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Anders KR, Abeyta A, Andrade CC, Bonilla CY, Braley AB, Bratt AG, Duncan KA, Hayes SG, Robinson CJ, Smith-Flores H, Ettinger ASH, Ettinger WF, Fay MM, Haydock J, McKenzie SK, Garlena RA, Russell DA, Poxleitner MK. Genome sequences of 31 mycobacteriophages isolated on Mycobacterium smegmatis mc 2155 at room temperature. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0108623. [PMID: 38099681 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01086-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
We report the genome sequences of 31 mycobacteriophages isolated on Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 at room temperature. The genomes add to the diversity of Clusters A, B, C, G, and K. Collectively, the genomes include 70 novel protein-coding genes that have no close relatives among the actinobacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk R Anders
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University , Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Antonio Abeyta
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University , Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Christy C Andrade
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University , Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Carla Y Bonilla
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University , Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Amanda B Braley
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University , Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Alexandra G Bratt
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University , Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Kaya A Duncan
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University , Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen G Hayes
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University , Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Ciara J Robinson
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University , Spokane, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marta M Fay
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University , Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph Haydock
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University , Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Sean K McKenzie
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University , Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Rebecca A Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel A Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Wetzel KS, Illouz M, Abad L, Aull HG, Russell DA, Garlena RA, Cristinziano M, Malmsheimer S, Chalut C, Hatfull GF, Kremer L. Therapeutically useful mycobacteriophages BPs and Muddy require trehalose polyphleates. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1717-1731. [PMID: 37644325 PMCID: PMC10465359 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteriophages show promise as therapeutic agents for non-tuberculous mycobacterium infections. However, little is known about phage recognition of Mycobacterium cell surfaces or mechanisms of phage resistance. We show here that trehalose polyphleates (TPPs)-high-molecular-weight, surface-exposed glycolipids found in some mycobacterial species-are required for infection of Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium smegmatis by clinically useful phages BPs and Muddy. TPP loss leads to defects in adsorption and infection and confers resistance. Transposon mutagenesis shows that TPP disruption is the primary mechanism for phage resistance. Spontaneous phage resistance occurs through TPP loss by mutation, and some M. abscessus clinical isolates are naturally phage-insensitive due to TPP synthesis gene mutations. Both BPs and Muddy become TPP-independent through single amino acid substitutions in their tail spike proteins, and M. abscessus mutants resistant to TPP-independent phages reveal additional resistance mechanisms. Clinical use of BPs and Muddy TPP-independent mutants should preempt phage resistance caused by TPP loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Wetzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Morgane Illouz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lawrence Abad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haley G Aull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel A Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madison Cristinziano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Silke Malmsheimer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Chalut
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Graham F Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- INSERM, IRIM, Montpellier, France.
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3
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Wetzel KS, Illouz M, Abad L, Aull HG, Russell DA, Garlena RA, Cristinziano M, Malmsheimer S, Chalut C, Hatfull GF, Kremer L. Mycobacterium trehalose polyphleates are required for infection by therapeutically useful mycobacteriophages BPs and Muddy. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.14.532567. [PMID: 36993724 PMCID: PMC10055034 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteriophages are good model systems for understanding their bacterial hosts and show promise as therapeutic agents for nontuberculous mycobacterium infections. However, little is known about phage recognition of Mycobacterium cell surfaces, or mechanisms of phage resistance. We show here that surface-exposed trehalose polyphleates (TPPs) are required for infection of Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium smegmatis by clinically useful phages BPs and Muddy, and that TPP loss leads to defects in adsorption, infection, and confers resistance. Transposon mutagenesis indicates that TPP loss is the primary mechanism for phage resistance. Spontaneous phage resistance occurs through TPP loss, and some M. abscessus clinical isolates are phage-insensitive due to TPP absence. Both BPs and Muddy become TPP-independent through single amino acid substitutions in their tail spike proteins, and M. abscessus mutants resistant to TPP-independent phages reveal additional resistance mechanisms. Clinical use of BPs and Muddy TPP-independent mutants should preempt phage resistance caused by TPP loss.
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4
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Dulberger CL, Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Owen SV, Wilson S, Wuo MG, Garlena RA, Serpa LA, Russell DA, Zhu J, Braunecker BJ, Squyres GR, Baym M, Kiessling LL, Garner EC, Rubin EJ, Hatfull GF. Mycobacterial nucleoid-associated protein Lsr2 is required for productive mycobacteriophage infection. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:695-710. [PMID: 36823286 PMCID: PMC10066036 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteriophages are a diverse group of viruses infecting Mycobacterium with substantial therapeutic potential. However, as this potential becomes realized, the molecular details of phage infection and mechanisms of resistance remain ill-defined. Here we use live-cell fluorescence microscopy to visualize the spatiotemporal dynamics of mycobacteriophage infection in single cells and populations, showing that infection is dependent on the host nucleoid-associated Lsr2 protein. Mycobacteriophages preferentially adsorb at Mycobacterium smegmatis sites of new cell wall synthesis and following DNA injection, Lsr2 reorganizes away from host replication foci to establish zones of phage DNA replication (ZOPR). Cells lacking Lsr2 proceed through to cell lysis when infected but fail to generate consecutive phage bursts that trigger epidemic spread of phage particles to neighbouring cells. Many mycobacteriophages code for their own Lsr2-related proteins, and although their roles are unknown, they do not rescue the loss of host Lsr2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Dulberger
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Siân V Owen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael G Wuo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lexi A Serpa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel A Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Junhao Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ben J Braunecker
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgia R Squyres
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Baym
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ethan C Garner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Graham F Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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5
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Russell DA, Wilson PS. Introduction to the special issue on education in acoustics. J Acoust Soc Am 2022; 152:3102. [PMID: 36456275 DOI: 10.1121/10.0015273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A substantial fraction of the membership of the Acoustical Society of America are faculty at various types of educational institutions and are actively engaged in educational activities. However, papers focusing on aspects of teaching, pedagogy, demonstrations, student learning, and other education topics are not often published in JASA, even though the Education in Acoustics Committee regularly offers special sessions on these topics at every ASA meeting. This special issue of JASA dedicated to Education in Acoustics includes 41 papers from authors all over the world. This introduction to the special issue briefly describes each of the papers, which have been organized into several broad categories: teaching methods and exercises; project-based learning; use of experiments, demos, and experiential learning; adapting to teaching during COVID-19; circuit models and impedance concepts; software apps and online resources; teaching musical acoustics; and descriptions of acoustics programs at a variety of institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Russell
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Preston S Wilson
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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6
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Hanauer DI, Graham MJ, Jacobs-Sera D, Garlena RA, Russell DA, Sivanathan V, Asai DJ, Hatfull GF. Broadening Access to STEM through the Community College: Investigating the Role of Course-Based Research Experiences (CREs). CBE Life Sci Educ 2022; 21:ar38. [PMID: 35670725 PMCID: PMC9508918 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.21-08-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Broadening access to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) professions through the provision of early-career research experiences for a wide range of demographic groups is important for the diversification of the STEM workforce. The size and diversity of the community college system make it a prime educational site for achieving this aim. However, some evidence shows that women and Black, Latinx, and Native American student groups have been hindered in STEM at the community college level. One option for enhancing persistence in STEM is to incorporate the course-based research experiences (CREs) into the curriculum as a replacement for the prevalent traditional laboratory. This can be achieved through the integration of community colleges within extant, multi-institutional CREs such as the SEA-PHAGES program. Using a propensity score-matching technique, students in a CRE and traditional laboratory were compared on a range of psychosocial variables (project ownership, self-efficacy, science identity, scientific community values, and networking). Results revealed higher ratings for women and persons excluded because of their ethnicity or race (PEERs) in the SEA-PHAGES program on important predictors of persistence such as project ownership and science identity. This suggests that the usage of CREs at community colleges could have positive effects in addressing the gender gap for women and enhance inclusiveness for PEER students in STEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I. Hanauer
- Department of English, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705
| | - Mark J. Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Rebecca A. Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Daniel A. Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Viknesh Sivanathan
- Science Education, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - David J. Asai
- Science Education, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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7
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Ajjan RA, Hensor EMA, Del Galdo F, Shams K, Abbas A, Fairclough RJ, Webber L, Pegg L, Freeman A, Taylor AE, Arlt W, Morgan AW, Tahrani AA, Stewart PM, Russell DA, Tiganescu A. Oral 11β-HSD1 inhibitor AZD4017 improves wound healing and skin integrity in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:441-455. [PMID: 35113805 PMCID: PMC8942338 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic wounds (e.g. diabetic foot ulcers) reduce the quality of life, yet treatments remain limited. Glucocorticoids (activated by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, 11β-HSD1) impair wound healing. OBJECTIVES Efficacy, safety, and feasibility of 11β-HSD1 inhibition for skin function and wound healing. DESIGN Investigator-initiated, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase 2b pilot trial. METHODS Single-center secondary care setting. Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus without foot ulcers were administered 400 mg oral 11β-HSD1 inhibitor AZD4017 (n = 14) or placebo (n = 14) bi-daily for 35 days. Participants underwent 3-mm full-thickness punch skin biopsies at baseline and on day 28; wound healing was monitored after 2 and 7 days. Computer-generated 1:1 randomization was pharmacy-administered. Analysis was descriptive and focused on CI estimation. Of the 36 participants screened, 28 were randomized. RESULTS Exploratory proof-of-concept efficacy analysis suggested AZD4017 did not inhibit 24-h ex vivoskin 11β-HSD1 activity (primary outcome; difference in percentage conversion per 24 h 1.1% (90% CI: -3.4 to 5.5) but reduced systemic 11β-HSD1 activity by 87% (69-104%). Wound diameter was 34% (7-63%) smaller with AZD4017 at day 2, and 48% (12-85%) smaller after repeat wounding at day 30. AZD4017 improved epidermal integrity but modestly impaired barrier function. Minimal adverse events were comparable to placebo. Recruitment rate, retention, and data completeness were 2.9/month, 27/28, and 95.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION A phase 2 trial is feasible, and preliminary proof-of-concept data suggests AZD4017 warrants further investigation in conditions of delayed healing, for example in diabetic foot ulcers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stress hormone activation by the enzyme 11β-HSD type 1 impairs skin function (e.g. integrity) and delays wound healing in animal models of diabetes, but effects in human skin were previously unknown. Skin function was evaluated in response to treatment with a 11β-HSD type 1 inhibitor (AZD4017), or placebo, in people with type 2 diabetes. Importantly, AZD4017 was safe and well tolerated. This first-in-human randomized, controlled, clinical trial found novel evidence that 11β-HSD type 1 regulates skin function in humans, including improved wound healing, epidermal integrity, and increased water loss. Results warrant further studies in conditions of impaired wound healing, for example, diabetic foot ulcers to evaluate 11β-HSD type 1 as a novel therapeutic target forchronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - E M A Hensor
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - F Del Galdo
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - K Shams
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - A Abbas
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R J Fairclough
- Emerging Innovations Unit, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D
| | - L Webber
- Emerging Portfolio Development, Late Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - L Pegg
- Emerging Portfolio Development, Late Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Freeman
- Emerging Innovations Unit, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D
| | - A E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - W Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - A W Morgan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - A A Tahrani
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - P M Stewart
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D A Russell
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - A Tiganescu
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Tiganescu;
