista R, Ammerman Yebra J, Anastasi GA, Anchordoqui L, Andrada B, Andringa S, Aramo C, Araújo Ferreira PR, Arnone E, Arteaga Velázquez JC, Asorey H, Assis P, Avila G, Avocone E, Badescu AM, Bakalova A, Balaceanu A, Barbato F, Bellido JA, Berat C, Bertaina ME, Bhatta G, Biermann PL, Binet V, Bismark K, Bister T, Biteau J, Blazek J, Bleve C, Blümer J, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Bonneau Arbeletche L, Borodai N, Botti AM, Brack J, Bretz T, Brichetto Orchera PG, Briechle FL, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Buitink S, Buscemi M, Büsken M, Caballero-Mora KS, Caccianiga L, Canfora F, Caracas I, Caruso R, Castellina A, Catalani F, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cerda M, Chinellato JA, Chudoba J, Chytka L, Clay RW, Cobos Cerutti AC, Colalillo R, Coleman A, Coluccia MR, Conceição R, Condorelli A, Consolati G, Contreras F, Convenga F, Correia Dos Santos D, Covault CE, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, Day JA, de Almeida RM, de Jesús J, de Jong SJ, de Mello Neto JRT, De Mitri I, de Oliveira J, de Oliveira Franco D, de Palma F, de Souza V, De Vito E, Del Popolo A, Del Río M, Deligny O, Deval L, di Matteo A, Dobre M, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Domingues Mendes LM, Dos Anjos RC, Dova MT, Ebr J, Engel R, Epicoco I, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Etchegoyen A, Falcke H, Farmer J, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Feldbusch F, Fenu F, Fick B, Figueira JM, Filipčič A, Fitoussi T, Fodran T, Fujii T, Fuster A, Galea C, Galelli C, García B, Garcia Vegas AL, Gemmeke H, Gesualdi F, Gherghel-Lascu A, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Giammarchi M, Glombitza J, Gobbi F, Gollan F, Golup G, Gómez Berisso M, Gómez Vitale PF, Gongora JP, González JM, González N, Goos I, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gottowik M, Grubb TD, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Guido E, Hahn S, Hamal P, Hampel MR, Hansen P, Harari D, Harvey VM, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Hill GC, Hojvat C, Hörandel JR, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Insolia A, Isar PG, Janecek P, Johnsen JA, Jurysek J, Kääpä A, Kampert KH, Keilhauer B, Khakurdikar A, Kizakke Covilakam VV, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Knapp F, Kunka N, Lago BL, Langner N, Leigui de Oliveira MA, Lenok V, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Lo Presti D, Lopes L, López R, Lu L, Luce Q, Lundquist JP, Machado Payeras A, Mancarella G, Mandat D, Manning BC, Manshanden J, Mantsch P, Marafico S, Mariani FM, Mariazzi AG, Mariş IC, Marsella G, Martello D, Martinelli S, Martínez Bravo O, Mastrodicasa M, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthiae G, Mayotte E, Mayotte S, Mazur PO, Medina-Tanco G, Melo D, Menshikov A, Michal S, Micheletti MI, Miramonti L, Mollerach S, Montanet F, Morejon L, Morello C, Mostafá M, Müller AL, Muller MA, Mulrey K, Mussa R, Muzio M, Namasaka WM, Nasr-Esfahani A, Nellen L, Nicora G, Niculescu-Oglinzanu M, Niechciol M, Nitz D, Norwood I, Nosek D, Novotny V, Nožka L, Nucita A, Núñez LA, Oliveira C, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Papenbreer P, Parente G, Parra A, Pawlowsky J, Pech M, Pękala J, Pelayo R, Peña-Rodriguez J, Pereira Martins EE, Perez Armand J, Pérez Bertolli C, Perrone L, Petrera S, Petrucci C, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Pont B, Pothast M, Privitera P, Prouza M, Puyleart A, Querchfeld S, Rautenberg J, Ravignani D, Reininghaus M, Ridky J, Riehn F, Risse M, Rizi V, Rodrigues de Carvalho W, Rodriguez Rojo J, Roncoroni MJ, Rossoni S, Roth M, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Ruehl P, Saftoiu A, Saharan M, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salina G, Sanabria Gomez JD, Sánchez F, Santos EM, Santos E, Sarazin F, Sarmento R, Sarmiento-Cano C, Sato R, Savina P, Schäfer CM, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schimassek M, Schimp M, Schlüter F, Schmidt D, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovánek P, Schröder FG, Schulte J, Schulz T, Sciutto SJ, Scornavacche M, Segreto A, Sehgal S, Shellard RC, Sigl G, Silli G, Sima O, Smau R, Šmída R, Sommers P, Soriano JF, Squartini R, Stadelmaier M, Stanca D, Stanič S, Stasielak J, Stassi P, Streich A, Suárez-Durán M, Sudholz T, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Szadkowski Z, Tapia A, Taricco C, Timmermans C, Tkachenko O, Tobiska P, Todero Peixoto CJ, Tomé B, Torrès Z, Travaini A, Travnicek P, Trimarelli C, Tueros M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Vaclavek L, Vacula M, Valdés Galicia JF, Valore L, Varela E, Vásquez-Ramírez A, Veberič D, Ventura C, Vergara Quispe ID, Verzi V, Vicha J, Vink J, Vorobiov S, Wahlberg H, Watanabe C, Watson AA, Weindl A, Wiencke L, Wilczyński H, Wittkowski D, Wundheiler B, Yushkov A, Zapparrata O, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zehrer L. Limits to Gauge Coupling in the Dark Sector Set by the Nonobservation of Instanton-Induced Decay of Super-Heavy Dark Matter in the Pierre Auger Observatory Data. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:061001. [PMID: 36827568 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.061001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Instantons, which are nonperturbative solutions to Yang-Mills equations, provide a signal for the occurrence of quantum tunneling between distinct classes of vacua. They can give rise to decays of particles otherwise forbidden. Using data collected at the Pierre Auger Observatory, we search for signatures of such instanton-induced processes that would be suggestive of super-heavy particles decaying in the Galactic halo. These particles could have been produced during the post-inflationary epoch and match the relic abundance of dark matter inferred today. The nonobservation of the signatures searched for allows us to derive a bound on the reduced coupling constant of gauge interactions in the dark sector: α_{X}≲0.09, for 10^{9}≲M_{X}/GeV<10^{19}. Conversely, we obtain that, for instance, a reduced coupling constant α_{X}=0.09 excludes masses M_{X}≳3×10^{13} GeV. In the context of dark matter production from gravitational interactions alone, we illustrate how these bounds are complementary to those obtained on the Hubble rate at the end of inflation from the nonobservation of tensor modes in the cosmological microwave background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Abreu
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Aglietta
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - J M Albury
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - I Allekotte
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | | | - A Almela
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Aloisio
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - J Alvarez-Muñiz
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - J Ammerman Yebra
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - G A Anastasi
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - L Anchordoqui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - B Andrada
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Andringa
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Aramo
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - E Arnone
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
| | | | - H Asorey
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Assis
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - G Avila
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - E Avocone
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - A M Badescu
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Bakalova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Balaceanu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - F Barbato
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - J A Bellido
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru
| | - C Berat
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M E Bertaina
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
| | - G Bhatta
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - P L Biermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - V Binet
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
| | - K Bismark
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Bister
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Biteau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
| | - J Blazek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C Bleve
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J Blümer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Boháčová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Boncioli
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - C Bonifazi
- International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete-San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - N Borodai
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - A M Botti
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Brack
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - T Bretz
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - P G Brichetto Orchera
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F L Briechle
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Buchholz
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - A Bueno
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - S Buitink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Buscemi
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Büsken
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - L Caccianiga
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - F Canfora
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - I Caracas
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Caruso
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
| | - A Castellina
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F Catalani
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - G Cataldi
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - L Cazon
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Cerda
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - J A Chinellato
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - J Chudoba
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Chytka
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - R W Clay
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - A C Cobos Cerutti
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - R Colalillo
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
| | - A Coleman
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | | | - R Conceição
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Condorelli
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - G Consolati
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
| | - F Contreras
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - F Convenga
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - C E Covault
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - S Dasso
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K Daumiller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B R Dawson
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - J A Day
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - R M de Almeida
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil
| | - J de Jesús
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S J de Jong
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J R T de Mello Neto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - I De Mitri
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - J de Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil
| | | | - F de Palma
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - V de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - E De Vito
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - A Del Popolo
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
| | - M Del Río
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - O Deligny
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
| | - L Deval
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - M Dobre
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - C Dobrigkeit
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - J C D'Olivo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
| | - L M Domingues Mendes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R C Dos Anjos
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
| | - M T Dova
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J Ebr
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - I Epicoco
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - M Erdmann
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - C O Escobar
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - A Etchegoyen
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H Falcke
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, Netherlands
| | - J Farmer
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - G Farrar
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - A C Fauth
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - N Fazzini
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - F Feldbusch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Fenu
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
| | - B Fick
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - J M Figueira
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Filipčič
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - T Fitoussi
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Fodran
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - T Fujii
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Present address: Hakubi Center for Advanced Research and Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A Fuster
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Galea
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - C Galelli
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - B García
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - A L Garcia Vegas
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - H Gemmeke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Gesualdi
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Gherghel-Lascu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - P L Ghia
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
| | - U Giaccari
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - J Glombitza
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - F Gobbi
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - F Gollan
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Golup
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - M Gómez Berisso
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P F Gómez Vitale
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - J P Gongora
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - J M González
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - N González
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Goos
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Góra
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Gorgi
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Gottowik
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T D Grubb
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - F Guarino
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
| | - G P Guedes
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - E Guido
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
| | - S Hahn
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Hamal
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M R Hampel
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Hansen
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - D Harari
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - V M Harvey
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Hebbeker
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - D Heck
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G C Hill
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - C Hojvat
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - J R Hörandel
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P Horvath
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Hrabovský
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - T Huege
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Insolia
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
| | - P G Isar
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - P Janecek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J A Johnsen
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - J Jurysek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Kääpä
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K H Kampert
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - B Keilhauer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Khakurdikar
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - V V Kizakke Covilakam
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H O Klages
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kleifges
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - F Knapp
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Kunka
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B L Lago
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Nova Friburgo, Brazil
| | - N Langner
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - V Lenok
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Letessier-Selvon
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - I Lhenry-Yvon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
| | - D Lo Presti
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
| | - L Lopes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R López
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - L Lu
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Q Luce
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J P Lundquist
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | | | - G Mancarella
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - D Mandat
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - B C Manning
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - J Manshanden
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Mantsch
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - S Marafico
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
| | - F M Mariani
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - A G Mariazzi
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Marsella
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy
| | - D Martello
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - S Martinelli
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - M Mastrodicasa
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - H J Mathes
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Matthews
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - G Matthiae
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
| | - E Mayotte
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - S Mayotte
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - P O Mazur
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - G Medina-Tanco
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
| | - D Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Menshikov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Michal
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M I Micheletti
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
| | - L Miramonti
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - S Mollerach
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - F Montanet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - L Morejon
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - C Morello
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Mostafá
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A L Müller
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M A Muller
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - K Mulrey
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R Mussa
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Muzio
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - W M Namasaka
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Nasr-Esfahani
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - L Nellen
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
| | - G Nicora
- Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Argentina
| | - M Niculescu-Oglinzanu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - M Niechciol
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - D Nitz
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - I Norwood
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - D Nosek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Novotny
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Nožka
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - A Nucita
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - L A Núñez
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - C Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - M Palatka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Pallotta
- Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Argentina
| | - P Papenbreer
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Parente
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Parra
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - J Pawlowsky
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Pech
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Pękala
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - R Pelayo
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, D.F., México
| | | | - E E Pereira Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Perez Armand
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C Pérez Bertolli
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Perrone
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - S Petrera
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - C Petrucci
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - T Pierog
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Pimenta
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - V Pirronello
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy
| | - M Platino
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B Pont
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - M Pothast
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P Privitera
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M Prouza
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Puyleart
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - S Querchfeld
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Rautenberg
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D Ravignani
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Reininghaus
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Ridky
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Riehn
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Risse
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - V Rizi
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - J Rodriguez Rojo
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - M J Roncoroni
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Rossoni
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Roth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - E Roulet
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - A C Rovero
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Ruehl
- Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - A Saftoiu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - M Saharan
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - F Salamida
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - H Salazar
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - G Salina
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
| | | | - F Sánchez
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E M Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E Santos
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Sarazin
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - R Sarmento
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Sarmiento-Cano
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Sato
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - P Savina
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - C M Schäfer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - V Scherini
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Schimassek
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Schimp
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - F Schlüter
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Schmidt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O Scholten
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Schoorlemmer
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P Schovánek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - J Schulte
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - T Schulz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S J Sciutto
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Scornavacche
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Segreto
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
| | - S Sehgal
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R C Shellard
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - G Sigl
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Silli
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O Sima
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- Also at University of Bucharest, Physics Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - R Smau
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - R Šmída
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - P Sommers
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J F Soriano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - R Squartini
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - M Stadelmaier
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Stanca
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - S Stanič
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - J Stasielak
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - P Stassi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Streich
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - T Sudholz
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - T Suomijärvi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
| | - A D Supanitsky
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Z Szadkowski
- University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics, Łódź, Poland
| | - A Tapia
- Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - C Taricco
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
| | - C Timmermans
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - O Tkachenko
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Tobiska
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C J Todero Peixoto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - B Tomé
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Z Torrès
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Travaini
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - P Travnicek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C Trimarelli
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - M Tueros
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - R Ulrich
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Unger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Vaclavek
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Vacula
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - L Valore
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Napoli, Italy
| | - E Varela
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | | | - D Veberič
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Ventura
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - V Verzi
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
| | - J Vicha
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Vink
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Vorobiov
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - H Wahlberg
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - C Watanabe
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A A Watson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Wiencke
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - H Wilczyński
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - D Wittkowski
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - B Wundheiler
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Yushkov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Zapparrata
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Zas
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D Zavrtanik
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - M Zavrtanik
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - L Zehrer
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ventura C, Vieira L, Silva C, Louro H, Silva M. SOC-I-06 Differentially expressed microRNAs in human bronchial epithelial cells after exposure to nanofibrillar, microfibrillar or nanocrystalline cellulose. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
6
|
Maioli M, Rinaldi S, Cruciani S, Necas A, Fontani V, Corda G, Santaniello S, Rinaldi A, Pinheiro Barcessat AR, Necasova A, Castagna A, Filipejova Z, Ventura C, Fozza C. Antisenescence Effect of REAC Biomodulation to Counteract the Evolution of Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Physiol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
About 30 percent of patients diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The senescence of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) seems to be one of the determining factors in inducing this drift. Research is continuously looking for new methodologies and technologies that can use bioelectric signals to act on senescence and cell differentiation towards the phenotype of interest. The Radio Electric Asymmetric Conveyer (REAC) technology, aimed at reorganizing the endogenous bioelectric activity, has already shown to be able to determine direct cell reprogramming effects and counteract the senescence mechanisms in stem cells. Aim of the present study was to prove if the anti-senescence results previously obtained in different kind of stem cells with the REAC Tissue optimization – regenerative (TO-RGN) treatment, could also be observed in BMSCs, evaluating cell viability, telomerase activity, p19ARF, P21, P53, and hTERT gene expression. The results show that the REAC TO-RGN treatment may be a useful tool to counteract the BMSCs senescence which can be the basis of AML drift. Nevertheless, further clinical studies on humans are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Maioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari (SS) Italy. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Serrano Berenguer L, Hincapié Monsalve S, Lara Cerrillo S, Rosado Iglesias C, Vegas Lozano E, Reverter Comes F, Ventura C, García Peiró A. P-101 Machine and Deep learning models to classify Comet assay tests for sperm DNA fragmentation evaluation. Hum Reprod 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac107.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study question
To evaluate the performance of Machine and Deep learning classification models for sperm DNA fragmentation testing.
