Influence of Body Posture on Internal Organ Dosimetry: Radiocesium Exposure Modeling Using Novel Posture-dependent Mesh Computational Phantoms

ABSTRACT

Current practice in reference internal dosimetry assumes a fixed upright standing posture is maintained throughout the dose-integration period. Recently, the mesh-type ICRP adult reference computational phantoms were transformed into different body postures (e.g., sitting, squatting) for use in occupational dose reconstruction applications. Here, for the first time, we apply this phantom series to the study of organ dose estimates following radionuclide intake. We consider the specific cases of 137 Cs and 134 Cs ingestion (accidental/occupational intake) with attention to variability in absorbed dose as a function of posture. The ICRP Publication 137 systemic biokinetic model for soluble cesium ingestion was used to compute organ-level time-integrated activity coefficients for reference adults, over a 50-y dose-integration period, for 134 Cs and 137 Cs (and its radioactive progeny 137m Ba). Mean posture time-allocations (h d -1 for standing, sitting, and lying) were taken from published survey data. In accord with modern dosimetry formalisms (e.g., MIRD, ICRP), a posture weighting factor was introduced that accounts for the fraction of time spent within each independent posture. Absorbed dose coefficients were computed using PHITS Monte Carlo simulations. ICRP 103 tissue weighting factors were applied along with the posture weighting factors to obtain committed effective dose per unit intake (Sv Bq -1 ). For 137 Cs ingestion, most organ absorbed dose coefficients were negligibly to marginally higher (< ~3%) for sitting or crouched (lying fetal/semi-fetal) postures maintained over the dose commitment period, relative to the upright standing posture. The committed effective dose coefficients were 1.3 × 10 -8 Sv Bq -1 137 Cs for standing, sitting, or crouched postures; thus, the posture-weighted committed effective dose was not significantly different than the committed effective dose for a maintained upright standing posture. For 134 Cs ingestion, most organ absorbed dose coefficients for the sitting and crouched postures were significantly larger than the standing posture, but the differences were still considered minor (< ~8% for most organs). The committed effective dose coefficients were 1.2 × 10 -8 Sv Bq -1 134 Cs for the standing posture and 1.3 × 10 -8 Sv Bq -1 134 Cs for the sitting or crouched posture. The posture-weighted committed effective dose was 1.3 × 10 -8 Sv Bq -1 134 Cs. Body posture has minor influence on organ-level absorbed dose coefficients and committed effective dose for ingestion of soluble 137 Cs or 134 Cs.

First Measurement of the Michel Parameter ξ^{'} in the τ^{-}→μ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{μ}ν_{τ} Decay at Belle

We report the first measurement of the Michel parameter ξ^{'} in the τ^{-}→μ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{μ}ν_{τ} decay with a new method proposed just recently. The measurement is based on the reconstruction of the τ^{-}→μ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{μ}ν_{τ} events with subsequent muon decay in flight in the Belle central drift chamber. The analyzed data sample of 988  fb^{-1} collected by the Belle detector corresponds to approximately 912×10^{6} τ^{+}τ^{-} pairs. We measure ξ^{'}=0.22±0.94(stat)±0.42(syst), which is in agreement with the standard model prediction of ξ^{'}=1. Statistical uncertainty dominates in this study, being a limiting factor, while systematic uncertainty is well under control. Our analysis proved the practicability of this promising method and its prospects for further precise measurement in future experiments.

Search for the Lepton Flavor Violating Decays B^{+}→K^{+}τ^{±}ℓ^{∓} (ℓ=e, μ) at Belle

We present a search for the lepton flavor violating decays B^{+}→K^{+}τ^{±}ℓ^{∓}, with ℓ=(e,μ), using the full data sample of 772×10^{6}  BB[over ¯] pairs recorded by the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e^{+}e^{-} collider. We use events in which one B meson is fully reconstructed in a hadronic decay mode. We find no evidence for B^{±}→K^{±}τℓ decays and set upper limits on their branching fractions at the 90% confidence level in the (1-3)×10^{-5} range. The obtained limits are the world's best results.

First Observation of the β3αp Decay of ^{13}O via β-Delayed Charged-Particle Spectroscopy

The β-delayed proton decay of ^{13}O has previously been studied, but the direct observation of β-delayed 3αp decay has not been reported. Rare 3αp events from the decay of excited states in ^{13}N^{⋆} provide a sensitive probe of cluster configurations in ^{13}N. To measure the low-energy products following β-delayed 3αp decay, the Texas Active Target (TexAT) time projection chamber was employed using the one-at-a-time β-delayed charged-particle spectroscopy technique at the Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University. A total of 1.9×10^{5} ^{13}O implantations were made inside the TexAT time projection chamber. A total of 149 3αp events were observed, yielding a β-delayed 3αp branching ratio of 0.078(6)%. Four previously unknown α-decaying excited states were observed in ^{13}N at 11.3, 12.4, 13.1, and 13.7 MeV decaying via the 3α+p channel.

Measurement of serum anti-Müllerian hormone by revised Gen II or automated assay: Reproducibility under various blood/serum storage conditions

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the agreement between anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels measured with revised Gen II (rev-Gen II) and automated AMH (Access) assays and evaluated the reproducibility of each method under various blood/serum storage conditions.

METHODS

AMH levels in blood samples from 74 volunteers were measured by rev-Gen II and Access assays under various conditions: immediate serum separation and AMH measurement (fresh control); serum stored at -20 °C and AMH measured after 48 hours, 1 week, and 2 years; serum stored at 0 to 4 °C and AMH measured after 48 hours and 1 week; and blood kept at room temperature and delayed serum separation after 48 hours and 1 week, with immediate AMH measurement.

RESULTS

In fresh controls, all rev-Gen II-AMH values were higher than comparable Access-AMH values (difference, 8.3% to 19.7%). AMH levels measured with the two methods were strongly correlated for all sample conditions (r=0.977 to 0.995, all p<0.001). For sera stored at -20 °C or 0 to 4 °C for 48 hours, Access-AMH values were comparable to control measurements, but rev-Gen II-AMH values were significantly lower. AMH levels in sera stored at -20 °C or 0 to 4 °C for 1 week were significantly lower than in fresh controls, irrespective of method. Across methods, long-term storage at -20 °C for 2 years yielded AMH measurements significantly higher than control values. When serum separation was delayed, rev-Gen II-AMH values were significantly lower than control measurements, but Access-AMH values varied.

CONCLUSION

The rev-Gen II and Access-AMH assays showed varying reproducibility across blood/serum storage conditions, but automated Access yielded superior stability to rev-Gen II.

First Measurement of the B^{+}→π^{+}π^{0}π^{0} Branching Fraction and CP Asymmetry

We study B^{+}→π^{+}π^{0}π^{0} using 711  fb^{-1} of data collected at the ϒ(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e^{+}e^{-} collider. We measure an inclusive branching fraction of (19.0±1.5±1.4)×10^{-6} and an inclusive CP asymmetry of (9.2±6.8±0.7)%, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic, and a B^{+}→ρ(770)^{+}π^{0} branching fraction of (11.2±1.1±0.9_{-1.6}^{+0.8})×10^{-6}, where the third uncertainty is due to possible interference with B^{+}→ρ(1450)^{+}π^{0}. We present the first observation of a structure around 1  GeV/c^{2} in the π^{0}π^{0} mass spectrum, with a significance of 6.4σ, and measure a branching fraction to be (6.9±0.9±0.6)×10^{-6}. We also report a measurement of local CP asymmetry in this structure.