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Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Dedrick RM, Garlena RA, Russell DA, Hatfull GF. Toward a Phage Cocktail for Tuberculosis: Susceptibility and Tuberculocidal Action of Mycobacteriophages against Diverse Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains. mBio 2021; 12:e00973-21. [PMID: 34016711 PMCID: PMC8263002 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00973-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The global health burden of human tuberculosis (TB) and the widespread antibiotic resistance of its causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis warrant new strategies for TB control. The successful use of a bacteriophage cocktail to treat a Mycobacterium abscessus infection suggests that phages could play a role in tuberculosis therapy. To assemble a phage cocktail with optimal therapeutic potential for tuberculosis, we have explored mycobacteriophage diversity to identify phages that demonstrate tuberculocidal activity and determined the phage infection profiles for a diverse set of strains spanning the major lineages of human-adapted strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Using a combination of genome engineering and bacteriophage genetics, we have assembled a five-phage cocktail that minimizes the emergence of phage resistance and cross-resistance to multiple phages, and which efficiently kills the M. tuberculosis strains tested. Furthermore, these phages function without antagonizing antibiotic effectiveness, and infect both isoniazid-resistant and -sensitive strains.IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis kills 1.5 million people each year, and resistance to commonly used antibiotics contributes to treatment failures. The therapeutic potential of bacteriophages against Mycobacterium tuberculosis offers prospects for shortening antibiotic regimens, provides new tools for treating multiple drug-resistant (MDR)-TB and extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-TB infections, and protects newly developed antibiotics against rapidly emerging resistance to them. Identifying a suitable suite of phages active against diverse M. tuberculosis isolates circumvents many of the barriers to initiating clinical evaluation of phages as part of the arsenal of antituberculosis therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebekah M Dedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca A Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel A Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Graham F Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Hryckowian AJ, Merrill BD, Porter NT, Van Treuren W, Nelson EJ, Garlena RA, Russell DA, Martens EC, Sonnenburg JL. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron-Infecting Bacteriophage Isolates Inform Sequence-Based Host Range Predictions. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:371-379.e5. [PMID: 32652063 PMCID: PMC8045012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our emerging view of the gut microbiome largely focuses on bacteria, while less is known about other microbial components, such as bacteriophages (phages). Though phages are abundant in the gut, very few phages have been isolated from this ecosystem. Here, we report the genomes of 27 phages from the United States and Bangladesh that infect the prevalent human gut bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. These phages are mostly distinct from previously sequenced phages with the exception of two, which are crAss-like phages. We compare these isolates to existing human gut metagenomes, revealing similarities to previously inferred phages and additional unexplored phage diversity. Finally, we use host tropisms of these phages to identify alleles of phage structural genes associated with infectivity. This work provides a detailed view of the gut's "viral dark matter" and a framework for future efforts to further integrate isolation- and sequencing-focused efforts to understand gut-resident phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hryckowian
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Bryan D Merrill
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nathan T Porter
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William Van Treuren
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric J Nelson
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rebecca A Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Daniel A Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Eric C Martens
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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10
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Puppala S, Cuthbert GA, Tingerides C, Russell DA, McPherson SJ. Endovascular management of mycotic aortic aneurysms- A 20-year experience from a single UK centre. Clin Radiol 2020; 75:712.e13-712.e21. [PMID: 32616296 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM To present the authors' experience of endovascular treatment of confirmed and presumed (microbiology negative) mycotic aortic aneurysms (MAA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients undergoing endovascular aortic repair were identified retrospectively from 1998 using the radiology information system and an internally kept database until 2018. The primary aim was to assess the technical success and peri-operative morbidity and mortality. The secondary aim was to assess progression of infection, re-interventions, late mortality, and correlation to antibiotic duration pre- and post-procedure. RESULTS Thirty-four endovascular aortic procedures were performed for MAA, excluding aorto-enteric fistulas, inflammatory aneurysms, and infected grafts without a new aneurysm. Seventy-six percent of these were thoracic and 24% abdominal. The technical success was 100%. Additional procedures were undertaken in four patients with two requiring a further endovascular procedure. There were two inpatient aneurysm-related mortalities and no inpatient conversions to open repair. The 30-day re-admission and re-intervention rate was 0%. Blood cultures were positive in 45%. There were no secondary graft infections. CONCLUSION This is the largest European single-centre study. It supports endovascular management of MAA as a lower-risk alternative to open surgery with the majority of patients presenting acutely, later in life and requiring emergency management.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Puppala
- Vascular Interventional Radiology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
| | - G A Cuthbert
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - C Tingerides
- Vascular Interventional Radiology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - D A Russell
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - S J McPherson
- Vascular Interventional Radiology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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11
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Jacobs-Sera D, Abad LA, Alvey RM, Anders KR, Aull HG, Bhalla SS, Blumer LS, Bollivar DW, Bonilla JA, Butela KA, Coomans RJ, Cresawn SG, D'Elia T, Diaz A, Divens AM, Edgington NP, Frederick GD, Gainey MD, Garlena RA, Grant KW, Gurney SMR, Hendrickson HL, Hughes LE, Kenna MA, Klyczek KK, Kotturi H, Mavrich TN, McKinney AL, Merkhofer EC, Moberg Parker J, Molloy SD, Monti DL, Pape-Zambito DA, Pollenz RS, Pope WH, Reyna NS, Rinehart CA, Russell DA, Shaffer CD, Sivanathan V, Stoner TH, Stukey J, Sunnen CN, Tolsma SS, Tsourkas PK, Wallen JR, Ware VC, Warner MH, Washington JM, Westover KM, Whitefleet-Smith JL, Wiersma-Koch HI, Williams DC, Zack KM, Hatfull GF. Genomic diversity of bacteriophages infecting Microbacterium spp. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234636. [PMID: 32555720 PMCID: PMC7302621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteriophage population is vast, dynamic, old, and genetically diverse. The genomics of phages that infect bacterial hosts in the phylum Actinobacteria show them to not only be diverse but also pervasively mosaic, and replete with genes of unknown function. To further explore this broad group of bacteriophages, we describe here the isolation and genomic characterization of 116 phages that infect Microbacterium spp. Most of the phages are lytic, and can be grouped into twelve clusters according to their overall relatedness; seven of the phages are singletons with no close relatives. Genome sizes vary from 17.3 kbp to 97.7 kbp, and their G+C% content ranges from 51.4% to 71.4%, compared to ~67% for their Microbacterium hosts. The phages were isolated on five different Microbacterium species, but typically do not efficiently infect strains beyond the one on which they were isolated. These Microbacterium phages contain many novel features, including very large viral genes (13.5 kbp) and unusual fusions of structural proteins, including a fusion of VIP2 toxin and a MuF-like protein into a single gene. These phages and their genetic components such as integration systems, recombineering tools, and phage-mediated delivery systems, will be useful resources for advancing Microbacterium genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lawrence A. Abad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Alvey
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kirk R. Anders
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Haley G. Aull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Suparna S. Bhalla
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mount Saint Mary College, Newburgh, New York, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S. Blumer
- Department of Biology, Morehouse College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David W. Bollivar
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Illinois, United States of America
| | - J. Alfred Bonilla
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kristen A. Butela
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roy J. Coomans
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Cresawn
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tom D'Elia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Arturo Diaz
- Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Divens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicholas P. Edgington
- Department of Biology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Frederick
- Department of Biology and Kinesiology, LeTourneau University, Longview, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria D. Gainey
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Grant
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Susan M. R. Gurney
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Lee E. Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Kenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Karen K. Klyczek
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hari Kotturi
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Travis N. Mavrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Angela L. McKinney
- Department of Biology, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Evan C. Merkhofer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mount Saint Mary College, Newburgh, New York, United States of America
| | - Jordan Moberg Parker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sally D. Molloy
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Denise L. Monti
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dana A. Pape-Zambito
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Pollenz
- Department Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Welkin H. Pope
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan S. Reyna
- Department of Biology, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Claire A. Rinehart
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Shaffer
- Department of Biology, University of Washington in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Viknesh Sivanathan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ty H. Stoner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph Stukey
- Biology Department, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - C. Nicole Sunnen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sara S. Tolsma
- Biology Department, Northwestern College, Orange City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Philippos K. Tsourkas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Jamie R. Wallen
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vassie C. Ware
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marcie H. Warner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Kristi M. Westover
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - JoAnn L. Whitefleet-Smith
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helen I. Wiersma-Koch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Williams
- Department of Biology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kira M. Zack
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Dedrick RM, Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Garlena RA, Russell DA, Ford K, Harris K, Gilmour KC, Soothill J, Jacobs-Sera D, Schooley RT, Hatfull GF, Spencer H. Engineered bacteriophages for treatment of a patient with a disseminated drug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus. Nat Med 2019; 25:730-733. [PMID: 31068712 PMCID: PMC6557439 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A 15-year-old patient with cystic fibrosis with a disseminated Mycobacterium abscessus infection was treated with a three-phage cocktail following bilateral lung transplantation. Effective lytic phage derivatives that efficiently kill the infectious M. abscessus strain were developed by genome engineering and forward genetics. Intravenous phage treatment was well tolerated and associated with objective clinical improvement, including sternal wound closure, improved liver function, and substantial resolution of infected skin nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah M Dedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Rebecca A Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel A Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Graham F Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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13
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Abstract
The sound resulting from the impact of a table tennis racket and ball can influence a player's perception of equipment quality in addition to providing clues to personal performance. This study explores the vibrational modes of both racket and ball and how those modes contribute to the impact sound. Experimental modal analysis reveals that the racket exhibits a large number of structural vibration modes typical of elliptical plates. Acoustic analysis reveals that two of those structural modes dominate the sound produced by the ball-paddle impact. The rubber padding provides some damping and a significant mass loading to the racket vibrations. The hollow cellulose nitrate balls exhibit vibrational modes typical of a hollow spherical shell, starting with frequencies around 5920 Hz. Experimental frequencies confirm theoretical and computational models. However, the contact time between racket and ball is long enough that the lowest acoustic modes of the ball do not contribute to the radiated sound. Instead, acoustic analysis suggests that the ball appears to radiate sound at a much higher frequency sound (8.5-12 kHz) most likely due to snap-through after buckling common to spherical shells undergoing deformation while impacting a rigid surface at high speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Russell
- a Graduate Program in Acoustics , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
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14
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Cheng L, Marinelli LJ, Grosset N, Fitz-Gibbon ST, Bowman CA, Dang BQ, Russell DA, Jacobs-Sera D, Shi B, Pellegrini M, Miller JF, Gautier M, Hatfull GF, Modlin RL. Complete genomic sequences of Propionibacterium freudenreichii phages from Swiss cheese reveal greater diversity than Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) acnes phages. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:19. [PMID: 29490612 PMCID: PMC5831693 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A remarkable exception to the large genetic diversity often observed for bacteriophages infecting a specific bacterial host was found for the Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) phages, which are highly homogeneous. Phages infecting the related species, which is also a member of the Propionibacteriaceae family, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, a bacterium used in production of Swiss-type cheeses, have also been described and are common contaminants of the cheese manufacturing process. However, little is known about their genetic composition and diversity. RESULTS We obtained seven independently isolated bacteriophages that infect P. freudenreichii from Swiss-type cheese samples, and determined their complete genome sequences. These data revealed that all seven phage isolates are of similar genomic length and GC% content, but their genomes are highly diverse, including genes encoding the capsid, tape measure, and tail proteins. In contrast to C. acnes phages, all P. freudenreichii phage genomes encode a putative integrase protein, suggesting they are capable of lysogenic growth. This is supported by the finding of related prophages in some P. freudenreichii strains. The seven phages could further be distinguished as belonging to two distinct genomic types, or 'clusters', based on nucleotide sequences, and host range analyses conducted on a collection of P. freudenreichii strains show a higher degree of host specificity than is observed for the C. acnes phages. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data demonstrate P. freudenreichii bacteriophages are distinct from C. acnes phages, as evidenced by their higher genetic diversity, potential for lysogenic growth, and more restricted host ranges. This suggests substantial differences in the evolution of these related species from the Propionibacteriaceae family and their phages, which is potentially related to their distinct environmental niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cheng
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095 CA USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Laura J. Marinelli
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095 CA USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Noël Grosset
- Equipe Microbiologie de l’œuf et des Ovoproduits (MICOV), Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, (UMR1253) Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Sorel T. Fitz-Gibbon
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Charles A. Bowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Brian Q. Dang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Daniel A. Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Baochen Shi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Jeff F. Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Michel Gautier
- Equipe Microbiologie de l’œuf et des Ovoproduits (MICOV), Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, (UMR1253) Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Robert L. Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095 CA USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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15
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Abstract
The Actinobacteriophage Database (PhagesDB) is a comprehensive, interactive, database-backed website that collects and shares information related to the discovery, characterization and genomics of viruses that infect Actinobacterial hosts. To date, more than 8000 bacteriophages-including over 1600 with sequenced genomes-have been entered into the database. PhagesDB plays a crucial role in organizing the discoveries of phage biologists around the world-including students in the SEA-PHAGES program-and has been cited in over 50 peer-reviewed articles. Availability and Implementation http://phagesdb.org/. Contact gfh@pitt.edu.