Summary answer
Machine and Deep learning models achieved an accuracy over 90% for sperm DNA fragmentation testing.
What is known already
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an up-to-date tool that could improve current diagnostics in reproductive medicine. Paternal genome integrity is essential after fertilization. Therefore, high levels of DNA damage have been associated with male infertility. Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) is a well-known male fertility biomarker. Among different diagnostic tests analysing SDF, the Comet assay offers high specificity and sensibility. Human expert-analysis has shown to be highly precise but can be influenced by external factors, samples’ variability or tiredness. Consequently, computer-assisted diagnostic based on AI models may be helpful to improve the Comet assay analysis.
Study design, size, duration
From February to June 2021, alkaline and neutral Comet assays tests were performed on semen samples from a heterogenous group of men. The CometAssay IVTM software was used to record quantitative data from spermatozoa: 500 normal and altered spermatozoa were assessed after the alkaline and neutral Comet assay. Images for each spermatozoon were also taken. The total size was 2000 analysed spermatozoa. Finally, a first validation step was performed using new data from 20000 spermatozoa.
Participants/materials, setting, methods
For each spermatozoon, ten quantitative parameters and a grayscale image were obtained. A Machine learning predictive model using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm was trained with the quantitative parameters. Moreover, a Deep learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm was trained with cell images. Both models were trained on 67% of data and tested using the remaining 33%.
Main results and the role of chance
Predictive models based on RF and CNN showed high performance for normal/altered cells automatic classification. The accuracy achieved by the RF models was 95.51% for the alkaline Comet assay and 92.64% for the neutral Comet assay. Regarding the CNN models, the accuracy was 96.71% for the alkaline Comet assay and 93.19% for the neutral Comet assay. CNN models showed better accuracy on both assays.
Regarding the quantitative parameters considered in the RF model, the most important parameters for classification are the following ones: Mean_Grey_Level and Total_Intensity in the alkaline Comet assay, and Tail_Migration and Tail_Length in the neutral Comet assay.
Finally, 20000 spermatozoa from 100 semen samples were analysed to compare the AI models result with the annotation from an expert human. The Kruskal-Wallis test did not show significant differences for the alkaline and the neutral Comet assays (p > 0.05 for all cases). Paired comparisons using the Mann-Whitney U test did not show statistical differences (p > 0.05 for all cases). According to these results, AI models may reproduce a human analysis.
To facilitate the use in the laboratory of the obtained models, a web application was developed to process new samples.
Limitations, reasons for caution
Diagnostic assays based on continuous variables include a threshold value to separate normal and altered populations. The final result of some samples could be mistaken when a high number of spermatozoa present a fragmentation index near the cut-off value.
Wider implications of the findings
Diagnostic of male infertility through the analysis of SDF can be achieved through AI predictive models. This technology might help in the standardization of SDF testing between laboratories.
Trial registration number
not applicable
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Serrano Berenguer
- CIMAB Male Infertility Centre, Research & Development, Sant Quirze del Vallés , Spain
| | - S Hincapié Monsalve
- Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Departamento de Estudios de Informática- Multimedia y Telecomunicación , Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Lara Cerrillo
- CIMAB Male Infertility Centre, Research & Development, Sant Quirze del Vallés , Spain
| | - C Rosado Iglesias
- CIMAB Male Infertility Centre, Research & Development, Sant Quirze del Vallés , Spain
| | - E Vegas Lozano
- Universitat de Barcelona, Departamento de Genética- Microbiología y Estadística. Sección Estadística , Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Reverter Comes
- Universitat de Barcelona, Departamento de Genética- Microbiología y Estadística. Sección Estadística , Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Ventura
- Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Departamento de Estudios de Informática- Multimedia y Telecomunicación , Barcelona, Spain
| | - A García Peiró
- CIMAB Male Infertility Centre, Research & Development, Sant Quirze del Vallés , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alen Coutinho I, Lopes M, Lima F, Ventura C, Rabadão E, Alfaro T, da Cunha J, Regateiro F. Concomitant allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis after Aspergillus niger infection. Pulmonology 2022; 28:231-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
9
|
Lasagna M, Ventura C, Hielpos MS, Mardirosian MN, Martín G, Miret N, Randi A, Núñez M, Cocca C. Endocrine disruptor chlorpyrifos promotes migration, invasion, and stemness phenotype in 3D cultures of breast cancer cells and induces a wide range of pathways involved in cancer progression. Environ Res 2022; 204:111989. [PMID: 34506784 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus chlorpyrifos (CPF) is currently considered an endocrine disruptor (ED), as it can imitate hormone actions both in vitro and in vivo. We recently reported that CPF induces migration and invasion in 2D cultures and changes the expression of key molecular markers involved in epithelial mesenchymal transition in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. In this study, we investigated whether CPF could behave as a predisposing factor for tumors to become more metastatic and aggressive using 3D culture models. In MCF-7 cells, 0.05 μM CPF induced an increase in the number and size of mammospheres via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and c-SRC. Furthermore, 0.05 μM CPF increased the area of spheroids generated from MCF-7 cells, induced invasion using both Matrigel® and type 1 collagen matrices, and increased cell migration capacity via ERα in this 3D model. In turn, 50 μM CPF increased cell migration capacity and invasion using type 1 collagen matrix. In monolayers, CPF increased the phosphorylation and membrane translocation of c-SRC at both concentrations assayed. CPF at 0.05 μM boosted p-AKT, p-GSK-3β and p-P38. While p-AKT rose in a ERα-dependent way, p-GSK-3β was dependent on ERα- and c-SRC, and p-P38 was only dependent on c-SRC. On the other hand, the increase in p-AKT and p-P38 induced by 50 μM CPF was dependent on the c-SRC pathway. We also observed that 0.05 μM CPF increased IGF-1R and IRS-1 expression and that 50 μM CPF induced IGF-1Rβ phosphorylation. In the MDA-MB-231 cell line, 0.05 and 50 μM CPF increased p-c-SRC. Finally, p-AKT and p-GSK-3β were also induced by CPF at 0.05 and 50 μM, and an increase in p-P38 was observed at 50 μM. Taken together, these data provide support for the notion that CPF may represent a risk factor for breast cancer development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lasagna
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Ventura
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - M S Hielpos
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M N Mardirosian
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Martín
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Miret
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Randi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Núñez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Cocca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Topcu G, Mukhopadhyay S, Ayres-de-Campos D, Ventura C, Messinis I, Mahmood T, Horala A. 467 Access to antenatal care in europe. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.11.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
11
|
Aab A, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Albury JM, Allekotte I, Almela A, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Alves Batista R, Anastasi GA, Anchordoqui L, Andrada B, Andringa S, Aramo C, Araújo Ferreira PR, Asorey H, Assis P, Avila G, Badescu AM, Bakalova A, Balaceanu A, Barbato F, Barreira Luz RJ, Becker KH, Bellido JA, Berat C, Bertaina ME, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Bister T, Biteau J, Blazek J, Bleve C, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Bonneau Arbeletche L, Borodai N, Botti AM, Brack J, Bretz T, Briechle FL, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Buitink S, Buscemi M, Caballero-Mora KS, Caccianiga L, Cancio A, Canfora F, Caracas I, Carceller JM, Caruso R, Castellina A, Catalani F, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cerda M, Chinellato JA, Choi K, Chudoba J, Chytka L, Clay RW, Cobos Cerutti AC, Colalillo R, Coleman A, Coluccia MR, Conceição R, Condorelli A, Consolati G, Contreras F, Convenga F, Covault CE, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, Day JA, de Almeida RM, de Jesús J, de Jong SJ, De Mauro G, de Mello Neto JRT, De Mitri I, de Oliveira J, de Oliveira Franco D, de Souza V, De Vito E, Debatin J, Del Río M, Deligny O, Dembinski H, Dhital N, Di Matteo A, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Dos Anjos RC, Dova MT, Ebr J, Engel R, Epicoco I, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Etchegoyen A, Falcke H, Farmer J, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Feldbusch F, Fenu F, Fick B, Figueira JM, Filipčič A, Fodran T, Freire MM, Fujii T, Fuster A, Galea C, Galelli C, García B, Garcia Vegas AL, Gemmeke H, Gesualdi F, Gherghel-Lascu A, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Giammarchi M, Giller M, Glombitza J, Gobbi F, Gollan F, Golup G, Gómez Berisso M, Gómez Vitale PF, Gongora JP, González N, Goos I, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gottowik M, Grubb TD, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Guido E, Hahn S, Halliday R, Hampel MR, Hansen P, Harari D, Harvey VM, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Hill GC, Hojvat C, Hörandel JR, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Hulsman J, Insolia A, Isar PG, Johnsen JA, Jurysek J, Kääpä A, Kampert KH, Keilhauer B, Kemp J, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Köpke M, Kukec Mezek G, Lago BL, LaHurd D, Lang RG, Langner N, Leigui de Oliveira MA, Lenok V, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Lo Presti D, Lopes L, López R, Lorek R, Luce Q, Lucero A, Lundquist JP, Machado Payeras A, Mancarella G, Mandat D, Manning BC, Manshanden J, Mantsch P, Marafico S, Mariazzi AG, Mariş IC, Marsella G, Martello D, Martinez H, Martínez Bravo O, Mastrodicasa M, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthiae G, Mayotte E, Mazur PO, Medina-Tanco G, Melo D, Menshikov A, Merenda KD, Michal S, Micheletti MI, Miramonti L, Mollerach S, Montanet F, Morello C, Mostafá M, Müller AL, Muller MA, Mulrey K, Mussa R, Muzio M, Namasaka WM, Nellen L, Niculescu-Oglinzanu M, Niechciol M, Nitz D, Nosek D, Novotny V, Nožka L, Nucita A, Núñez LA, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Papenbreer P, Parente G, Parra A, Pech M, Pedreira F, Pȩkala J, Pelayo R, Peña-Rodriguez J, Perez Armand J, Perlin M, Perrone L, Petrera S, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Pont B, Pothast M, Privitera P, Prouza M, Puyleart A, Querchfeld S, Rautenberg J, Ravignani D, Reininghaus M, Ridky J, Riehn F, Risse M, Ristori P, Rizi V, Rodrigues de Carvalho W, Rodriguez Rojo J, Roncoroni MJ, Roth M, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Ruehl P, Saffi SJ, Saftoiu A, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salina G, Sanabria Gomez JD, Sánchez F, Santos EM, Santos E, Sarazin F, Sarmento R, Sarmiento-Cano C, Sato R, Savina P, Schäfer CM, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schimassek M, Schimp M, Schlüter F, Schmidt D, Scholten O, Schovánek P, Schröder FG, Schröder S, Schulte J, Sciutto SJ, Scornavacche M, Shellard RC, Sigl G, Silli G, Sima O, Šmída R, Sommers P, Soriano JF, Souchard J, Squartini R, Stadelmaier M, Stanca D, Stanič S, Stasielak J, Stassi P, Streich A, Suárez-Durán M, Sudholz T, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Šupík J, Szadkowski Z, Taboada A, Tapia A, Timmermans C, Tkachenko O, Tobiska P, Todero Peixoto CJ, Tomé B, Torralba Elipe G, Travaini A, Travnicek P, Trimarelli C, Trini M, Tueros M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Vaclavek L, Vacula M, Valdés Galicia JF, Valiño I, Valore L, Varela E, Varma K C V, Vásquez-Ramírez A, Veberič D, Ventura C, Vergara Quispe ID, Verzi V, Vicha J, Vink J, Vorobiov S, Wahlberg H, Watson AA, Weber M, Weindl A, Wiencke L, Wilczyński H, Winchen T, Wirtz M, Wittkowski D, Wundheiler B, Yushkov A, Zapparrata O, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zehrer L, Zepeda A. Measurement of the Fluctuations in the Number of Muons in Extensive Air Showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:152002. [PMID: 33929235 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.152002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present the first measurement of the fluctuations in the number of muons in extensive air showers produced by ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. We find that the measured fluctuations are in good agreement with predictions from air shower simulations. This observation provides new insights into the origin of the previously reported deficit of muons in air shower simulations and constrains models of hadronic interactions at ultrahigh energies. Our measurement is compatible with the muon deficit originating from small deviations in the predictions from hadronic interaction models of particle production that accumulate as the showers develop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Aab
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P Abreu
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Aglietta
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - J M Albury
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - I Allekotte
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - A Almela
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Alvarez-Muñiz
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Alves Batista
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G A Anastasi
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - L Anchordoqui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - B Andrada
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Andringa
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Aramo
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - H Asorey
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Assis
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - G Avila
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - A M Badescu
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Bakalova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Balaceanu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - F Barbato
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Università di Napoli "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
| | - R J Barreira Luz
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - K H Becker
- Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J A Bellido
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C Berat
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M E Bertaina
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - X Bertou
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P L Biermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - T Bister
- III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Biteau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
| | - J Blazek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C Bleve
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M Boháčová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Boncioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - C Bonifazi
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - N Borodai
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - A M Botti
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Brack
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - T Bretz
- III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - F L Briechle
- III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Buchholz
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - A Bueno
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - S Buitink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Buscemi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - L Caccianiga
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - A Cancio
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Canfora
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Caracas
- Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J M Carceller
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - R Caruso
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A Castellina
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F Catalani
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Cataldi
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - L Cazon
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Cerda
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - J A Chinellato
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K Choi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Chudoba
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Chytka
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - R W Clay
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A C Cobos Cerutti
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - R Colalillo
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Università di Napoli "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
| | - A Coleman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - M R Coluccia
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - R Conceição
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Condorelli
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - G Consolati
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - F Contreras
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - F Convenga
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - C E Covault
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - S Dasso
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K Daumiller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B R Dawson
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J A Day
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - R M de Almeida
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J de Jesús
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S J de Jong
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G De Mauro
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J R T de Mello Neto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - I De Mitri
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - J de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - V de Souza
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E De Vito
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - J Debatin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Del Río
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - O Deligny
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - H Dembinski
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Dhital
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - C Dobrigkeit
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J C D'Olivo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - R C Dos Anjos
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
| | - M T Dova
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J Ebr
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - I Epicoco
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Erdmann
- III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - C O Escobar
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - A Etchegoyen
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H Falcke
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - J Farmer
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - G Farrar
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - A C Fauth
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Fazzini
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - F Feldbusch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Fenu
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - B Fick
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - J M Figueira
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Filipčič
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - T Fodran
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M M Freire
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - T Fujii
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - A Fuster
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Galea
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C Galelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - B García
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - A L Garcia Vegas
