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Verma A, Manojkumar A, Dhasmana A, Tripathi MK, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Chauhan DS, Yallapu MM. Recurring SARS-CoV-2 variants: an update on post-pandemic, co-infections and immune response. Nanotheranostics 2024; 8:247-269. [PMID: 38444741 PMCID: PMC10911975 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.91910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The post-pandemic era following the global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has brought about persistent concerns regarding recurring coinfections. While significant strides in genome mapping, diagnostics, and vaccine development have controlled the pandemic and reduced fatalities, ongoing virus mutations necessitate a deeper exploration of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 mutations and the host's immune response. Various vaccines, including RNA-based ones like Pfizer and Moderna, viral vector vaccines like Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca, and protein subunit vaccines like Novavax, have played critical roles in mitigating the impact of COVID-19. Understanding their strengths and limitations is crucial for tailoring future vaccines to specific variants and individual needs. The intricate relationship between SARS-CoV-2 mutations and the immune response remains a focus of intense research, providing insights into personalized treatment strategies and long-term effects like long-COVID. This article offers an overview of the post-pandemic landscape, highlighting emerging variants, summarizing vaccine platforms, and delving into immunological responses and the phenomenon of long-COVID. By presenting clinical findings, it aims to contribute to the ongoing understanding of COVID-19's progression in the aftermath of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmit Verma
- Divyasampark iHub Roorkee for Devices Materials and Technology Foundation, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
- Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, 464001, India
| | - Anjali Manojkumar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
| | - Anupam Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
| | - Manish K. Tripathi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
| | - Deepak S. Chauhan
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Research Center, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
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Singh H, Dan A, Kumawat MK, Pawar V, Chauhan DS, Kaushik A, Bhatia D, Srivastava R, Dhanka M. Pathophysiology to advanced intra-articular drug delivery strategies: Unravelling rheumatoid arthritis. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122390. [PMID: 37984246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prevalent life-long autoimmune diseases with an unknown genesis. It primarily causes chronic inflammation, pain, and synovial joint-associated cartilage and bone degradation. Unfortunately, limited information is available regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of this chronic joint disorder. In the last few decades, an improved understanding of RA pathophysiology about key immune cells, antibodies, and cytokines has inspired the development of several anti-rheumatic drugs and biopharmaceuticals to act on RA-affected joints. However, life-long frequent systemic high doses of commercially available drugs are currently a limiting factor in the efficient management of RA. To address this issue, various single and double-barrier intra-articular drug delivery systems (IA-DDSs) such as nanocarriers, microparticles, hydrogels, and particles-hybrid hydrogel composite have been developed which can exclusively target the RA-affected joint cavity and release the precisely controlled therapeutic drug concentration for prolonged time whilst avoiding the systemic toxicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis of RA and discusses the rational design and development of biomaterials-based novel IA-DDs, ranging from conventional to advanced systems, for improved treatment of RA. Therefore, this review aims to unravel the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis and explore cutting-edge IA-DD strategies exploiting biomaterials. It offers researchers a consolidated and up-to-date resource platform to analyze existing knowledge, identify research gaps, and contribute to the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Singh
- Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, 382055, Gujarat, India; Department of Biology, Khalifa University, Main Campus, Abu Dhabi, 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aniruddha Dan
- Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, 382055, Gujarat, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Kumawat
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Vaishali Pawar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Deepak S Chauhan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL- 33805, USA
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, 382055, Gujarat, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Mukesh Dhanka
- Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, 382055, Gujarat, India.