First Observation of Λπ^{+} and Λπ^{-} Signals near the K[over ¯]N(I=1) Mass Threshold in Λ_{c}^{+}→Λπ^{+}π^{+}π^{-} Decay

Using the data sample of 980  fb^{-1} collected with the Belle detector operating at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e^{+}e^{-} collider, we present the results of an investigation of the Λπ^{+} and Λπ^{-} invariant mass distributions looking for substructure in the decay Λ_{c}^{+}→Λπ^{+}π^{+}π^{-}. We find a significant signal in each mass distribution. When interpreted as resonances, we find for the Λπ^{+} (Λπ^{-}) combination a mass of 1434.3±0.6(stat)±0.9(syst)  MeV/c^{2} [1438.5±0.9(stat)±2.5(syst)  MeV/c^{2}], an intrinsic width of 11.5±2.8(stat)±5.3(syst)  MeV/c^{2} [33.0±7.5(stat)±23.6(syst)  MeV/c^{2}] with a significance of 7.5σ (6.2σ). As these two signals are very close to the K[over ¯]N threshold, we also investigate the possibility of a K[over ¯]N cusp, and find that we cannot discriminate between these two interpretations due to the limited size of the data sample.

Evidence of a New Excited Charmed Baryon Decaying to Σ_{c}(2455)^{0,++}π^{±}

We present the study of B[over ¯]^{0}→Σ_{c}(2455)^{0,++}π^{±}p[over ¯] decays based on 772×10^{6}  BB[over ¯] events collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e^{+}e^{-} collider. The Σ_{c}(2455)^{0,++} candidates are reconstructed via their decay to Λ_{c}^{+}π^{∓} and Λ_{c}^{+} decays to pK^{-}π^{+}, pK_{S}^{0}, and Λπ^{+} final states. The corresponding branching fractions are measured to be B(B[over ¯]^{0}→Σ_{c}(2455)^{0}π^{+}p[over ¯])=(1.09±0.06±0.07)×10^{-4} and B(B[over ¯]^{0}→Σ_{c}(2455)^{++}π^{-}p[over ¯])=(1.84±0.11±0.12)×10^{-4}, which are consistent with the world average values with improved precision. A new structure is found in the M_{Σ_{c}(2455)^{0,++}π^{±}} spectrum with a significance of 4.2σ including systematic uncertainty. The structure is possibly an excited Λ_{c}^{+} and is tentatively named Λ_{c}(2910)^{+}. Its mass and width are measured to be (2913.8±5.6±3.8)  MeV/c^{2} and (51.8±20.0±18.8)  MeV, respectively. The products of branching fractions for the Λ_{c}(2910)^{+} are measured to be B(B[over ¯]^{0}→Λ_{c}(2910)^{+}p[over ¯])×B(Λ_{c}(2910)^{+}→Σ_{c}(2455)^{0}π^{+})=(9.5±3.6±1.6)×10^{-6} and B(B[over ¯]^{0}→Λ_{c}(2910)^{+}p[over ¯])×B(Λ_{c}(2910)^{+}→Σ_{c}(2455)^{++}π^{-})=(1.24±0.35±0.10)×10^{-5}. Here, the first and second uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively.

Comparing the efficacy of different methods of faecal microbiota transplantation via oral capsule, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, or gastric tube

BACKGROUND

The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) carriage poses major challenges to medicine as healthcare costs increase. Recently, faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been discussed as a novel and effective method for decolonizing MDRO.

AIM

To compare the efficacy of different FMT methods to optimize the success rate of decolonization in patients with MDRO carriage.

METHODS

This prospective cohort study enrolled patients with MDRO carriages from 2018 to 2021. Patients underwent FMT via one of the following methods: oral capsule, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), colonoscopy, or gastric tube.

FINDINGS

A total of 57 patients underwent FMT for MDRO decolonization. The colonoscopy group required the shortest time for decolonization, whereas the EGD group required the longest (24.9 vs 190.4 days, P = 0.022). The decolonization rate in the oral capsule group was comparable to that in the EGD group (84.6% vs 85.7%, P = 0.730). An important clinical factor associated with decolonization failure was antibiotic use after FMT (odds ratio = 6.810, P = 0.008). All four groups showed reduced proportions of MDRO species in microbiome analysis after FMT.

CONCLUSION

Compared to other conventional methods, the oral capsule is an effective FMT method for patients who can tolerate an oral diet. The discontinuation of antibiotics after FMT is a key factor in the success of decolonization.

Measurement of Two-Particle Correlations of Hadrons in e^{+}e^{-} Collisions at Belle

The measurement of two-particle angular correlation functions in high-multiplicity e^{+}e^{-} collisions at sqrt[s]=10.52  GeV is reported. In this study, the 89.5  fb^{-1} of hadronic e^{+}e^{-} annihilation data collected by the Belle detector at KEKB are used. Two-particle angular correlation functions are measured in the full relative azimuthal angle (Δϕ) and three units of pseudorapidity (Δη), defined by either the electron beam axis or the event-shape thrust axis, and are studied as a function of charged-particle multiplicity. The measurement in the thrust axis analysis, with mostly outgoing quark pairs determining the reference axis, is sensitive to the region of additional soft gluon emissions. No significant anisotropic collective behavior is observed with either coordinate analyses. Near-side jet correlations appear to be absent in the thrust axis analysis. The measurements are compared to predictions from various event generators and are expected to provide new constraints to the phenomenological models in the low-energy regime.

Search for a Light Higgs Boson in Single-Photon Decays of ϒ(1S) Using ϒ(2S)→π^{+}π^{-}ϒ(1S) Tagging Method

We search for a light Higgs boson (A^{0}) decaying into a τ^{+}τ^{-} or μ^{+}μ^{-} pair in the radiative decays of ϒ(1S). The production of ϒ(1S) mesons is tagged by ϒ(2S)→π^{+}π^{-}ϒ(1S) transitions, using 158×10^{6} ϒ(2S) events accumulated with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric energy electron-positron collider. No significant A^{0} signals in the mass range from the τ^{+}τ^{-} or μ^{+}μ^{-} threshold to 9.2  GeV/c^{2} are observed. We set the upper limits at 90% credibility level (C.L.) on the product branching fractions for ϒ(1S)→γA^{0} and A^{0}→τ^{+}τ^{-} varying from 3.8×10^{-6} to 1.5×10^{-4}. Our results represent an approximately twofold improvement on the current world best upper limits for the ϒ(1S)→γA^{0}(→τ^{+}τ^{-}) production. For A^{0}→μ^{+}μ^{-}, the upper limits on the product branching fractions for ϒ(1S)→γA^{0} and A^{0}→μ^{+}μ^{-} are at the same level as the world average limits, and vary from 3.1×10^{-7} to 1.6×10^{-5}. The upper limits at 90% credibility level on the Yukawa coupling f_{ϒ(1S)} and mixing angle sinθ_{A^{0}} are also given.