- III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - H Gemmeke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Gesualdi
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Gherghel-Lascu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - P L Ghia
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - U Giaccari
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Giller
- Faculty of Astrophysics, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - J Glombitza
- III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - F Gobbi
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - F Gollan
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Golup
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - M Gómez Berisso
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P F Gómez Vitale
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - J P Gongora
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - N González
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I Goos
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Góra
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Gorgi
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Gottowik
- Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T D Grubb
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - F Guarino
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Università di Napoli "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
| | - G P Guedes
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - E Guido
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Hahn
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Halliday
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - M R Hampel
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Hansen
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - D Harari
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - V M Harvey
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Hebbeker
- III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - D Heck
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G C Hill
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C Hojvat
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - J R Hörandel
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Horvath
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Hrabovský
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - T Huege
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Hulsman
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Insolia
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - P G Isar
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - J A Johnsen
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - J Jurysek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Kääpä
- Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K H Kampert
- Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - B Keilhauer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Kemp
- III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - H O Klages
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kleifges
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - M Köpke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Kukec Mezek
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - B L Lago
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Nova Friburgo, Brazil
| | - D LaHurd
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - R G Lang
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Langner
- III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - V Lenok
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Letessier-Selvon
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - I Lhenry-Yvon
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - D Lo Presti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - L Lopes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R López
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - R Lorek
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Q Luce
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Lucero
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J P Lundquist
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - A Machado Payeras
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Mancarella
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - D Mandat
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - B C Manning
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Manshanden
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Mantsch
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - S Marafico
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - A G Mariazzi
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Marsella
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - D Martello
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - H Martinez
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - M Mastrodicasa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - H J Mathes
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Matthews
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - G Matthiae
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
| | - E Mayotte
- Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P O Mazur
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - G Medina-Tanco
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - D Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Menshikov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K-D Merenda
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - S Michal
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M I Micheletti
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - L Miramonti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - S Mollerach
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - F Montanet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C Morello
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Mostafá
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A L Müller
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M A Muller
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K Mulrey
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Mussa
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Muzio
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - W M Namasaka
- Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - L Nellen
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - M Niculescu-Oglinzanu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - M Niechciol
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - D Nitz
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - D Nosek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Novotny
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Nožka
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - A Nucita
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - L A Núñez
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - M Palatka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Pallotta
- Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Argentina
| | - P Papenbreer
- Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Parente
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Parra
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - M Pech
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Pedreira
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Pȩkala
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - R Pelayo
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Distrito Federal, México
| | | | - J Perez Armand
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Perlin
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Perrone
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - S Petrera
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - T Pierog
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Pimenta
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - V Pirronello
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Platino
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B Pont
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Pothast
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Privitera
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M Prouza
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Puyleart
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - S Querchfeld
- Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Rautenberg
- Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D Ravignani
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Reininghaus
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Ridky
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Riehn
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Risse
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - P Ristori
- Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Argentina
| | - V Rizi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | | | - J Rodriguez Rojo
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - M J Roncoroni
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Roth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - E Roulet
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - A C Rovero
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Ruehl
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - S J Saffi
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Saftoiu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - F Salamida
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - H Salazar
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - G Salina
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
| | | | - F Sánchez
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E M Santos
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Santos
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Sarazin
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - R Sarmento
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Sarmiento-Cano
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Sato
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - P Savina
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
- CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - C M Schäfer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Schimassek
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Schimp
- Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - F Schlüter
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Schmidt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O Scholten
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Schovánek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F G Schröder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Schröder
- Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Schulte
- III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - S J Sciutto
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Scornavacche
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R C Shellard
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G Sigl
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Silli
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O Sima
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - R Šmída
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - P Sommers
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J F Soriano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - J Souchard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - R Squartini
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - M Stadelmaier
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Stanca
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - S Stanič
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - J Stasielak
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - P Stassi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Streich
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Suárez-Durán
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - T Sudholz
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - T Suomijärvi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
| | - A D Supanitsky
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Šupík
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Z Szadkowski
- Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - A Taboada
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Tapia
- Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - C Timmermans
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O Tkachenko
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Tobiska
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C J Todero Peixoto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B Tomé
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - G Torralba Elipe
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Travaini
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - P Travnicek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C Trimarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - M Trini
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - M Tueros
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - R Ulrich
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Unger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Vaclavek
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Vacula
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - J F Valdés Galicia
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - I Valiño
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - L Valore
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Università di Napoli "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
| | - E Varela
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - V Varma K C
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - D Veberič
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Ventura
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - V Verzi
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy
| | - J Vicha
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Vink
- Faculty of Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Vorobiov
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - H Wahlberg
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A A Watson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - M Weber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Wiencke
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - H Wilczyński
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - T Winchen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Wirtz
- III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - D Wittkowski
- Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - B Wundheiler
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Yushkov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Zapparrata
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Zas
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D Zavrtanik
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - M Zavrtanik
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - L Zehrer
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - A Zepeda
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), México, Distrito Federal, México
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lasagna M, Hielpos MS, Ventura C, Mardirosian MN, Martín G, Miret N, Randi A, Núñez M, Cocca C. Chlorpyrifos subthreshold exposure induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 205:111312. [PMID: 32956863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most frequently used pesticide in extensive agriculture around the world and can be incorporated by humans and animals with possible consequences on health. The effects of this pesticide on carcinogenesis are not clear and there is no consensus concerning the risks of this compound. In previous work, we demonstrated that CPF induces proliferation of breast cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro. In this work we investigate whether CPF promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells. Herein, we demonstrate that 50 μM CFP induces invasion in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, 0.05 and 50 μM CPF increases migration in both cell lines. In MCF-7 cells, 0.05 and 50 μM CPF increase the metalloprotease MMP2 expression and decrease E-Cadherin and β-Catenin expression diminishing their membrane location. Furthermore, 50 μM CPF induces Vimentin expression and Slug nuclear translocation in MCF-7 cells. 0.05 and 50 μM CPF increase MMP2 gelatinolytic activity and expression, decrease β-Catenin expression and increase Vimentin expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. Inhibition of the oncoprotein c-Src reverses all the effects induced by CPF in MDA-MB-231 but not in MCF-7 indicating that c-Src is a kinase with a crucial role in the cells which grow in an estrogen-independent way. In MCF-7 cells both c-Src and estrogen receptor alpha must be blocked to completly inhibit the CPF-mediated effects. Our results show for the first time that the exposure to subthreshold concentrations of CPF promotes the modulation of EMT-molecular markers and pathways. These results, together with the ubiquitous distribution of the pesticide CPF, make it of utmost importance to take measures to minimize the risk of exposure to this compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lasagna
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB) UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Cátedra de Física, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M S Hielpos
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Cátedra de Física, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Ventura
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Cátedra de Física, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP) CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M N Mardirosian
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB) UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Martín
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Cátedra de Física, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Miret
- Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Randi
- Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Núñez
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Cátedra de Física, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Cocca