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Robert J, S Chauhan D, Cherraj A, Buiel J, De Crescenzo G, Banquy X. Coiled-coil peptide-based assembly of a plasmonic core-satellite polymer-metal nanocomposite as an efficient photothermal agent for drug delivery applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:929-941. [PMID: 36989819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-metal nanocomposites have widespread applications in biomedical fields such as imaging, catalysis, and drug delivery. These particles are characterized by combined organic and inorganic properties. Specifically, photothermal nanocomposites incorporating polymeric and plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) have been designed for both triggered drug release and as imaging agents. However, the usual design of nanocomposites confers characteristic issues, among which are the decrease of optical properties and resulting low photothermal efficiency, as well as interactions with loaded drugs. Herein, we report the design of a core-satellite polymer-metal nanocomposite assembled by coiled-coil peptides and its superior photothermal efficiency compared to electrostatic-driven nanocomposites which is the standard design. We also found that the orientation of gold nanorods on the surface of polymeric NPs is of importance in the final photothermal efficiency and could be exploited for various applications. Our findings provide an alternative to current wrapping and electrostatic assembly of nanocomposites with the help of coiled-coil peptides and an improvement of the control over core-satellite assemblies with plasmonic NPs. It paves the way to highly versatile assemblies due to the nature of coiled-coil peptides to be easily modified and sensitive to pH or temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Robert
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Deepak S Chauhan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Amel Cherraj
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Metz 57000, France
| | - Jonathan Buiel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada.
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Yelamanchi R, Yadav E, Gupta N, Ahuja A, Chauhan DS. Omental desmoplastic small round cell tumor with metastasis. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2022; 65:208-210. [PMID: 35075000 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_548_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a very rare diagnosis with about 200 cases reported in literature. DSRCT is a recently described histopathological entity by Gerald and Rosai in 1989. Abdominopelvic cavity especially peritoneum is the most common site. We report a case of a huge omental DSRCT with lymph node metastasis which was initially misdiagnosed as gastrointestinal stromal tumor on radiology. A 26-year-old male presented with complaints of upper abdominal swelling associated with constant dull pain. On examination there was a large 15 × 12 cm intraabdominal mass in the epigastric and umbilical region. Imaging studies were suggestive of neoplastic mesenchymal etiology. Image-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was suggestive of mesenchymal neoplastic etiology. On laparotomy, there was a huge 20 × 15 cm mass arising from omentum with multiple omental and mesenteric seedlings and mesenteric, peripancreatic and perigastric lymphadenopathy. The patient underwent debulking surgery with uneventful post-operative recovery. Histopathological examination with immunohistochemistry revealed a diagnosis of DSRCT of omentum and small bowel mesentery with lymph node metastasis. Patient then received adjuvant chemotherapy with multiple chemotherapeutic drugs as per P6 protocol and has stable disease at 1 year follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Yelamanchi
- Department of Surgery, ABVIMS and Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ekta Yadav
- Department of Surgery, ABVIMS and Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Gupta
- Department of Surgery, ABVIMS and Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Arvind Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, ABVIMS and Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - D S Chauhan
- Department of Pathology, ABVIMS and Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Chauhan DS, Lal P, Shrama AK. Extraction of Rhododendron arboreum Smith flowers from the forest for the livelihood and rural income in Garhwal Himalaya, India. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20844. [PMID: 34675274 PMCID: PMC8531285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhododendron arboreum locally known as ‘Burans', that bears magnificent flowers is one of the valuable non timber forest produces (NTFPs) in Garhwal Himalaya. These flowers are good source of income for local populace and help them to their subsistence up to some extent. R. arboreum flower can help local population to improve their livelihoods if potential harvesting is carried out sustainably. An attempt has been made to estimate the flower yield, examine extraction techniques, marketing trends and various uses of flowers. Stratified random sampling method was carried out in eight sites varying in altitudes and geographic locations. Flower yield kg/ha for each site was calculated as standard process. Questionnaire based survey was carried out in selected villages for flower extraction and marketing trends. Projections of potential (probable/-could generate) income were made and cost–benefit analysis was also estimated. Tree density of R. arboreum ranked first and Q. leucotrichophora had second rank while 16–25 cm cbh class tree density for R. arboreum was found highest across the sites. Flower yield was significantly (p < 0.001) higher at Khirsu site with 26–35 and 46–55 cm cbh class. There was positively significant correlation (n = 446, p < 0.001, r = 0.53) between flower yield and actual cbh. Flower yield has a direct relation with size of tree whereas yield has been less impacted by the sites. Average yield of flowers across the sites was about 25.3 ton/ha. On average 30% households are engaged in the extraction and trade activities with the extraction rate of 25–350 kg/household/year. A net household income of Rs. 6000–37,000 (89–545 USD) per year was computed from Rhododendron flower extraction and marketing business. The total monetary benefit was significantly higher than the inputs for all value added items on a per day basis. R. arboreum plays important role in ecological and economic sustainability of poor rural people and unemployed youths in Himalayan region. This can reduce unemployment through development of small cottage industry and entrepreneurship at village level by making different food products i.e. juice, squash, sauce and pickle etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Chauhan
- Department of Forestry and NR, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, 246174, India.