Measurement of Differential Branching Fractions of Inclusive B→X_{u}ℓ^{+}ν_{ℓ} Decays

The first measurements of differential branching fractions of inclusive semileptonic B→X_{u}ℓ^{+}ν_{ℓ} decays are performed using the full Belle data set of 711  fb^{-1} of integrated luminosity at the ϒ(4S) resonance and for ℓ=e, μ. With the availability of these measurements, new avenues for future shape-function model-independent determinations of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element |V_{ub}| can be pursued to gain new insights in the existing tension with respect to exclusive determinations. The differential branching fractions are reported as a function of the lepton energy, the four-momentum-transfer squared, light-cone momenta, the hadronic mass, and the hadronic mass squared. They are obtained by subtracting the backgrounds from semileptonic B→X_{c}ℓ^{+}ν_{ℓ} decays and other processes, and corrected for resolution and acceptance effects.

Measurements of the Branching Fractions of the Semileptonic Decays Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}ℓ^{+}ν_{ℓ} and the Asymmetry Parameter of Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}π^{+}

Using data samples of 89.5 and 711  fb^{-1} recorded at energies of sqrt[s]=10.52 and 10.58 GeV, respectively, with the Belle detector at the KEKB e^{+}e^{-} collider, we report measurements of branching fractions of semileptonic decays Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}ℓ^{+}ν_{ℓ} (ℓ=e or μ) and the CP-asymmetry parameter of Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}π^{+} decay. The branching fractions are measured to be B(Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}e^{+}ν_{e})=(1.31±0.04±0.07±0.38)% and B(Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}μ^{+}ν_{μ})=(1.27±0.06±0.10±0.37)%, and the decay parameter α_{Ξπ} is measured to be 0.63±0.03±0.01 with much improved precision compared with the current world average. The corresponding ratio B(Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}e^{+}ν_{e})/B(Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}μ^{+}ν_{μ}) is 1.03±0.05±0.07, which is consistent with the expectation of lepton flavor universality. The first measured asymmetry parameter A_{CP}=(α_{Ξ^{-}π^{+}}+α_{Ξ[over ¯]^{+}π^{-}})/(α_{Ξ^{-}π^{+}}-α_{Ξ[over ¯]^{+}π^{-}})=0.024±0.052±0.014 is found to be consistent with zero. The first and the second uncertainties above are statistical and systematic, respectively, while the third ones arise due to the uncertainty of the Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}π^{+} branching fraction.

Three-dimensional myocardial strain for the prediction of clinical events in patients with successfully reperfused ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background/Introduction

Two-dimensional (2D) myocardial strain analysis can be used to evaluate the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction and has comparable predictive power as conventional echocardiographic parameters such as left ventricular ejection fraction (LV EF). Three-dimensional (3D) myocardial strain analysis is also expected to have similar clinical usefulness and overcome several inherent limitations of 2D strain analysis. However, no large-scale studies have been reported to date.

Purpose

We aimed to clarify the prognostic significance of 3D strain analysis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who are most likely to benefit from 3D strain analysis.

Methods

 Patients who underwent successful revascularization for STEMI from June 2011 to April 2017 were retrospectively recruited. In addition to conventional echocardiographic parameters, 3D global area strain (GAS), 3D global longitudinal strain (GLS), as well as 2D GLS were obtained.

 To evaluate the clinical outcomes, we constructed a composite outcome consisting of all-cause death or re-hospitalisation due to acute decompensation of heart failure.

Results

From June 2011 to April 2017, 632 patients were retrospectively recruited in our hospital. Of these patients, 545 patients (86.2%) had a reliable 3D strain analysis. The clinical course of each patient was followed up for a maximum of 96 months (median 49.5 months). During follow-up periods, 55 (10.1%) among 545 patients experienced the composite outcome of all-cause death or re-hospitalisation due to acute decompensation of heart failure. Patients with adverse events were older, had more underlying diseases such as obesity, dyslipidemia, previous history of stroke, or chronic kidney disease. (all, p &lt; 0.05) LV EF was significantly lower, while 2D GLS, 3D GLS, and 3D GAS were significantly higher in patients with poor outcomes. (all, p &lt; 0.001) The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values of LV EF, 2D GLS, 3D GLS, and 3D GAS were 0.70, 0.71, 0.67, and 0.65, respectively. (all, p &lt; 0.05) Kaplan-Meier analysis of composite outcomes based on the best cut-off values of each parameter demonstrated similar results. (Figure 1) In the Cox proportional hazard model, the hazard ratios of LV EF, 2D GLS, and 3D GLS were 3.0, 5.5, and 2.0, respectively. (all, p &lt; 0.05) The maximum likelihood-ratio test was performed to evaluate the additional prognostic value of 2D GLS or 3D GLS over the basic prognostic model consisting of baseline clinical characteristics and LV EF, and the likelihood ratio was 15.9 for 2D GLS (p &lt; 0.001) and 1.49 for 3D GLS (p = 0.22).

Conclusion(s)

 3D strain could be reliably measured in the majority of the patients and had a significant prognostic value. However, the predictive power of the 3D strain was lower than that of the 2D strain. The clinical implications of 3D strain indices should be investigated further.

Abstract Figure.

High-mobility group box 1 protein induces epithelialmesenchymal transition in upper airway epithelial cells

BACKGROUND

In the treatment of rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps are a major problem, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process is considered pivotal in their development. Although various studies have addressed the role of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) nuclear protein in this setting, its impact on EMT has yet to be evaluated. Our aim was the pathogenic mechanism of HMGB1 in EMT and EMT-induced upper respiratory nasal polyps.

METHODS

We investigated the EMT-related effects of HMGB1 in human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells using western blot analysis, transepithelial-electrical resistance (TEER) testing, wound healing assay, and immunofluorescence. HNE cells were incubated in a low-oxygen environment to evaluate the role of HMGB1 in hypoxia-induced EMT. Further support for our in vitro findings was obtained through murine models. Human nasal polyps and nasal lavage fluid samples were collected for western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

HMGB1 increased mesenchymal markers and decreased epithelial markers in HNE cells. Hypoxia-induced HMGB1 in turn induced EMT, apparently through RAGE signaling. We verified HMGB1-induced EMT in the upper respiratory epithelium of mice by instilling intranasal HMGB1. In testing of human nasal polyps, HMGB1 and mesenchymal markers were heightened, whereas epithelial markers were reduced, compared with tissue controls.

CONCLUSION

HMGB1 secretion in nasal epithelium may be a major pathogenic factor in upper respiratory EMT, contributing to nasal polyps.