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB) UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Cátedra de Física, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aab A, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Albury JM, Allekotte I, Almela A, Alvarez Castillo J, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Alves Batista R, Anastasi GA, Anchordoqui L, Andrada B, Andringa S, Aramo C, Araújo Ferreira PR, Asorey H, Assis P, Avila G, Badescu AM, Bakalova A, Balaceanu A, Barbato F, Barreira Luz RJ, Becker KH, Bellido JA, Berat C, Bertaina ME, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Bister T, Biteau J, Blanco A, Blazek J, Bleve C, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Bonneau Arbeletche L, Borodai N, Botti AM, Brack J, Bretz T, Briechle FL, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Buitink S, Buscemi M, Caballero-Mora KS, Caccianiga L, Calcagni L, Cancio A, Canfora F, Caracas I, Carceller JM, Caruso R, Castellina A, Catalani F, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cerda M, Chinellato JA, Choi K, Chudoba J, Chytka L, Clay RW, Cobos Cerutti AC, Colalillo R, Coleman A, Coluccia MR, Conceição R, Condorelli A, Consolati G, Contreras F, Convenga F, Covault CE, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, Day JA, de Almeida RM, de Jesús J, de Jong SJ, De Mauro G, de Mello Neto JRT, De Mitri I, de Oliveira J, de Oliveira Franco D, de Souza V, De Vito E, Debatin J, Del Río M, Deligny O, Dembinski H, Dhital N, Di Giulio C, Di Matteo A, Díaz Castro ML, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Dorosti Q, Dos Anjos RC, Dova MT, Ebr J, Engel R, Epicoco I, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Etchegoyen A, Falcke H, Farmer J, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Feldbusch F, Fenu F, Fick B, Figueira JM, Filipčič A, Fodran T, Freire MM, Fujii T, Fuster A, Galea C, Galelli C, García B, Garcia Vegas AL, Gemmeke H, Gesualdi F, Gherghel-Lascu A, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Giammarchi M, Giller M, Glombitza J, Gobbi F, Gollan F, Golup G, Gómez Berisso M, Gómez Vitale PF, Gongora JP, González N, Goos I, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gottowik M, Grubb TD, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Guido E, Hahn S, Halliday R, Hampel MR, Hansen P, Harari D, Harvey VM, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Hill GC, Hojvat C, Hörandel JR, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Hulsman J, Insolia A, Isar PG, Johnsen JA, Jurysek J, Kääpä A, Kampert KH, Keilhauer B, Kemp J, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Köpke M, Kukec Mezek G, Lago BL, LaHurd D, Lang RG, Leigui de Oliveira MA, Lenok V, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Lo Presti D, Lopes L, López R, Lorek R, Luce Q, Lucero A, Machado Payeras A, Malacari M, Mancarella G, Mandat D, Manning BC, Manshanden J, Mantsch P, Marafico S, Mariazzi AG, Mariş IC, Marsella G, Martello D, Martinez H, Martínez Bravo O, Mastrodicasa M, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthiae G, Mayotte E, Mazur PO, Medina-Tanco G, Melo D, Menshikov A, Merenda KD, Michal S, Micheletti MI, Miramonti L, Mockler D, Mollerach S, Montanet F, Morello C, Mostafá M, Müller AL, Muller MA, Mulrey K, Mussa R, Muzio M, Namasaka WM, Nellen L, Nguyen PH, Niculescu-Oglinzanu M, Niechciol M, Nitz D, Nosek D, Novotny V, Nožka L, Nucita A, Núñez LA, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Panetta MP, Papenbreer P, Parente G, Parra A, Pech M, Pedreira F, Pȩkala J, Pelayo R, Peña-Rodriguez J, Perez Armand J, Perlin M, Perrone L, Peters C, Petrera S, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Pont B, Pothast M, Privitera P, Prouza M, Puyleart A, Querchfeld S, Rautenberg J, Ravignani D, Reininghaus M, Ridky J, Riehn F, Risse M, Ristori P, Rizi V, Rodrigues de Carvalho W, Rodriguez Fernandez G, Rodriguez Rojo J, Roncoroni MJ, Roth M, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Ruehl P, Saffi SJ, Saftoiu A, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salina G, Sanabria Gomez JD, Sánchez F, Santos EM, Santos E, Sarazin F, Sarmento R, Sarmiento-Cano C, Sato R, Savina P, Schäfer C, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schimassek M, Schimp M, Schlüter F, Schmidt D, Scholten O, Schovánek P, Schröder FG, Schröder S, Schulz A, Sciutto SJ, Scornavacche M, Shellard RC, Sigl G, Silli G, Sima O, Šmída R, Sommers P, Soriano JF, Souchard J, Squartini R, Stadelmaier M, Stanca D, Stanič S, Stasielak J, Stassi P, Streich A, Suárez-Durán M, Sudholz T, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Šupík J, Szadkowski Z, Taboada A, Tapia A, Timmermans C, Tkachenko O, Tobiska P, Todero Peixoto CJ, Tomé B, Torralba Elipe G, Travaini A, Travnicek P, Trimarelli C, Trini M, Tueros M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Vaclavek L, Vacula M, Valdés Galicia JF, Valiño I, Valore L, van Vliet A, Varela E, Vargas Cárdenas B, Vásquez-Ramírez A, Veberič D, Ventura C, Vergara Quispe ID, Verzi V, Vicha J, Villaseñor L, Vink J, Vorobiov S, Wahlberg H, Watson AA, Weber M, Weindl A, Wiencke L, Wilczyński H, Winchen T, Wirtz M, Wittkowski D, Wundheiler B, Yushkov A, Zapparrata O, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zehrer L, Zepeda A, Ziolkowski M, Zuccarello F. Features of the Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Rays above 2.5×10^{18} eV Using the Pierre Auger Observatory. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:121106. [PMID: 33016715 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.121106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 2.5×10^{18} eV based on 215 030 events. New results are presented: at about 1.3×10^{19} eV, the spectral index changes from 2.51±0.03(stat)±0.05(syst) to 3.05±0.05(stat)±0.10(syst), evolving to 5.1±0.3(stat)±0.1(syst) beyond 5×10^{19} eV, while no significant dependence of spectral features on the declination is seen in the accessible range. These features of the spectrum can be reproduced in models with energy-dependent mass composition. The energy density in cosmic rays above 5×10^{18} eV is [5.66±0.03(stat)±1.40(syst)]×10^{53} erg Mpc^{-3}.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Aab
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P Abreu
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Aglietta
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - J M Albury
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - I Allekotte
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - A Almela
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - J Alvarez-Muñiz
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Alves Batista
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G A Anastasi
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
| | - L Anchordoqui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - B Andrada
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Andringa
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Aramo
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - H Asorey
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Assis
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - G Avila
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - A M Badescu
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Bakalova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Balaceanu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - F Barbato
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II", Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, Italy
| | - R J Barreira Luz
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - K H Becker
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J A Bellido
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - C Berat
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France, France
| | - M E Bertaina
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
| | - X Bertou
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P L Biermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - T Bister
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Biteau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France, France
| | - A Blanco
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Blazek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C Bleve
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France, France
| | - M Boháčová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Boncioli
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - C Bonifazi
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - N Borodai
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - A M Botti
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Brack
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - T Bretz
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - F L Briechle
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Buchholz
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - A Bueno
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - S Buitink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Buscemi
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - L Caccianiga
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - L Calcagni
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A Cancio
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Canfora
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Caracas
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J M Carceller
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - R Caruso
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A Castellina
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F Catalani
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - G Cataldi
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - L Cazon
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Cerda
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - J A Chinellato
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - K Choi
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Chudoba
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Chytka
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - R W Clay
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - A C Cobos Cerutti
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - R Colalillo
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II", Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, Italy
| | - A Coleman
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, DE, USA
| | - M R Coluccia
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, Italy
| | - R Conceição
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Condorelli
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - G Consolati
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
| | - F Contreras
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - F Convenga
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, Italy
| | - C E Covault
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- also at Radboud Universtiy Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S Dasso
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K Daumiller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B R Dawson
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - J A Day
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - R M de Almeida
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil
| | - J de Jesús
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S J de Jong
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G De Mauro
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J R T de Mello Neto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - I De Mitri
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - J de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - V de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - E De Vito
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, Italy
| | - J Debatin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Del Río
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - O Deligny
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France, France
| | - H Dembinski
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Dhital
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - C Di Giulio
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | | | - M L Díaz Castro
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - C Dobrigkeit
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - J C D'Olivo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Q Dorosti
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - R C Dos Anjos
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
| | - M T Dova
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J Ebr
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - I Epicoco
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, Italy
| | - M Erdmann
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - A Etchegoyen
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H Falcke
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - J Farmer
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G Farrar
- New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A C Fauth
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - N Fazzini
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, USA
| | - F Feldbusch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Fenu
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
| | - B Fick
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - J M Figueira
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Filipčič
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - T Fodran
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M M Freire
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
| | - T Fujii
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
- now at Hakubi Center for Advanced Research and Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A Fuster
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Galea
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C Galelli
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - B García
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - A L Garcia Vegas
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - H Gemmeke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Gesualdi
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Gherghel-Lascu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - P L Ghia
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France, France
| | - U Giaccari
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Giller
- University of Łódź, Faculty of Astrophysics, Łódź, Poland
| | - J Glombitza
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - F Gobbi
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - F Gollan
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Golup
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - M Gómez Berisso
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P F Gómez Vitale
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - J P Gongora
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - N González
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I Goos
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Góra
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Gorgi
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Gottowik
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T D Grubb
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - F Guarino
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II", Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, Italy
| | - G P Guedes
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - E Guido
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
| | - S Hahn
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Halliday
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M R Hampel
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Hansen
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - D Harari
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - V M Harvey
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Hebbeker
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - D Heck
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G C Hill
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - C Hojvat
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, USA
| | - J R Hörandel
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Horvath
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Hrabovský
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - T Huege
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Hulsman
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Insolia
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - P G Isar
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | | | - J Jurysek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Kääpä
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K H Kampert
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - B Keilhauer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Kemp
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - H O Klages
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kleifges
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - M Köpke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Kukec Mezek
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - B L Lago
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Nova Friburgo, Brazil
| | - D LaHurd
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R G Lang
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - V Lenok
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Letessier-Selvon
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - I Lhenry-Yvon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France, France
| | - D Lo Presti
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - L Lopes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R López
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - R Lorek
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Q Luce
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Lucero
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - M Malacari
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G Mancarella
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, Italy
| | - D Mandat
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - B C Manning
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - J Manshanden
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Mantsch
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, USA
| | - S Marafico
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France, France
| | - A G Mariazzi
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Marsella
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, Italy
| | - D Martello
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, Italy
| | - H Martinez
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - M Mastrodicasa
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - H J Mathes
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Matthews
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - G Matthiae
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - E Mayotte
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P O Mazur
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, USA
| | - G Medina-Tanco
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
| | - D Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Menshikov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - S Michal
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M I Micheletti
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
| | - L Miramonti
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - D Mockler
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Mollerach
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - F Montanet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France, France
| | - C Morello
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Mostafá
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - A L Müller
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M A Muller
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Poços de Caldas, Brazil
| | - K Mulrey
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Mussa
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Muzio
- New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - W M Namasaka
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - L Nellen
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
| | - P H Nguyen
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - M Niculescu-Oglinzanu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - M Niechciol
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - D Nitz
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Nosek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Novotny
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Nožka
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - A Nucita
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, Italy
| | - L A Núñez
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - M Palatka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Pallotta
- Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Argentina
| | - M P Panetta
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, Italy
| | - P Papenbreer
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Parente
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Parra
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - M Pech
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Pedreira
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Pȩkala
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - R Pelayo
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, D.F., México
| | | | - J Perez Armand
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Perlin
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Perrone
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, Italy
| | - C Peters
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - S Petrera
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - T Pierog
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Pimenta
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - V Pirronello
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Platino
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B Pont
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Pothast
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Privitera
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Prouza
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Puyleart
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - S Querchfeld
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Rautenberg
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D Ravignani
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Reininghaus
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Ridky
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Riehn
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Risse
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - P Ristori
- Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Argentina
| | - V Rizi
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | | | - G Rodriguez Fernandez
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | | | - M J Roncoroni
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Roth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - E Roulet
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - A C Rovero
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Ruehl
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - S J Saffi
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - A Saftoiu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - F Salamida
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - H Salazar
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - G Salina
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | | | - F Sánchez
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E M Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E Santos
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Sarazin
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - R Sarmento
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Sarmiento-Cano
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Sato
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - P Savina
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France, France