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16
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Abstract
Next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) technologies have made generating genomic sequence for organisms of interest affordable and commonplace. However, NGS platforms and analysis software are generally tuned to be used on large and complex genomes or metagenomic samples. Determining the complete genome sequence of a single bacteriophage requires a somewhat different perspective, workflow, and sensitivity to the nature of phages. Because phage genomes consist of mostly coding regions (see Pope/Jacobs-Sera chapter), a very high standard should be adopted when completing these genomes so that the subsequent steps of annotation and analysis are not sabotaged by sequencing errors. While read quality and assembly algorithms have continued to improve, achieving this standard still requires a significant amount of human oversight and expertise. This chapter describes our workflow for sequencing, assembling, and finishing phage genomes to a high standard by the NGS platforms Illumina, Ion Torrent, and 454.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 344 Crawford Hall, 4249 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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17
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Klyczek KK, Bonilla JA, Jacobs-Sera D, Adair TL, Afram P, Allen KG, Archambault ML, Aziz RM, Bagnasco FG, Ball SL, Barrett NA, Benjamin RC, Blasi CJ, Borst K, Braun MA, Broomell H, Brown CB, Brynell ZS, Bue AB, Burke SO, Casazza W, Cautela JA, Chen K, Chimalakonda NS, Chudoff D, Connor JA, Cross TS, Curtis KN, Dahlke JA, Deaton BM, Degroote SJ, DeNigris DM, DeRuff KC, Dolan M, Dunbar D, Egan MS, Evans DR, Fahnestock AK, Farooq A, Finn G, Fratus CR, Gaffney BL, Garlena RA, Garrigan KE, Gibbon BC, Goedde MA, Guerrero Bustamante CA, Harrison M, Hartwell MC, Heckman EL, Huang J, Hughes LE, Hyduchak KM, Jacob AE, Kaku M, Karstens AW, Kenna MA, Khetarpal S, King RA, Kobokovich AL, Kolev H, Konde SA, Kriese E, Lamey ME, Lantz CN, Lapin JS, Lawson TO, Lee IY, Lee SM, Lee-Soety JY, Lehmann EM, London SC, Lopez AJ, Lynch KC, Mageeney CM, Martynyuk T, Mathew KJ, Mavrich TN, McDaniel CM, McDonald H, McManus CJ, Medrano JE, Mele FE, Menninger JE, Miller SN, Minick JE, Nabua CT, Napoli CK, Nkangabwa M, Oates EA, Ott CT, Pellerino SK, Pinamont WJ, Pirnie RT, Pizzorno MC, Plautz EJ, Pope WH, Pruett KM, Rickstrew G, Rimple PA, Rinehart CA, Robinson KM, Rose VA, Russell DA, Schick AM, Schlossman J, Schneider VM, Sells CA, Sieker JW, Silva MP, Silvi MM, Simon SE, Staples AK, Steed IL, Stowe EL, Stueven NA, Swartz PT, Sweet EA, Sweetman AT, Tender C, Terry K, Thomas C, Thomas DS, Thompson AR, Vanderveen L, Varma R, Vaught HL, Vo QD, Vonberg ZT, Ware VC, Warrad YM, Wathen KE, Weinstein JL, Wyper JF, Yankauskas JR, Zhang C, Hatfull GF. Tales of diversity: Genomic and morphological characteristics of forty-six Arthrobacter phages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180517. [PMID: 28715480 PMCID: PMC5513430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast bacteriophage population harbors an immense reservoir of genetic information. Almost 2000 phage genomes have been sequenced from phages infecting hosts in the phylum Actinobacteria, and analysis of these genomes reveals substantial diversity, pervasive mosaicism, and novel mechanisms for phage replication and lysogeny. Here, we describe the isolation and genomic characterization of 46 phages from environmental samples at various geographic locations in the U.S. infecting a single Arthrobacter sp. strain. These phages include representatives of all three virion morphologies, and Jasmine is the first sequenced podovirus of an actinobacterial host. The phages also span considerable sequence diversity, and can be grouped into 10 clusters according to their nucleotide diversity, and two singletons each with no close relatives. However, the clusters/singletons appear to be genomically well separated from each other, and relatively few genes are shared between clusters. Genome size varies from among the smallest of siphoviral phages (15,319 bp) to over 70 kbp, and G+C contents range from 45-68%, compared to 63.4% for the host genome. Although temperate phages are common among other actinobacterial hosts, these Arthrobacter phages are primarily lytic, and only the singleton Galaxy is likely temperate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K. Klyczek
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - J. Alfred Bonilla
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tamarah L. Adair
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patricia Afram
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine G. Allen
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Megan L. Archambault
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rahat M. Aziz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Filippa G. Bagnasco
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Ball
- Center for Life Sciences Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Natalie A. Barrett
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Benjamin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Blasi
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine Borst
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary A. Braun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Haley Broomell
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Conner B. Brown
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Zachary S. Brynell
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashley B. Bue
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sydney O. Burke
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - William Casazza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Cautela
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Dylan Chudoff
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jade A. Connor
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Trevor S. Cross
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kyra N. Curtis
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Dahlke
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bethany M. Deaton
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Degroote
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Danielle M. DeNigris
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine C. DeRuff
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Milan Dolan
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David Dunbar
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marisa S. Egan
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abby K. Fahnestock
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amal Farooq
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Garrett Finn
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Bobby L. Gaffney
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kelly E. Garrigan
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bryan C. Gibbon
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Goedde
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | | | - Melinda Harrison
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Megan C. Hartwell
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Heckman
- Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lee E. Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Hyduchak
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aswathi E. Jacob
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Machika Kaku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Allen W. Karstens
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Kenna
- Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susheel Khetarpal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rodney A. King
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Kobokovich
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hannah Kolev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sai A. Konde
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Kriese
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Morgan E. Lamey
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carter N. Lantz
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Lapin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Temiloluwa O. Lawson
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - In Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Lee
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia Y. Lee-Soety
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Lehmann
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shawn C. London
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - A. Javier Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kelly C. Lynch
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Mageeney
- Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tetyana Martynyuk
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Mathew
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Travis N. Mavrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. McDaniel
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Hannah McDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - C. Joel McManus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. Medrano
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Francis E. Mele
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Menninger
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sierra N. Miller
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Josephine E. Minick
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Courtney T. Nabua
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Caroline K. Napoli
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Martha Nkangabwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Oates
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Cassandra T. Ott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah K. Pellerino
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - William J. Pinamont
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ross T. Pirnie
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marie C. Pizzorno
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emilee J. Plautz
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Welkin H. Pope
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katelyn M. Pruett
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabbi Rickstrew
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patrick A. Rimple
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Claire A. Rinehart
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kayla M. Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Rose
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amelia M. Schick
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia Schlossman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Victoria M. Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chloe A. Sells
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeremy W. Sieker
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Morgan P. Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marissa M. Silvi
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephanie E. Simon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amanda K. Staples
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Isabelle L. Steed
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Stowe
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Noah A. Stueven
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Porter T. Swartz
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emma A. Sweet
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Abigail T. Sweetman
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Corrina Tender
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katrina Terry
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chrystal Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Thomas
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Allison R. Thompson
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lorianna Vanderveen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rohan Varma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hannah L. Vaught
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Quynh D. Vo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zachary T. Vonberg
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vassie C. Ware
- Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yasmene M. Warrad
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn E. Wathen
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jonathan L. Weinstein
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline F. Wyper
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jakob R. Yankauskas
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christine Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Dedrick RM, Jacobs-Sera D, Guerrero Bustamante CA, Garlena RA, Mavrich TN, Pope WH, Reyes JCC, Russell DA, Adair T, Alvey R, Bonilla JA, Bricker JS, Brown BR, Byrnes D, Cresawn SG, Davis WB, Dickson LA, Edgington NP, Findley AM, Golebiewska U, Grose JH, Hayes CF, Hughes LE, Hutchison KW, Isern S, Johnson AA, Kenna MA, Klyczek KK, Mageeney CM, Michael SF, Molloy SD, Montgomery MT, Neitzel J, Page ST, Pizzorno MC, Poxleitner MK, Rinehart CA, Robinson CJ, Rubin MR, Teyim JN, Vazquez E, Ware VC, Washington J, Hatfull GF. Prophage-mediated defence against viral attack and viral counter-defence. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:16251. [PMID: 28067906 PMCID: PMC5508108 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Temperate phages are common, and prophages are abundant residents of sequenced bacterial genomes. Mycobacteriophages are viruses that infect mycobacterial hosts including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis, encompass substantial genetic diversity and are commonly temperate. Characterization of ten Cluster N temperate mycobacteriophages revealed at least five distinct prophage-expressed viral defence systems that interfere with the infection of lytic and temperate phages that are either closely related (homotypic defence) or unrelated (heterotypic defence) to the prophage. Target specificity is unpredictable, ranging from a single target phage to one-third of those tested. The defence systems include a single-subunit restriction system, a heterotypic exclusion system and a predicted (p)ppGpp synthetase, which blocks lytic phage growth, promotes bacterial survival and enables efficient lysogeny. The predicted (p)ppGpp synthetase coded by the Phrann prophage defends against phage Tweety infection, but Tweety codes for a tetrapeptide repeat protein, gp54, which acts as a highly effective counter-defence system. Prophage-mediated viral defence offers an efficient mechanism for bacterial success in host-virus dynamics, and counter-defence promotes phage co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah M. Dedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | - Rebecca A. Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Travis N. Mavrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Welkin H. Pope
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | - Daniel A. Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Tamarah Adair
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798
| | - Richard Alvey
- Biology Department, Illinois-Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL 61702
| | - J. Alfred Bonilla
- Biology Department University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54016
| | | | - Bryony R. Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Deanna Byrnes
- Biology Department, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI53140
| | - Steven G. Cresawn
- Biology Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807
| | - William B. Davis
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Leon A. Dickson
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059
| | | | - Ann M. Findley
- Biology, School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209
| | - Urszula Golebiewska
- Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY 11364
| | | | - Cory F. Hayes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Lee E. Hughes
- Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203
| | - Keith W. Hutchison
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Honors College, Orono, ME 04469
| | - Sharon Isern
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965
| | - Allison A. Johnson
- Biology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | | | - Karen K. Klyczek
- Biology Department University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54016
| | | | - Scott F. Michael
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965
| | - Sally D. Molloy
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Honors College, Orono, ME 04469
| | | | - James Neitzel
- Biology Department, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA 98502
| | - Shallee T. Page
- Division of Environmental and, Biological Sciences, University of Maine-Machias, Machias, ME 04654