| | - Pankaj Lal
- Department of Forestry and NR, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, 246174, India
| | - A K Shrama
- NWFP Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India
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Chauhan DS, Dhasmana A, Laskar P, Prasad R, Jain NK, Srivastava R, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Nanotechnology synergized immunoengineering for cancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 163:72-101. [PMID: 33774162 PMCID: PMC8170847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel strategies modulating the immune system yielded enhanced anticancer responses and improved cancer survival. Nevertheless, the success rate of immunotherapy in cancer treatment has been below expectation(s) due to unpredictable efficacy and off-target effects from systemic dosing of immunotherapeutic(s). As a result, there is an unmet clinical need for improving conventional immunotherapy. Nanotechnology offers several new strategies, multimodality, and multiplex biological targeting advantage to overcome many of these challenges. These efforts enable programming the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and delivery of immunomodulatory agents/co-delivery of compounds to prime at the tumor sites for improved therapeutic benefits. This review provides an overview of the design and clinical principles of biomaterials driven nanotechnology and their potential use in personalized nanomedicines, vaccines, localized tumor modulation, and delivery strategies for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we also summarize the latest highlights and recent advances in combinatorial therapies availed in the treatment of cold and complicated tumors. It also presents key steps and parameters implemented for clinical success. Finally, we analyse, discuss, and provide clinical perspectives on the integrated opportunities of nanotechnology and immunology to achieve synergistic and durable responses in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anupam Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Partha Laskar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nishant K Jain
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA.
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Majumder A, Ahuja A, Chauhan DS, Paliwal P, Bhardwaj M. A clinicopathological study of peripheral schwannomas. Med Pharm Rep 2021; 94:191-196. [PMID: 34013190 PMCID: PMC8118219 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and objective Schwannomas are benign neoplasms of neural origin with sporadic or syndromic occurence. They are commonly seen in cranial nerves. Peripheral schwannomas occur rarely and may have unique presentations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinico-pathological characteristics of peripheral schwannomas. Methods A retrospective cross sectional study of peripheral schwannomas excluding head neck region was conducted. The study group consisted of 18 cases which were recorded over a period of seven years. The corresponding data were collected from the archives of the Department of Pathology. Results Male to female ratio was 1:1. The average age of the cases was 47 years. The most common site was the upper limbs (55.55%) followed by lower limbs, chest and penis. The lesions mostly presented as painless swellings (62%). Histopathological examination revealed classic features of schwannoma. Secondary changes included cystic degeneration, foam cells, epitheloid cells, hyalinization, microcystic change and collection of plasma cells. All cases were confirmed by positive S100 staining. Conclusion Peripheral schwannomas may be missed due to its rarity and atypical presentations. Both clinicians and pathologists should be aware of this common entity at unusual sites for the proper management of the patients. Surgery is usually the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Majumder
- Department of Pathology, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Instititute of Medical Sciences (ABVIMS) & Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Arvind Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Instititute of Medical Sciences (ABVIMS) & Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - D S Chauhan
- Department of Pathology, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Instititute of Medical Sciences (ABVIMS) & Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Purnima Paliwal
- Department of Pathology, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Instititute of Medical Sciences (ABVIMS) & Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Minakshi Bhardwaj
- Department of Pathology, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Instititute of Medical Sciences (ABVIMS) & Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Gomathi NS, Singh M, Singh UB, Myneedu VP, Chauhan DS, Sarin R, Mohan A, Bhatnagar A, Khangembam JS, Kannan T, Rao MVV, Logani J, Dey B, Gangakhedkar RR, Swaminathan S, Tripathy S. Multicentric validation of indigenous molecular test Truenat™ MTB for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples from presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in comparison with reference standards. Indian J Med Res 2021; 152:378-385. [PMID: 33380702 PMCID: PMC8061602 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2539_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Early case detection is essential to interrupt transmission and to prevent further spread of tuberculosis (TB) in high endemic settings. