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Bagra K, Bellanger X, Merlin C, Singh G, Berendonk TU, Klümper U. Environmental stress increases the invasion success of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in river microbial communities. Sci Total Environ 2023; 904:166661. [PMID: 37652387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Environmental microbiomes are constantly exposed to invasion events through foreign, antibiotic resistant bacteria that were enriched in the anthropic sphere. However, the biotic and abiotic factors, as well as the natural barriers that determine the invasion success of these invader bacteria into the environmental microbiomes are poorly understood. A great example of such invasion events are river microbial communities constantly exposed to resistant bacteria originating from wastewater effluents. Here, we aim at gaining comprehensive insights into the key factors that determine their invasion success with a particular focus on the effects of environmental stressors, regularly co-released in wastewater effluents. Understanding invasion dynamics of resistant bacteria is crucial for limiting the environmental spread of antibiotic resistance. To achieve this, we grew natural microbial biofilms on glass slides in rivers for one month. The biofilms were then transferred to laboratory, recirculating flume systems and exposed to a single pulse of a model resistant invader bacterium (Escherichia coli) either in presence or absence of stress induced by Cu2+. The invasion dynamics of E. coli into the biofilms were then monitored for 14 days. Despite an initially successful introduction of E. coli into the biofilms, independent of the imposed stress, over time the invader perished in absence of stress. However, under stress the invading strain successfully established and proliferated in the biofilms. Noteworthy, the increased establishment success of the invader coincided with a loss in microbial community diversity under stress conditions, likely due to additional niche space becoming available for the invader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyum Bagra
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, Germany; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Xavier Bellanger
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Merlin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Gargi Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Thomas U Berendonk
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Uli Klümper
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, Germany.
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Leão I, Khalifa L, Gallois N, Vaz-Moreira I, Klümper U, Youdkes D, Palmony S, Dagai L, Berendonk TU, Merlin C, Manaia CM, Cytryn E. Microbiome and Resistome Profiles along a Sewage-Effluent-Reservoir Trajectory Underline the Role of Natural Attenuation in Wastewater Stabilization Reservoirs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0017023. [PMID: 37199629 PMCID: PMC10304787 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00170-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance gene (ARGs) loads dissipate through sewage treatment plants to receiving aquatic environments, but the mechanisms that mitigate the spread of these ARGs are not well understood due to the complexity of full-scale systems and the difficulty of source tracking in downstream environments. To overcome this problem, we targeted a controlled experimental system comprising a semicommercial membrane-aerated bioreactor (MABR), whose effluents fed a 4,500-L polypropylene basin that mimicked effluent stabilization reservoirs and receiving aquatic ecosystems. We analyzed a large set of physicochemical measurements, concomitant with the cultivation of total and cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli, microbial community analyses, and quantitative PCR (qPCR)/digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) quantification of selected ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). The MABR removed most of the sewage-derived organic carbon and nitrogen, and simultaneously, E. coli, ARG, and MGE levels dropped by approximately 1.5- and 1.0-log unit mL-1, respectively. Similar levels of E. coli, ARGs, and MGEs were removed in the reservoir, but interestingly, unlike in the MABR, the relative abundance (normalized to 16S rRNA gene-inferred total bacterial abundance) of these genes also decreased. Microbial community analyses revealed the substantial shifts in bacterial and eukaryotic community composition in the reservoir relative to the MABR. Collectively, our observations lead us to conclude that the removal of ARGs in the MABR is mainly a consequence of treatment-facilitated biomass removal, whereas in the stabilization reservoir, mitigation is linked to natural attenuation associated with ecosystem functioning, which includes abiotic parameters, and the development of native microbiomes that prevent the establishment of wastewater-derived bacteria and associated ARGs. IMPORTANCE Wastewater treatment plants are sources of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which can contaminate receiving aquatic environments and contribute to antibiotic resistance. We focused on a controlled experimental system comprising a semicommercial membrane-aerated bioreactor (MABR) that treated raw sewage, whose effluents fed a 4,500-L polypropylene basin that mimicked effluent stabilization reservoirs. We evaluated ARB and ARG dynamics across the raw-sewage-MABR-effluent trajectory, concomitant with evaluation of microbial community composition and physicochemical parameters, in an attempt to identify mechanisms associated with ARB and ARG dissipation. We found that removal of ARB and ARGs in the MABR was primarily associated with bacterial death or sludge removal, whereas in the reservoir it was attributed to the inability of ARBs and associated ARGs to colonize the reservoir due to a dynamic and persistent microbial community. The study demonstrates the importance of ecosystem functioning in removing microbial contaminants from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Leão
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leron Khalifa
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon-Lezion, Israel
| | | | - Ivone Vaz-Moreira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Uli Klümper
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Youdkes
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon-Lezion, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Célia M. Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eddie Cytryn
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon-Lezion, Israel
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Rovers S, Merlin C, Fisher S, Nowak A, Pauwels P, Lardon F, van Meerbeeck J, Smits E, Marcq E. EP07.01-024 Preclinical Investigation of Immune Checkpoint Blockade and Anti-Angiogenic Therapy in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. J Thorac Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2022.07.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Roman VL, Merlin C, Baron S, Larvor E, Le Devendec L, Virta MPJ, Bellanger X. Abundance and environmental host range of the SXT/R391 ICEs in aquatic environmental communities. Environ Pollut 2021; 288:117673. [PMID: 34218080 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as plasmids or integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are widely involved in the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), but their environmental host-range and reservoirs remain poorly known, as mainly assessed through the analysis of culturable and clinical bacterial isolates. In this study, we used a gradual approach for determining the environmental abundance and host-range of ICEs belonging to the SXT/R391 family, otherwise well known to bring ARGs in Vibrio spp. epidemic clones and other pathogens. First, by screening a set of aquatic bacteria libraries covering 1794 strains, we found that almost 1% of the isolates hosted an SXT/R391 element, all belonging to a narrow group of non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae. However, when SXT/R391 ICEs were then quantified in various aquatic communities, they appeared to be ubiquitous and relatively abundant, from 10-6 to 10-3 ICE copies per 16 S rDNA. Finally, the molecular exploration of the SXT/R391 host-range in two river ecosystems impacted by anthropogenic activities, using the single-cell genomic approach epicPCR, revealed several new SXT/R391 hosts mostly in the Proteobacteria phylum. Some, such as the pathogen Arcobacter cryaerophilus (Campylobacteraceae), have only been encountered in discharged treated wastewaters and downstream river waters, thus revealing a likely anthropogenic origin. Others, such as the non-pathogenic bacterium Neptunomonas acidivorans (Oceanospirillaceae), were solely identified in rivers waters upstream and downstream the treated wastewaters discharge points and may intrinsically belong to the SXT/R391 environmental reservoir. This work points out that not only the ICEs of the SXT/R391 family are more abundant in the environment than anticipated, but also that a variety of unsuspected hosts may well represent a missing link in the environmental dissemination of MGEs from and to bacteria of anthropogenic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandrine Baron
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Emeline Larvor
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Laetitia Le Devendec
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Marko P J Virta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Guilloteau H, Pradalier C, Roman VL, Bellanger X, Billard P, Merlin C. Identification of antibiotics triggering the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes by SXT/R391 elements using a dedicated high-throughput whole-cell biosensor assay. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 77:112-123. [PMID: 34673974 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are widely involved in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and some of them, such as the integrative and conjugative element SXT, are even induced by specific antibiotics at sub-lethal concentrations. OBJECTIVES This work explores collateral effects of a broad range of antibiotics on the mobility of the SXTMO10 element using a specifically designed high-throughput screening test. METHODS Twenty-five promoters involved in the mobility of SXT and six artificial constitutive promoters were transcriptionally fused to luxCDABE bioluminescent genes and introduced into Escherichia coli strains with or without SXT to build whole-cell biosensors for a large-scale screening involving 48 antibiotics. A bioluminescent assay implementing a classical agar diffusion approach was coupled to an automated data processing pipeline developed to extract and analyse luminescence data from over 2000 antibiotic/biosensor combination profiles. RESULTS In addition to quinolones previously reported as inducing the expression of SXT mobility genes, we found that specific antibiotics belonging to other classes, such as imipenem and azithromycin, also behave as inducers. The use of a control set of constitutive biosensors also revealed an unexpected intricate relationship between cell respiration and light production that allowed the identification of antibiotics interfering with the respiration process. CONCLUSIONS The effect of antibiotics goes beyond the interaction with their primary cell targets and may lead to adverse effects such as triggering the dissemination of resistance by MGEs, sometimes in unpredictable ways. Identifying such MGE-triggering antibiotics is of prime importance for better controlling collateral effects during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cédric Pradalier
- GeorgiaTech Lorraine, CNRS, UMI, 2958 GT-CNRS, F-57070, Metz, France
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6
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Marano RBM, Fernandes T, Manaia CM, Nunes O, Morrison D, Berendonk TU, Kreuzinger N, Tenson T, Corno G, Fatta-Kassinos D, Merlin C, Topp E, Jurkevitch E, Henn L, Scott A, Heß S, Slipko K, Laht M, Kisand V, Di Cesare A, Karaolia P, Michael SG, Petre AL, Rosal R, Pruden A, Riquelme V, Agüera A, Esteban B, Luczkiewicz A, Kalinowska A, Leonard A, Gaze WH, Adegoke AA, Stenstrom TA, Pollice A, Salerno C, Schwermer CU, Krzeminski P, Guilloteau H, Donner E, Drigo B, Libralato G, Guida M, Bürgmann H, Beck K, Garelick H, Tacão M, Henriques I, Martínez-Alcalá I, Guillén-Navarro JM, Popowska M, Piotrowska M, Quintela-Baluja M, Bunce JT, Polo-López MI, Nahim-Granados S, Pons MN, Milakovic M, Udikovic-Kolic N, Ory J, Ousmane T, Caballero P, Oliver A, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Balcazar JL, Jäger T, Schwartz T, Yang Y, Zou S, Lee Y, Yoon Y, Herzog B, Mayrhofer H, Prakash O, Nimonkar Y, Heath E, Baraniak A, Abreu-Silva J, Choudhury M, Munoz LP, Krizanovic S, Brunetti G, Maile-Moskowitz A, Brown C, Cytryn E. A global multinational survey of cefotaxime-resistant coliforms in urban wastewater treatment plants. Environ Int 2020; 144:106035. [PMID: 32835921 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization Global Action Plan recommends integrated surveillance programs as crucial strategies for monitoring antibiotic resistance. Although several national surveillance programs are in place for clinical and veterinary settings, no such schemes exist for monitoring antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. In this transnational study, we developed, validated, and tested a low-cost surveillance and easy to implement approach to evaluate antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by targeting cefotaxime-resistant (CTX-R) coliforms as indicators. The rationale for this approach was: i) coliform quantification methods are internationally accepted as indicators of fecal contamination in recreational waters and are therefore routinely applied in analytical labs; ii) CTX-R coliforms are clinically relevant, associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and are rare in pristine environments. We analyzed 57 WWTPs in 22 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and North America. CTX-R coliforms were ubiquitous in raw sewage and their relative abundance varied significantly (<0.1% to 38.3%), being positively correlated (p < 0.001) with regional atmospheric temperatures. Although most WWTPs removed large proportions of CTX-R coliforms, loads over 103 colony-forming units per mL were occasionally observed in final effluents. We demonstrate that CTX-R coliform monitoring is a feasible and affordable approach to assess wastewater antibiotic resistance status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto B M Marano