| | | | | | - Claire A. Rinehart
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101
| | | | - Michael R. Rubin
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Cayey, Cayey, PR 00736
| | | | - Edwin Vazquez
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Cayey, Cayey, PR 00736
| | - Vassie C. Ware
- Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | | | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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19
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Lima-Junior JD, Viana-Niero C, Conde Oliveira DV, Machado GE, Rabello MCDS, Martins-Junior J, Martins LF, Digiampietri LA, da Silva AM, Setubal JC, Russell DA, Jacobs-Sera D, Pope WH, Hatfull GF, Leão SC. Characterization of mycobacteria and mycobacteriophages isolated from compost at the São Paulo Zoo Park Foundation in Brazil and creation of the new mycobacteriophage Cluster U. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:111. [PMID: 27316672 PMCID: PMC4912749 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A large collection of sequenced mycobacteriophages capable of infecting a single host strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis shows considerable genomic diversity with dozens of distinctive types (clusters) and extensive variation within those sharing evident nucleotide sequence similarity. Here we profiled the mycobacterial components of a large composting system at the São Paulo zoo. Results We isolated and sequenced eight mycobacteriophages using Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 as a host. None of these eight phages infected any of mycobacterial strains isolated from the same materials. The phage isolates span considerable genomic diversity, including two phages (Barriga, Nhonho) related to Subcluster A1 phages, two Cluster B phages (Pops, Subcluster B1; Godines, Subcluster B2), three Subcluster F1 phages (Florinda, Girafales, and Quico), and Madruga, a relative of phage Patience with which it constitutes the new Cluster U. Interestingly, the two Subcluster A1 phages and the three Subcluster F1 phages have genomic relationships indicating relatively recent evolution within a geographically isolated niche in the composting system. Conclusions We predict that composting systems such as those used to obtain these mycobacteriophages will be a rich source for the isolation of additional phages that will expand our view of bacteriophage diversity and evolution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0734-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Daltro Lima-Junior
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Viana-Niero
- Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, campus Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel V Conde Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Esquitini Machado
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Joaquim Martins-Junior
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Layla Farage Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Maria da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Setubal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Daniel A Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 1524, USA
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 1524, USA
| | - Welkin H Pope
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 1524, USA
| | - Graham F Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 1524, USA
| | - Sylvia Cardoso Leão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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20
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Dedrick RM, Mavrich TN, Ng WL, Cervantes Reyes JC, Olm MR, Rush RE, Jacobs-Sera D, Russell DA, Hatfull GF. Function, expression, specificity, diversity and incompatibility of actinobacteriophage parABS systems. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:625-44. [PMID: 27146086 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
More than 180 individual phages infecting hosts in the phylum Actinobacteria have been sequenced and grouped into Cluster A because of their similar overall nucleotide sequences and genome architectures. These Cluster A phages are either temperate or derivatives of temperate parents, and most have an integration cassette near the centre of the genome containing an integrase gene and attP. However, about 20% of the phages lack an integration cassette, which is replaced by a 1.4 kbp segment with predicted partitioning functions, including plasmid-like parA and parB genes. Phage RedRock forms stable lysogens in Mycobacterium smegmatis in which the prophage replicates at 2.4 copies/chromosome and the partitioning system confers prophage maintenance. The parAB genes are expressed upon RedRock infection of M. smegmatis, but are downregulated once lysogeny is established by binding of RedRock ParB to parS-L, one of two centromere-like sites flanking the parAB genes. The RedRock parS-L and parS-R sites are composed of eight directly repeated copies of an 8 bp motif that is recognized by ParB. The actinobacteriophage parABS cassettes span considerable sequence diversity and specificity, providing a suite of tools for use in mycobacterial genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah M Dedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Travis N Mavrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Wei L Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Olm
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Rachael E Rush
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Daniel A Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Graham F Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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21
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Good RT, Varghese T, Golz JF, Russell DA, Papanicolaou A, Edwards O, Robin C. OfftargetFinder: a web tool for species-specific RNAi design. Bioinformatics 2015; 32:1232-4. [PMID: 26704598 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION RNA interference (RNAi) technology is being developed as a weapon for pest insect control. To maximize the specificity that such an approach affords we have developed a bioinformatic web tool that searches the ever-growing arthropod transcriptome databases so that pest-specific RNAi sequences can be identified. This will help technology developers finesse the design of RNAi sequences and suggests which non-target species should be assessed in the risk assessment process. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION http://rnai.specifly.org CONTACT crobin@unimelb.edu.au.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Good
- The Bio21 Institute School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - T Varghese
- CSIRO National Facilities and Collections, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - J F Golz
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - D A Russell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - A Papanicolaou
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - O Edwards
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - C Robin
- The Bio21 Institute School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
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22
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Pope WH, Bowman CA, Russell DA, Jacobs-Sera D, Asai DJ, Cresawn SG, Jacobs WR, Hendrix RW, Lawrence JG, Hatfull GF. Whole genome comparison of a large collection of mycobacteriophages reveals a continuum of phage genetic diversity. eLife 2015; 4:e06416. [PMID: 25919952 PMCID: PMC4408529 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacteriophage population is large, dynamic, ancient, and genetically diverse. Limited genomic information shows that phage genomes are mosaic, and the genetic architecture of phage populations remains ill-defined. To understand the population structure of phages infecting a single host strain, we isolated, sequenced, and compared 627 phages of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Their genetic diversity is considerable, and there are 28 distinct genomic types (clusters) with related nucleotide sequences. However, amino acid sequence comparisons show pervasive genomic mosaicism, and quantification of inter-cluster and intra-cluster relatedness reveals a continuum of genetic diversity, albeit with uneven representation of different phages. Furthermore, rarefaction analysis shows that the mycobacteriophage population is not closed, and there is a constant influx of genes from other sources. Phage isolation and analysis was performed by a large consortium of academic institutions, illustrating the substantial benefits of a disseminated, structured program involving large numbers of freshman undergraduates in scientific discovery. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06416.001 Viruses are unable to replicate independently. To generate copies of itself, a virus must instead invade a target cell and commandeer that cell's replication machinery. Different viruses are able to invade different types of cell, and a group of viruses known as bacteriophages (or phages for short) replicate within bacteria. The enormous number and diversity of phages in the world means that they play an important role in virtually every ecosystem. Despite their importance, relatively little is known about how different phage populations are related to each other and how they evolved. Many phages contain their genetic information in the form of strands of DNA. Using genetic sequencing to find out where and how different genes are encoded in the DNA can reveal information about how different viruses are related to each other. These relationships are particularly complicated in phages, as they can exchange genes with other viruses and microbes. Previous studies comparing the genomes—the complete DNA sequence—of reasonably small numbers of phages that infect the Mycobacterium group of bacteria have found that the phages can be sorted into ‘clusters’ based on similarities in their genes and where these are encoded in their DNA. However, the number of phages investigated so far has been too small to conclude how different clusters are related. Are the clusters separate, or do they form a ‘continuum’ with different genes and DNA sequences shared between different clusters? Here, Pope, Bowman, Russell et al. compare the individual genomes of 627 bacteriophages that infect the bacterial species Mycobacterium smegmatis. This is by far the largest number of phage genomes analyzed from a single host species. The large number of genomes analyzed allowed a much clearer understanding of the complexity and diversity of these phages to be obtained. The isolation, sequencing and analysis of the hundreds of M. smegmatis bacteriophage genomes was performed by an integrated research and education program, called the Science Education Alliance Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science (SEA-PHAGES) program. This enabled thousands of undergraduate students from different institutions to contribute to the phage discovery and sequencing project, and co-author the report. SEA-PHAGES therefore shows that it is possible to successfully incorporate genuine scientific research into an undergraduate course, and that doing so can benefit both the students and researchers involved. The results show that while the genomes could be categorized into 28 clusters, the genomes are not completely unrelated. Instead, a spread of diversity is seen, as genes and groups of genes are shared between different clusters. Pope, Bowman, Russell et al. further reveal that the phage population is in a constant state of change, and continuously acquires genes from other microorganisms and viruses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06416.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Welkin H Pope
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Charles A Bowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Daniel A Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - David J Asai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Steven G Cresawn
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, United States
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Roger W Hendrix
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Jeffrey G Lawrence
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Graham F Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
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23
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Zhang J, Myatt JF, Short RW, Maximov AV, Vu HX, DuBois DF, Russell DA. Multiple beam two-plasmon decay: linear threshold to nonlinear saturation in three dimensions. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:105001. [PMID: 25238364 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The linear stability of multiple coherent laser beams with respect to two-plasmon-decay instability in an inhomogeneous plasma in three dimensions has been determined. Cooperation between beams leads to absolute instability of long-wavelength decays, while shorter-wavelength shared waves are shown to saturate convectively. The multibeam, in its absolutely unstable form, has the lowest threshold for most cases considered. Nonlinear calculations using a three-dimensional extended Zakharov model show that Langmuir turbulence created by the absolute instability modifies the convective saturation of the shorter-wavelength modes, which are seen to dominate at late times.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - J F Myatt
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - R W Short
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - A V Maximov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - H X Vu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0407, USA
| | - D F DuBois
- Lodestar Research Corporation, 2400 Central Avenue, P-5, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
| | - D A Russell
- Lodestar Research Corporation, 2400 Central Avenue, P-5, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
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Jordan TC, Burnett SH, Carson S, Caruso SM, Clase K, DeJong RJ, Dennehy JJ, Denver DR, Dunbar D, Elgin SCR, Findley AM, Gissendanner CR, Golebiewska UP, Guild N, Hartzog GA, Grillo WH, Hollowell GP, Hughes LE, Johnson A, King RA, Lewis LO, Li W, Rosenzweig F, Rubin MR, Saha MS, Sandoz J, Shaffer CD, Taylor B, Temple L, Vazquez E, Ware VC, Barker LP, Bradley KW, Jacobs-Sera D, Pope WH, Russell DA, Cresawn SG, Lopatto D, Bailey CP, Hatfull GF. A broadly implementable research course in phage discovery and genomics for first-year undergraduate students. mBio 2014; 5:e01051-13. [PMID: 24496795 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01051-13.editor] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Engaging large numbers of undergraduates in authentic scientific discovery is desirable but difficult to achieve. We have developed a general model in which faculty and teaching assistants from diverse academic institutions are trained to teach a research course for first-year undergraduate students focused on bacteriophage discovery and genomics. The course is situated within a broader scientific context aimed at understanding viral diversity, such that faculty and students are collaborators with established researchers in the field. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Science Education Alliance Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science (SEA-PHAGES) course has been widely implemented and has been taken by over 4,800 students at 73 institutions. We show here that this alliance-sourced model not only substantially advances the field of phage genomics but also stimulates students' interest in science, positively influences academic achievement, and enhances persistence in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Broad application of this model by integrating other research areas with large numbers of early-career undergraduate students has the potential to be transformative in science education and research training. IMPORTANCE Engagement of undergraduate students in scientific research at early stages in their careers presents an opportunity to excite students about science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines and promote continued interests in these areas. Many excellent course-based undergraduate research experiences have been developed, but scaling these to a broader impact with larger numbers of students is challenging. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Science Education Alliance Phage Hunting Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science (SEA-PHAGES) program takes advantage of the huge size and diversity of the bacteriophage population to engage students in discovery of new viruses, genome annotation, and comparative genomics, with strong impacts on bacteriophage research, increased persistence in STEM fields, and student self-identification with learning gains, motivation, attitude, and career aspirations.