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Lecce, Italy
| | - C Schäfer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Schimassek
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Schimp
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - F Schlüter
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Schmidt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O Scholten
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Schovánek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F G Schröder
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, DE, USA
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Schröder
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Schulz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S J Sciutto
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Scornavacche
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R C Shellard
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - G Sigl
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Silli
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O Sima
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
- also at Radboud Universtiy Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Šmída
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - P Sommers
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - J F Soriano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - J Souchard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France, France
| | - R Squartini
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - M Stadelmaier
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Stanca
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - S Stanič
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - J Stasielak
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - P Stassi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France, France
| | - A Streich
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Suárez-Durán
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - T Sudholz
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - T Suomijärvi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France, France
| | - A D Supanitsky
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Šupík
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Z Szadkowski
- University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland
| | - A Taboada
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Tapia
- Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - C Timmermans
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O Tkachenko
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Tobiska
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C J Todero Peixoto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - B Tomé
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - G Torralba Elipe
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Travaini
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - P Travnicek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C Trimarelli
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - M Trini
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - M Tueros
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - R Ulrich
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Unger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Urban
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - L Vaclavek
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Vacula
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - I Valiño
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - L Valore
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II", Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, Italy
| | - A van Vliet
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E Varela
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | | | | | - D Veberič
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Ventura
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - V Verzi
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - J Vicha
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Villaseñor
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - J Vink
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Vorobiov
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - H Wahlberg
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A A Watson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - M Weber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Wiencke
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - H Wilczyński
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - T Winchen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Wirtz
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - D Wittkowski
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - B Wundheiler
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Yushkov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Zapparrata
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Zas
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D Zavrtanik
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - M Zavrtanik
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - L Zehrer
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - A Zepeda
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), México, D.F., México
| | - M Ziolkowski
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - F Zuccarello
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Catania, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cruciani S, Garroni G, Ventura C, Danani A, Nečas A, Maioli M. Stem cells and physical energies: can we really drive stem cell fate? Physiol Res 2020; 68:S375-S384. [PMID: 32118467 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated elements able to self-renew or differentiate to maintain tissue integrity. Within this context, stem cells are able to divide in a symmetric fashion, feature characterising all the somatic cells, or in an asymmetric way, which leads daughter cells to different fates. It is worth highlighting that cell polarity have a critical role in regulating stem cell asymmetric division and the proper control of cell division depends on different proteins involved in cell development, differentiation and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Moreover, the interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix are crucial in influencing cell behavior, included in terms of mechanical properties as cytoskeleton plasticity and remodelling, and membrane tension. Finally, the activation of specific transcriptional program and epigenetic modifications contributes to cell fate determination, through modulation of cellular signalling cascades. It is well known that physical and mechanical stimuli are able to influence biological systems, and in this context, the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have already shown a considerable role, even though there is a lack of knowledge and much remains to be done around this topic. In this review, we summarize the historical background of EMFs applications and the main molecular mechanism involved in cellular remodelling, with particular attention to cytoskeleton elasticity and cell polarity, required for driving stem cell behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Cruciani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
DI Carlo M, Ventura C, Cesaroni P, Carotti M, Giovagnoni A, Salaffi F. THU0477 SURAL NERVE SIZE IN FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:The pathophysiology of fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) still needs to be fully clarified. In addition to the central sensitization mechanisms, some evidence suggests an involvement of the peripheral nervous system, mainly intended as small fibers neuropathy. The sural nerve showed some alterations, in terms of increasead cross-sectional area (CSA), in the course of small fibers neuropathy.Objectives:To evaluate sural nerve CSA and factors associated with increased CSA in FM patients.Methods:A cross sectional evaluation was conducted in consecutive FM patients according to the 2016 American College of Rheumatology criteria. Demographic, clinimetric parameters (in particular the revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire [FIQR] to assess the severity of the disease and the PainDetect Questionnaire [PDQ] to evaluate neuropathic pain features) and the sural nerve dimensions measured by ultrasound were recorded for each patient. The size of the sural nerve was described in terms of the mean cross-sectional area (CSA) measured bilaterally. CSA was measured at the leg level, 14 cm from the apex of the lateral malleolus, where the sural nerve is detectable as a structure adjacent to the small saphenous vein in the distal portion of the leg. The ultrasound examination was performed with a MyLab Class C (Esaote S.p.A., Genoa, Italy) equipped with a 6-18 MHz multifrequency broad band probe. CSA was compared with demographic and clinimetric parameters through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A multiple regression was also conducted using CSA as dependent variable, with age, body mass index (BMI), disease duration, FIQR and PDQ as independent variables.Results:The study involved 110 FM patients (105 women and five men), with a mean age of 50.7 (±11.1) years and a mean disease duration of 5.8 (±5.2) years. Sural nerve CSA showed a statistically significant increase in patients with higher PDQ scores (p=0.0096) and, even more significantly, in overweight or obese subjects (p <0.001). The multiple regression analysis, using CSA as dependent variable, confirmed that the PDQ score (p=0.0049) and the body mass index (p<0.0001) are the only two independent variables associated with CSA size (Table 1).Table 1.Multiple regression analysis of the independent variables related to the mean cross-sectional area (dependent variable) of sural nerve.Indipendent variablesCoefficientStandard errortprpartialrsemipartialConstant-0.2551BMI0.075920.018474.1110.00010.37390.3462Disease duration-0.024920.02092-1.1910.2364-0.11600.1003Age0.0024550.0098330.2500.80330.024480.02103FIQR0.00013760.0068620.02010.98400.0019660.001689PDQ0.052720.019972.6390.00960.25060.2223Abbreviations: BMI=Body Mass Index; FIQR=revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire; PDQ=PainDetect QuestionnaireConclusion:Increased sural nerve CSA is associated with neuropathic like pain features and BMI. Overweight and obesity appear to be associated with an FM phenotype with greater peripheral involvement than normal-weight subjects. Sural nerve ultrasound, an easy to perform examination, could be a useful tool to identify this kind of patients.References:[1]Ebadi H, Siddiqui H, Ebadi S, Ngo M, Breiner A, Bril V. Peripheral Nerve Ultrasound in Small Fiber Polyneuropathy. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(11):2820-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.06.011[2]Giannoccaro MP, Donadio V, Incensi A, Avoni P, Liguori R. Small nerve fiber involvement in patients referred for fibromyalgia. Muscle Nerve. 2014;49(5):757-9. doi: 10.1002/mus.24156Disclosure of Interests: :None declared
Collapse
|
16
|
Aab A, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Albuquerque I, Albury J, Allekotte I, Almela A, Alvarez Castillo J, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Anastasi G, Anchordoqui L, Andrada B, Andringa S, Aramo C, Asorey H, Assis P, Avila G, Badescu A, Bakalova A, Balaceanu A, Barbato F, Barreira Luz R, Baur S, Becker K, Bellido J, Berat C, Bertaina M, Bertou X, Biermann P, Biteau J, Blaess S, Blanco A, Blazek J, Bleve C, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Borodai N, Botti A, Brack J, Bretz T, Bridgeman A, Briechle F, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Buitink S, Buscemi M, Caballero-Mora K, Caccianiga L, Calcagni L, Cancio A, Canfora F, Carceller J, Caruso R, Castellina A, Catalani F, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cerda M, Chinellato J, Chudoba J, Chytka L, Clay R, Cobos Cerutti A, Colalillo R, Coleman A, Coluccia M, Conceição R, Condorelli A, Consolati G, Contreras F, Convenga F, Cooper M, Coutu S, Covault C, Daniel B, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson B, Day J, de Almeida R, de Jong S, De Mauro G, de Mello Neto J, De Mitri I, de Oliveira J, de Oliveira Salles F, de Souza V, Debatin J, del Río M, Deligny O, Dhital N, Díaz Castro M, Diogo F, Dobrigkeit C, D’Olivo J, Dorosti Q, dos Anjos R, Dova M, Dundovic A, Ebr J, Engel R, Erdmann M, Escobar C, Etchegoyen A, Falcke H, Farmer J, Farrar G, Fauth A, Fazzini N, Feldbusch F, Fenu F, Ferreyro L, Figueira J, Filipčič A, Freire M, Fujii T, Fuster A, García B, Gemmeke H, Gherghel-Lascu A, Ghia P, Giaccari U, Giammarchi M, Giller M, Głas D, Glombitza J, Gobbi F, Golup G, Gómez Berisso M, Gómez Vitale P, Gongora J, González N, Goos I, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gottowik M, Grubb T, Guarino F, Guedes G, Guido E, Halliday R, Hampel M, Hansen P, Harari D, Harrison T, Harvey V, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Heimann P, Hill G, Hojvat C, Holt E, Homola P, Hörandel J, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Hulsman J, Insolia A, Isar P, Jandt I, Johnsen J, Josebachuili M, Jurysek J, Kääpä A, Kampert K, Keilhauer B, Kemmerich N, Kemp J, Klages H, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Krause R, Kuempel D, Kukec Mezek G, Kuotb Awad A, Lago B, LaHurd D, Lang R, Legumina R, Leigui de Oliveira M, Lenok V, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Lippmann O, Lo Presti D, Lopes L, López R, López Casado A, Lorek R, Luce Q, Lucero A, Malacari M, Mancarella G, Mandat D, Manning B, Mantsch P, Mariazzi A, Mariş I, Marsella G, Martello D, Martinez H, Martínez Bravo O, Mastrodicasa M, Mathes H, Mathys S, Matthews J, Matthiae G, Mayotte E, Mazur P, Medina-Tanco G, Melo D, Menshikov A, Merenda KD, Michal S, Micheletti M, Middendorf L, Miramonti L, Mitrica B, Mockler D, Mollerach S, Montanet F, Morello C, Morlino G, Mostafá M, Müller A, Muller M, Müller S, Mussa R, Nellen L, Nguyen P, Niculescu-Oglinzanu M, Niechciol M, Nitz D, Nosek D, Novotny V, Nožka L, Nucita A, Núñez L, Olinto A, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Panetta M, Papenbreer P, Parente G, Parra A, Pech M, Pedreira F, Pȩkala J, Pelayo R, Peña-Rodriguez J, Pereira L, Perlin M, Perrone L, Peters C, Petrera S, Phuntsok J, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Poh J, Pont B, Porowski C, Prado R, Privitera P, Prouza M, Puyleart A, Querchfeld S, Quinn S, Ramos-Pollan R, Rautenberg J, Ravignani D, Reininghaus M, Ridky J, Riehn F, Risse M, Ristori P, Rizi V, Rodrigues de Carvalho W, Rodriguez Rojo J, Roncoroni M, Roth M, Roulet E, Rovero A, Ruehl P, Saffi S, Saftoiu A, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salina G, Sanabria Gomez J, Sánchez F, Santos E, Santos E, Sarazin F, Sarmento R, Sarmiento-Cano C, Sato R, Savina P, Schauer M, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schimassek M, Schimp M, Schlüter F, Schmidt D, Scholten O, Schovánek P, Schröder F, Schröder S, Schumacher J, Sciutto S, Scornavacche M, Shellard R, Sigl G, Silli G, Sima O, Šmída R, Snow G, Sommers P, Soriano J, Souchard J, Squartini R, Stanca D, Stanič S, Stasielak J, Stassi P, Stolpovskiy M, Streich A, Suarez F, Suárez-Durán M, Sudholz T, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky A, Šupík J, Szadkowski Z, Taboada A, Taborda O, Tapia A, Timmermans C, Todero Peixoto C, Tomé B, Torralba Elipe G, Travaini A, Travnicek P, Trini M, Tueros M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Valdés Galicia J, Valiño I, Valore L, van Bodegom P, van den Berg A, van Vliet A, Varela E, Vargas Cárdenas B, Veberič D, Ventura C, Vergara Quispe I, Verzi V, Vicha J, Villaseñor L, Vink J, Vorobiov S, Wahlberg H, Watson A, Weber M, Weindl A, Wiedeński M, Wiencke L, Wilczyński H, Winchen T, Wirtz M, Wittkowski D, Wundheiler B, Yang L, Yushkov A, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zehrer L, Zepeda A, Zimmermann B, Ziolkowski M, Zong Z, Zuccarello F. Data-driven estimation of the invisible energy of cosmic ray showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory. Int J Clin Exp Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.100.082003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
17
|
Ventura C, Zappia CD, Lasagna M, Pavicic W, Richard S, Bolzan AD, Monczor F, Núñez M, Cocca C. Effects of the pesticide chlorpyrifos on breast cancer disease. Implication of epigenetic mechanisms. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:96-104. [PMID: 30290214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphorus pesticide used for agricultural pest control all over the world. We have previously demonstrated that environmental concentrations of this pesticide alter mammary gland histological structure and hormonal balance in rats chronically exposed. In this work, we analyzed the effects of CPF on mammary tumors development. Our results demonstrated that CPF increases tumor incidence and reduces latency of NMU-induced mammary tumors. Although no changes were observed in tumor growth rate, we found a reduced steroid hormone receptor expression in the tumors of animals exposed to the pesticide. Moreover, we analyzed the role of epigenetic mechanisms in CPF effects. Our results indicated that CPF alters HDAC1 mRNA expression in mammary gland, although no changes were observed in DNA methylation. In summary, we demonstrate that the exposure to CPF promotes mammary tumors development with a reduced steroid receptors expression. It has also been found that CPF affects HDAC1 mRNA levels in mammary tissue pointing that CPF may act as a breast cancer risk factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ventura
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Citogenética y Mutagénesis, IMBICE (CONICET La Plata-UNLP-CICPBA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C D Zappia
- Laboratorio de Farmacología de Receptores, ININFA, UBA-CONICET, Argentina
| | - M Lasagna
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - W Pavicic
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Mutagénesis, IMBICE (CONICET La Plata-UNLP-CICPBA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Richard
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Mutagénesis, IMBICE (CONICET La Plata-UNLP-CICPBA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A D Bolzan
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Mutagénesis, IMBICE (CONICET La Plata-UNLP-CICPBA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Monczor
- Laboratorio de Farmacología de Receptores, ININFA, UBA-CONICET, Argentina
| | - M Núñez
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Cocca
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", IQUIFIB UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liguori M, Lanari C, Gass H, Rojas P, Elia A, Martinez Vazquez P, Burruchaga J, Gonzalez P, Caillet Bois I, Ventura C, San Martin G, Castets A, Lovisi S, Acosta Haab G, Lamb C, Fabris V, Novaro V, Molinolo A. Abstract OT1-04-02: Mifepristone treatment for breast cancer patients expressing levels of progesterone receptor isoform A (PRA) higher than those of isoform B (PRB). Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-ot1-04-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Seventy percent of breast cancers express estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and respond to antiestrogen therapies. Emerging evidence from experimental studies and human epidemiology, points to a relevant role for progestins in breast carcinogenesis and cancer growth. Others and we have proposed that there is a role for antiprogestins in the therapeutic armamentarium, but the challenge remains to identify which patients would benefit from targeting the PR in addition to ER. Preclinical data indicates that antiprogestins block cell proliferation and increase apoptosis only in ER+ breast cancers expressing levels of PRA higher than those of PRB. The aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Mifepristone (MFP) on breast cancer patients selected by their PRA/PRB isoform ratio, for 14 days in between core biopsy and surgery (MIPRA trial ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02651844). Methods: This is an open label, interventional with single group assignment study. We perform core biopsies on menopausal patients with clinically palpable breast cancers larger than 1.5 cm to confirm diagnosis. We will assess the PRA/PRB ratio by western blotting in frozen samples and total PR in formalin-fixed samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Twenty eligible PR+ patients (PR > 50 %) with PRA/PRB ≥1.5 who have signed consent forms, and meet the inclusion criteria will be recruited. Patients will be treated for 14 days with MFP p.o 200 mg. Surgery will be performed on day 15. Samples will be frozen for molecular studies or fixed for IHC. The primary outcome is the evaluation of Ki-67 staining pre- and post treatment. Secondary outcomes include comparatively expression of proliferation/apoptosis/PR signaling markers in core and surgical biopsy samples. Other pre-specified outcomes include molecular profiling, study of liquid biopsies, mammography, and ultrasound studies. Wilcoxon signed rank test will be used to evaluate differences in biomarker expression between core biopsy and surgical samples of each patient.