- Department of Agroecology and Plant Health, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Soil Chemistry, Plant Nutrition and Microbiology, Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Telma Fernandes
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, 172, 4200-374 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia M Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, 172, 4200-374 Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga Nunes
- LEPABE, Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Donald Morrison
- School Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, EH11 4BN, UK
| | | | - Norbert Kreuzinger
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Water Quality and Resources Management, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gianluca Corno
- CNR-IRSA Molecular Ecology Group, Largo Tonolli 50, 28922 Verbania, Italy
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department and Nireas International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Edward Topp
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre (ON), Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Department of Agroecology and Plant Health, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leonie Henn
- School Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Andrew Scott
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre (ON), Canada
| | - Stefanie Heß
- Institute of Hydrobiology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Slipko
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Water Quality and Resources Management, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mailis Laht
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia; Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Estonia
| | - Veljo Kisand
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andrea Di Cesare
- CNR-IRSA Molecular Ecology Group, Largo Tonolli 50, 28922 Verbania, Italy
| | - Popi Karaolia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department and Nireas International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Stella G Michael
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department and Nireas International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alice L Petre
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amy Pruden
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Virginia Riquelme
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ana Agüera
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Belen Esteban
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Aneta Luczkiewicz
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kalinowska
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anne Leonard
- University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - William H Gaze
- University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Anthony A Adegoke
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Thor A Stenstrom
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban South Africa
| | | | | | - Carsten U Schwermer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pawel Krzeminski
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Erica Donner
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Barbara Drigo
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Helmut Bürgmann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Karin Beck
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Hemda Garelick
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Marta Tacão
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Isabel Henriques
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Martínez-Alcalá
- Department of Civil Engineering, Av. de los Jerónimos, 135, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose M Guillén-Navarro
- Department of Civil Engineering, Av. de los Jerónimos, 135, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Magdalena Popowska
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Piotrowska
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joshua T Bunce
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Maria I Polo-López
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain; Plataforma Solar de Almería - CIEMAT, P.O. Box 22, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | - Samira Nahim-Granados
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain; Plataforma Solar de Almería - CIEMAT, P.O. Box 22, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jérôme Ory
- Laboratoire "Microorganisme: Génome et Environnement", Université Clermont Auvergne, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, F-63170 Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Service d'hygiène hospitalière, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Traore Ousmane
- Laboratoire "Microorganisme: Génome et Environnement", Université Clermont Auvergne, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, F-63170 Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Service d'hygiène hospitalière, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Antoni Oliver
- Laboratori EMATSA, Ctra Valls Km 3, 43130 Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Jose L Balcazar
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Thomas Jäger
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwartz
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shichun Zou
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Younggun Yoon
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Bastian Herzog
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Heidrun Mayrhofer
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Om Prakash
- National Centre for Microbial Resource (NCMR), National Centre for Cell Science, Pune 411007, India
| | - Yogesh Nimonkar
- National Centre for Microbial Resource (NCMR), National Centre for Cell Science, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ester Heath
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anna Baraniak
- National Medicines Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joana Abreu-Silva
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, 172, 4200-374 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manika Choudhury
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Leonardo P Munoz
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | | | - Gianluca Brunetti
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | | | - Connor Brown
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Eddie Cytryn
- Department of Soil Chemistry, Plant Nutrition and Microbiology, Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Lezion, Israel.
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7
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Bellanger X, Schneider R, Dezanet C, Arroua B, Balan L, Billard P, Merlin C. Zn 2+ leakage and photo-induced reactive oxidative species do not explain the full toxicity of ZnO core Quantum Dots. J Hazard Mater 2020; 396:122616. [PMID: 32289641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), and among them metal oxides Quantum Dots (QDs), exhibit a multifactorial toxicity combining metal leaching, oxidative stress and possibly direct deleterious interactions, the relative contribution of each varying according to the NP composition and surface chemistry. Their wide use in public and industrial domains requires a good understanding and even a good control of their toxicity. To address this question, we engineered ZnO QDs with different surface chemistries, expecting that they would exhibit different photo-induced reactivities and possibly different levels of interaction with biological materials. No photo-induced toxicity could be detected on whole bacterial cell toxicity assays, indicating that ROS-dependent damages, albeit real, are hidden behind a stronger source of toxicity, which was comforted by the fact that the different ZnO QDs displayed the same level of cell toxicity. However, using in vitro DNA damage assays based on quantitative PCR, significant photo-induced reactivity could be measured precisely, showing that different NPs exhibiting similar inhibitory effects on whole bacteria could differ dramatically in terms of ROS-generated damages on biomolecules. We propose that direct interactions between NPs and bacterial cell surfaces prime over any kind of intracellular damages to explain the ZnO QDs toxicity on whole bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Boussad Arroua
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Lavinia Balan
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), CNRS, UMR 7361, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68093, Mulhouse, France
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Woegerbauer M, Bellanger X, Merlin C. Cell-Free DNA: An Underestimated Source of Antibiotic Resistance Gene Dissemination at the Interface Between Human Activities and Downstream Environments in the Context of Wastewater Reuse. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:671. [PMID: 32390973 PMCID: PMC7192050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest challenges faced by mankind in the public health domains. It is currently favored by a lack of confinement between waste disposal and food production in the environmental compartment. To date, much effort has been devoted into the elucidation and control of cell-associated propagation of AMR. However, substantial knowledge gaps remain on the contribution of cell-free DNA to promote horizontal transfers of resistance genes in wastewater and downstream environments. Cell free DNA, which covers free extracellular DNA (exDNA) as well as DNA encapsulated in vesicles or bacteriophages, can persist after disinfection and promote gene transfer in the absence of physical and temporal contact between a donor and recipient bacteria. The increasing water scarcity associated to climatic change requires developing innovative wastewater reuse practices and, concomitantly, a robust evaluation of AMR occurrence by implementing treatment technologies able to exert a stringent control on AMR propagation in downstream environments exposed to treated or non-treated wastewater. This necessarily implies understanding the fate of ARGs on various forms of cell-free DNA, especially during treatment processes that are permissive to their formation. We propose that comprehensive approaches, investigating both the occurrence of ARGs and their compartmentalization in different forms of cellular or cell-free associated DNA should be established for each treatment technology. This should then allow selecting and tuning technologies for their capacity to limit the propagation of ARGs in any of their forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Woegerbauer
- Department for Integrative Risk Assessment, Division for Risk Assessment, Data and Statistics, AGES – Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
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Merlin C. Reducing the Consumption of Antibiotics: Would That Be Enough to Slow Down the Dissemination of Resistances in the Downstream Environment? Front Microbiol 2020; 11:33. [PMID: 32047488 PMCID: PMC6997526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cacace D, Fatta-Kassinos D, Manaia CM, Cytryn E, Kreuzinger N, Rizzo L, Karaolia P, Schwartz T, Alexander J, Merlin C, Garelick H, Schmitt H, de Vries D, Schwermer CU, Meric S, Ozkal CB, Pons MN, Kneis D, Berendonk TU. Antibiotic resistance genes in treated wastewater and in the receiving water bodies: A pan-European survey of urban settings. Water Res 2019; 162:320-330. [PMID: 31288142 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing public concern regarding the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during wastewater treatment, their persistence during the treatment process and their potential impacts on the receiving water bodies. In this study, we used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to determine the abundance of nine ARGs and a class 1 integron associated integrase gene in 16 wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents from ten different European countries. In order to assess the impact on the receiving water bodies, gene abundances in the latter were also analysed. Six out of the nine ARGs analysed were detected in all effluent and river water samples. Among the quantified genes, intI1 and sul1 were the most abundant. Our results demonstrate that European WWTP contribute to the enrichment of the resistome in the receiving water bodies with the particular impact being dependent on the effluent load and local hydrological conditions. The ARGs concentrations in WWTP effluents were found to be inversely correlated to the number of implemented biological treatment steps, indicating a possible option for WWTP management. Furthermore, this study has identified blaOXA-58 as a possible resistance gene for future studies investigating the impact of WWTPs on their receiving water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Cacace
- Environmental Sciences Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, 01062, Dresden, Zellescher Weg 40, Germany
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Celia M Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Portugal
| | - Eddie Cytryn
- The Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Norbert Kreuzinger
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luigi Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo 1, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Popi Karaolia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Thomas Schwartz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Alexander
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christophe Merlin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour Les Matériaux et L'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F, 54500, France
| | - Hemda Garelick
- Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Heike Schmitt
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584, CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daisy de Vries
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584, CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carsten U Schwermer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sureyya Meric
- Corlu Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Çorlu, 59860, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Can Burak Ozkal
- Corlu Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Çorlu, 59860, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Marie-Noelle Pons
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 1, Rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - David Kneis
- Environmental Sciences Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, 01062, Dresden, Zellescher Weg 40, Germany
| | - Thomas U Berendonk
- Environmental Sciences Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, 01062, Dresden, Zellescher Weg 40, Germany.