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Pope WH, Jacobs-Sera D, Best AA, Broussard GW, Connerly PL, Dedrick RM, Kremer TA, Offner S, Ogiefo AH, Pizzorno MC, Rockenbach K, Russell DA, Stowe EL, Stukey J, Thibault SA, Conway JF, Hendrix RW, Hatfull GF. Cluster J mycobacteriophages: intron splicing in capsid and tail genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69273. [PMID: 23874930 PMCID: PMC3706429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages isolated on Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 represent many distinct genomes sharing little or no DNA sequence similarity. The genomes are architecturally mosaic and are replete with genes of unknown function. A new group of genomes sharing substantial nucleotide sequences constitute Cluster J. The six mycobacteriophages forming Cluster J are morphologically members of the Siphoviridae, but have unusually long genomes ranging from 106.3 to 117 kbp. Reconstruction of the capsid by cryo-electron microscopy of mycobacteriophage BAKA reveals an icosahedral structure with a triangulation number of 13. All six phages are temperate and homoimmune, and prophage establishment involves integration into a tRNA-Leu gene not previously identified as a mycobacterial attB site for phage integration. The Cluster J genomes provide two examples of intron splicing within the virion structural genes, one in a major capsid subunit gene, and one in a tail gene. These genomes also contain numerous free-standing HNH homing endonuclease, and comparative analysis reveals how these could contribute to genome mosaicism. The unusual Cluster J genomes provide new insights into phage genome architecture, gene function, capsid structure, gene mobility, intron splicing, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welkin H. Pope
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aaron A. Best
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gregory W. Broussard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pamela L. Connerly
- School of Natural Sciences, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Rebekah M. Dedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy A. Kremer
- School of Natural Sciences, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Susan Offner
- Lexington High School, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amenawon H. Ogiefo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marie C. Pizzorno
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kate Rockenbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Stowe
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph Stukey
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Thibault
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James F. Conway
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roger W. Hendrix
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Senčilo A, Jacobs-Sera D, Russell DA, Ko CC, Bowman CA, Atanasova NS, Österlund E, Oksanen HM, Bamford DH, Hatfull GF, Roine E, Hendrix RW. Snapshot of haloarchaeal tailed virus genomes. RNA Biol 2013; 10:803-16. [PMID: 23470522 DOI: 10.4161/rna.24045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete genome sequences of archaeal tailed viruses are currently highly underrepresented in sequence databases. Here, we report the genomic sequences of 10 new tailed viruses infecting different haloarchaeal hosts. Among these, only two viral genomes are closely related to each other and to previously described haloviruses HF1 and HF2. The approximately 760 kb of new genomic sequences in total shows no matches to CRISPR/Cas spacer sequences in haloarchaeal host genomes. Despite their high divergence, we were able to identify virion structural and assembly genes as well as genes coding for DNA and RNA metabolic functions. Interestingly, we identified many genes and genomic features that are shared with tailed bacteriophages, consistent with the hypothesis that haloarchaeal and bacterial tailed viruses share common ancestry, and that a viral lineage containing archaeal viruses, bacteriophages and eukaryotic viruses predates the division of the three major domains of non-viral life. However, as in tailed viruses in general and in haloarchaeal tailed viruses in particular, there are still a considerable number of predicted genes of unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Senčilo
- Department of Biosciences and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Russell DA, Ludwigsen DO. Acoustic testing and modeling: an advanced undergraduate laboratory. J Acoust Soc Am 2012; 131:2515-2524. [PMID: 22423802 DOI: 10.1121/1.3677241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an advanced laboratory course in acoustics, specifically targeted for students with an interest in engineering applications at a school with a strongly integrated industrial co-op program. The laboratory course is developed around a three-pronged approach to problem solving that combines and integrates theoretical models, computational models, and experimental data. The course is structured around modules that begin with fundamental concepts and build laboratory skills and expand the knowledge base toward a final project. Students keep a detailed laboratory notebook, write research papers in teams, and must pass laboratory certification exams. This paper describes the course layout and philosophy and shares personal experience from both faculty and student perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Russell
- Physics Department, Kettering University, Flint, Michigan 48504, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common vascular condition that affects both quality of life and life expectancy with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. SOURCES OF DATA A literature search was carried out of Pub-Med, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library and Google Scholar from the establishment of these databases up to February 2012. The search was performed by using the keywords 'peripheral arterial disease' and one of the following words: 'management', 'investigations', 'risk factors', 'epidemiology', 'revascularization', 'cryoplasty', 'atherectomy' and 'gene therapy'. Studies were limited to those published in English language. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Aggressive risk factors modification is needed to reduce cardiovascular-related mortality in PAD patients. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Choice of endovascular or surgical intervention remains controversial in an ever-evolving field. GROWING POINTS There is a rapid expansion of endovascular technologies aiming to improve the effectiveness of this modality. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH The advances in the fields of gene therapy and therapeutic angiogenesis mean these are potential future treatments. Tissue engineering is a developing area and aims to produce grafts with similar patency and infection profiles to those of autologous material. Further elucidation of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is required to provide new targets for pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Abdulhannan
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK.