[Melatonin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes]

Obesity is a major disease that causes significant complications. Inhibition of preadipocyte proliferation has the potential to prevent obesity and metabolic diseases. Melatonin is a pineal gland hormone that has various effects on cells and tissues. In this research, we investigated whether melatonin induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured until confluence and then treated with 0, 10, 100, and 1000 μM melatonin for 1, 3, and 5 days. A cell viability assay kit was used for determining cell viability. Cell death marker proteins were assessed by Western blot analysis using GAPDH for control. Apoptotic morphological changes with nuclei fragmentation were observed using DAPI staining. Melatonin treatment decreased the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-ERK) activation while increasing the activation of caspase-3, 8, and 9. Furthermore, melatonin not only increased Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) but decreased B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression as dose increases from 0 to 1000 μM. The melatonin treatment also suppressed the growth of preadipocytes with increasing concentration. These effects were attenuated by luzindole, a melatonin receptor antagonist and U0126, an inhibitor of p-ERK activation. In conclusion, melatonin can induce apoptosis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes via p-ERK decrease.

Uremic solutes of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol enhance protease-activated receptor-2 expression in vitro and in vivo in keratinocytes

OBJECTIVES

Uremic pruritus is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The retention of uremic solutes is thought to be associated with uremic pruritus. Meanwhile, activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) has been suggested to play an important role in pruritus. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of uremic solutes on the expression of PAR-2 in the skin.

METHODS

Indoxyl sulfate (IS), p-cresol (PC), and uremic sera from CKD patients were used to stimulate PAR-2 expression in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Also, NHEKs were additionally pretreated with soybean trypsin inhibitor to evaluate its inhibitory effect on PAR-2 expression. Patterns of cutaneous PAR-2 expression were investigated in skin samples from five CKD patients and CKD mice.

RESULTS

In NHEKs, IS, PC, and sera from CKD patients significantly induced PAR-2 mRNA and protein expression. Soybean trypsin inhibitor significantly decreased PAR-2 mRNA and protein expression in NHEKs treated with IS, PC, and CKD sera. NHEKs treated with IS and PC exhibited significant increases in protease activity. Skin from both CKD patients and mice exhibited marked upregulation of PAR-2 expression compared to control skin.

CONCLUSIONS

Results from the present study suggest that uremic solutes either directly or indirectly affect PAR-2 expression in the skin of CKD subjects, potentially playing an important role in the pathogenesis of uremic pruritus.

A new aortoiliac calcification scoring system to predict grade C anastomotic leak following rectal cancer surgery

BACKGROUND

Aortoiliac calcification may be a surrogate marker of decreased visceral perfusion causing anastomotic leak (AL). The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive role of aortoiliac calcification for AL after rectal cancer surgery.

METHODS

We enrolled patients with primary rectal cancer who had restorative resection at our institution between January 2013 and December 2015. An aortoiliac calcification score was calculated as the sum of calcification scores at the infrarenal aorta (0: no, 1: ≤ 3 cm, 2: > 3 cm) and the common iliac arteries (0: no, 1: unilateral, 2: bilateral). AL was classified into three grades: grade A, requiring no intervention; grade B, requiring therapeutic intervention without re-laparotomy; and grade C, requiring re-laparotomy. Clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed to identify risk factors for AL.

RESULTS

There were 583 patients. Three-hundred forty-five (59.2%) had an aortoiliac calcification score ≥ 3, and 37 (6.3%) patients experienced AL, in 30 cases (5.1%) grade C AL. Patients with an aortoiliac calcification score ≥ 3 had a higher incidence of grade C AL (6.7% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.045). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that an aortoiliac calcification score ≥ 3 was an independent risk factor for grade C AL (odds ratio = 2.669, 95% confidence interval 1.066-6.686, p = 0.036).

CONCLUSIONS

Aortoiliac calcification may be considered a risk factor for grade C AL after rectal cancer surgery.

The effects of hidden female smokers on the association between smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Korean adults

OBJECTIVE

Smoking is an important causative factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and females are considered more susceptible to the effects of smoking than males. However, in previous Korean studies, the effects of sex differences on the association between smoking and COPD have been controversial. In this study, the effects of sex differences on the association between smoking and COPD and the effects of female hidden smokers on that association in Korean adults were investigated.

METHODS

Data were acquired from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES).

RESULTS

The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that self-reported smoking status for ex-smoker and current smoker correlated with COPD (odds ratio, OR: 1.67 and OR: 2.41, respectively). Self-reported smoking status for ex-smoker and current smoker correlated with COPD in men (OR: 1.61, OR: 2.43, respectively). Female self-reported current smoking status correlated with COPD (OR: 2.52), but female ex-smoker status was not significantly correlated with COPD. The ratios of cotinine-verified to self-reported smoking rates were 1.95 for women and 1.07 for men.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study were that sex differences might affect the association between COPD and smoking and that female hidden smoking might affect the association between smoking and COPD in Korean adults.

Measurement of R(D) and R(D^{*}) with a Semileptonic Tagging Method

The experimental results on the ratios of branching fractions R(D)=B(B[over ¯]→Dτ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{τ})/B(B[over ¯]→Dℓ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{ℓ}) and R(D^{*})=B(B[over ¯]→D^{*}τ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{τ})/B(B[over ¯]→D^{*}ℓ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{ℓ}), where ℓ denotes an electron or a muon, show a long-standing discrepancy with the standard model predictions, and might hint at a violation of lepton flavor universality. We report a new simultaneous measurement of R(D) and R(D^{*}), based on a data sample containing 772×10^{6}  BB[over ¯] events recorded at the ϒ(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB e^{+}e^{-} collider. In this analysis the tag-side B meson is reconstructed in a semileptonic decay mode and the signal-side τ is reconstructed in a purely leptonic decay. The measured values are R(D)=0.307±0.037±0.016 and R(D^{*})=0.283±0.018±0.014, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic. These results are in agreement with the standard model predictions within 0.2, 1.1, and 0.8 standard deviations for R(D), R(D^{*}), and their combination, respectively. This work constitutes the most precise measurements of R(D) and R(D^{*}) performed to date as well as the first result for R(D) based on a semileptonic tagging method.

Public Sense of Water Fluoridation as Reflected on Twitter 2009-2017

Though controversial, water fluoridation has been hailed as one of the top-ten public-health achievements of the 20th century in the United States of America. In this article, we aim to investigate the public sense of water fluoridation as reflected on Twitter, using data from 2009 to 2017. To this end, tweets related to water fluoridation were collected using queries such as "fluoridated water or fluoride water," "water fluoridation or fluoridation of water," and hashtags related to water fluoridation. The collected tweets (n = 218,748) were examined through informetric, linguistic (word sentiment, word frequency, and word network analyses), and issue tweet analyses. We found that Twitter users who tweeted about water fluoridation in English between 2009 and 2017 constituted about <0.01% of all users including non-English users. In their tweets, words such as "poison" and "waste" were the strong negative sentiment words most often used. Of the top 30 words most frequently used, words related to information sources on water fluoridation and the safety of water fluoridation appeared more often than words related to its efficacy. Additionally, the words related to information sources on water fluoridation and the safety of water fluoridation were found to be core terms in the sentences of tweet mentions. Our linguistic analyses indicate that Twitter users responded sensitively to words that emphasize negative aspects of fluoridation. This is clearly shown in our issue tweet analysis, where tweet mentions expressing negative opinions about water fluoridation accounted for at least 59.2% of all mentions. By contrast, <15% of tweet mentions were found to be positive. These findings suggest that professionals need to reevaluate the current state of online information about water fluoridation, and improve it in a way so that the public can easily access reliable information sources.