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Achouri F, Merlin C, Corbel S, Alem H, Mathieu L, Balan L, Medjahdi G, Ben Said M, Ghrabi A, Schneider R. ZnO Nanorods with High Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Activity under Solar Light Irradiation. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:ma11112158. [PMID: 30388867 PMCID: PMC6266891 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ZnO nanorods (NRs) with an average length and diameter of 186 and 20 nm, respectively, were prepared through a mild solvothermal route and used as photocatalysts either as dispersed powder or immobilized on glass slides. The ZnO NRs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Dispersed ZnO NRs and, to a lesser extent, immobilized ZnO NRs were demonstrated to exhibit high photocatalytic activity under simulated sunlight of low intensity (5.5 mW/cm2) both for the degradation of the Orange II dye and for Escherichia coli bacterial decontamination (2.5-fold survival decrease after 180 min irradiation for immobilized NRs). SEM, atomic force microscopy (AFM), fluorescence spectroscopy, and epifluorescence microscopy demonstrate that cell surface damages are responsible of bacterial inactivation. The immobilized ZnO NRs could be reused up to five times for bacterial decontamination at comparable efficiency and therefore have great potential for real environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faouzi Achouri
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France.
- Centre de Recherches et Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Laboratoire Eaux Usées et Environnement, P.O. Box 273, Soliman, Tunis 8020, Tunisia.
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Jarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia.
| | | | - Serge Corbel
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Halima Alem
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Laurence Mathieu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-5v4000 Nancy, France.
- EPHE, PSL Research University, LCPME, UMR 7564 Nancy, France.
| | - Lavinia Balan
- IS2M, CNRS UMR 7361, 15 Rue Jean Starcky, 68093 Mulhouse, France.
| | | | - Myriam Ben Said
- Centre de Recherches et Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Laboratoire Eaux Usées et Environnement, P.O. Box 273, Soliman, Tunis 8020, Tunisia.
| | - Ahmed Ghrabi
- Centre de Recherches et Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Laboratoire Eaux Usées et Environnement, P.O. Box 273, Soliman, Tunis 8020, Tunisia.
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De la Cruz Barrón M, Merlin C, Guilloteau H, Montargès-Pelletier E, Bellanger X. Suspended Materials in River Waters Differentially Enrich Class 1 Integron- and IncP-1 Plasmid-Carrying Bacteria in Sediments. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1443. [PMID: 30013540 PMCID: PMC6036612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems are frequently considered as the final receiving environments of anthropogenic pollutants such as pharmaceutical residues or antibiotic resistant bacteria, and as a consequence tend to form reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes. Considering the global threat posed by the antibiotic resistance, the mechanisms involved in both the formation of such reservoirs and their remobilization are a concern of prime importance. Antibiotic resistance genes are strongly associated with mobile genetic elements that are directly involved in their dissemination. Most mobile genetic element-mediated gene transfers involve replicative mechanisms and, as such, localized gene transfers should participate in the local increase in resistance gene abundance. Additionally, the carriage of conjugative mobile elements encoding cell appendages acting as adhesins has already been demonstrated to increase biofilm-forming capability of bacteria and, therefore, should also contribute to their selective enrichment on surfaces. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence of two families of mobile genetic elements, IncP-1 plasmids and class 1 integrons, in the water column and bank sediments of the Orne River, in France. We show that these mobile elements, especially IncP-1 plasmids, are enriched in the bacteria attached on the suspended matters in the river waters, and that a similar abundance is found in freshly deposited sediments. Using the IncP-1 plasmid pB10 as a model, in vitro experiments demonstrated that local enrichment of plasmid-bearing bacteria on artificial surfaces mainly resulted from an increase in bacterial adhesion properties conferred by the plasmid rather than an improved dissemination frequency of the plasmid between surface-attached bacteria. We propose plasmid-mediated adhesion to particles to be one of the main contributors in the formation of mobile genetic element-reservoirs in sediments, with adhesion to suspended matter working as a selective enrichment process of antibiotic resistant genes and bacteria.
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Scornec H, Bellanger X, Guilloteau H, Groshenry G, Merlin C. Inducibility of Tn916 conjugative transfer in Enterococcus faecalis by subinhibitory concentrations of ribosome-targeting antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:2722-2728. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Fiorentino A, Rizzo L, Guilloteau H, Bellanger X, Merlin C. Comparing TiO 2 photocatalysis and UV-C radiation for inactivation and mutant formation of Salmonella typhimurium TA102. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:1871-1879. [PMID: 27796997 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of foodborne bacterial human disease worldwide, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) was associated to the incidence of invasive salmonellosis. The objective of the present work was to investigate the effects of the TiO2 photocatalysis process in terms of both bacteria inactivation and the emergence of mutants, on S. typhimurium TA102 water suspensions. The TiO2 photocatalysis was compared with a conventional disinfection process such as UV-C radiation. In spite of the faster bacterial inactivation obtained in UV-C disinfection experiments (45, 15, and 10 min for total inactivation for initial cell density 109, 108, and 107 CFU mL-1, respectively), photocatalytic disinfection (60, 30, and 15 min) was more energy efficient because of a lower energy requirement (2-20 mWs cm-2) compared to the UV-C disinfection process (5-30 mWs cm-2). During the photocatalytic experiments, the mutation frequency increased up to 1648-fold compared to background level for a 108 CFU mL-1 initial bacterial density, and mutants were inactivated after 1-10-min treatment, depending on initial bacterial cell density. In UV-C disinfection experiments, the mutation frequency increased up to 2181-fold for a 108 CFU mL-1 initial bacterial cell density, and UV-C doses in the range of 0.5-4.8 mWs cm-2 were necessary to decrease mutation frequency. In conclusion, both disinfection processes were effective in the inactivation of S. typhimurium cells, and mutants released into the environment can be avoided if cells are effectively inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Fiorentino
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Luigi Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Hélène Guilloteau
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, LCPME, UMR 7564, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Xavier Bellanger
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, LCPME, UMR 7564, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Merlin
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, LCPME, UMR 7564, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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15
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Gatica J, Tripathi V, Green S, Manaia CM, Berendonk T, Cacace D, Merlin C, Kreuzinger N, Schwartz T, Fatta-Kassinos D, Rizzo L, Schwermer CU, Garelick H, Jurkevitch E, Cytryn E. High Throughput Analysis of Integron Gene Cassettes in Wastewater Environments. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:11825-11836. [PMID: 27689892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Integrons are extensively targeted as a proxy for anthropogenic impact in the environment. We developed a novel high-throughput amplicon sequencing pipeline that enables characterization of thousands of integron gene cassette-associated reads, and applied it to acquire a comprehensive overview of gene cassette composition in effluents from wastewater treatment facilities across Europe. Between 38 100 and 172 995 reads per-sample were generated and functionally characterized by screening against nr, SEED, ARDB and β-lactamase databases. Over 75% of the reads were characterized as hypothetical, but thousands were associated with toxin-antitoxin systems, DNA repair, cell membrane function, detoxification and aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance. Among the reads characterized as β-lactamases, the carbapenemase blaOXA was dominant in most of the effluents, except for Cyprus and Israel where blaGES was also abundant. Quantitative PCR assessment of blaOXA and blaGES genes in the European effluents revealed similar trends to those displayed in the integron amplicon sequencing pipeline described above, corroborating the robustness of this method and suggesting that these integron-associated genes may be excellent targets for source tracking of effluents in downstream environments. Further application of the above analyses revealed several order-of-magnitude reductions in effluent-associated β-lactamase genes in effluent-saturated soils, suggesting marginal persistence in the soil microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Gatica
- The Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan, Israel
- The Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vijay Tripathi
- The Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stefan Green
- DNA Services Facility, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Celia M Manaia
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas Berendonk
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany
| | - Damiano Cacace
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany
| | - Christophe Merlin
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol , 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, LCPME , UMR 7564, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Norbert Kreuzinger
- Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Managment, Technische Universität Wien , Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Schwartz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas, International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus , P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Luigi Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno , Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Hemda Garelick
- School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University , London, U.K
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- The Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eddie Cytryn
- The Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan, Israel
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Katipoglu-Yazan T, Merlin C, Pons MN, Ubay-Cokgor E, Orhon D. Chronic impact of sulfamethoxazole on the metabolic activity and composition of enriched nitrifying microbial culture. Water Res 2016; 100:546-555. [PMID: 27235775 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the chronic impact of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on activated sludge sustaining an enriched nitrifying biomass. For this purpose, a laboratory scale fill and draw reactor was operated with 100 mg COD/L of peptone mixture and 50 mg N/L of ammonia at a sludge age of 15 days. Additionally, the biomass was exposed to a daily SMX dose of 50 mg/L once the reactor reached steady-state conditions. The reactor performance and microbial composition were monitored for 37 days with conventional parameters and molecular techniques based on the gene for ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) and the prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rRNA gene cloning analyses suggested a microbial community change concurrent with the addition of SMX. Specifically, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses (qPCR/RT-qPCR) revealed a significant reduction in the levels and activity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). However, the acclimation period ended with high amoA mRNA levels and improved nitrification efficiency. Partial degradation of SMX by heterotrophic bacteria was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Katipoglu-Yazan
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Christophe Merlin
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, LCPME, UMR 7564, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Marie-Noëlle Pons
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (UMR 7274 CNRS) Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France.