Citation Format: Liguori M, Lanari C, Gass H, Rojas P, Elia A, Martinez Vazquez P, Burruchaga J, Gonzalez P, Caillet Bois I, Ventura C, San Martin G, Castets A, Lovisi S, Acosta Haab G, Lamb C, Fabris V, Novaro V, Molinolo A. Mifepristone treatment for breast cancer patients expressing levels of progesterone receptor isoform A (PRA) higher than those of isoform B (PRB) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT1-04-02.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Liguori
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - C Lanari
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - H Gass
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - P Rojas
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - A Elia
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - P Martinez Vazquez
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - J Burruchaga
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - P Gonzalez
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - I Caillet Bois
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - C Ventura
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - G San Martin
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - A Castets
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - S Lovisi
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - G Acosta Haab
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - C Lamb
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - V Fabris
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - V Novaro
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - A Molinolo
- Magdalena V. Martinez Hospital, Pacheco, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Ciudad Autonoma, Buenos Aires, Argentina; San Isidro Patologia, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Aab A, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Al Samarai I, Albuquerque I, Allekotte I, Almela A, Alvarez Castillo J, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Anastasi G, Anchordoqui L, Andrada B, Andringa S, Aramo C, Arqueros F, Arsene N, Asorey H, Assis P, Aublin J, Avila G, Badescu A, Balaceanu A, Barbato F, Barreira Luz R, Beatty J, Becker K, Bellido J, Berat C, Bertaina M, Bertou X, Biermann P, Biteau J, Blaess S, Blanco A, Blazek J, Bleve C, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Borodai N, Botti A, Brack J, Brancus I, Bretz T, Bridgeman A, Briechle F, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Buitink S, Buscemi M, Caballero-Mora K, Caccianiga L, Cancio A, Canfora F, Caramete L, Caruso R, Castellina A, Catalani F, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Chavez A, Chinellato J, Chudoba J, Clay R, Cobos A, Colalillo R, Coleman A, Collica L, Coluccia M, Conceição R, Consolati G, Contreras F, Cooper M, Coutu S, Covault C, Cronin J, D’Amico S, Daniel B, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson B, de Almeida R, de Jong S, De Mauro G, de Mello Neto J, De Mitri I, de Oliveira J, de Souza V, Debatin J, Deligny O, Díaz Castro M, Diogo F, Dobrigkeit C, D’Olivo J, Dorosti Q, dos Anjos R, Dova M, Dundovic A, Ebr J, Engel R, Erdmann M, Erfani M, Escobar C, Espadanal J, Etchegoyen A, Falcke H, Farmer J, Farrar G, Fauth A, Fazzini N, Fenu F, Fick B, Figueira J, Filipčič A, Fratu O, Freire M, Fujii T, Fuster A, Gaior R, García B, Garcia-Pinto D, Gaté F, Gemmeke H, Gherghel-Lascu A, Ghia P, Giaccari U, Giammarchi M, Giller M, Głas D, Glaser C, Golup G, Gómez Berisso M, Gómez Vitale P, González N, Gorgi A, Gorham P, Grillo A, Grubb T, Guarino F, Guedes G, Halliday R, Hampel M, Hansen P, Harari D, Harrison T, Harton J, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Heimann P, Herve A, Hill G, Hojvat C, Holt E, Homola P, Hörandel J, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Hulsman J, Insolia A, Isar P, Jandt I, Johnsen J, Josebachuili M, Jurysek J, Kääpä A, Kambeitz O, Kampert K, Keilhauer B, Kemmerich N, Kemp E, Kemp J, Kieckhafer R, Klages H, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Krause R, Krohm N, Kuempel D, Kukec Mezek G, Kunka N, Kuotb Awad A, Lago B, LaHurd D, Lang R, Lauscher M, Legumina R, Leigui de Oliveira M, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Link K, Lo Presti D, Lopes L, López R, López Casado A, Lorek R, Luce Q, Lucero A, Malacari M, Mallamaci M, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi A, Mariş I, Marsella G, Martello D, Martinez H, Martínez Bravo O, Masías Meza J, Mathes H, Mathys S, Matthews J, Matthews J, Matthiae G, Mayotte E, Mazur P, Medina C, Medina-Tanco G, Melo D, Menshikov A, Merenda KD, Michal S, Micheletti M, Middendorf L, Miramonti L, Mitrica B, Mockler D, Mollerach S, Montanet F, Morello C, Mostafá M, Müller A, Müller G, Muller M, Müller S, Mussa R, Naranjo I, Nellen L, Nguyen P, Niculescu-Oglinzanu M, Niechciol M, Niemietz L, Niggemann T, Nitz D, Nosek D, Novotny V, Nožka L, Núñez L, Ochilo L, Oikonomou F, Olinto A, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Papenbreer P, Parente G, Parra A, Paul T, Pech M, Pedreira F, Pękala J, Pelayo R, Peña-Rodriguez J, Pereira L, Perlin M, Perrone L, Peters C, Petrera S, Phuntsok J, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Plum M, Porowski C, Prado R, Privitera P, Prouza M, Quel E, Querchfeld S, Quinn S, Ramos-Pollan R, Rautenberg J, Ravignani D, Ridky J, Riehn F, Risse M, Ristori P, Rizi V, Rodrigues de Carvalho W, Rodriguez Fernandez G, Rodriguez Rojo J, Rogozin D, Roncoroni M, Roth M, Roulet E, Rovero A, Ruehl P, Saffi S, Saftoiu A, Salamida F, Salazar H, Saleh A, Salesa Greus F, Salina G, Sánchez F, Sanchez-Lucas P, Santos E, Santos E, Sarazin F, Sarmento R, Sarmiento-Cano C, Sato R, Schauer M, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schimp M, Schmidt D, Scholten O, Schovánek P, Schröder F, Schröder S, Schulz A, Schumacher J, Sciutto S, Segreto A, Shadkam A, Shellard R, Sigl G, Silli G, Sima O, Śmiałkowski A, Šmída R, Smith B, Snow G, Sommers P, Sonntag S, Squartini R, Stanca D, Stanič S, Stasielak J, Stassi P, Stolpovskiy M, Strafella F, Streich A, Suarez F, Suarez Durán M, Sudholz T, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky A, Šupík J, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Taboada A, Taborda O, Theodoro V, Timmermans C, Todero Peixoto C, Tomankova L, Tomé B, Torralba Elipe G, Travnicek P, Trini M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Valdés Galicia J, Valiño I, Valore L, van Aar G, van Bodegom P, van den Berg A, van Vliet A, Varela E, Vargas Cárdenas B, Varner G, Vázquez R, Veberič D, Ventura C, Vergara Quispe I, Verzi V, Vicha J, Villaseñor L, Vorobiov S, Wahlberg H, Wainberg O, Walz D, Watson A, Weber M, Weindl A, Wiencke L, Wilczyński H, Wileman C, Wirtz M, Wittkowski D, Wundheiler B, Yang L, Yushkov A, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zepeda A, Zimmermann B, Ziolkowski M, Zong Z, Zuccarello F. Inferences on mass composition and tests of hadronic interactions from 0.3 to 100 EeV using the water-Cherenkov detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Int J Clin Exp Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.96.122003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
20
|
Chieregato A, Volpi A, Gordini G, Ventura C, Barozzi M, Caspani MLR, Fabbri A, Ferrari AM, Ferri E, Giugni A, Marino M, Martino C, Pizzamiglio M, Ravaldini M, Russo E, Trabucco L, Trombetti S, De Palma R. How health service delivery guides the allocation of major trauma patients in the intensive care units of the inclusive (hub and spoke) trauma system of the Emilia Romagna Region (Italy). A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016415. [PMID: 28965094 PMCID: PMC5640142 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate cross-sectional patient distribution and standardised 30-day mortality in the intensive care units (ICU) of an inclusive hub and spoke trauma system. SETTING ICUs of the Integrated System for Trauma Patient Care (SIAT) of Emilia-Romagna, an Italian region with a population of approximately 4.5 million. PARTICIPANTS 5300 patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) >15 were admitted to the regional ICUs and recorded in the Regional Severe Trauma Registry between 2007 and 2012. Patients were classified by the Abbreviated Injury Score as follows: (1) traumatic brain injury (2) multiple injuriesand (3) extracranial lesions. The SIATs were divided into those with at least one neurosurgical level II trauma centre (TC) and those with a neurosurgical unit in the level I TC only. RESULTS A higher proportion of patients (out of all SIAT patients) were admitted to the level I TC at the head of the SIAT with no additional neurosurgical facilities (1083/1472, 73.6%) compared with the level I TCs heading SIATs with neurosurgical level II TCs (1905/3815; 49.9%). A similar percentage of patients were admitted to level I TCs (1905/3815; 49.9%) and neurosurgical level II TCs (1702/3815, 44.6%) in the SIATs with neurosurgical level II TCs. Observed versus expected mortality (OE) was not statistically different among the three types of centre with a neurosurgical unit; however, the best mean OE values were observed in the level I TC in the SIAT with no neurosurgical unit. CONCLUSION The Hub and Spoke concept was fully applied in the SIAT in which neurosurgical facilities were available in the level I TC only. The performance of this system suggests that competition among level I and level II TCs in the same Trauma System reduces performance in both. The density of neurosurgical centres must be considered by public health system governors before implementing trauma systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Chieregato
- Neurorianimazione, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Volpi
- 1a Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gordini
- Rianimazione ed Emergenza Territoriale 118, Ospedale Maggiore, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Ventura
- Servizio Strutture, Tecnologie e Sistemi Informativi, Direzione Generale Cura della persona, Salute, Welfare - Assessorato alla Sanità - Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
- Area Governo Clinico, Agenzia Sanitaria e Sociale - Regione Emilia Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Barozzi
- Pronto Soccorso e Coordinamento emergenze traumatologiche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Fabbri
- Pronto Soccorso e Medicina d ’Urgenza, Ospedale di Forlì, Azienda AUSL di Romagna, Forlì, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ferrari
- Pronto Soccorso e Medicina d’Urgenza, Azienda Ospedaliera Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Enrico Ferri
- Rianimazione ed Emergenza Territoriale 118, Ospedale Maggiore, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aimone Giugni
- Rianimazione ed Emergenza Territoriale 118, Ospedale Maggiore, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Marino
- Governo Clinico - Direzione Sanitaria, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Costanza Martino
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale di Cesena, AUSL di Romagna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Ravaldini
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale di Cesena, AUSL di Romagna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Russo
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale di Cesena, AUSL di Romagna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Laura Trabucco
- Pronto Soccorso e Medicina d’Urgenza, Azienda Ospedaliera Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Susanna Trombetti
- Area Governo Clinico, Agenzia Sanitaria e Sociale - Regione Emilia Romagna, Bologna, Italy
- UOC Cure Primarie e Specialistica S. Lazzaro-Dipartimento Cure Primarie, AUSL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rossana De Palma
- Area Governo Clinico, Agenzia Sanitaria e Sociale - Regione Emilia Romagna, Bologna, Italy
- Servizio Assistenza Ospedaliera, Direzione Generale Cura della Persona, Salute e Welfare - Assessorato alla Sanità - Regione Emilia Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ventura C, Núñez M, Gaido V, Pontillo C, Miret N, Randi A, Cocca C. Hexachlorobenzene alters cell cycle by regulating p27-cyclin E-CDK2 and c-Src-p27 protein complexes. Toxicol Lett 2017; 270:72-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
22
|
Distefano C, Aiello S, Ameli F, Anghinolfi M, Barbarino G, Barbarito E, Barbato F, Beverini N, Biagi S, Bouhadef B, Bozza C, Cacopardo G, Calamai M, Calì C, Capone A, Caruso F, Ceres A, Chiarusi T, Circella M, Cocimano R, Coniglione R, Costa M, Cuttone G, D'Amato C, D'Amico A, Bonis GD, Luca VD, Deniskina N, Rosa GD, Capua FD, Fermani P, Flaminio V, Fusco L, Garufi F, Giordano V, Gmerk A, Grasso R, Grella G, Hugon C, Imbesi M, Kulikovskiy V, Larosa G, Lattuada D, Leismueller K, Leonora E, Litrico P, Lonardo A, Longhitano F, Presti DL, Maccioni E, Margiotta A, Martini A, Masullo R, Migliozzi P, Migneco E, Miraglia A, Mollo C, Mongelli M, Morganti M, Musico P, Musumeci M, Nicolau C, Orlando A, Papaleo R, Pellegrino C, Pellegriti M, Perrina C, Piattelli P, Pugliatti C, Pulvirenti S, Orselli A, Raffaelli F, Randazzo N, Riccobene G, Rovelli A, Sanguineti M, Sapienza P, Sciacca V, Sgura I, Simeone F, Sipala V, Speziale F, Spina M, Spitaleri A, Spurio M, Stellacci S, Taiuti M, Terreni G, Trasatti L, Trovato A, Ventura C, Vicini P, Viola S, Vivolo AD. Measurement of the atmospheric muon flux at 3500 m depth with the NEMO Phase-2 detector. EPJ Web of Conferences 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201612105015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
23
|
|
24
|
Ventura C, Trombetti S, Pioli G, Belotti LMB, De Palma R. Impact of multidisciplinary hip fracture program on timing of surgery in elderly patients. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:2591-7. [PMID: 25011985 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The effect of patient characteristics and organizational and system factors on time to surgery were studied using Emilia Romagna Region database and hospital survey. The results showed that the implementation of a Hip Fracture Program significantly increased the probability of early surgery while single intervention had only slight effect INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of formal Hip Fracture Program (HFP) on timing of surgery in hip fracture older patients. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study based on Emilia Romagna administrative databases. Data on organizational and system factor were also obtained through a hospital survey. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess the effect of covariates on early surgery, taking into account patient level, hospital level, and trust level variability. RESULTS From 1 January to 31 December 2011, 5,520 subjects over 65 years old underwent surgical repair for hip fracture in Emilia Romagna. The mean waiting time to surgery was 3.4 ± 12.3 days, and the overall percentage of patients operated within 2 days was 52.2%. In the adjusted multilevel logistic model, significant risk factors affecting the timing of surgical intervention at patient level were age, comorbidity, day of admission, and antiplatelet or warfarin therapy while no significant single variables were found at hospital level including dedicated operation theater, hospital volume, dedicated orthogeriatric beds, and geriatrician involvement. The most significant variable was the implementation of HFP at trust level that increased three times the probability of early surgery after adjusting for confounding variables (OR 3.216, 95% CI 0.582-6.539). CONCLUSIONS Several modifiable organizational factors may affect the proportion of patients with hip fracture undergoing early surgery. This study suggests that the development and the implementation of an evidence-based HFP at trust level are a key point of the strategy of quality of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ventura
- Regional Agency for Health and Social Care of Emilia-Romagna , Viale A. Moro, 21, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rinaldi S, Maioli M, Pigliaru G, Castagna A, Santaniello S, Basoli V, Fontani V, Ventura C. Stem cell senescence. Effects of REAC technology on telomerase-independent and telomerase-dependent pathways. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6373. [PMID: 25224681 PMCID: PMC4165271 DOI: 10.1038/srep06373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Decline in the gene expression of senescence repressor Bmi1, and telomerase, together with telomere shortening, underlay senescence of stem cells cultured for multiple passages. Here, we investigated whether the impairment of senescence preventing mechanisms can be efficiently counteracted by exposure of human adipose-derived stem cells to radio electric asymmetrically conveyed fields by an innovative technology, named Radio Electric Asymmetric Conveyer (REAC). Due to REAC exposure, the number of stem cells positively stained for senescence associated β-galactosidase was significantly reduced along multiple culturing passages. After a 90-day culture, REAC-treated cells exhibited significantly higher transcription of Bmi1 and enhanced expression of other stem cell pluripotency genes and related proteins, compared to unexposed cells. Transcription of the catalytic telomerase subunit (TERT) was also increased in REAC-treated cells at all passages. Moreover, while telomere shortening occurred at early passages in both REAC-treated and untreated cells, a significant rescue of telomere length could be observed at late passages only in REAC-exposed cells. Thus, REAC-asymmetrically conveyed radio electric fields acted on a gene and protein expression program of both telomerase-independent and telomerase-dependent patterning to optimize stem cell ability to cope with senescence progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rinaldi