New mesh-type phantoms and their dosimetric applications, including emergencies

Committee 2 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has constructed mesh-type adult reference computational phantoms by converting the voxel-type ICRP Publication 110 adult reference computational phantoms to a high-quality mesh format, and adding those tissues that were below the image resolution of the voxel phantoms and therefore not included in the Publication 110 phantoms. The new mesh phantoms include all the necessary source and target tissues for effective dose calculations, including the 8-40-µm-thick target layers of the alimentary and respiratory tract organs, thereby obviating the need for supplemental organ-specific stylised models (e.g. respiratory airways, alimentary tract organ walls and stem cell layers, lens of the eye, and skin basal layer). To see the impact of the new mesh-type reference phantoms, dose coefficients for some selected external and internal exposures were calculated and compared with the current reference values in ICRP Publications 116 and 133, which were calculated by employing the Publication 110 phantoms and the supplemental stylised models. The new mesh phantoms were also used to calculate dose coefficients for industrial radiography sources near the body, which can be used to estimate the organ doses of the worker who is accidentally exposed by an industrial radiography source; in these calculations, the mesh phantoms were deformed to reflect the size of the worker, and also to evaluate the effect of posture on dose coefficients.

Computational phantoms, ICRP/ICRU, and further developments

Phantoms simulating the human body play a central role in radiation dosimetry. The first computational body phantoms were based upon mathematical expressions describing idealised body organs. With the advent of more powerful computers in the 1980s, voxel phantoms have been developed. Being based on three-dimensional images of individuals, they offer a more realistic anatomy. Hence, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) decided to construct voxel phantoms representative of the adult Reference Male and Reference Female for the update of organ dose coefficients. Further work on phantom development has focused on phantoms that combine the realism of patient-based voxel phantoms with the flexibility of mathematical phantoms, so-called 'boundary representation' (BREP) phantoms. This phantom type has been chosen for the ICRP family of paediatric reference phantoms. Due to the limited voxel resolution of the adult reference computational phantoms, smaller tissues, such as the lens of the eye, skin, and micron-thick target tissues in the respiratory and alimentary tract regions, could not be segmented properly. In this context, ICRP Committee 2 initiated a research project with the goal of producing replicas of the ICRP Publication 110 phantoms in polygon mesh format, including all source and target regions, even those with micron resolution. BREP phantoms of the fetus and the pregnant female at various stages of gestation complete the phantoms available for radiation protection computations.

The Efficacy of Alternative Cardiopulmomonary Resuscitation Methods When Compared to Standard Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Simulation Study

Objective

There are limited data comparing the alternative cardiopulmomary resuscitation (CPR) methods (over the head CPR, straddle CPR and one hand CPR) to standard CPR performed by emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Therefore we investigated the efficacy of the alternative CPRs compared to that of standard CPR performed by EMTs in simulated cardiac arrest scenarios.

Methods

Thirty EMTs of intermediate level participated in this study. The performance of CPR was defined as the average depth, the total number of chest compressions, and the rate of compressions. EMTs performed three minutes of standard CPR and of alternative CPR on standard simulation mannequins with recording devices. Recorded performance was measured and compared between subgroups by the type of CPR, gender of EMTs and gender with various methods of CPR using ANOVA and t test statistics.

Results

The average depth of compressions was 42.3±5.8, 42.6±4.7, 43.5±3.7, 33.8±6.6 mm (mean±standard deviation) respectively in standard CPR, over the head CPR, straddle CPR and one hand CPR. The total number of chest compression was 330.4±38.1, 334.8±70.2, 334.0±34.9, 312.1±53.5 in 3 minutes. The rate of compressions was found to be 111.5±10.3, 113.8±11.6, 110.5±11.2, 110.7±11.8 times per minute. The comparison of the performance qualities for the four types of CPR showed that the compression depth was significantly lower in one-hand CPR (p<0.000). No EMT gender difference in the quality of performance of total CPR was noted.

Conclusions

The efficacy of alternative CPRs are shown to be similar to that of standard CPR in a compression-only simulation cardiac arrest model.

Author Correction: Two-magnon scattering in the 5d all-in-all-out pyrochlore magnet Cd2Os2O7

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this article.

Expression of the genes for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, cyclooxygenase-2, and proinflammatory cytokines in granulosa cells from women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective

To identify differences in the expression of the genes for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in granulosa cells (GCs) from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients and controls undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation.

Methods

Nine patients with PCOS and six controls were enrolled in this study. On the day of oocyte retrieval, GCs were collected from pooled follicular fluid. Total mRNA was extracted from GCs. Reverse transcription was performed and gene expression levels were quantified by realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, and total gonadotropin dose, except for the ratio of luteinizing hormone to follicle-stimulating hormone between the PCOS and control groups. PPAR-γ and COX-2 mRNA was significantly downregulated in the GCs of PCOS women compared with controls (p=0.034 and p=0.018, respectively), but the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA did not show significant differences. No significant correlation was detected between the expression of these mRNA sequences and clinical characteristics, including the number of retrieved oocytes, oocyte maturity, cleavage, or the good embryo rate. Positive correlations were found among the PPAR-γ, COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA levels.

Conclusion

Our data may provide novel clues regarding ovarian GC dysfunction in PCOS, and indirectly provide evidence that the effect of PPAR-γ agonists in PCOS might result from alterations in the ovarian follicular environment. Further studies with a larger sample size are required to confirm these proposals.

Long-term Stability of a Compounded Suspension of Torsemide (5 mg/mL) for Oral Administration

Background

Torsemide use for congestive heart failure (CHF) has been reported, but prescription frequency is unknown. Commercially available tablet sizes in North America limit dosing precision, indicating a need to evaluate its strength and stability in suspension.

Objectives

To determine the frequency of torsemide prescriptions and to determine a beyond use date (BUD) of a compounded suspension of torsemide for oral administration stored under 2 temperature conditions for 90 days.

Animals

No animals used.

Methods

Pharmacy records were retrospectively reviewed for torsemide and furosemide prescriptions from 2008 to 2015 at 2 veterinary referral centers. After preliminary strength testing, compounded torsemide suspension (5 mg/mL) for oral administration was prepared using torsemide tablets suspended in OraPlus:OraSweet 1:1, buffered to a pH of 8.3 and stored at refrigeration (2–8°C) and room temperature (20–25°C) in 2 oz amber plastic bottles. Samples were analyzed by reverse phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) on days 0, 14, 30, 60, and 90.

Results

Prescriptions for torsemide increased from 2008 to 2015. Analysis of the torsemide 5 mg/mL suspension for oral administration at each time point met United States Pharmacopeia (USP) requirements for torsemide content of 90–110% of label claim. The average strength at 90 days decreased to 92 ± 3% at 2–8°C and 95 ± 2% at 20–25°C. Stability testing did not detect unknown impurities.

Conclusions

Increasing torsemide use warrants availability of a validated and stable compounded formulation. Our results support the assignment of a 90‐day BUD for torsemide 5 mg/mL suspension for oral administration compounded in OraPlus:Sweet 1:1 buffered to a pH of 8.3.