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Mughal NA, Russell DA, Ponnambalam S, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Gene therapy in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. Br J Surg 2011; 99:6-15. [PMID: 22068822 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral arterial disease remains a significant global health burden despite revolutionary improvements in endovascular techniques over the past decade. The durability of intervention for critical limb ischaemia is poor, and the condition is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. To address this deficiency, alternative therapeutic options are being explored. Advances in the fields of gene therapy and therapeutic angiogenesis have led to these being advocated as potential future treatments. METHODS Relevant medical literature from PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Google Scholar from the inception of these databases to June 2011 was reviewed. RESULTS Encouraging outcomes in preclinical trials using a variety of proangiogenic growth factors have led to numerous efficacy and safety studies. However, no clinical study has shown significant benefit for gene therapy over placebo. CONCLUSION Identifying the optimal site for gene delivery, choice of vector and duration of treatment is needed if gene therapy is to become a credible therapeutic option for peripheral arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Mughal
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Pope WH, Ferreira CM, Jacobs-Sera D, Benjamin RC, Davis AJ, DeJong RJ, Elgin SCR, Guilfoile FR, Forsyth MH, Harris AD, Harvey SE, Hughes LE, Hynes PM, Jackson AS, Jalal MD, MacMurray EA, Manley CM, McDonough MJ, Mosier JL, Osterbann LJ, Rabinowitz HS, Rhyan CN, Russell DA, Saha MS, Shaffer CD, Simon SE, Sims EF, Tovar IG, Weisser EG, Wertz JT, Weston-Hafer KA, Williamson KE, Zhang B, Cresawn SG, Jain P, Piuri M, Jacobs WR, Hendrix RW, Hatfull GF. Cluster K mycobacteriophages: insights into the evolutionary origins of mycobacteriophage TM4. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26750. [PMID: 22053209 PMCID: PMC3203893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Five newly isolated mycobacteriophages –Angelica, CrimD, Adephagia, Anaya, and Pixie – have similar genomic architectures to mycobacteriophage TM4, a previously characterized phage that is widely used in mycobacterial genetics. The nucleotide sequence similarities warrant grouping these into Cluster K, with subdivision into three subclusters: K1, K2, and K3. Although the overall genome architectures of these phages are similar, TM4 appears to have lost at least two segments of its genome, a central region containing the integration apparatus, and a segment at the right end. This suggests that TM4 is a recent derivative of a temperate parent, resolving a long-standing conundrum about its biology, in that it was reportedly recovered from a lysogenic strain of Mycobacterium avium, but it is not capable of forming lysogens in any mycobacterial host. Like TM4, all of the Cluster K phages infect both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria, and all of them – with the exception of TM4 – form stable lysogens in both Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis; immunity assays show that all five of these phages share the same immune specificity. TM4 infects these lysogens suggesting that it was either derived from a heteroimmune temperate parent or that it has acquired a virulent phenotype. We have also characterized a widely-used conditionally replicating derivative of TM4 and identified mutations conferring the temperature-sensitive phenotype. All of the Cluster K phages contain a series of well conserved 13 bp repeats associated with the translation initiation sites of a subset of the genes; approximately one half of these contain an additional sequence feature composed of imperfectly conserved 17 bp inverted repeats separated by a variable spacer. The K1 phages integrate into the host tmRNA and the Cluster K phages represent potential new tools for the genetics of M. tuberculosis and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welkin H. Pope
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Ferreira
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Benjamin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ariangela J. Davis
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | - Randall J. DeJong
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sarah C. R. Elgin
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Forrest R. Guilfoile
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Forsyth
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alexander D. Harris
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | - Samuel E. Harvey
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lee E. Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Hynes
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Arrykka S. Jackson
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marilyn D. Jalal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. MacMurray
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Coreen M. Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Molly J. McDonough
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jordan L. Mosier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Larissa J. Osterbann
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hannah S. Rabinowitz
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Corwin N. Rhyan
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Russell
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Margaret S. Saha
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Shaffer
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephanie E. Simon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Erika F. Sims
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Isabel G. Tovar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emilie G. Weisser
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John T. Wertz
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Kurt E. Williamson
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Cresawn
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg , Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paras Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mariana Piuri
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Roger W. Hendrix
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Purpose The subgroup of patients with venous ulcers requiring anticoagulation for co-morbid conditions has traditionally created a therapeutic dilemma. Perioperative management of anticoagulation can be costly and increase the risk of surgical complications. This group of patients is often elderly and shows poor compliance with compression hosiery. The aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in patients remaining on therapeutic anticoagulation. Materials and methods Fifteen consecutive patients (CEAP [clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathological elements] classification 5 or 6) were treated with standard GSV EVLA using tumescent anaesthesia and a diode 1470-nm radial laser fibre while maintaining international normalized ratio at therapeutic levels. Clinical and duplex follow-up at six weeks and three, six and 12 months were performed. Results The GSV was successfully occluded in 14/15 (93%) of patients. The remaining patient had a second successful treatment three months later. No significant complications requiring intervention were encountered. Conclusion EVLA using the diode 1470-nm radial fibre is efficacious with minimal complications in patients therapeutically anticoagulated. This treatment should be added to the armamentarium in this problematic patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Delaney
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Repatriation General Hospital/Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - D A Russell
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Repatriation General Hospital/Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J Iannos
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Repatriation General Hospital/Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J I Spark
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Repatriation General Hospital/Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Pope WH, Jacobs-Sera D, Russell DA, Peebles CL, Al-Atrache Z, Alcoser TA, Alexander LM, Alfano MB, Alford ST, Amy NE, Anderson MD, Anderson AG, Ang AAS, Ares M, Barber AJ, Barker LP, Barrett JM, Barshop WD, Bauerle CM, Bayles IM, Belfield KL, Best AA, Borjon A, Bowman CA, Boyer CA, Bradley KW, Bradley VA, Broadway LN, Budwal K, Busby KN, Campbell IW, Campbell AM, Carey A, Caruso SM, Chew RD, Cockburn CL, Cohen LB, Corajod JM, Cresawn SG, Davis KR, Deng L, Denver DR, Dixon BR, Ekram S, Elgin SCR, Engelsen AE, English BEV, Erb ML, Estrada C, Filliger LZ, Findley AM, Forbes L, Forsyth MH, Fox TM, Fritz MJ, Garcia R, George ZD, Georges AE, Gissendanner CR, Goff S, Goldstein R, Gordon KC, Green RD, Guerra SL, Guiney-Olsen KR, Guiza BG, Haghighat L, Hagopian GV, Harmon CJ, Harmson JS, Hartzog GA, Harvey SE, He S, He KJ, Healy KE, Higinbotham ER, Hildebrandt EN, Ho JH, Hogan GM, Hohenstein VG, Holz NA, Huang VJ, Hufford EL, Hynes PM, Jackson AS, Jansen EC, Jarvik J, Jasinto PG, Jordan TC, Kasza T, Katelyn MA, Kelsey JS, Kerrigan LA, Khaw D, Kim J, Knutter JZ, Ko CC, Larkin GV, Laroche JR, Latif A, Leuba KD, Leuba SI, Lewis LO, Loesser-Casey KE, Long CA, Lopez AJ, Lowery N, Lu TQ, Mac V, Masters IR, McCloud JJ, McDonough MJ, Medenbach AJ, Menon A, Miller R, Morgan BK, Ng PC, Nguyen E, Nguyen KT, Nguyen ET, Nicholson KM, Parnell LA, Peirce CE, Perz AM, Peterson LJ, Pferdehirt RE, Philip SV, Pogliano K, Pogliano J, Polley T, Puopolo EJ, Rabinowitz HS, Resiss MJ, Rhyan CN, Robinson YM, Rodriguez LL, Rose AC, Rubin JD, Ruby JA, Saha MS, Sandoz JW, Savitskaya J, Schipper DJ, Schnitzler CE, Schott AR, Segal JB, Shaffer CD, Sheldon KE, Shepard EM, Shepardson JW, Shroff MK, Simmons JM, Simms EF, Simpson BM, Sinclair KM, Sjoholm RL, Slette IJ, Spaulding BC, Straub CL, Stukey J, Sughrue T, Tang TY, Tatyana LM, Taylor SB, Taylor BJ, Temple LM, Thompson JV, Tokarz MP, Trapani SE, Troum AP, Tsay J, Tubbs AT, Walton JM, Wang DH, Wang H, Warner JR, Weisser EG, Wendler SC, Weston-Hafer KA, Whelan HM, Williamson KE, Willis AN, Wirtshafter HS, Wong TW, Wu P, Yang YJ, Yee BC, Zaidins DA, Zhang B, Zúniga MY, Hendrix RW, Hatfull GF. Expanding the diversity of mycobacteriophages: insights into genome architecture and evolution. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16329. [PMID: 21298013 PMCID: PMC3029335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteriophages are viruses that infect mycobacterial hosts such as Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All mycobacteriophages characterized to date are dsDNA tailed phages, and have either siphoviral or myoviral morphotypes. However, their genetic diversity is considerable, and although sixty-two genomes have been sequenced and comparatively analyzed, these likely represent only a small portion of the diversity of the mycobacteriophage population at large. Here we report the isolation, sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of 18 new mycobacteriophages isolated from geographically distinct locations within the United States. Although no clear correlation between location and genome type can be discerned, these genomes expand our knowledge of mycobacteriophage diversity and enhance our understanding of the roles of mobile elements in viral evolution. Expansion of the number of mycobacteriophages grouped within Cluster A provides insights into the basis of immune specificity in these temperate phages, and we also describe a novel example of apparent immunity theft. The isolation and genomic analysis of bacteriophages by freshman college students provides an example of an authentic research experience for novice scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welkin H. Pope
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Craig L. Peebles
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zein Al-Atrache
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Turi A. Alcoser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Alexander
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Alfano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Samantha T. Alford
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nichols E. Amy
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marie D. Anderson
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Anderson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. S. Ang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Manuel Ares
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Barber
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lucia P. Barker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Science Education Alliance, Chevy Chase, Maryland United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Barrett
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William D. Barshop
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M. Bauerle
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ian M. Bayles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. Belfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Aaron A. Best
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Agustin Borjon
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Bowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Boyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kevin W. Bradley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Science Education Alliance, Chevy Chase, Maryland United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Bradley
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lauren N. Broadway
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Keshav Budwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kayla N. Busby
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ian W. Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Carey
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Caruso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebekah D. Chew
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chelsea L. Cockburn
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lianne B. Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Corajod
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Cresawn
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kimberly R. Davis
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Deng
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dee R. Denver
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Breyon R. Dixon
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sahrish Ekram
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah C. R. Elgin
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Angela E. Engelsen
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Belle E. V. English
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marcella L. Erb
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Crystal Estrada
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Z. Filliger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Findley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lauren Forbes
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Forsyth
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tyler M. Fox
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Fritz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roberto Garcia
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Zindzi D. George
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Georges
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Shannon Goff
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Goldstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kobie C. Gordon
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Russell D. Green
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L. Guerra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Krysta R. Guiney-Olsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bridget G. Guiza
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Leila Haghighat
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Garrett V. Hagopian
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine J. Harmon
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeremy S. Harmson
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Grant A. Hartzog
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel E. Harvey
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Siping He
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. He
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin E. Healy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ellen R. Higinbotham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Erin N. Hildebrandt
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jason H. Ho
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gina M. Hogan
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Victoria G. Hohenstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan A. Holz
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Vincent J. Huang
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ericka L. Hufford
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Hynes
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Arrykka S. Jackson
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Erica C. Jansen
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Jarvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Jasinto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tuajuanda C. Jordan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Science Education Alliance, Chevy Chase, Maryland United States of America
| | - Tomas Kasza
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Murray A. Katelyn
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jessica S. Kelsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Larisa A. Kerrigan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daryl Khaw
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Junghee Kim
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Justin Z. Knutter
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ching-Chung Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gail V. Larkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Laroche
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Asma Latif
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kohana D. Leuba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sequoia I. Leuba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lynn O. Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Courtney A. Long
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - A. Javier Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Lowery
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tina Q. Lu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Victor Mac
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Isaac R. Masters
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jazmyn J. McCloud
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Molly J. McDonough
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Medenbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anjali Menon
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rachel Miller
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brandon K. Morgan
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Patrick C. Ng
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elvis Nguyen
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Katrina T. Nguyen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Emilie T. Nguyen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kaylee M. Nicholson
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Lindsay A. Parnell
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Caitlin E. Peirce
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Allison M. Perz
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Luke J. Peterson
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rachel E. Pferdehirt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Seegren V. Philip
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kit Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joe Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tamsen Polley
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Erica J. Puopolo
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hannah S. Rabinowitz
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Resiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Corwin N. Rhyan
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yetta M. Robinson
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lauren L. Rodriguez
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Rose
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Rubin
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Ruby
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret S. Saha
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James W. Sandoz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Judith Savitskaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dale J. Schipper
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Amanda R. Schott
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - J. Bradley Segal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Shaffer
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Sheldon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erica M. Shepard
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan W. Shepardson
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Madav K. Shroff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Simmons
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Erika F. Simms
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brandy M. Simpson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Sinclair
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Sjoholm
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ingrid J. Slette
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Blaire C. Spaulding
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Clark L. Straub
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Stukey
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Trevor Sughrue
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Tin-Yun Tang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lyons M. Tatyana
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Taylor
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Taylor
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Louise M. Temple
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jasper V. Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Tokarz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie E. Trapani
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alexander P. Troum
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Tsay
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony T. Tubbs
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jillian M. Walton
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Danielle H. Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hannah Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Warner
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Emilie G. Weisser
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Samantha C. Wendler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kathleen A. Weston-Hafer
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hilary M. Whelan
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kurt E. Williamson
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Angelica N. Willis
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hannah S. Wirtshafter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Theresa W. Wong
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Phillip Wu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yun jeong Yang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon C. Yee
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - David A. Zaidins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Melina Y. Zúniga
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Roger W. Hendrix
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hatfull GF, Jacobs-Sera D, Lawrence JG, Pope WH, Russell DA, Ko CC, Weber RJ, Patel MC, Germane KL, Edgar RH, Hoyte NN, Bowman CA, Tantoco AT, Paladin EC, Myers MS, Smith AL, Grace MS, Pham TT, O'Brien MB, Vogelsberger AM, Hryckowian AJ, Wynalek JL, Donis-Keller H, Bogel MW, Peebles CL, Cresawn SG, Hendrix RW. Comparative genomic analysis of 60 Mycobacteriophage genomes: genome clustering, gene acquisition, and gene size. J Mol Biol 2010; 397:119-43. [PMID: 20064525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteriophages are viruses that infect mycobacterial hosts. Expansion of a collection of sequenced phage genomes to a total of 60-all infecting a common bacterial host-provides further insight into their diversity and evolution. Of the 60 phage genomes, 55 can be grouped into nine clusters according to their nucleotide sequence similarities, 5 of which can be further divided into subclusters; 5 genomes do not cluster with other phages. The sequence diversity between genomes within a cluster varies greatly; for example, the 6 genomes in Cluster D share more than 97.5% average nucleotide similarity with one another. In contrast, similarity between the 2 genomes in Cluster I is barely detectable by diagonal plot analysis. In total, 6858 predicted open-reading frames have been grouped into 1523 phamilies (phams) of related sequences, 46% of which possess only a single member. Only 18.8% of the phams have sequence similarity to non-mycobacteriophage database entries, and fewer than 10% of all phams can be assigned functions based on database searching or synteny. Genome clustering facilitates the identification of genes that are in greatest genetic flux and are more likely to have been exchanged horizontally in relatively recent evolutionary time. Although mycobacteriophage genes exhibit a smaller average size than genes of their host (205 residues compared with 315), phage genes in higher flux average only 100 amino acids, suggesting that the primary units of genetic exchange correspond to single protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham F Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Behere GT, Tay WT, Russell DA, Batterham P. Molecular markers to discriminate among four pest species of Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bull Entomol Res 2008; 98:599-603. [PMID: 18631420 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485308005956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The four significant pest species in the Helicoverpa genus (H. armigera, H. assulta, H. punctigera and H. zea) are morphologically similar and can only be reliably distinguished through dissection of adult genitalia. Two partial regions of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and the cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes were amplified by PCR and digested with restriction endonucleases. The restriction patterns, generated by the endonucleases BstZ17I and HphI, demonstrated reliable differentiation of the four Helicoverpa pest species. This technique is fast, reliable and effective at distinguishing specimens irrespective of their life stages and offers support to conventional taxonomic differentiation based on morphological characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Behere
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, Department of Genetics, Bio-21, Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville-3010, Australia.