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) with visual read-outs are ideal as point-of-care tests. Truenat™ MTB is an indigenous chip-based NAAT for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which involves extraction of DNA and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using portable, automated, battery-operated instruments. The current multicentric study was aimed to evaluate Truenat for detection of MTB in sputum samples obtained from patients with presumptive pulmonary TB with reference to culture as gold standard and Xpert as a comparator. Methods: The study was conducted at four sites, namely ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra; and National Institute of TB and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi. Patients suspected to have TB were screened for eligibility. Two sputum samples were collected from each patient. Tests included smear, Xpert and Truenat directly from the sputum sample and culture by Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) medium and MGIT960 from decontaminated pellets. Sample used for Truenat assay was coded. Resolution of Truenat false positives was done using an in-house PCR with TRC4 primers. Results: The study enrolled 2419 presumptive TB patients after screening 2465 patients, and 3541 sputum samples were collected from the enrolled patients. Results of 2623 samples were available for analysis. Truenat showed a positivity rate of 48.5 per cent as compared to 37.0 per cent by Xpert. The sensitivities of Truenat and Xpert were was 88.3 and 79.7 per cent, respectively in comparison with culture. Interpretation & conclusions: Truenat MTB identified more positives among culture-confirmed samples than Xpert and had higher sensitivity. In addition, other advantageous operational features of Truenat MTB were identified which would be useful in field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Gomathi
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manjula Singh
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Urvashi B Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - V P Myneedu
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis & Other Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - D S Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Sarin
- National Institute of Tuberculosis & Other Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine & Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anuj Bhatnagar
- Department of Chest & TB, National Institute of Tuberculosis & Other Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - Jiten Singh Khangembam
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine & Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - T Kannan
- Statistics Section, Epidemiology Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M V V Rao
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Logani
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Bindu Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Raman R Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Srikanth Tripathy
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gomathi NS, Singh M, Myneedu VP, Chauhan DS, Tripathy S, Sarin R, Mohan A, Bhatnagar A, Khangembam JS, Kannan T, V Rao MV, Logani J, Dey B, Gangakhedkar RR, Swaminathan S, Singh UB. Validation of an indigenous assay for rapid molecular detection of rifampicin resistance in presumptive multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Indian J Med Res 2021; 152:482-489. [PMID: 33707390 PMCID: PMC8157890 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2557_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: There is a need for an affordable, easy, high-sensitivity test usable at the peripheral health facility for diagnosis of drug-resistant (DR) tuberculosis (TB) to interrupt disease transmission. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for early detection of DR-TB are ideal to bring testing near to the patient. Truenat™ MTB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and Truenat™ MTB-RIF (rifampicin) is an indigenous chip-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based test for detection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. The test involves extraction of DNA using automated, battery operated Trueprep instrument and real-time PCR performed on the Truelab analyzer. We report here multicentric validation of Truenat MTB-RIF for detection of DR-TB in suspected DR-TB patients. Methods: Consecutive patients aged 18-65 yr, with symptoms suggestive of TB and with a history of previous treatment, reporting to the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) clinics under four national institutes, namely AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi), NITRD (National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi), NIRT (National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai) and ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, were included in the study. Two sputum samples (one spot and one morning) were collected from each patient, after obtaining informed written consent. The samples were subjected to smear, GeneXpert and MGIT 960 culture (and drug susceptibility testing to RIF) (surrogate for MDR-TB) to serve as reference tests. The samples were coded to ensure blinding and subjected to Truenat MTB-RIF. Truenat MTB-RIF Version 1.5 was used for testing 1084 samples for RIF resistance, while Version 2.0 was used to test another 1201 samples. Results: Truenat MTB-RIF Version 1.5 in comparison with comprehensive laboratory reference standards yielded sensitivity and specificity of 76.2 and 94.7 per cent, respectively for the detection of RIF resistance in 1084 samples, collected across four sites. Based on the analysis of discordant samples, Version 2.0 of Truenat was developed by the manufacturer and this was further tested on additional 1201 samples, yielding a sensitivity of 87.5 per cent and specificity of 99.5 per cent. Interpretation & conclusions: Multicentric trial of Truenat™ MTB-RIF demonstrated a great potential of this point of care NAAT for detection of MDR-TB. The test would be useful in limited resource settings and inaccessible areas without need for any additional infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Gomathi
- Department of Bacteriology, Epidemiology Unit, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manjula Singh
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - V P Myneedu