Two-magnon scattering in the 5d all-in-all-out pyrochlore magnet Cd2Os2O7

5d pyrochlore oxides with all-in-all-out magnetic order are prime candidates for realizing strongly correlated, topological phases of matter. Despite significant effort, a full understanding of all-in-all-out magnetism remains elusive as the associated magnetic excitations have proven difficult to access with conventional techniques. Here we report a Raman spectroscopy study of spin dynamics in the all-in-all-out magnetic state of the 5d pyrochlore Cd2Os2O7. Through a comparison between the two-magnon scattering and spin-wave theory, we confirm the large single ion anisotropy in this material and show that the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya and exchange interactions play a significant role in the spin-wave dispersions. The Raman data also reveal complex spin-charge-lattice coupling and indicate that the metal-insulator transition in Cd2Os2O7 is Lifshitz-type. Our work establishes Raman scattering as a simple and powerful method for exploring the spin dynamics in 5d pyrochlore magnets.Pyrochlore 5d transition metal oxides are expected to have interesting forms of magnetic order but are hard to study with conventional probes. Here the authors show that Raman scattering can be used to measure magnetic excitations in Cd2Os2O7 and that it exhibits complex spin-charge-lattice coupling.

groEL is a suitable genetic marker for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay

A groEL gene-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed to detect Vibrio parahaemolyticus in contaminated seafood and water. The assay was optimized and conducted at 63°C for 40 min using Bacillus stearothermophilus (Bst) DNA polymerase, large fragment. Amplification was analysed via multiple detection methods, including opacity, formation of white precipitate, DNA intercalating dyes (ethidium bromide and SYBR Green I), metal ion-binding indicator dye, calcein, and 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. A characteristic ladder-like band pattern on agarose gel and the desired colour changes when using different dyes were observed in positive cases, and these were species-specific for V. parahaemolyticus when compared with other closely related Vibrio spp. The limit of detection (LoD) of this assay was 100 fg per reaction, 100-fold higher than that for conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). When tested on artificially contaminated seafood and seawater, the LoDs of the LAMP assay were 120 and 150 fg per reaction respectively, and those of conventional PCR were 120 and 150 pg per reaction respectively. Based on our results, the groEL gene-based LAMP assay is rapid, specific, sensitive, and reliable for detecting V. parahaemolyticus, and it could be used in field diagnosis.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay using groEL gene (an abundant, highly conserved gene and member of the groESL chaperone gene family) provided rapid, species-specific and highly sensitive method for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the leading causal agent of seafood-borne diseases worldwide. Moreover, groEL LAMP revealed high efficiency than conventional PCR assay for V. parahaemolyticus using template both from pure culture and artificially contaminated seafood and water, which indicated the applicability in the field and environmental screening purpose for the organism.

Prognostic impact of the length of the longitudinal resection margin in colon cancer

AIM

Although several guidelines recommend a longitudinal resection margin (LRM) of at least 5 cm, the impact of the LRM on survival is still unknown. The study assessed the prognostic significance of the LRM in patients with colon cancer.

METHOD

We retrospectively reviewed 1343 primary colon cancer patients without distant metastasis who underwent curative resection between January 2004 and December 2012. Patients were classified into three groups: LRM < 3 cm (n = 186), LRM ≥ 3 and <5 cm (n = 376) and LRM ≥5 cm (n = 781). Clinicopathological characteristics and the oncological outcome in the three groups were compared.

RESULTS

The median LRM length was 5.0 cm (range 0.5-26.0 cm). With increasing LRM, the number of retrieved lymph nodes (LNs) tended to increase (19.5 ± 12.0, 22.1 ± 12.8 and 30.0 ± 16.2; P < 0.001). After a median follow-up period of 45 (1-128) months, 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) (89.2%, 89.0% and 87.0%; P = 0.629) and 5-year overall survival (OS) (89.0%, 92.1% and 91.8%; P = 0.679) were not significantly different between the three groups. When confounders were adjusted, LRM was not significantly associated with either DFS or OS, but the number of retrieved LNs (< 12) was an independent risk factor for both DFS (hazard ratio 1.748, 95% confidence interval 1.048-2.917) and OS (hazard ratio 1.929, 95% confidence interval 1.046-3.559).

CONCLUSION

LRM was not associated with oncological outcome, but care should be taken to obtain an adequate number of LNs for better survival.

Chronologic Trends in Studies on Fluoride Mechanisms of Action

Fluoride has been widely used for the prevention of dental caries since the mid-20th century. The aim of this study was to investigate the chronologic trends in studies on fluoride mechanisms of action against dental caries during the years 1950 to 2015. To this aim, queries such as "fluoride," "fluoride and demineralization," "fluoride and remineralization," "fluoride and (plaque or biofilms)," and "fluoride and (bacteria or microbials)" were submitted to PubMed to collect research article information, including titles, abstracts, publication dates, author affiliations, and publication journals. The article information that PubMed produced was then collected by an automatic web crawler and examined through informetrics and linguistic analyses. We found that the number of articles concerned with fluoride mechanisms of action against dental caries was 6,903 and gradually increased over time during the years 1950 to 2015. They were published by 1,136 journals-most notably, Caries Research and Journal of Dental Research. Of the articles published, those related to bacteria/microbials had a higher percentage (44%) than those dealing with plaque/biofilms, demineralization, and remineralization. With regard to the geographic distribution of authors, Europe and North America accounted for 65% of the articles during the years 1987 to 2015, although the number of authors in Asia sharply increased in recent years. Among the fluoride compounds, NaF was mentioned more frequently than SnF₂, Na₂PO₃F, amine fluoride, and acidulated phosphate fluoride during the years 1986 to 2015. Water fluoridation received the most attention among the various fluoride application methods (toothpastes, mouthwashes, fluoride varnishes, and fluoride gels) during the same period. These results, obtained from employing informetrics and linguistic analyses, suggest that in studies on fluoride mechanisms of action, 1) the unbalanced geographic distribution of articles and 2) the heavy concentration of articles on particular fluoride compounds and application methods should be overcome in future research.

Influence of systemic bone mineral density on atlantoaxial subluxation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Osteopenia and osteoporosis were independent predictive factors for higher atlantoaxial subluxation occurrence in patients with lower body mass index. Our findings suggest that patients with rheumatoid arthritis with osteopenia or osteoporosis, particularly those with lower body mass index (BMI), should be screened regularly to determine the status of their cervical spines.

INTRODUCTION

Cervical spine involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients may cause serious adverse effects on quality of life and overall health. This study aimed to evaluate the association between atlantodental interval (ADI), atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS), and systemic bone mineral density (BMD) based on BMI variations among established patients with RA.

METHODS

The ADI was transformed to the natural log scale to normalize distributions for all analyses. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used to identify independent predictive factors for ADI based on each BMD classification. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were also performed to identify independent predictive factors for the risk of AAS, which were classified by tertile groups of BMI.