- 1] Department of Regenerative Medicine, Rinaldi Fontani Institute, Viale Belfiore 43, 50144 Florence, Italy [2] Department of Anti Aging Medicine, Rinaldi Fontani Institute, Viale Belfiore 43, 50144 Florence, Italy [3] Research Department, Rinaldi Fontani Foundation NPO, Viale Belfiore 43, 50144 Florence, Italy [4]
| | - M Maioli
- 1] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy [2] Stem Wave Institute for Tissue Healing (SWITH), Gruppo Villa Maria and Ettore Sansavini Health Science Foundation NPO, via Provinciale per Cotignola 9, 48022 Lugo (Ravenna), Italy [3] National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems at the Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola - Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy [4]
| | - G Pigliaru
- 1] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy [2] Stem Wave Institute for Tissue Healing (SWITH), Gruppo Villa Maria and Ettore Sansavini Health Science Foundation NPO, via Provinciale per Cotignola 9, 48022 Lugo (Ravenna), Italy
| | - A Castagna
- 1] Department of Regenerative Medicine, Rinaldi Fontani Institute, Viale Belfiore 43, 50144 Florence, Italy [2] Department of Anti Aging Medicine, Rinaldi Fontani Institute, Viale Belfiore 43, 50144 Florence, Italy [3] Research Department, Rinaldi Fontani Foundation NPO, Viale Belfiore 43, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - S Santaniello
- 1] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy [2] Stem Wave Institute for Tissue Healing (SWITH), Gruppo Villa Maria and Ettore Sansavini Health Science Foundation NPO, via Provinciale per Cotignola 9, 48022 Lugo (Ravenna), Italy
| | - V Basoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - V Fontani
- 1] Department of Regenerative Medicine, Rinaldi Fontani Institute, Viale Belfiore 43, 50144 Florence, Italy [2] Department of Anti Aging Medicine, Rinaldi Fontani Institute, Viale Belfiore 43, 50144 Florence, Italy [3] Research Department, Rinaldi Fontani Foundation NPO, Viale Belfiore 43, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - C Ventura
- 1] Stem Wave Institute for Tissue Healing (SWITH), Gruppo Villa Maria and Ettore Sansavini Health Science Foundation NPO, via Provinciale per Cotignola 9, 48022 Lugo (Ravenna), Italy [2] National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems at the Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola - Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Di Bartolomeo S, Marino M, Ventura C, De Palma R. Evaluation of the survival benefit of Trauma-Centre care in the Italian setting. Injury 2014; 45:299-303. [PMID: 23490318 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma Centres (TC) are expected to have a lower mortality - after controlling for injury-severity - than non-designated hospitals in order to justify their funding. This benefit has been demonstrated in the USA not long ago, while the evidence from other settings is still limited. We evaluated the mortality benefit of TC care in an Italian setting, where the first Trauma System with designated TCs was instituted six years ago. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared 30-day mortality among 4059 severely injured patients treated in the three TCs and in 12 other hospitals of the region Emilia-Romagna, Italy between 2007 and 2011. We used propensity-score weighting to adjust for differences in potential confounders. RESULTS In the overall population there was no difference in the adjusted mortality - OR (95% CI) 1.02 (0.81-1.29). However, an interaction existed between TC care and injury severity. Subgroup analyses showed that the benefit of TC care was significant for the patients with a TMPM-ICD9 severity score>0.12 - OR (95% CI) 0.70 (0.52-0.97). These patients comprised about one-third of the study population. Further subgroup investigations showed that this effect was concentrated in the patients with less than 45 years. CONCLUSIONS The risk of death for patients with particularly severe injuries is significantly lower when they are treated in TCs as compared to Non-Trauma Centres, especially if they are younger than 45 years. TC care should be provided to a larger number of patients than currently done.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Bartolomeo
- Regional Agency for Health and Social Care of Emilia-Romagna, Viale Aldo Moro 21, 40127 Bologna, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Filomia D, Ventura C, Crescibene A, Almolla J, Napolitano M. Treatment of pilonidal sinus disease with autologous platelet-rich plasma. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2013; 148:704-706. [PMID: 24442056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Filomia
- Operative Unit of Immunohematology and Transfusional Medicine, Castrovillari Hospital, Cosenza, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Trimboli P, La Torre D, Ceriani L, Condorelli E, Laurenti O, Romanelli F, Ventura C, Signore A, Valabrega S, Giovanella L. High sensitive thyroglobulin assay on thyroxine therapy: can it avoid stimulation test in low and high risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients? Horm Metab Res 2013; 45:664-8. [PMID: 23720229 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1345185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a key marker in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Diagnostic accuracy of serum Tg is higher after TSH stimulation than during thyroxine treatment. However, some studies suggest that TSH stimulation could be not necessary in a large part of patients, if Tg is measured by high sensitive assay under replacement therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the need of Tg stimulation test in DTC followed-up by sensitive Tg assay. In a prospective multicenter explorative study, 68 low or high risk patients underwent Tg measurement on thyroxine (ON-LT4-Tg) and after LT4 withdrawal (OFF-LT4-Tg). Undetectable ON-LT4-Tg and OFF-LT4-Tg values (i. e.,<0.15 ng/ml) were found in 56/68 patients, all with negative imaging workup. Twelve subjects had skewed OFF-LT4-Tg: 8 cases had increased ON-LT4-Tg and local recurrence (n=6), distant metastasis (n=1), or benign thyroglossal duct (n=1); the remaining 4 patients had undetectable ON-T4-Tg but detectable OFF-LT4-Tg and neck metastasis was recorded in one of these. By ROC analysis, the most accurate cutoff for ON-LT4-Tg and OFF-LT4-Tg were set at 0.23 ng/ml and 0.70 ng/ml, respectively. A positive ON-LT4-Tg value accurately predicts a positive stimulation test and confers an Odds Ratio of 464 (95% CI from 26.3 to 8 173.2, p<0.0001) to have persistent/recurrent disease. This study shows that DTC patients with ON-LT4-Tg below 0.23 ng/ml by our high sensitive assay should be considered disease free and they can avoid Tg stimulation test. High sensitive Tg assays should be used to better manage DTC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Trimboli
- Section of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ospedale Israelitico, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The so-called off hour effect-that is, increased mortality for patients admitted outside normal working hours-has never been demonstrated in trauma care. However, most of the studies excluded transferred cases. Because these patients are a special challenge for trauma systems, we hypothesised that their processes of care could be more sensitive to the off hour effect. METHODS The study design was retrospective, cohort and population based. We compared the mortality of all patients by daytime and night-time admittance to hospitals in an Italian region, with 4.5 million inhabitants, following a major injury in 2011. Logistic regression was used, adjusted for demographics and severity of injury (TMPM-ICD9), and stratified by transfer status. RESULTS 1940 major trauma cases were included; 105 were acutely transferred. Night-time admission had a significant pejorative effect on mortality in the adjusted analysis (OR=1.49; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.11). This effect was most evident in transferred cases (OR=3.71; 95% CI 1.11 to 12.43). CONCLUSIONS The night-time effect in trauma care was demonstrated for the first time and was maximal in transferred cases. This may explain why it was not found in previous studies where these patients were mostly excluded. Also, the use of population based data-whereby patients not accessing trauma centre care and presumably receiving poorer care were included-may have contributed to the findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Bartolomeo
- Department of Clinical Governance, Regional Agency for Health and Social Care of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy Department of Anaesthesia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy Department of Research and Development, Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, Norway
| | - Massimiliano Marino
- Department of Clinical Governance, Regional Agency for Health and Social Care of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Ventura
- Department of Clinical Governance, Regional Agency for Health and Social Care of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Susanna Trombetti
- Department of Clinical Governance, Regional Agency for Health and Social Care of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rossana De Palma
- Department of Clinical Governance, Regional Agency for Health and Social Care of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Monteiro C, Ventura C, Martins F. A new approach for the extraction of pollutants from wastewaters handled by the graphic industry. J Environ Manage 2013; 122:99-104. [PMID: 23562952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that the Graphic Industry handles toxic products and produces, in its various operations, toxic wastes. These wastes can cause serious environmental damages and can lead to severe health problems. In this work we report an efficient, simple and cheap to run method for the removal of some of the most common pollutants involved in the various stages of the Graphic Industry production, using a Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) methodology. We have determined equilibrium constants, K(eq), and adsorption (k(up)) and desorption (k(off)) rate constants for the extraction of benzene, xylene, toluene and ethylbenzene (BXTE) from water, using C18 disks. The removal of these compounds was monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy, at room temperature. Average extraction efficiencies were of 60% in a mixture of BXTEs and close to 80% when pollutants were assessed separately. Since the retention mechanism in the C18 disk is essentially governed by hydrophobic interactions between the compounds and the alkyl chains of the disk, we have also shown that these pollutants' lipophilicity plays an important role in the rationalization of their behavior during the extraction process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Monteiro
- Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mandato VD, Abrate M, De Iaco P, Pirillo D, Ciarlini G, Leoni M, Comerci G, Ventura A, Lenzi B, Amadori A, Rosati F, Martinello R, De Palma R, Ventura C, Belotti LMB, Formisano D, La Sala GB. Clinical governance network for clinical audit to improve quality in epithelial ovarian cancer management. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:19. [PMID: 23547941 PMCID: PMC3623733 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer. Several hospitals throughout the region provide primary treatment for these patients and it is well know that treatment quality is correlated to the hospital that delivers. The aim of this study was to investigate the management and treatment of EOC in a Region of the North Italy (Emilia-Romagna, Italy). METHODS A multidisciplinary group made up of 11 physicians and 3 biostatisticians was formed in 2009 to perform clinical audits in order to identify quality indicators and to develop Region-wide workup in accordance with the principles of evidence-based medicine (EBM). The rationale was that, by setting up an oncogynecology network so as to achieve the best clinical practice, critical points would decrease or even be eliminated. Analysis of cases was based on the review of the medical records. RESULTS 614 EOC patients treated between 2007 and 2008 were identified. We found only 2 high-volume hospitals (≥ 21 patients/year), 3 medium-volume hospitals (11-20 operated patients/year), and 7 low-volume hospitals (≤ 10 operated patients /year). Only 222 patients (76.3%) had a histological diagnosis, FIGO surgical staging was reported only in 206 patients (70.9%) but not all standard surgical procedures were always performed, residual disease were not reported in all patients. No standard number of neoadjuvant chemotherapy cycles was observed. CONCLUSIONS The differences in terms of treatments provided led the multidisciplinary group to identify reference centers, to promote centralization, to ensure uniform and adequate treatment to patients treated in regional centers and to promote a new audit involving all regional hospitals to a complete review of the all the EOC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Dario Mandato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Martino Abrate
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Pierandrea De Iaco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital S. Orsola Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Debora Pirillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gino Ciarlini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Leoni
- Oncology and Gynecology Unit, Ospedale Civile, Ravenna, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Ventura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale Civile, Guastalla, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Bruno Lenzi
- Unit of Medicine, Hospital of Argenta, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Amadori
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale G.B. Morgagni-L.Pierantoni, Forlì, Italy
| | - Federica Rosati
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale degli Infermi, Rimini, Italy
| | - Ruby Martinello
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rossana De Palma
- Clinical Area Government, Health and Social Agency of Emilia-Romagna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Chiara Ventura
- Clinical Area Government, Health and Social Agency of Emilia-Romagna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | | | - Debora Formisano
- Statistics and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista La Sala
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova- IRCCS; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Di Bartolomeo S, Ventura C, Marino M, Chieregato A, Gambale G, Fabbri A, Volpi A, De Palma R. Is the TMPM-ICD9 revolution in trauma risk-adjustment compatible with imperfect administrative coding? Accid Anal Prev 2011; 43:1955-1959. [PMID: 21819823 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TMPM-ICD9 is the latest injury-severity measure based on empirical estimation from ICD-9-CM codes. It is candidate to replace expert-based AIS measures worldwide because of easier accessibility and better predictive performances. In Italy and other countries administrative ICD coding is generally less complete than dedicated AIS coding. We attempted to ascertain how this affects TMPM performances. METHODS Discrimination (c statistics) and calibration (calibration curves, Akaike's criterion) of hierarchical logistic regression models for hospital mortality comprising TMPM or ISS were compared using trauma-registry data on 3570 patients of years 2007-2009. The completeness of AIS vs. ICD-9-CM coding was also investigated through the ratio of the respective numbers of codes per patient. Model discrimination was further analyzed after stratification according to the above ratio (>1 and ≤ 1). RESULTS The models with TMPM showed worse performances. The differences, concerned calibration (graphical evidence) in univariate models and discrimination (-1.2% of area under the ROC curve, p<0.05) in models completed with age, gender, mechanism of injury, motor GCS and systolic pressure. In parallel, ICD coding was less complete than AIS, as expected: 68% of patients had a ratio >1. The discrimination of TMPM vs. ISS models improved when the ratio changed from >1 to ≤ 1. CONCLUSIONS The predictive performances of TMPM-ICD9 vs. ISS were lower than in the previous studies; the sub-optimal quality of ICD coding was a main cause. Imperfect administrative coding may hence hamper the TMPM-ICD9 revolution, although in our setting the negligible differences and the ready availability of administrative data may still give reason for adopting TMPM-ICD9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Bartolomeo