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes events favouring carotid plaque instability: inflammatory chemoattraction, thrombogenesis, and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases and cell adhesion molecules. The aim of this study was to assess neovascularization, VEGF and its receptors in high-grade stable and unstable carotid plaques.
Methods
Immunohistochemical staining for CD34, VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 1 and VEGFR2 was performed in 34 intact carotid endarterectomy specimens, and compared in sections demonstrating maximal histological instability (cap rupture/thinning) or, if stable, maximal stenosis.
Results
VEGF staining was increased in 12 unstable compared with 22 stable plaques (median (interquartile range, i.q.r.) plaque score 4·0 (4·0–4·0) versus 3·0 (2·0–3·0); P = 0·002) with upregulation of VEGFR1 (plaque score 4·0 (2·0–4·0) versus 2·0 (1·0–3·0); P = 0·016). In unstable plaques this was associated with increased microvessel density in the cap (median (i.q.r.) 12·1 (4·0–30·0) versus 1·1 (0·0–7·3) microvessels/mm2; P = 0·017) and shoulder regions (7·7 (3·4–21·4) versus 3·1 (0·4–10·8) microvessels/mm2; P = 0·176).
Conclusion
Increased VEGF and receptor staining were seen in histologically unstable carotid plaques. Although these differences could reflect cytokine-driven inflammatory events accompanying plaque instability, VEGF and VEGFR1 could be key mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Russell
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C R Abbott
- Department of Pathology, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M J Gough
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Russell DA, D'Ippolito DA, Myra JR, Nevins WM, Xu XQ. Blob dynamics in 3D BOUT simulations of tokamak edge turbulence. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:265001. [PMID: 15697984 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.265001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Propagating filaments of enhanced plasma density, or blobs, observed in 3D numerical simulations of a diverted, neutral-fueled tokamak are studied. Fluctuations of vorticity, electrical potential phi, temperature Te, and current density J parallel associated with the blobs have a dipole structure perpendicular to the magnetic field and propagate radially with large E x B drift velocities (>1 km/s). The simulation results are consistent with a 3D blob dynamics model that incorporates increased parallel plasma resistivity (from neutral cooling of the X-point region), blob disconnection from the divertor sheath, X-point closure of the current loops, and collisional physics to sustain the phi, Te, J parallel dipoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Russell
- Lodestar Research Corporation, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine risk factors for the development of hyperperfusion and intra-cerebral haemorrhage following carotid endarterectomy and formulate potential protocols for prevention. METHODS MEDLINE database search of the English language literature (1966-2002) was performed using the words 'cerebral haemorrhage', 'intracranial haemorrhage' and 'carotid endarterectomy'. Other articles were cross-referenced by hand. RESULTS There are no data from randomised trials confirming the significance of any single risk factor. The evidence suggests that the following may have a role: pre-operative hypertension, recent ipsilateral non-haemorrhagic stroke, previous ischaemic cerebral infarction, surgery for a > 90% ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis, impaired cerebrovascular reserve, intra-operative haemodynamic or embolic ischaemia, post-operative hypertension, an ipsilateral increase of > or =175% in peak middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAV) and/or a > or =100% increase in pulsatility index. CONCLUSIONS A critical ICA stenosis with impaired cerebrovascular reserve resulting in maximal intracerebral vasodilatation and post-operative hyperperfusion (impaired autoregulation) appear to be central to the development of ICH. Appropriate pre-operative screening and post-operative monitoring in high risk patients might identify those who would benefit from manipulation of the haemodynamic events that appear to promote ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Russell
- Vascular Surgical Unit, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Russell DA, McPherson S, Gough MJ. Stenosis and carotid endarterectomy. Lancet 2003; 361:1655; author reply 1656. [PMID: 12747913 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Montgomery DS, Focia RJ, Rose HA, Russell DA, Cobble JA, Fernández JC, Johnson RP. Observation of stimulated electron-acoustic-wave scattering. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:155001. [PMID: 11580704 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.155001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A diffraction-limited laser interacts with a plasma whose conditions are uniform on the scale of the focused laser spot. Two distinct, narrow waves are observed in the backscattered spectrum with phase velocities of v(phi)/v(e) = 1.4+/-0.08 and 4.2+/-0.1, where v(e) is the electron thermal speed. The high-velocity wave is ordinary stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) from a Langmuir wave. The low-velocity wave corresponds to stimulated scattering from an electron-acoustic wave (SEAS), and implies strong electron trapping. Previous SRS data from low-density plasmas are reinterpreted in terms of SEAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Montgomery
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Mitchell DY, Barr WH, Eusebio RA, Stevens KA, Duke FP, Russell DA, Nesbitt JD, Powell JH, Thompson GA. Risedronate pharmacokinetics and intra- and inter-subject variability upon single-dose intravenous and oral administration. Pharm Res 2001; 18:166-70. [PMID: 11405286 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011024200280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of risedronate after single-dose oral administration of 30 mg risedronate as a tablet and an aqueous solution, and 0.3 mg risedronate as an intravenous infusion. METHODS This study was a randomized, three-treatment, four-period, partial replicate crossover study involving 33 healthy volunteers. Treatments were administered 7 weeks apart, and the third treatment was repeated during the fourth period. Serum and urine were collected over 72 hours and 672 hours, respectively. RESULTS Following intravenous administration, renal clearance accounted for 87% of total clearance, with 65% of the dose excreted within 24 hours and 85% of the dose excreted within four weeks. The absolute bioavailability was approximately 0.62% after both oral formulations, and the relative bioavailability of the tablet compared with the oral solution was 104%. The rate and extent of absorption from the two formulations were bioequivalent based on the range proposed for highly variable drugs. Intrasubject variability following oral administration was 50-80%, and was primarily associated with absorption. CONCLUSION The majority of the total clearance after intravenous administration of risedronate was renal clearance, indicating that only a small percentage of a systemic dose is potentially incorporated, or "cleared," into bone. The absolute bioavailability of orally administered risedronate is approximately 0.6%, and is independent of formulation. Variability in the pharmacokinetics following oral administration is primarily associated with intrasubject variability in absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Mitchell
- Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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41
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Abstract
Prokaryotic nitrate reduction can serve a number of physiological roles and can be catalysed by a number of biochemically distinct nitrate reductases. Three distinct nitrate reductase classes can be indentified in prokaryotes, NAS, NAR and NAP. NAS is located in the cytoplasmic compartment and participates in nitrogen assimilation. NAR is usually a three-subunit complex anchored to the cytoplasmic face of the membrane with its active site located in the cytoplasmic compartment and is involved in anaerobic nitrate respiration. NAP is a two-subunit complex, located in the periplasmic compartment, that is coupled to quinol oxidation via a membrane anchored tetraheme cytochrome. It shows considerable functional flexibility by participating in anaerobic respiration or redox energy dissipation depending on the organism in which it is found. The members of all three classes of enzymes bind the bis-molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide cofactor at the active site, but they differ markedly in the number and nature of cofactors used to transfer electrons to this site. Analysis of prokaryotic genome sequences available at the time of writing reveals that the different nitrate reductases are phylogenetically widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Richardson
- The Centre for Metalloprotein Spectroscopy and Biology, Schools of Biological Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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42
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Russell DA, DuBois DF. 3/2omega0 radiation from the laser-driven two-plasmon decay instability in an inhomogeneous plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:428-431. [PMID: 11177847 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2000] [Revised: 05/12/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of the first reduced model simulations of the nonlinear development of the two-plasmon decay instability in an inhomogeneous plasma, including properties of the 3/2 harmonic emission. A sharp increase in radiation and Langmuir turbulence fluctuation levels occurs above a threshold laser intensity that depends on initial fluctuation levels. We study the competition between the linear propagation of Langmuir waves in the density gradient and the nonlinear saturation due to the Langmuir decay instability. The secondary decay Langmuir waves can provide the dominant source of the radiation and are essential to explain experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Russell
- Lodestar Research Corporation, 2400 Central Avenue P-5, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
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43
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Ferretti S, Lee SK, MacCraith BD, Oliva AG, Richardson DJ, Russell DA, Sapsford KE, Vidal M. Optical biosensing of nitrite ions using cytochrome cd1 nitrite reductase encapsulated in a sol-gel matrix. Analyst 2000; 125:1993-9. [PMID: 11193088 DOI: 10.1039/b006621o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite is an important human health and environmental analyte. As such, the European Union (EU) has imposed a limit for nitrite in potable water of 0.1 mg l-1 (2.18 microM). In order to develop an optical biosensing system for the determination of nitrite ions in environmental waters, cytochrome cd1 nitrite reductase has been extracted and purified from the bacterium Paracoccus pantotrophus. The protein has been spectroscopically characterised in solution and important kinetic parameters of nitrite reduction of the cytochrome cd1 enzyme, i.e., Km, Vmax and kcat have been determined. The influence of pH on the activity of the cytochrome cd1 has been investigated and the results suggest that this enzyme can be used for the determination of nitrite in the pH range 6-9. Biosensing experiments with the cytochrome cd1 in solution suggested that the decrease in intensity of the absorption band associated with the d1 haem (which is the nitrite binding site), at 460 nm, with increasing nitrite concentrations would enable the measurement of this analyte with the optimum limit of detection. The cytochrome cd1 has been encapsulated in a bulk sol-gel monolith with no structural changes observed and retention of enzymatic activity. The detection of nitrite ions in the range 0.075-1.250 microM was achieved, with a limit of detection of 0.075 microM. In order to increase the speed of response, a sol-gel sandwich thin film structure was formulated with the cytochrome cd1. This structure enabled the determination of nitrite concentrations within ca. 5 min. The sol-gel sandwich entrapped cytochrome cd1 enzyme was found to be stable for several months when the films were stored at 4 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ferretti