RESULTS

A total of 1220 patients with RA who had undergone at least one or more cervical radiography and BMD assessments were identified and enrolled. We found that the association between BMD and ADI (β, -0.029; 95% CI, -0.059 to 0.002; p = 0.070) fell short of achieving statistical significance. However, the ADI showed a 3.6% decrease per 1 BMI increase in the osteoporosis group (β, -0.036; 95% CI, -0.061 to -0.011; p = 0.004). The osteopenia and osteoporosis groups showed about a 1.5-fold and a 1.8-fold increased risk of AAS occurrence among the first tertile of the BMI group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed a possible association between lower BMD and AAS occurrence in patients with RA with lower BMI. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Reference Values for the Revised Anti-Müllerian Hormone Generation II Assay: Infertile Population-based Study

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is now accepted as an important clinical marker of ovarian reserve and is increasingly measured as an initial evaluation at infertility clinics. The aim of this study was to establish reference values for the revised second generation (Gen II) assay using population-based data. In this population-based cohort study, AMH data from unselected infertile women aged 25-45 years from June 2013 to June 2014 (n = 15,801) were collected. The AMH values were measured using the revised Gen II assay. We established and validated 5 AMH-age regression models. Based on the optimal AMH-age model, reference values and centile charts were obtained. The quadratic model (log AMH = 0.410 × age -0.008 × age² -3.791) was the most appropriate for describing the age-dependent decrease in AMH measured using the revised Gen II assay. This is the largest population-based study to establish age-specific reference values of AMH using the revised Gen II assay. These reference values may provide more specific information regarding the ovarian reserve estimation of infertile women.

Strong Spin-Phonon Coupling Mediated by Single Ion Anisotropy in the All-In-All-Out Pyrochlore Magnet Cd_{2}Os_{2}O_{7}

Spin-phonon coupling mediated by single ion anisotropy was investigated using optical spectroscopy and first-principles calculations in the all-in-all-out pyrochlore magnet Cd_{2}Os_{2}O_{7}. Clear anomalies were observed in both the phonon frequencies and linewidths at the magnetic ordering temperature. The renormalization of the phonon modes was exceptionally large, signifying the presence of an unconventional magnetoelastic term from large spin-orbit coupling. In addition, the relative phonon frequency shifts show a strong correlation with the modulation of noncubic crystal field by the corresponding lattice distortion. Our observation establishes a new type of spin-phonon coupling through single ion anisotropy, a second-order spin-orbit coupling term, in Cd_{2}Os_{2}O_{7}.

Association of circulating dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 levels with osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women

Postmenopausal women with osteoporotic fracture (OF) had higher plasma dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) levels than those without. Furthermore, higher plasma DPP4 levels were significantly associated with higher bone turnover and a higher prevalence of OF. These results indicated that DPP4 may be associated with OF by mediating bone turnover rate.

INTRODUCTION

Evidence indicates that dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) plays a distinct role in bone metabolism. However, there has been no report on the association, if any, between circulating DPP4 levels and osteoporosis-related phenotypes, including osteoporotic fracture (OF). Therefore, we performed a case-control study to investigate these associations in postmenopausal women.

METHODS

This study was conducted in multiple centers in Korea. We enrolled 178 cases with OF and 178 age- and body mass index-matched controls. OF was assessed by an interviewer-assisted questionnaire and lateral thoracolumbar radiographs. Bone turnover markers (BTMs), bone mineral density (BMD), and plasma DPP4 levels were obtained in all subjects.

RESULTS

After adjustment for potential confounders, subjects with OF had significantly higher DPP4 levels than those without (P = 0.021). Higher DPP4 levels were significantly positively associated with higher levels of all BTMs, but not with BMD at all measured sites. The differences in DPP4 levels according to OF status disappeared after an additional adjustment for each BTM, but not after adjustment for any BMD values. BTMs explained approximately half of the relationship between DPP4 and OF. The risk of OF was 3.80-fold (95% confidence interval = 1.53-9.42) higher in subjects in the highest DPP4 quartile than in those in the lowest quartile after adjustment for potential confounders, including femoral neck BMD.

CONCLUSIONS

DPP4 may be associated with OF by at least partly mediating the bone turnover rate. Circulating DPP4 levels may be a potential biomarker that could increase the predictive power of current fracture risk assessment models.

Infectious disease models in zebrafish

In recent years, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has developed as an important alternative to mammalian models for the study of hostpathogen interactions. Because they lack a functional adaptive immune response during the first 4-6weeks of development, zebrafish rely upon innate immune responses to protect against injuries and infections. During this early period of development, it is possible to isolate and study mechanisms of infection and inflammation arising from the innate immune response without the complications presented by the adaptive immune response. Zebrafish possess several inherent characteristics that make them an attractive option to study hostpathogen interactions, including extensive sequence and functional conservation with the human genome, optical clarity in larvae that facilitates the high-resolution visualization of host cell-microbe interactions, a fully sequenced and annotated genome, robust forward and reverse genetic tools and techniques (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9 and TALENs), and amenability to chemical studies and screens. Here, we describe methods for studying hostpathogen interactions both through systemic infections and through localized infections that allow analysis of host cell response, migration patterns, and behavior. Each of the methods described can be modified for use in downstream applications that include ecotoxicant studies and chemical screens.

Effects of stock density on the laying performance, blood parameter, corticosterone, litter quality, gas emission and bone mineral density of laying hens in floor pens

The effects of stocking density on the performance, egg quality, leukocyte concentration, blood biochemistry, corticosterone levels, bone mineral density, and noxious gas emission of laying hens were investigated. Eight hundred 34-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments, each of which was replicated 4 times. Four stocking densities, including 5, 6, 7, and 10 birds/m2, were compared. A commercial-type basal diet was formulated to meet or exceed nutrient recommendations for laying hens from the National Research Council. The diet was fed to the hens ad libitum for 8 wk. Results indicated that hen-day egg production, egg mass, and feed intake were less for (P < 0.01) 10 birds/m2 stock density than other stock densities. Production rate of floor and broken eggs and eggshell strength were greater (P < 0.01) for 10 birds/m2 stock density than other stock densities. There were no significant differences in the level of leukocytes among densities. However, heterophils and the H/L ratio were greater (P < 0.01) for 10 birds/m2 than in stock density of 6 or 7 birds/m2 Serum corticosterone was greater (P < 0.01) 10 birds/m2 than stock density than other stock densities. Litter moisture and gas emission (CO2 and NH3) were greater (P < 0.01) for 10 birds/m2 than stock density than 6 and 7 birds/m2 stock density. Bone mineral content was not influenced by increasing stock density. However, bone mineral density was less (P < 0.05) for 10 m2 stock density than other stock densities. These results indicate that increasing the density beyond 5 birds/m2 elicits some negative effects on laying performance of Hy-Line brown laying hens.

CT differentiation of tuberculous and non-tuberculous pleural infection, with emphasis on pulmonary changes

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether pulmonary changes on computed tomography (CT) are helpful in differentiating between pleural tuberculosis (TB) and non-tuberculous pleural infection

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed CT scans of patients with pleural tuberculous and non-tuberculous empyema, focusing on pulmonary changes such as consolidation, ground glass opacity, interlobular septal thickening, cavitation, abscess and presence and distribution of micronodules. We also assessed the presence of loss of overlying pleural integrity, peripheral bronchopleural fistula and lymphadenopathy.