- Anaesthesia and ICU S.M.M. Hospital, Udine/Regional Health Agency of Emilia-Romagna, Viale Aldo Moro 21, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Chiara Ventura
- Regional Health Agency of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Giorgio Gambale
- Anaesthesia and ICU, Ospedale "G.B. Morgagni-L. Pierantoni", AUSL di Forlì, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Emergency Medicine, Ospedale "G.B. Morgagni-L. Pierantoni", Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pontillo C, Rojas P, Chiappini F, Ventura C, Cocca C, Lanari C, Pisarev DKD, Randi A. Action of hexachlorobenzene on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell invasion and tumour growth. Toxicol Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
34
|
Ventura C, Núñez M, Gaido V, Lamas DM, Randi A, Venturino A, Rivera E, Cocca C. Effects of chlorpyrifos on growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cell line. Toxicol Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
35
|
Trimboli P, Rossi F, Baldelli R, Laurenti O, Nigri G, Ventura C, Appetecchia M, Attanasio D, Romanelli F, Guidobaldi L, Guarino M, Crescenzi A, Valabrega S. Measuring calcitonin in washout of the needle in patients undergoing fine needle aspiration with suspicious medullary thyroid cancer. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 40:394-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.21731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
36
|
Di Bartolomeo S, Ventura C, Marino M, Valent F, Trombetti S, De Palma R. The counterintuitive effect of multiple injuries in severity scoring: a simple variable improves the predictive ability of NISS. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2011; 19:26. [PMID: 21504567 PMCID: PMC3094251 DOI: 10.1186/1757-7241-19-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Injury scoring is important to formulate prognoses for trauma patients. Although scores based on empirical estimation allow for better prediction, those based on expert consensus, e.g. the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) are widely used. We describe how the addition of a variable quantifying the number of injuries improves the ability of NISS to predict mortality. Methods We analyzed 2488 injury cases included into the trauma registry of the Italian region Emilia-Romagna in 2006-2008 and assessed the ability of NISS alone, NISS plus number of injuries, and the maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) to predict in-hospital mortality. Hierarchical logistic regression was used. We measured discrimination through the C statistics, and calibration through Hosmer-Lemeshow statistics, Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and calibration curves. Results The best discrimination and calibration resulted from the model with NISS plus number of injuries, followed by NISS alone and then by the maximum AIS (C statistics 0.775, 0.755, and 0.729, respectively; AIC 1602, 1635, and 1712, respectively). The predictive ability of all the models improved after inclusion of age, gender, mechanism of injury, and the motor component of Glasgow Coma Scale (C statistics 0.889, 0.898, and 0.901; AIC 1234, 1174, and 1167). The model with NISS plus number of injuries still showed the best performances, this time with borderline statistical significance. Conclusions In NISS, the same weight is assigned to the three worst injuries, although the contribution of the second and third to the probability of death is smaller than that of the worst one. An improvement of the predictive ability of NISS can be obtained adjusting for the number of injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Bartolomeo
- Anaesthesia and ICU S.M.M. Hospital, Udine/Regional Health Agency of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
O'Leary T, Heindryckx B, Lierman S, De Sutter P, Shlush K, Fainaru O, Grosman G, Faraji G, Michaeli M, Hallak M, Ellenbogen A, Zambelli F, Magli MC, Stanghellini I, Ferraretti AP, Ventura C, Gianaroli L, Mas A, Cervello I, Gil-Sanchis C, Peris-Pardo L, Faus A, Ferro J, Pellicer A, Simon C, Kobayashi M, Kurotaki Y, Takeuchi T, Yoshida A, Behjati R, Kawai K, Kano J, Akhondi MA, Akaza H, Noguchi M, Desai N, Tsulaia T, Xu J, Anand R, Goldberg J, Falcone T, Eguizabal C, Montserrat N, Vassena R, Barragan M, Garreta E, Garcia-Quevedo L, Vidal F, Giorgetti A, Veiga A, Ispizua-Belmonte JC, Carrasco B, Vassena R, Boada M, Coroleu B, Izpisua JC, Veiga A, Chikhovskaya JV, Repping S, van Pelt AMM, Namm A, Arend A, Aunapuu M, Duggal G, Heindryckx B, O'Leary T, Lierman S, Deforce D, Chuva de Sousa Lopes S, De Sutter P, Koruji M, Janan A, Azizi H, Mirzapour T, Shahverdi A, Baharvand H, Medrano JV, Nguyen HN, Ramathal C, Simon C, Reijo Pera RA, Salit M, Sabry D, Azmy O, Al-Inany H, Montico F, Hetzl AC, Billis A, Favaro WJ, Cagnon VHA, Ben - Yosef D, Amit A, Malcov M, Frumkin T, Eldar I, Mei Raz N, Shwartz T, Azem F, Altarescu G, Beeri B, Varshaver I, Eldar-Geva T, Epsztejn-Litman S, Levy-Lahad E, Eiges R, Sergeev SA, Khramova YV, Kosheleva NV, Saburina IN, Semenova ML. POSTER VIEWING SESSION - STEM CELLS. Hum Reprod 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/26.s1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
38
|
Di Bartolomeo S, Ventura C, De Palma R. Penetrating trauma and the United States, a shifting paradigm? J Trauma 2010; 69:1000. [PMID: 20938293 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181f0304c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
|
39
|
Trimboli P, Rossi F, Condorelli E, Laurenti O, Ventura C, Nigri G, Romanelli F, Guarino M, Valabrega S. Does normal thyroid gland by ultrasonography match with normal serum thyroid hormones and negative thyroid antibodies? Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2009; 118:630-2. [PMID: 19998241 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1237700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Few papers have shown that a hypoechoic appearance of the thyroid gland at ultrasonography (US) is related to a hypofunction and serum positivity of thyroid antibodies (T-Ab). However, it is not ascertained if normal thyroid appearance at US correspond to normal thyroid laboratory tests. The aim of this study was to assess the value of normal thyroid at US in predicting normal thyroid hormones and negative T-Ab in a cohort of 48 adult patients. All patients (37 females and 11 males) were referred to our hospital to undergo their first thyroid US examination, followed by a thyroid function evaluation. All subjects had normal thyroid gland at US. As a control group 65 patients with hypoechoic and inhomogeneous thyroid gland were enrolled. All 48 patients had normal free-T (3) and free-T (4) levels. While 41 patients (85.4%) showed normal TSH, in 7 subjects (14.6%) TSH was elevated and a significant (p < 0.001) difference was recorded between the two groups in mean TSH value. Positive T-Ab value was found in 5 patients (10.4%) and the remaining 43 patients (89.6%) had negative T-Ab. TSH was not significantly correlated with age, thyroid volume or BMI. The multivariate model showed that only BMI was significantly correlated to thyroid volume (p < 0.01, r(2)=0.31). These results showed that normal thyroid recorded by US matches with normal thyroid laboratory assessment to a large degree. These preliminary data need to be confirmed in a prospective study and in a larger series and should suggest the evaluation of thyrotropin and thyroid antibodies in subjects with normal thyroid gland as assessed by US.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Trimboli
- Section of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ospedale Israelitico, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bianchi F, La Manna G, Cantoni S, Cavallini C, Scolari M, Ventura C, Stefoni S. [Expression of metanephric differentiation markers in human mesenchymal stem cells]. G Ital Nefrol 2009; 26 Suppl 45:S64-S68. [PMID: 19382097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are a potential source for the regeneration of many tissues, including damaged kidneys. The present study describes the adoption of hyaluronic- butyric acid monoesters (HB) to induce expression of nephrogenic genes by mesenchymal cells isolated from human placental membranes. HB at a concentration of 1 mg/mL induces chromatin opening and increases the expression of the observed markers (cadherin 11, CD24, RAR-alpha, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2, 14-3-3 0, Ewing sarcoma homolog.). These results open new routes toward cell regeneration after kidney injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Bianchi
- Istituto di Nefrologia, Dialisi e Trapianto Renale, Ospedale S. Orsola, Istituto di Cardiologia-INBB, Universita' degli Studi, Bologna 40138, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Puglisi G, Santagati NA, Pignatello R, Ventura C, Bottino FA, Mangiafico S, Mazzone G. Inclusion Complexation of 4-Biphenylacetic Acid with β-Cyclodextrin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049009114894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
42
|
Ventura C. Stem Cells for Repairing Myocardial Infarction and Improving Heart Failure. Pharmacotherapy 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
43
|
Travado L, Ventura C, Martins C. The psychosocial dimension in the burn care treatment—Development of a protocol for a clinical psychological intervention. Burns 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.10.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
44
|
Ventura C. MEDICINA RIGENERATIVA E PLASTICITÀ DELLE CELLULE STAMINALI ADULTE. Microbiol Med 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
45
|
Ventura C. Affording high-through put cardiogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells. Pharmacotherapy 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
46
|
Ventura C, Branzi A. Autocrine and intracrine signaling for cardiogenesis in embryonic stem cells: a clue for the development of novel differentiating agents. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2006:123-46. [PMID: 16370327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiogenesis, one of the earliest and most complex morphogenetic events in the embryo, is not fully understood at the molecular level and is typically a low-yield process. Affording a high throughput of cardiogenesis from a suitable population of pluripotent cells is therefore a major assignment in the perspective of a stem cell therapy for heart failure. Analysis of cardiac lineage commitment in mouse embryonic stem cells and in vivo models of cardiac differentiation revealed that a number of crucial growth factors are released from precursor cells, acting in an autocrine fashion on specific plasma membrane receptors to prime a cardiogenic decision. Nevertheless, it is increasingly becoming evident that cell nuclei harbor the potential for intrinsic signal transduction pathways. The term "intracrine" has been proposed for growth regulatory peptides that have been shown to act within their cell of synthesis at the level of the nuclear envelope, chromatin, or other subnuclear components. Considerable evidence links known intracrines with transcriptional responses and self-sustaining loops that behave as long-lived signals and impart features characteristic of differentiation, growth regulation and cell memory. This review focuses on a number of autocrine and intracrine systems within the context of cardiac differentiation and emphasizes the identification of cardiogenic mechanisms as a clue for the development of unprecedented differentiating strategies. In this regard, recently synthesized mixed esters of hyaluronan with butyric and retinoic acid primed the expression of cardiogenic genes and elicited a remarkable increase in cardiomyocyte yield in mouse embryonic stem cells. This demonstrates the potential for chemically modifying the gene program of cardiac differentiation without the aid of gene transfer technologies and sets the basis for the design of a novel generation of chemicals suited for the organization of targeted lineage patterning in stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ventura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Debidda M, Sanna B, Cossu A, Posadino AM, Tadolini B, Ventura C, Pintus G. NAMI-A inhibits the PMA-induced ODC gene expression in ECV304 cells: involvement of PKC/Raf/Mek/ERK signalling pathway. Int J Oncol 2003; 23:477-82. [PMID: 12851698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Imidazolium trans-imidazole dimethyl sulfoxide tetrachlororuthenate (NAMI-A) is a new compound active against lung metastasis of solid metastasizing tumours. While its in vivo effect has been studied, the molecular insights that underlie its action are largely unknown. Among the possible pathways responsible for malignant transformation, PKC arose as one of the most promising targets for new antineoplastic drugs. We demonstrated the capability of NAMI-A of inhibiting PMA induced-PKC activity in ECV304 in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, NAMI-A through modulation of PKC activity has been proved capable of reducing the phorbol ester induced expression of ornithine decarboxilase (ODC) gene and to abrogate the activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Taken together these results suggest that many of the in vivo outcomes of NAMI-A treatment may be the result of a direct action on PKC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Debidda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Debidda M, Sanna B, Cossu A, Posadino A, Tadolini B, Ventura C, Pintus G. NAMI-A inhibits the PMA-induced ODC gene expression in ECV304 cells: Involvement of PKC/Raf/Mek/ERK signalling pathway. Int J Oncol 2003. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.23.2.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
49
|
David D, Morais S, Ventura C, Campos M. Female haemophiliac homozygous for the factor VIII intron 22 inversion mutation, with transcriptional inactivation of one of the factor VIII alleles. Haemophilia 2003; 9:125-30. [PMID: 12558791 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2516.2003.00704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic expression of X-linked recessive disorders, including haemophilia A, is rare in females. This report describes a female with sporadic severe haemophilia A. The female patient and her family members were evaluated by coagulation assays. Visible detectable disturbance of X chromosome structure or number, as well as 2N von Willebrand disease, were excluded as possible explanations of the haemophilia A phenotype. Molecular studies, factor VIII (FVIII) intron 22 inversion mutation analysis showed that the severe haemophilia A phenotype is the result of a maternally inherited, distal, FVIII gene inversion and a paternally inherited de novo, also distal, FVIII gene inversion. Furthermore, comparative single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis revealed the absence of detectable maternally inherited abnormal FVIII gene transcript in the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes. X chromosome methylation analysis indicates that this could be explained by preferential inactivation of the maternally inherited X chromosome carrying the distal FVIII gene inversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D David
- Centro de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Carvalho A, Leitão J, Louro E, Maia R, Geraldes C, Ventura C, Silvestre M, Porto A. Small dose of recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) to perform percutaneous liver biopsies in cirrhotic patients. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2002; 94:280-5. [PMID: 12474336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Low levels of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, synthesized in the liver, play a key role in the hypocoagulable state of end-stage liver disease patients. Recombinant factor VII (rFVIIa) has been developed for, and currently is used in the treatment of patients with hemophilia A and B with inhibitors. Some experience was gained with rFVIIa in liver diseases since 1995. We used a low dose of rFVIIa to perform percutaneous liver biopsy in three patients, all of them with abnormal coagulation, impeditive of the percutaneous liver biopsy. The first one was a 29 years old man with alcoholic cirrhosis and a liver nodule; the second was a 32 years old man with post hepatitis C cirrhosis and excessive alcohol intake; the third was a 53 years old man with chronic hepatitis C and a congenital deficit of factor VII. A single dose of 5 micrograms/Kg of rFVII administered before liver biopsies raised levels of factor VII to acceptable values during more than 5 hours in the first two patients. We conclude that a small dose of rFVIIa can be enough to correct the abnormal coagulation of cirrhotic patients, permits percutaneous liver biopsy, and is cost-effective, compared to transjugular access.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Carvalho
- Serviço de Medicina III, Hospitais da Universidad de Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|