| | - Emine Ubay-Cokgor
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Derin Orhon
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; ENVIS Energy and Environmental Systems R&D Ltd, ITU Arı Teknokent, Arı 1 Building No.16, Maslak 34469, Turkey.
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Moussa H, Merlin C, Dezanet C, Balan L, Medjahdi G, Ben-Attia M, Schneider R. Trace amounts of Cu²⁺ ions influence ROS production and cytotoxicity of ZnO quantum dots. J Hazard Mater 2016; 304:532-542. [PMID: 26619052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) was used as ligand to prepare ZnO@APTMS, Cu(2+)-doped ZnO (ZnO:Cu@APTMS) and ZnO quantum dots (QDs) with chemisorbed Cu(2+) ions at their surface (ZnO@APTMS/Cu). The dots have a diameter of ca. 5 nm and their crystalline and phase purities and composition were established by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopies and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of Cu(2+) location on the ability of the QDs to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light irradiation was investigated. Results obtained demonstrate that all dots are able to produce ROS (OH, O2(-), H2O2 and (1)O2) and that ZnO@APTMS/Cu QDs generate more OH and O2(-) radicals and H2O2 than ZnO@APTMS and ZnO:Cu@APTMS QDs probably via mechanisms associating photo-induced charge carriers and Fenton reactions. In cytotoxicity experiments conducted in the dark or under light exposure, ZnO@APTMS/Cu QDs appeared slightly more deleterious to Escherichia coli cells than the two other QDs, therefore pointing out the importance of the presence of Cu(2+) ions at the periphery of the nanocrystals. On the other hand, with the lack of photo-induced toxicity, it can be inferred that ROS production cannot explain the cytotoxicity associated to the QDs. Our study demonstrates that both the production of ROS from ZnO QDs and their toxicity may be enhanced by chemisorbed Cu(2+) ions, which could be useful for medical or photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Moussa
- CNRS and Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy, France; Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement, Université de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021 Jarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Christophe Merlin
- CNRS and Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), CNRS UMR 7564, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Clément Dezanet
- CNRS and Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy, France
| | - Lavinia Balan
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), CNRS UMR 7361, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - Ghouti Medjahdi
- CNRS and Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), UMR CNRS 7198, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Mossadok Ben-Attia
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement, Université de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021 Jarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Raphaël Schneider
- CNRS and Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy, France.
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Krapf MEM, Lartiges B, Merlin C, Francius G, Ghanbaja J, Duval JFL. Deciphering the aggregation mechanism of bacteria (Shewanella oneidensis MR1) in the presence of polyethyleneimine: Effects of the exopolymeric superstructure and polymer molecular weight. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 139:285-93. [PMID: 26774052 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation tests between bacteria and Polyethyleneimine (PEI) of low (600g/mol) and high (750,000g/mol) molecular weight were performed in order to address the physico-chemical mechanisms underlying the interactions between cationic polymer and bacterial membranes. The selected strain, Schewanella oneidensis MR-1, produces a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of various lengths depending on the growth conditions. Optical density, bioaggregate size, electrophoretic mobility measurements, TEM and AFM observations, and cell lysis tests (crystal violet release), were collected to describe the PEI-mediated aggregation of LPS-O-antigen-free and LPS-O-antigen-decorated bacteria. The results show that PEI of low molecular weight (600g/mol) fails to aggregate bacteria, whereas PEIs of higher molecular weight (60,000 and 750,000g/mol) lead to flocculation at low polymer concentrations. In addition, the LPS-O antigen bacterial superstructure is shown to act as a protective barrier, thus delaying the harmful effects of the cationic polymer. Despite this protection, the interaction of bacterial membranes with increasing concentrations of PEI leads to a series of deleterious processes including biosurface modification (peeling, membrane permeabilization and/or lysis), aggregation of bacterial cells, and complexation of PEI with both released biosurface fragments and cytoplasmic residues issued from lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve M Krapf
- CNRS, LIEC (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux), UMR7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54501, France; Université de Lorraine, LIEC (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux), UMR7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54501, France.
| | - Bruno Lartiges
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux), UMR7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54501, France.
| | - Christophe Merlin
- University of Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, CNRS UMR7564, 405 rue de Vandoeuvre, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Grégory Francius
- University of Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, CNRS UMR7564, 405 rue de Vandoeuvre, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jaafar Ghanbaja
- University of Lorraine, Laboratoire de Microscopie Electronique, Université Henri-Poincaré (Nancy I), BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme F L Duval
- CNRS, LIEC (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux), UMR7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54501, France
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Katipoglu-Yazan T, Merlin C, Pons MN, Ubay-Cokgor E, Orhon D. Chronic impact of tetracycline on nitrification kinetics and the activity of enriched nitrifying microbial culture. Water Res 2015; 72:227-238. [PMID: 25616640 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the chronic impact of tetracycline on biomass with enriched nitrifying community sustained in a lab-scale activated sludge system. For this purpose, a fill and draw reactor fed with 100 mg COD/L of peptone mixture and 50 mg N/L of ammonia was sustained at a sludge age of 15 days. At steady-state, the reactor operation was continued with a daily tetracycline dosing of 50 mg/L for more than 40 days, with periodic monitoring of the microbial composition, the nitrifying bacteria abundance, as well as the amoA and 16S rRNA gene activity, using molecular techniques. Changes in the kinetics of nitrification were quantified by modelling concentration profiles of major nitrogen fractions and oxygen uptake rate profiles derived from parallel batch experiments. Activated sludge modeling results indicated inhibitory impact of tetracycline on the growth of nitrifiers with a significant increase of the half saturation coefficients in corresponding rate equations. Tetracycline also inactivated biomass components of the enriched culture at a gradually increasing rate with time of exposure, leading to total collapse of nitrification. Molecular analyses revealed significant changes in the composition of the microbial community throughout the observation period. They also showed that continuous exposure to tetracycline inflicted significant reduction in amoA mRNA and 16S rRNA levels directly affecting nitrification. The chronic impact was much more pronounced on the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) community. These observations explained the basis of numerical changes identified in the growth kinetics of nitrifiers under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Katipoglu-Yazan
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, CNRS, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Christophe Merlin
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, CNRS, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Marie-Noëlle Pons
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UMR 7274, CNRS, 1 rue Grandville, France.
| | - Emine Ubay-Cokgor
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Derin Orhon
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; ENVIS Energy and Environmental Systems R&D Ltd, İTU Arı Teknokent, Arı 1 Building No.16, Maslak 34469, Turkey.