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK NR4 7TJ
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44
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Abstract
A method has been developed for the atmospheric sampling and analysis of four perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) compounds simultaneously at the parts per trillion (ppt) level. PFTs were pre-concentrated using adsorbent tube air sampling. Analysis was achieved by thermal desorption (TD) and gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD). Efficient separation of the PFTs from the other sample constituents was achieved by use of a capillary porous layer open tubular (PLOT) GC column without the need to cool the GC oven to sub-ambient temperatures using liquid coolants (M. de Bortoli and E. Pecchio, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 1985, 8, 422) or for a catalytic destruction step to remove interferents (T. W. D'Ottavio, R. W. Goodrich and R. N. Dietz, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1986, 20, 100). Results from test field trials with two volatile PFTs that were buried to simulate an underground leaking cable were successful. The PFTs were detected above ground level to pinpoint the leak position. The highest tracer concentrations were detected within 1 m of the simulated leak positions 2 days after tracer burial. The developed technology was applied to an oil leaking high voltage electricity cable. One PFT was added to the cable oil which enabled detection of the oil leak to within 3 m. The reported method has many advantages over currently used leak detection methods and could, in the future, be applied to the detection of underground leaks in a variety of cables and pipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hassoun
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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45
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Fisher PE, Russell DA, Stoskopf MK, Barrick RE, Hammer M, Kuzmitz AA. Cardiovascular evidence for an intermediate or higher metabolic rate in an ornithischian dinosaur. Science 2000; 288:503-5. [PMID: 10775107 DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5465.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Computerized tomography scans of a ferruginous concretion within the chest region of an ornithischian dinosaur reveal structures that are suggestive of a four-chambered heart and a single systemic aorta. The apparently derived condition of the cardiovascular system in turn suggests the existence of intermediate-to-high metabolic rates among dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Fisher
- Biomedical Imaging Facility, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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46
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Mitchell DY, St Peter JV, Eusebio RA, Pallone KA, Kelly SC, Russell DA, Nesbitt JD, Thompson GA, Powell JH. Effect of renal function on risedronate pharmacokinetics after a single oral dose. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49:215-22. [PMID: 10718776 PMCID: PMC2014925 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2000.00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine the relationship between risedronate pharmacokinetics and renal function. METHODS Risedronate was administered to adult men and women (n=21) with various degrees of renal function (creatinine clearance 15-126 ml min-1 ) as a single oral dose of 30 mg. Serum samples were obtained for 72 h after dosing, and urine samples were collected for 72 h after dosing and then periodically for 6 weeks. Risedronate concentrations were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Risedronate serum concentration-time and urinary excretion rate-time profiles were analysed simultaneously using nonlinear regression. RESULTS Renal clearance and volume of distribution were linearly related to creatinine clearance (r2=0.854, P<0.001; and r2=0.317, P<0.01, respectively). Decreases in predicted renal clearance and volume of distribution of 82 and 69%, respectively, were observed when creatinine clearance decreased from 120 to 20 ml min-1. A 64% decrease in predicted oral clearance was observed when creatinine clearance decreased from 120 to 20 ml min-1 (P=0.064). Iohexol clearance, a predictor of renal function, produced similar results to those observed with creatinine clearance. Risedronate was well tolerated by the study population. CONCLUSIONS Risedronate renal clearance was significantly related to a decrease in renal function. There was a consistent reduction in oral clearance with a decrease in creatinine clearance. However, based on the regression analysis, generally no dosage adjustment appears to be necessary for most patients with mild or moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance >20 ml min-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Mitchell
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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47
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Staub JM, Garcia B, Graves J, Hajdukiewicz PT, Hunter P, Nehra N, Paradkar V, Schlittler M, Carroll JA, Spatola L, Ward D, Ye G, Russell DA. High-yield production of a human therapeutic protein in tobacco chloroplasts. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:333-8. [PMID: 10700152 DOI: 10.1038/73796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants have become attractive systems for production of human therapeutic proteins because of the reduced risk of mammalian viral contaminants, the ability to do large scale-up at low cost, and the low maintenance requirements. Here we report a feasibility study for production of a human therapeutic protein through transplastomic transformation technology, which has the additional advantage of increased biological containment by apparent elimination of the transmission of transgenes through pollen. We show that chloroplasts can express a secretory protein, human somatotropin, in a soluble, biologically active, disulfide-bonded form. High concentrations of recombinant protein accumulation are observed (>7% total soluble protein), more than 300-fold higher than a similar gene expressed using a nuclear transgenic approach. The plastid-expressed somatotropin is nearly devoid of complex post-translational modifications, effectively increasing the amount of usable recombinant protein. We also describe approaches to obtain a somatotropin with a non-methionine N terminus, similar to the native human protein. The results indicate that chloroplasts are a highly efficient vehicle for the potential production of pharmaceutical proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Staub
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway North, St. Louis, MO 63198, USA.
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48
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Buch AB, Shen LZ, Kelly SC, Russell DA, Sahota RS, Bixler CA, Moehrke W, Powell JH. Significant differences in estradiol bioavailability from two similarly labelled estradiol matrix transdermal systems. Climacteric 1999; 2:248-53. [PMID: 11910658 DOI: 10.3109/13697139909038084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the bioavailabilities of estradiol delivered by two transdermal estradiol matrix systems; Alora and Evorel. STUDY DESIGN A single-center, open-label, randomized, two-period cross-over study in 33 postmenopausal women. The subjects received two successive 84-h applications of either Alora or Evorel (each labelled to deliver 50 micrograms/day 17 beta-estradiol) in a randomized sequence. Serial serum samples, collected over the 84-h period following the application of the second patch, were analyzed for estradiol using a validated radioimmunoassay method. RESULTS The fluctuation index produced by Evorel was significantly higher than that produced by Alora (Evorel, 135%; Alora, 76%; p < 0.0005). In addition, the estradiol baseline-corrected area under the curve for Evorel was significantly lower than that for Alora (Alora, 2871.8 pg h/ml; Evorel, 1870.6 pg h/ml; p < 0.0005). Both patches were found to be generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION Alora delivered a higher, more consistent concentration of estradiol into the systemic circulation over the entire dosing interval than did Everol. Although the full clinical significance of these findings is currently unknown, this study demonstrates that there are significant differences in estradiol delivery from these two products, although they are labelled with the same nominal delivery rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Buch
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, PO Box 8006, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
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49
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Abstract
AIMS To examine the effect of timing of a risedronate dose relative to food intake on the rate and extent of risedronate absorption following single-dose, oral administration to healthy male and female volunteers. METHODS A single-dose, randomized, parallel study design was conducted with volunteers assigned to four treatment groups (31 or 32 subjects per group, 127 subjects total). Each subject was orally administered 30 mg risedronate. Group 1 was fasted for 10 h prior to and 4 h after dosing (fasted group); Groups 2 and 3 were fasted for 10 h and were dosed 1 and 0.5 h, respectively, before a high-fat breakfast; and Group 4 was dosed 2 h after a standard dinner. Blood and urine samples were collected for 168 h after dosing. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by simultaneous analysis of risedronate serum concentration and urinary excretion rate-time data. RESULTS Extent of risedronate absorption (AUC and Ae ) was comparable (P=0.4) in subjects dosed 2 h after dinner and 0.5 h before breakfast; however, a significantly greater extent of absorption occurred when risedronate was given 1 or 4 h prior to a meal (1.4- to 2.3-fold greater). Administration 0.5, 1, or 4 h prior to a meal resulted in a significantly greater rate of absorption (Cmax 2.8-, 3.5-, and 4.1-fold greater, respectively) when compared with 2 h after dinner. CONCLUSIONS The comparable extent of risedronate absorption when administered either 0.5-1 h before breakfast or 2 h after an evening meal support previous clinical studies where risedronate was found to have similar effectiveness using these dosing regimens. This flexibility in the timing of risedronate administration may provide patients an alternative means to achieve the desired efficacy while maintaining their normal daily routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Mitchell
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Mason, Ohio, USA
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50
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Abstract
From the description above, the diversity of antibodies as a class of potential therapeutic agents is weighed against the constraints of developing any therapeutic molecule. Although much of this limit is specific to the antibody design, plant-based production systems have a potential to impact commercialization by making larger volume products manageable, with lower up-front capital requirements. Due to their novel glycosylation pattern (Faye et al. 1989), plants at present may not create antibodies with all the functions of mammalian-glycosylated antibodies (Wright and Morrison 1994). This is not a limit for all current products. Success is dependent on fusing the efficient agriculture infrastructure with the narrow tolerances required for a drug production system. Further validation of plants as a production system will come as more therapeutics from plants follow the corn-produced material through human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Russell
- Integrated Protein Technologies/Agracetus Campus, Monsanto Co., Middleton, WI 53562, USA
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