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis & Other Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - D S Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srikanth Tripathy
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohit Sarin
- National Institute of Tuberculosis & Other Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine & Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anuj Bhatnagar
- Department of Chest & TB, Rajan Babu Institute of Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis, New Delhi, India
| | | | - T Kannan
- Statistics Section, Epidemiology Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M V V Rao
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Logani
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bindu Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - R R Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Urvashi B Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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10
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Dhanka M, Pawar V, Chauhan DS, Jain NK, R S P, Shetty C, Kumawat MK, Prasad R, Srivastava R. Synthesis and characterization of an injectable microparticles integrated hydrogel composite biomaterial: In-vivo biocompatibility and inflammatory arthritis treatment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 201:111597. [PMID: 33609936 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric hydrogels and microparticles have been widely used for localized drug delivery applications for the treatment of arthritis. Nonetheless, owing to initial burst drug release, non-specific biodistribution and low retention time at the target site in body, these polymeric drug delivery systems have been found with low in-vivo performance. Hence, the above limitations need to be resolved by designing a smart novel drug delivery system which is the current need in biomedicine. Herein, a novel localized injectable thermoresponsive microparticles embedded hydrogel composite drug delivery system has been developed for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. In the current study, methotrexate (MTX) loaded alginate microparticles (MTX-Microparticles) are embedded into thermoreversible hydrogel matrix (MTX-MPs-H) prepared by physical blending of sodium hyaluronate and methylcellulose (SHMC). Microparticles-hydrogel composite system exhibited appropriate in-vitro thermoreversibility (sol at 4 °C and gel at 37 °C), biocompatibility (>80 %), hemocompatibility, and controlled drug release profile. The in-vivo biocompatibility studies for 10 days revealed that composite system is non-toxic in nature. The developed MTX-MPs-H composite drug delivery system effectively decreased the swelling/ inflammation of the arthritis affected paw in wistar rats in comparison to only alginate microparticles and pure MTX up to 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Dhanka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Vaishali Pawar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Nishant Kumar Jain
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Prabhuraj R S
- Center for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Chaitra Shetty
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Mukesh K Kumawat
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India; Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India.
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11
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Chauhan DS, Prasad R, Srivastava R, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Comprehensive Review on Current Interventions, Diagnostics, and Nanotechnology Perspectives against SARS-CoV-2. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2021-2045. [PMID: 32680422 PMCID: PMC7425040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has dramatically challenged the healthcare system of almost all countries. The authorities are struggling to minimize the mortality along with ameliorating the economic downturn. Unfortunately, until now, there has been no promising medicine or vaccine available. Herein, we deliver perspectives of nanotechnology for increasing the specificity and sensitivity of current interventional platforms toward the urgent need of quickly deployable solutions. This review summarizes the recent involvement of nanotechnology from the development of a biosensor to fabrication of a multifunctional nanohybrid system for respiratory and deadly viruses, along with the recent interventions and current understanding about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S. Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA
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12
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Prasad R, Jain NK, Yadav AS, Chauhan DS, Devrukhkar J, Kumawat MK, Shinde S, Gorain M, Thakor AS, Kundu GC, Conde J, Srivastava R. Liposomal nanotheranostics for multimode targeted in vivo bioimaging and near-infrared light mediated cancer therapy. Commun Biol 2020; 3:284. [PMID: 32504032 PMCID: PMC7275035 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing a nanotheranostic agent with better image resolution and high accumulation into solid tumor microenvironment is a challenging task. Herein, we established a light mediated phototriggered strategy for enhanced tumor accumulation of nanohybrids. A multifunctional liposome based nanotheranostics loaded with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and emissive graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were engineered named as NFGL. Further, doxorubicin hydrochloride was encapsulated in NFGL to exhibit phototriggered chemotherapy and functionalized with folic acid targeting ligands. Encapsulated agents showed imaging bimodality for in vivo tumor diagnosis due to their high contrast and emissive nature. Targeted NFGL nanohybrids demonstrated near infrared light (NIR, 750 nm) mediated tumor reduction because of generated heat and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Moreover, NFGL nanohybrids exhibited remarkable ROS scavenging ability as compared to GQDs loaded liposomes validated by antitumor study. Hence, this approach and engineered system could open new direction for targeted imaging and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Nishant K Jain