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20
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Beitone C, Bianchi K, Bouges P, Stoica R, Tuyisenge V, Cassagnes L, Chausse F, Clarysse P, Clerfond G, Croisille P, Merlin C, Pousin J, Tilmant C, Vacavant A, Sarry L. Multimodal quantification and validation of 3D regional myocardial function. Ing Rech Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Bellanger X, Billard P, Schneider R, Balan L, Merlin C. Stability and toxicity of ZnO quantum dots: interplay between nanoparticles and bacteria. J Hazard Mater 2015; 283:110-6. [PMID: 25262483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of quantum dots (QDs) has been commonly attributed to the release of metal ions from the core as well as to the production of reactive oxygen species. However, the information related to the stability of the nanoparticles are relatively scarce although this parameter may strongly influence their toxicity. The stability of aminosilane-capped ZnO QDs, here used as model nanoparticles, was investigated by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and whole cell biosensors using a dialysis setup to separate the QDs from the leaked Zn(2+) ions. The integrity of the ZnO QDs appeared strongly affected by their dilution in aqueous medium, whereas the nanoparticles were slightly stabilized by bacteria. Our results demonstrate some inadequacy between the implementation and use of whole cell biosensors, and the monitoring of metal release from QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bellanger
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Patrick Billard
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, BP 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Raphaël Schneider
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France.
| | - Lavinia Balan
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), UMR 7361, CNRS, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68093 Mulhouse, France.
| | - Christophe Merlin
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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22
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Arroua B, Bellanger X, Guilloteau H, Mathieu L, Merlin C. Atypical stress response to temperature and NaOCl exposure leading to septation defect during cell division in Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 353:32-9. [PMID: 24822276 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 has long been known for its temperature-induced mutagenesis and mortality phenotype (TIMM), for which a genetic origin has been suggested repeatedly. In this report, we present microscopic-based evidences that the TIMM process actually starts with a septation defect, leading to aberrant cell morphologies. Moreover, the septation defect of CH34 could be induced by NaOCl, thus showing that the TIMM phenotype may be part of a more general stress response. Sequence analysis of a TIMM survivor exhibiting a recurrent recognizable lysA mutation ruled out the possibility of a genetic ground linking TIMM survival and peptidoglycan synthesis.
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Bellanger X, Guilloteau H, Breuil B, Merlin C. Natural microbial communities supporting the transfer of the IncP-1β plasmid pB10 exhibit a higher initial content of plasmids from the same incompatibility group. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:637. [PMID: 25505458 PMCID: PMC4241820 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance gene transfer mediated by plasmids is a matter of concern for public health, but permissive environments supporting plasmid dissemination are still quite difficult to identify. Lately, we have reported a molecular approach based on quantitative PCR (qPCR) to monitor the fate of the IncP-1β plasmid pB10 in natural microbial communities maintained in microcosms. Such plasmid transfer experiments were carried out with 13 different environmental matrices, and demonstrated that the transfer of the conjugative-proficient plasmid pB10 in complex environments is relatively rare and is strongly matrix dependent. An attempt to link the microbial community structure and the matrix permissiveness showed that TTGE analysis is not resolutive enough to point out common features among comparable communities supporting pB10 transfer. However, an estimation of the IncP-1α/IncP-1β plasmids abundance by qPCR demonstrated that pB10 transfer tends to be supported by environmental matrices exhibiting a higher content of IncP-1 plasmids. We suggest that the relative abundance of IncP-1 plasmids in a given microbial community reflects its permissiveness to the transfer of plasmids belonging to the same incompatibility group, which prevails over transfer limitation due to a phenomenon known as superinfection immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bellanger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564 Université de Lorraine - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nancy France
| | - Hélène Guilloteau
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564 Université de Lorraine - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nancy France
| | - Bérengère Breuil
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564 Université de Lorraine - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nancy France
| | - Christophe Merlin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564 Université de Lorraine - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nancy France
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Lippuner K, Lamy O, Theiler R, Merlin C, Pendl G, Del PA, Murigande C, Schwenkglenks M. Baseline Patient Characteristics of A Prospective Observational Study to Evaluate the Care Map of Women With Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (Pmo) in Switzerland (Campos). Value Health 2014; 17:A389. [PMID: 27200892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - O Lamy
- Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Theiler
- Triemli Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Merlin
- Rheumatology Practice and Osteoporosis Center, Baden, Switzerland
| | - G Pendl
- Amgen Switzerland AG, Zug, Switzerland
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25
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Bellanger X, Guilloteau H, Bonot S, Merlin C. Demonstrating plasmid-based horizontal gene transfer in complex environmental matrices: a practical approach for a critical review. Sci Total Environ 2014; 493:872-82. [PMID: 25000583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid-based dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental microbial communities is a matter of concern for public health, but it remains difficult to study for methodological reasons. In this study, we used the broad host range plasmid pB10 to compare and to point out the main drawbacks of the three different approaches currently used to evaluate plasmid transfer in natural communities. Culture-based selection of transconjugants appeared to be compromised by high prevalence of antibiotic resistances among natural communities, unless high loads of initial pB10-donor inocula were used. Fluorescence-based detection of transconjugants reached a dead-end consequently to the narrow host range of bacteria expressing fluorescent proteins from a genetically modified pB10 plasmid, in addition to the relatively high background level of fluorescence exhibited by some environmental matrices. The molecular-based approach was the only one to provide a mean to detect rare plasmid transfer events following a low but realistic initial pB10-donor inoculation. Whatever the method, culture-based or molecular-based, the detection of successful transfer events in a given environmental matrix seemed to be linked to the initial stability of the donor inoculum. Depending on the matrix considered, eukaryotic predation plays a significant role in either limiting or promoting the plasmid transfer events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bellanger
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, 15 Avenue du Charmois, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Hélène Guilloteau
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, 15 Avenue du Charmois, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Sébastien Bonot
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, 15 Avenue du Charmois, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Christophe Merlin
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, 15 Avenue du Charmois, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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26
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Ferrand J, Patron K, Legrand-Frossi C, Frippiat JP, Merlin C, Alauzet C, Lozniewski A. Comparison of seven methods for extraction of bacterial DNA from fecal and cecal samples of mice. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 105:180-5. [PMID: 25093756 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of bacterial DNA from fecal samples of mice is commonly performed in experimental studies. Although DNA extraction is a critical step in various molecular approaches, the efficiency of methods that may be used for DNA extraction from mice fecal samples has never been evaluated. We compared the efficiencies of six widely used commercial kits (MasterPure™ Gram Positive DNA Purification Kit, QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit; NucliSENS® easyMAG®, ZR Fecal DNA MiniPrep™, FastDNA® SPIN Kit for Feces and FastDNA® SPIN Kit for Soil) and a non-commercial method for DNA isolation from mice feces and cecal contents. DNA quantity and quality were assessed by fluorometry, spectrophotometry, gel electrophoresis and qPCR. Cell lysis efficiencies were evaluated by qPCR targeting three relevant bacteria in spiked specimens. For both feces and intestinal contents, the most efficient extraction method was the FastDNA® SPIN Kit for Soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Ferrand
- EA 7300 Stress Immunité Pathogènes, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Kevin Patron
- EA 7300 Stress Immunité Pathogènes, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- EA 7300 Stress Immunité Pathogènes, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Merlin
- Université de Lorraine-CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR, 7564 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Corentine Alauzet
- EA 7300 Stress Immunité Pathogènes, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alain Lozniewski
- EA 7300 Stress Immunité Pathogènes, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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27
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Merlin C, Besaury L, Niepceron M, Mchergui C, Riah W, Bureau F, Gattin I, Bodilis J. Real-time PCR for quantification in soil of glycoside hydrolase family 6 cellulase genes. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:284-91. [PMID: 24738495 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cellulose is the main structural component of the cell walls of higher plants, representing c. 35-50% of a plant's dry weight; after decomposition and transformation, and constituting a large part of soil organic matter. Telluric micro-organisms able to use cellulose as carbon and energy sources for growth are widely distributed in the environment, but the factors controlling the rate of cellulose degradation are not well understood. In this study, we have developed a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) primer set to quantify the glycoside hydrolase family 6 (GH6 family) cellulase genes in soil samples. The qPCR assays were linear over 8 orders of magnitude and sensitive down to 10 copies per assay. qPCR analysis of contrasted soil samples showed densities between 2·47 × 10(7) and 1·48 × 10(10) copies per gram of soil. Cloning and sequencing of the PCR products from environmental DNA confirmed both specific amplification (more than 96%) and the wide diversity targeted by the primer set, throughout nearly all the GH6 family, including sequences of bacteria and fungi. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Telluric micro-organisms able to use cellulose as carbon and energy sources for growth are widely distributed in the environment, but the factors controlling the rate of cellulose degradation are not well understood. The objective of our study was to develop a qPCR for rapid quantification of GH6 cellulase genes in soil. This qPCR could be applied to study the potential for cellulose degradation in different soils in order to better understand the factors controlling the stability of the soil organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Merlin
- University of Rouen, LMSM laboratory, Mont Saint Aignan, France; INRA, UMR 1347 Agroecology, Dijon, France
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Kauffer FA, Merlin C, Balan L, Schneider R. Incidence of the core composition on the stability, the ROS production and the toxicity of CdSe quantum dots. J Hazard Mater 2014; 268:246-255. [PMID: 24509095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mercaptosuccinic acid-capped CdSe and alloyed CdSe(S) QDs were prepared in aqueous solution at 100 and 170°C, respectively. These dots were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-vis and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The dots were found to be of similar size (ca. 2nm) but differ in their composition and surface chemistry. The photostability of the QDs was found to correlate with their ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light activation. CdSe QDs produce hydroxyl radicals immediately after irradiation due to their modest photostability, while CdSe(S) QDs start to generate the hydroxyl radicals only once they start to be bleached (ca. 30min). Cytotoxicity experiments conducted on Escherichia coli cells revealed that CdSe QDs were the more toxic despite being the least loaded in cadmium. In addition, consistent with ROS assays, the cytotoxicity of the CdSe QDs appeared light-dependent and is in accordance with a light-dependent oxidative stress observed with an oxyR-based whole cell biosensor. Our results demonstrate the crucial role played by nanoparticles synthesis process on their PL properties, their stability and their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence-Anaïs Kauffer
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), UMR 7274, CNRS, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France; Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, CNRS, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Merlin
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, CNRS, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Lavinia Balan
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), LRC 7228, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - Raphaël Schneider
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), UMR 7274, CNRS, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France.