RESULTS

We evaluated 65 patients with pleural TB and 43 with empyema. CT findings of pleural TB differed significantly from those of empyema with interlobular septal thickening (P = 0.022) and micronodules with subpleural, peribronchovascular and septal distribution (P < 0.001). Subpleural abscess was more frequently seen in empyema, accompanying loss of overlying pleural integrity and peripheral bronchopleural fistula (P < 0.001), but there was no statistical difference between the two groups in prevalence of consolidation, ground glass opacity, cavitation, centrilobular nodules or lymphadenopathy.

CONCLUSION

Interlobular septal thickening and micronodules with perilymphatic distribution are characteristic CT findings of pleural TB but not empyema. Presence of subpleural abscess and loss of pleural integrity or peripheral bronchopleural fistula are highly suggestive of empyema.

A Simple and Rapid Chromatographic Strip Test for Detection of Antibody to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to be a major economic problem for swine industries worldwide despite several disease-reduction strategies such as age-segregated early weaning and all-in-all-out pig movement. Routine diagnosis of PRRSV is carried out by the combined use of an antibody-detecting enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and virus isolation. These assays require specialized laboratory equipment in addition to multistep sample handling and sample preparation. The objective of this study was to evaluate a simple pen-side assay (BioSign™ PRRSV) for rapid detection of PRRSV antibody based on a lateral flow chromatographic strip immunoassay system. This assay uses Escherichia coli–expressed viral nucleocapsid protein antigen for detecting antibodies against PRRSV in swine sera. In this report, the authors describe the evaluation of this assay using sera from both clinical samples and experimentally infected piglets. The results were compared with those of a standard, commercially available antibody ELISA (HerdChek®PRRS ELISA) and an indirect immunofluorescence assay using the same serum samples. The BioSign™ PRRSV assay was capable of detecting antibodies in sera known to contain antibodies to PRRSV, resulting in 93.2% sensitivity for samples from experimentally infected pigs and 98.7% sensitivity for clinical serum samples. For sera that did not contain antibodies to PRRSV, the specificity was found to be 98.5% and 99.2% for clinical and experimental serum samples, respectively.

The reference phantoms: voxel vs polygon

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) reference male and female adult phantoms, described in Publication 110, are voxel phantoms based on whole-body computed tomography scans of a male and a female patient, respectively. The voxel in-plane resolution and the slice thickness, of the order of a few millimetres, are insufficient for proper segmentation of smaller tissues such as the lens of the eye, the skin, and the walls of some organs. The calculated doses for these tissues therefore present some limitations, particularly for weakly penetrating radiation. Similarly, the Publication 110 phantoms cannot represent 8-40-µm-thick target regions in respiratory or alimentary tract organs. Separate stylised models have been used to represent these tissues for calculation of the ICRP reference dose coefficients (DCs). ICRP Committee 2 recently initiated a research project, the ultimate goal of which is to convert the Publication 110 phantoms to a high-quality polygon-mesh (PM) format, including all source and target regions, even those of the 8-40-µm-thick alimentary and respiratory tract organs. It is expected that the converted phantoms would lead to the same or very similar DCs as the Publication 110 reference phantoms for penetrating radiation and, at the same time, provide more accurate DCs for weakly penetrating radiation and small tissues. Additionally, the reference phantoms in the PM format would be easily deformable and, as such, could serve as a starting point to create phantoms of various postures for use, for example, in accidental dose calculations. This paper will discuss the current progress of the phantom conversion project and its significance for ICRP DC calculations.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Red Ginseng By-product on Laying Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Serum Immunoglobulin and Microbial Population in Laying Hens

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of red ginseng by-product (RGB) on the laying performance, blood biochemistry, and microbial population in laying hens. A total of 120 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (75 weeks old) were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments with 4 replicates per treatment. A commercial-type basal diet was prepared, and 2 additional diets were prepared by supplementing 5.0 or 10.0 g/kg of RGB to the basal diet at the expense of corn. The diets were fed to hens on an ad libitum basis for 4 weeks. There were no differences in feed intake, egg weight, and feed conversion ratio during 4 weeks of the feeding trial. However, hen-day egg production was significantly greater (p<0.05) for the RGB treatment groups than that for the basal treatment group. There were no differences in triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase during the 4-week feeding trial. However, RGB supplementation increased (p<0.05) the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM content compared with basal treatment group. The total cholesterol was lower (p<0.05) in the RGB treatments groups than that in the basal treatment group. The intestinal Lactobacillus population was greater (p<0.05) for the RGB treatments groups than that for the basal treatment group. However, the numbers of Salmonella and Escherichia coli were not different among dietary treatments. During the entire experiment, there was no significant difference in egg quality among all the treatments. In conclusion, in addition to improving hen-day production, there were positive effects of dietary RGB supplementation on serum immunoglobulin and cholesterol levels in laying hens.

Classification of walking ability of household walkers versus community walkers based on K-BBS, gait velocity and upright motor control

BACKGROUND

Few guidelines are available to assist clinicians with assessment of whether a patient is a household or community walker.

AIM

To assess the Korean Berg balance scale (K-BBS) and gait velocity cut-off points of a household walker versus a community walker and evaluate which combinations of the three scales (K-BBS, upright motor control test (UMCT), and gait velocity) best assessed walking ability.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Outpatient.

POPULATION

A total of 124 stroke patients with walking difficulty.

METHODS

Participants were classified into one of six walking classifications (three household walkers and three community walkers) and K-BBS, UMCT, and gait velocity were evaluated. The optimal cut-off scores for walking classification were determined based on received operator characteristic (ROC) analyses.

RESULTS

The cut-off value of K-BBS for dividing the household walker versus the community walker was 42 points. The cut-off value of gait velocity was 48 m/s for the community walker. The area under the ROC curve of the combined K-BBS and gait velocity values was larger than that of each individual scale and those of the other combined scales.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that K-BBS, gait velocity, and UMCT are useful instruments for classifying household ambulation and community ambulation. The authors recommend K-BBS as single scale and K-BBS and gait velocity as combined scales for evaluating community ambulation in stroke patients

CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT

In this report, we have some clinical implication. We recommend 3 outcome measures to assess walking ability about home or community; K-BBS (>42 points), gait speed (>48 m/min), UMCT (strong grade in either knee flexion of extension). Suggesting cut-off points of Korean Berg balance scale, gait velocity, and level of upright motor control test for community ambulation could be used as outcome measures to evaluate patient's actual performance level. It is also important to combine several scales for determining walking classification. We suggest to evaluate walking ability by combining K-BBS and UMCT to best predict community ambulation.

A DN-mda5 transgenic zebrafish model demonstrates that Mda5 plays an important role in snakehead rhabdovirus resistance

Melanoma Differentiation-Associated protein 5 (MDA5) is a member of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) family, which is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that detects viral nucleic acids. Here we show an Mda5-dependent response to rhabdovirus infection in vivo using a dominant-negative mda5 transgenic zebrafish. Dominant-negative mda5 zebrafish embryos displayed an impaired antiviral immune response compared to wild-type counterparts that can be rescued by recombinant full-length Mda5. To our knowledge, we have generated the first dominant-negative mda5 transgenic zebrafish and demonstrated a critical role for Mda5 in the antiviral response to rhabdovirus.