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Pasquini L, Merlin C, Hassenboehler L, Munoz JF, Pons MN, Görner T. Impact of certain household micropollutants on bacterial behavior. Toxicity tests/study of extracellular polymeric substances in sludge. Sci Total Environ 2013; 463-464:355-365. [PMID: 23827359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The impact of eight household micropollutants (erythromycin, ofloxacin, ibuprofen, 4-nonylphenol, triclosan, sucralose, PFOA and PFOS (PFAAs)) on the laboratory bacterial strain Escherichia coli MG1655 and on activated sludge from an urban wastewater treatment plant was studied. Growth-based toxicity tests on E. coli were performed for each micropollutants. The effect of micropollutants on activated sludge (at concentrations usually measured in wastewater up to concentrations disturbing the bacterial growth of E. coli) was examined in batch reactors and by comparison to a control reactor (without micropollutants). The bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by the sludge were measured by size exclusion chromatography and their overexpression was considered as an indicator of bacteria sensitivity to environmental changes. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the ammonium concentration were monitored to evaluate the biomass ability to remove the macropollution. Some micropollutants induced an increase of bound EPS in activated sludge flocs at concentrations depending on the micropollutant: erythromycin from 100 μg/L, ofloxacin from 10 μg/L, triclosan from 0.5 μg/L, 4-nonylphenol from 5000 μg/L and PFAAs from 0.1 μg/L. This suggests that the biomass had to cope with new conditions. Moreover, at high concentrations of erythromycin (10 mg/L) and ibuprofen (5 mg/L) bacterial populations were no longer able to carry out the removal of macropollution. Ibuprofen induced a decrease of bound EPS at all the studied concentrations, probably reflecting a decrease of general bacterial activity. The biomass was not sensitive to sucralose in terms of EPS production, however at very high concentration (1 g/L) it inhibited the COD decrease. Micropollution removal was also assessed. Ibuprofen, erythromycin, ofloxacin, 4-nonylphenol and triclosan were removed from wastewater, mainly by biodegradation. Sucralose and PFOA were not removed from wastewater at all, and PFOS was slightly eliminated by adsorption on sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Pasquini
- Laboratoire Environnement et Minéralurgie-CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54501 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.
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Michael I, Rizzo L, McArdell CS, Manaia CM, Merlin C, Schwartz T, Dagot C, Fatta-Kassinos D. Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the release of antibiotics in the environment: a review. Water Res 2013; 47:957-95. [PMID: 23266388 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 959] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are among the main sources of antibiotics' release into various compartments of the environment worldwide. The aim of the present paper is to critically review the fate and removal of various antibiotics in wastewater treatment, focusing on different processes (i.e. biological processes, advanced treatment technologies and disinfection) in view of the current concerns related to the induction of toxic effects in aquatic and terrestrial organisms, and the occurrence of antibiotics that may promote the selection of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria, as reported in the literature. Where available, estimations of the removal of antibiotics are provided along with the main treatment steps. The removal efficiency during wastewater treatment processes varies and is mainly dependent on a combination of antibiotics' physicochemical properties and the operating conditions of the treatment systems. As a result, the application of alternative techniques including membrane processes, activated carbon adsorption, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and combinations of them, which may lead to higher removals, may be necessary before the final disposal of the effluents or their reuse for irrigation or groundwater recharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Michael
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Rizzo L, Manaia C, Merlin C, Schwartz T, Dagot C, Ploy MC, Michael I, Fatta-Kassinos D. Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review. Sci Total Environ 2013; 447:345-60. [PMID: 23396083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1198] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are among the main sources of antibiotics' release into the environment. The occurrence of antibiotics may promote the selection of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), which shade health risks to humans and animals. In this paper the fate of ARB and ARGs in UWTPs, focusing on different processes/technologies (i.e., biological processes, advanced treatment technologies and disinfection), was critically reviewed. The mechanisms by which biological processes influence the development/selection of ARB and ARGs transfer are still poorly understood. Advanced treatment technologies and disinfection process are regarded as a major tool to control the spread of ARB into the environment. In spite of intense efforts made over the last years to bring solutions to control antibiotic resistance spread in the environment, there are still important gaps to fill in. In particular, it is important to: (i) improve risk assessment studies in order to allow accurate estimates about the maximal abundance of ARB in UWTPs effluents that would not pose risks for human and environmental health; (ii) understand the factors and mechanisms that drive antibiotic resistance maintenance and selection in wastewater habitats. The final objective is to implement wastewater treatment technologies capable of assuring the production of UWTPs effluents with an acceptable level of ARB.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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Aboulaich A, Tilmaciu CM, Merlin C, Mercier C, Guilloteau H, Medjahdi G, Schneider R. Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of (poly)aminoalkoxysilanes-functionalized ZnO quantum dots. Nanotechnology 2012; 23:335101. [PMID: 22865601 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/33/335101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent ZnO nanocrystals were synthesized by basic hydrolysis of Zn(OAc)(2) in the presence of oleic acid and then functionalized with (poly)aminotrimethoxysilanes in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide to render the QDs water-dispersible. The highest photoluminescence quantum yield (17%) was achieved using N(1)-(2-aminoethyl)-N(2)-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2-ethanediamine as surface ligand. Transmission electron microscopy and powder x-ray diffraction showed highly crystalline materials with a ZnO nanoparticle diameter of about 4 nm. The cytotoxicity of the different siloxane-capped ZnO QDs towards growing Escherichia coli bacterial cells was evaluated in MOPS-minimal medium. Although concentrations of 5 mM in QDs caused a complete growth arrest in E. coli, siloxane-capped ZnO QDs appeared weakly toxic at lower doses (0.5 or 1 mM). The concentration of bioavailable Zn (2+) ions leaked from ZnO QDs was evaluated using the biosensor bacteria Cupriavidus metallidurans AE1433. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that concentrations of bioavailable Zn(2+) are too low to explain the inhibitory effects of the ZnO QDs against bacteria cells at 1 mM and that the siloxane shell prevents ZnO QDs from dissolution contrary to uncapped ZnO nanoparticles. Because of their low cytotoxicity, good biocompatibility, low cost and large number of functional amine end groups, which makes them easy to tailor for end-user purposes, siloxane-capped ZnO QDs offer a high potential as fluorescent probes and as biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhay Aboulaich
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UPR 3349, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, F-54001 Nancy Cedex, France
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Krapf MEM, Lartiges BS, Merlin C, Francius G, Ghanbaja J, Duval JFL. Polyethyleneimine-mediated flocculation of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1: impacts of cell surface appendage and polymer concentration. Water Res 2012; 46:1838-1846. [PMID: 22285041 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In wastewater treatment plants, optimizing bacterial flocculation and bacterial sludge dewatering requires a detailed understanding of the concomitant biological and physico-chemical processes governing the action of flocculating agent on living cells. Here we investigate the interactions between polyethyleneimine (PEI, 60,000g/mol) and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 lacking or not the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen surface structure. Flocculation tests were performed on bacteria with/without LPS O-antigen after being exposed to 0-100mg/L PEI concentrations. Measurements of electrophoretic mobility and bacterial aggregates size were complemented by transmission electron micrographs and atomic force microscopy images. While low PEI concentrations (<20mg/L) lead to flocculation of both bare and LPS O-antigen-decorated bacterial strains, the lysis of bacterial membranes occurred at larger polymer concentrations for the latter, which highlights the protective role of LPS O-antigen against harmful PEI-mediated membrane alterations. Depending on polymer concentration, two types of bacterial aggregates are identified: one that solely integrates bacterial cells, and another that includes both cells and cell residues resulting from lysis (membrane and/or LPS fragments, and inner cell content materials). The latter is expected to significantly contribute to water entrapping in sludge and thus lower dewatering process efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve M Krapf
- Laboratoire Environnement et Minéralurgie, Nancy Université, CNRS UMR7569, B.P. 40, F-54501 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Baudenon J, Guettrot-Imbert G, Andre M, Merlin C, Delarbre X, Delèvaux I, Aumaitre O. Efficacité de l’adalimumab dans la maladie de Takayasu : à propos d’un cas. Rev Med Interne 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2011.03.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Francius G, Polyakov P, Merlin J, Abe Y, Ghigo JM, Merlin C, Beloin C, Duval JFL. Bacterial surface appendages strongly impact nanomechanical and electrokinetic properties of Escherichia coli cells subjected to osmotic stress. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20066. [PMID: 21655293 PMCID: PMC3105017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical properties and dynamics of bacterial envelope, play a major role in bacterial activity. In this study, the morphological, nanomechanical and electrohydrodynamic properties of Escherichia coli K-12 mutant cells were thoroughly investigated as a function of bulk medium ionic strength using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrokinetics (electrophoresis). Bacteria were differing according to genetic alterations controlling the production of different surface appendages (short and rigid Ag43 adhesins, longer and more flexible type 1 fimbriae and F pilus). From the analysis of the spatially resolved force curves, it is shown that cells elasticity and turgor pressure are not only depending on bulk salt concentration but also on the presence/absence and nature of surface appendage. In 1 mM KNO(3), cells without appendages or cells surrounded by Ag43 exhibit large Young moduli and turgor pressures (∼700-900 kPa and ∼100-300 kPa respectively). Under similar ionic strength condition, a dramatic ∼50% to ∼70% decrease of these nanomechanical parameters was evidenced for cells with appendages. Qualitatively, such dependence of nanomechanical behavior on surface organization remains when increasing medium salt content to 100 mM, even though, quantitatively, differences are marked to a much smaller extent. Additionally, for a given surface appendage, the magnitude of the nanomechanical parameters decreases significantly when increasing bulk salt concentration. This effect is ascribed to a bacterial exoosmotic water loss resulting in a combined contraction of bacterial cytoplasm together with an electrostatically-driven shrinkage of the surface appendages. The former process is demonstrated upon AFM analysis, while the latter, inaccessible upon AFM imaging, is inferred from electrophoretic data interpreted according to advanced soft particle electrokinetic theory. Altogether, AFM and electrokinetic results clearly demonstrate the intimate relationship between structure/flexibility and charge of bacterial envelope and propensity of bacterium and surface appendages to contract under hypertonic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Francius
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, Nancy Université, CNRS UMR7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Pavel Polyakov
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, Nancy Université, CNRS UMR7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jenny Merlin
- Laboratoire Environnement et Minéralurgie, Nancy Université, CNRS UMR7569, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Yumiko Abe
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, Nancy Université, CNRS UMR7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ghigo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 2172, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Merlin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, Nancy Université, CNRS UMR7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Beloin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 2172, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme F. L. Duval
- Laboratoire Environnement et Minéralurgie, Nancy Université, CNRS UMR7569, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Merlin C, Bonot S, Courtois S, Block JC. Persistence and dissemination of the multiple-antibiotic-resistance plasmid pB10 in the microbial communities of wastewater sludge microcosms. Water Res 2011; 45:2897-905. [PMID: 21440282 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid-mediated dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes is widely recognized to take place in many environmental compartments but remains difficult to study in a global perspective because of the complexity of the environmental matrices considered and the lack of exhaustive tools. In this report, we used a molecular approach based on quantitative PCR to monitor the fate of the antibiotic resistance plasmid pB10 and its donor host in microbial communities collected from various wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludges and maintained in microcosms under different conditions. In aerated activated sludge microcosms, pB10 did not persist because of an apparent loss of the donor bacteria. The persistence of the donor bacteria noticeably increased in non-aerated activated sludge microcosms or after amending antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole or amoxicillin) at sub-inhibitory concentrations, but the persistence of the donor bacteria did not stimulate the dissemination of pB10. The dissemination of the plasmid appeared as an increasing plasmid to donor ratio in microcosm setups with microbial communities collected in anaerobic digesters or the spatially organized communities from fixed biofilm reactors. As a whole, the data collected suggest that some WWTP processes, more than others, may sustain microbial communities that efficiently support the dissemination of the multiple-antibiotic-resistance plasmid pB10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Merlin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564 CNRS-Nancy-Université, Villers-lès-Nancy, France.
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Moussodia RO, Balan L, Merlin C, Mustin C, Schneider R. Biocompatible and stable ZnOquantum dots generated by functionalization with siloxane-core PAMAM dendrons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b917629b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schneider R, Wolpert C, Guilloteau H, Balan L, Lambert J, Merlin C. The exposure of bacteria to CdTe-core quantum dots: the importance of surface chemistry on cytotoxicity. Nanotechnology 2009; 20:225101. [PMID: 19433881 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/22/225101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of water-soluble CdTe-core quantum dots (QDs) with diameters below 5.0 nm and functionalized at their surface with polar ligands such as thioglycolic acid (TGA) or the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) were synthesized and characterized by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, their photoluminescence measurements, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Because cell elongations and growth inhibitions were observed during labeling experiments, the cytotoxicity of CdTe-core QDs was investigated. Using growth inhibition tests combining different bacterial strains with different CdTe-core QDs, it was possible to demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of QDs towards bacteria depends on exposure concentrations, surface chemistry and coating, and that it varied with the strain considered. Growth inhibition tests carried out with heavy-metal-resistant bacteria, as well as ICP-AES analyses of cadmium species released by CdTe@TGA QDs, demonstrated that the leakage of Cd2+ is not the main source of QD toxicity. Our study suggests that QD cytotoxicity is rather due to the formation of TeO2 and probably the existence of CdO formed by surface oxidation. In this respect, QDs possessing a CdO shell appeared very toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Schneider
- DCPR, Département de Chimie Physique de Réactions, Nancy Université, CNRS, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, F-54001 Nancy, France
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Cachin F, Chezal JM, Miot-Noirault E, Moins N, Auzeloux P, Vidal A, Bonnet-Duquennoy M, Boisgard S, Filaire M, Mestas D, Kelly A, Merlin C, Redini F, D’Incan M, Madelmont JC, Veyre A, Maublant J. Nouveaux traceurs TEMP : exemple des traceurs des protéoglycanes et de la mélanine. Médecine Nucléaire 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mednuc.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Malpel S, Merlin C, François MC, Jacquin-Joly E. Molecular identification and characterization of two new Lepidoptera chemoreceptors belonging to the Drosophila melanogaster OR83b family. Insect Mol Biol 2008; 17:587-596. [PMID: 18828844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In insect antennae, olfaction depends on olfactory receptors (ORs) that function through heterodimerization with an unusually highly conserved partner orthologue to the Drosophila melanogaster DOR83b. Here, we report the identification of two cDNAs encoding new DOR83b orthologues that represent the first members, although nonconventional, of the OR families of two noctuid crop pests, the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis and the cabbage armyworm Mamestra brassicae. They both displayed high protein sequence conservation with previously identified DOR83b orthologues. Transcripts were abundantly detected in adult chemosensory organs as well as in fifth instar larvae heads. In adult antennae, the expression patterns of both genes revealed common features with other members of the OR83b subfamily: they appeared to be expressed at the bases of numerous olfactory sensilla belonging to different functional categories, suggesting that both receptors may be co-expressed with yet unidentified conventional ORs. Bioinformatic analyses predicted the occurrence of seven transmembrane domains and an unusual topology with intracellular N-termini and extracellular C-termini, extending to Lepidoptera the hypothesis of an inverted topology for DOR83b orthologues, demonstrated to date only in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Malpel
- INRA-UPMC-AgroParisTech UMR 1272 PISC Physiologie de l'Insecte: Signalisation et Communication, Versailles, France
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41
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Kissling RO, Waldis MF, Tschopp A, Merlin C. [Does geometry of the lumbosacral inclination have an effect on the etiology of isolated osteochondrosis of L5/S1?]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 2008; 131:261-9. [PMID: 8342313 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Men and women with isolated osteochondrosis L5/S1 (excluding transitional anomalies) were compared against a corresponding group of healthy volunteers to see whether there is any geometric or statistical evidence that might constitute predisposing factors for isolated osteochondrosis L5/S1. Arithmetic means, variances, standard deviations, and correlation coefficients were calculated for all the characteristics determined for the two groups. Multiple linear discriminant analysis was used to try to reproduce any classifications our groupings of the characteristic bearers on the basis of their characteristics. It was found that the position of the sacrum in the pelvis and the extent of lumbar lordosis play a major role. To detect a predisposition for isolated osteochondrosis L5/S1, it is thus necessary to evaluate: the position of the sacrum with regard to the pelvis and the degree of lumbar lordosis-excluding that of the fifth lumbar vertebra-in the angle system. This evaluation can be performed by measuring the dorsal inclination of the sacrum (the delta angle) and the Albrecht inclination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Kissling
- Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Balgrist, Zürich
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Merlin C, Rosell G, Carot-Sans G, François MC, Bozzolan F, Pelletier J, Jacquin-Joly E, Guerrero A, Maïbèche-Coisne M. Antennal esterase cDNAs from two pest moths, Spodoptera littoralis and Sesamia nonagrioides, potentially involved in odourant degradation. Insect Mol Biol 2007; 16:73-81. [PMID: 17257210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid degradation of odours after interaction with olfactory receptors is a critical step of the signal reception process. However, the implied mechanisms are still largely unknown in vertebrates as well as in insects. Involvement of odourant-degrading enzymes in odourant degradation within the antennae has been shown in some insect species and, in particular, esterases could play a key role in degradation of sex pheromones from Lepidoptera. Using a PCR-based strategy, we isolated cDNAs encoding two new esterases from two moths which used acetates as pheromone compounds: the Egyptian armyworm Spodoptera littoralis and the Mediterranean corn borer Sesamia nonagrioides. In antennae, both transcripts were clearly restricted to olfactory sensilla, suggesting their involvement in the degradation of odourant acetate components.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Merlin
- Unité 1272, UPMC-INRA-INA.PG, Physiologie de l'Insecte: Signalisation et Communication, Centre INRA, France
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Merlin C, François MC, Queguiner I, Maïbèche-Coisné M, Jacquin-Joly E. Evidence for a putative antennal clock in Mamestra brassicae: molecular cloning and characterization of two clock genes--period and cryptochrome-- in antennae. Insect Mol Biol 2006; 15:137-45. [PMID: 16640724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are generated by endogenous circadian clocks, organized in central and peripheral clocks. An antennal peripheral clock has been demonstrated to be necessary and sufficient to generate Drosophila olfactory rhythms in response to food odours. As moth pheromonal communication has been demonstrated to follow daily rhythms, we thus investigated the occurence of a putative antennal clock in the noctuid Mamestra brassicae. From moth antennae, we isolated two full-length cDNAs encoding clock genes, period and cryptochrome, which appeared to be expressed throughout the body. In the antennae, expression of both transcripts was restricted to cells that likely represent olfactory sensory neurones. Our results suggest the occurence of a putative antennal clock that could participate in the pheromonal communication rhythms observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Merlin
- Unité 1272, UPMC, INRA, INA.PG, Physiologie de l'Insecte: Signalisation et Communication, Versailles, France
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Merlin C, François MC, Bozzolan F, Pelletier J, Jacquin-Joly E, Maïbèche-Coisne M. A new aldehyde oxidase selectively expressed in chemosensory organs of insects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 332:4-10. [PMID: 15896291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Signal termination is a crucial step in the dynamic of the olfactory process. It involves different classes of odorant-degrading enzymes. Whereas aldehyde oxidase enzymatic activities have been demonstrated in insect antennae by previous biochemical studies, the corresponding enzymes have never been characterized at the molecular level. In the cabbage armyworm Mamestra brassicae, we isolated for the first time an aldehyde oxidase partial cDNA specifically expressed in chemosensory organs, with the strongest expression in antennae of both sexes. In these organs, expression was restricted to the olfactory sensilla. Our results suggest that the corresponding enzyme could degrade aldehyde odorant compounds, such as pheromones or plant's volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Merlin
- Unité 1272, UPMC-INRA-INA.PG, Physiologie de l'Insecte: Signalisation et Communication, Route de Saint-Cyr, Bat A, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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Abstract
The can (previously yadF) gene of Escherichia coli encodes a beta-class carbonic anhydrase (CA), an enzyme which interconverts CO(2) and bicarbonate. Various essential metabolic processes require either CO(2) or bicarbonate and, although carbon dioxide and bicarbonate spontaneously equilibrate in solution, the low concentration of CO(2) in air and its rapid diffusion from the cell mean that insufficient bicarbonate is spontaneously made in vivo to meet metabolic and biosynthetic needs. We calculate that demand for bicarbonate is 10(3)- to 10(4)-fold greater than would be provided by uncatalyzed intracellular hydration and that enzymatic conversion of CO(2) to bicarbonate is therefore necessary for growth. We find that can expression is ordinarily required for growth in air. It is dispensable if the atmospheric partial pressure of CO(2) is high or during anaerobic growth in a closed vessel at low pH, where copious CO(2) is generated endogenously. CynT, the single E. coli Can paralog, can, when induced with azide, replace Can; also, the gamma-CA from Methanosarcina thermophila can at least partially replace it. Expression studies showed that can transcription does not appear to respond to carbon dioxide concentration or to be autoregulated. However, can expression is influenced by growth rate and the growth cycle; it is expressed best in slow-growing cultures and at higher culture densities. Expression can vary over a 10-fold range during the growth cycle and is also elevated during starvation or heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Merlin
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland
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Toussaint A, Merlin C, Monchy S, Benotmane MA, Leplae R, Mergeay M, Springael D. The biphenyl- and 4-chlorobiphenyl-catabolic transposon Tn4371, a member of a new family of genomic islands related to IncP and Ti plasmids. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:4837-45. [PMID: 12902278 PMCID: PMC169086 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.8.4837-4845.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the biphenyl catabolic transposon Tn4371 has been completed and analyzed. It confirmed that the element has a mosaic structure made of several building blocks. In addition to previously identified genes coding for a tyrosine recombinase related to phage integrases and for biphenyl degradation enzymes very similar to those of Achromobacter georgiopolitanum KKS102, Tn4371 carries many plasmid-related genes involved in replication, partition, and other, as-yet-unknown, plasmid functions. One gene cluster contains most of the genes required to express a type IV secretion-mating pair formation apparatus coupled with a TraG ATPase, all of which are related to those found on IncP and Ti plasmids. Orthologues of all Tn4371 plasmid-related genes and of the tyrosine recombinase gene were found, with a very similar organization, in the chromosome of Ralstonia solanacearum and on the yet-to-be-determined genomic sequences of Erwinia chrysanthemi and Azotobacter vinelandii. In each of these chromosomal segments, conserved segments were separated by different groups of genes, which also differed from the Tn4371 bph genes. The conserved blocks of genes were also identified, in at least two copies, in the chromosome of Ralstonia metallidurans CH34. Tn4371 thus appears to represent a new family of potentially mobile genomic islands with a broad host range since they reside in a wide range of soil proteobacteria, including plant pathogens.
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Merlin C, Gardiner G, Durand S, Masters M. The Escherichia coli metD locus encodes an ABC transporter which includes Abc (MetN), YaeE (MetI), and YaeC (MetQ). J Bacteriol 2002; 184:5513-7. [PMID: 12218041 PMCID: PMC135343 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.19.5513-5517.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that the genes abc, yaeC, and yaeE comprise metD, an Escherichia coli locus encoding a DL-methionine uptake system. MetD is an ABC transporter with Abc the ATPase, YaeE the permease, and YaeC the likely substrate binding protein. Expression of these genes is regulated by L-methionine and MetJ, a common repressor of the methionine regulon. We propose to rename abc, yaeE, and yaeC as metN, metI, and metQ, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Merlin
- University of Edinburgh, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland
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Abstract
Despite the power of sequencing and of emerging high-throughput technologies to collect data rapidly, the definitive functional characterization of unknown genes still requires biochemical and genetic analysis in case-by-case studies. This often involves the deletion of target genes and phenotypic characterization of the deletants. We describe here modifications of an existing deletion method which facilitates the deletion process and enables convenient analysis of the expression properties of the target gene by replacing it with an FRT-lacZ-aph-P(lac)-FRT cassette. The lacZ gene specifically reports the activity of the deleted gene and therefore allows the determination of the conditions under which it is actively expressed. The aph gene, encoding resistance to kanamycin, provides a selectable means of transducing a deleted locus between strains so that the deletion can be combined with other relevant mutations. The lac promoter helps to overcome possible polar effects on downstream genes within an operon. Because the cassette is flanked by two directly repeated FRT sites, the cassette can be excised by the Flp recombinase provided in trans. Removing the cassette leaves an in-frame deletion with a short scar which should not interfere with downstream expression. Replacements of yacF, yacG, yacH, yacK (cueO), yacL, ruvA, ruvB, yabB, and yabC made with the cassette were used to verify its properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Merlin
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland
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Abstract
Prokaryotic mobile elements have traditionally been classified as bacteriophages, plasmids, and transposons. We propose here a global classification of these and other bacterial and archaeal mobile elements based on their modular structure. This would allow for setting up interconnected databases where mobile elements could be stored as combinations of functional modules. Such a database would be very helpful. It would, for instance, allow for analyzing the phylogeny of individual blocks within an element, to understand how modules get associated and properly express the functions they carry in various bacterial hosts. Modules of practical importance, as for instance those that encode toxins or other virulence factors, could be identified and compared, and probes devised to test bacterial populations for the presence of such modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Toussaint
- Service de Conformation des Macromolécules Biologiques et de Bioinformatique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. FD Roosevelt, Brussels, B1050, Belgium
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Springael D, Ryngaert A, Merlin C, Toussaint A, Mergeay M. Occurrence of Tn4371-related mobile elements and sequences in (chloro)biphenyl-degrading bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:42-50. [PMID: 11133426 PMCID: PMC92512 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.1.42-50.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tn4371, a 55-kb transposable element involved in the degradation and biphenyl or 4-chlorobiphenyl identified in Ralstonia eutropha A5, displays a modular structure including a phage-like integrase gene (int), a Pseudomonas-like (chloro)biphenyl catabolic gene cluster (bph), and RP4- and Ti-plasmid-like transfer genes (trb) (C. Merlin, D. Springael, and A. Toussaint, Plasmid 41:40-54, 1999). Southern blot hybridization was used to examine the presence of different regions of Tn4371 in a collection of (chloro)biphenyl-degrading bacteria originating from different habitats and belonging to different bacterial genera. Tn4371-related sequences were never detected on endogenous plasmids. Although the gene probes containing only bph sequences hybridized to genomic DNA from most strains tested, a limited selection of strains, all beta-proteobacteria, displayed hybridization patterns similar to the Tn4371 bph cluster. Homology between Tn4371 and DNA of two of those strains, originating from the same area as strain A5, extended outside the catabolic genes and covered the putative transfer region of Tn4371. On the other hand, none of the (chloro)biphenyl degraders hybridized with the outer left part of Tn4371 containing the int gene. The bph catabolic determinant of the two strains displaying homology to the Tn4371 transfer genes and a third strain isolated from the A5 area could be mobilized to a R. eutropha recipient, after insertion into an endogenous or introduced IncP1 plasmid. The mobilized DNA of those strains included all Tn4371 homologous sequences previously identified in their genome. Our observations show that the bph genes present on Tn4371 are highly conserved between different (chloro)biphenyl-degrading hosts, isolated globally but belonging mainly to the beta-proteobacteria. On the other hand, Tn4371-related mobile elements carrying bph genes are apparently only found in isolates from the environment that provided the Tn4371-bearing isolate A5.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Springael
- Environmental Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
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