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Amit S Yadav
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, 411008, India
- School of Biotechnology and Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), KIIT Deemed to be University, Institute of Eminence, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Janhavi Devrukhkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Mukesh K Kumawat
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Shweta Shinde
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Mahadeo Gorain
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Avnesh S Thakor
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Gopal C Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, 411008, India
- School of Biotechnology and Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), KIIT Deemed to be University, Institute of Eminence, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - João Conde
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
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Prasad R, Yadav AS, Gorain M, Chauhan DS, Kundu GC, Srivastava R, Selvaraj K. Graphene Oxide Supported Liposomes as Red Emissive Theranostics for Phototriggered Tissue Visualization and Tumor Regression. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2019; 2:3312-3320. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Nano and Computational Materials Lab, Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Amit S. Yadav
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Mahadeo Gorain
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Deepak S. Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Gopal C. Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Kaliaperumal Selvaraj
- Nano and Computational Materials Lab, Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
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14
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Chauhan DS, Reddy BPK, Mishra SK, Prasad R, Dhanka M, Vats M, Ravichandran G, Poojari D, Mhatre O, De A, Srivastava R. Comprehensive Evaluation of Degradable and Cost-Effective Plasmonic Nanoshells for Localized Photothermolysis of Cancer Cells. Langmuir 2019; 35:7805-7815. [PMID: 31090425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Integrating the concept of biodegradation and light-triggered localized therapy in a functional nanoformulation is the current approach in onco-nanomedicine. Morphology control with an enhanced photothermal response, minimal toxicity, and X-ray attenuation of polymer-based nanoparticles is a critical concern for image-guided photothermal therapy. Herein, we describe the simple design of cost-effective and degradable polycaprolactone-based plasmonic nanoshells for the integrated photothermolysis as well as localized imaging of cancer cells. The gold-deposited polycaprolactone-based plasmonic nanoshells (AuPCL NS) are synthesized in a scalable and facile way under ambient conditions. The synthesized nanoshells are monodisperse, fairly stable, and highly inert even at five times (250 μg/mL) the therapeutic concentration in a week-long test. AuPCL NS are capable of delivering standalone photothermal therapy for the complete ablation of cancer cells without using any anticancerous drugs and causing toxicity. It delivers the same therapeutic efficacy to different cancer cell lines, irrespective of their chemorefractory status and also works as a potential computed tomography contrast agent for the integrated imaging-directed photothermal cancer therapy. High biocompatibility, degradability, and promising photothermal efficacy of AuPCL NS are attractive aspects of this report that could open new horizons of localized plasmonic photothermal therapy for healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (BSBE) , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - B Pradeep K Reddy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (BSBE) , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Sumit K Mishra
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab , Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210 , India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (BSBE) , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Mukesh Dhanka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (BSBE) , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Mukti Vats
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (BSBE) , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Gayathri Ravichandran
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab , Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210 , India
| | - Deeksha Poojari
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (BSBE) , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Omkar Mhatre
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (BSBE) , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Abhijit De
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab , Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210 , India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (BSBE) , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
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15
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Prasad R, Agawane SB, Chauhan DS, Srivastava R, Selvaraj K. In Vivo Examination of Folic Acid-Conjugated Gold-Silica Nanohybrids as Contrast Agents for Localized Tumor Diagnosis and Biodistribution. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:4012-4019. [PMID: 30376632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced biocompatibility of nanosized contrast agent with high radiodensity and specific biodistribution is an important parameter for localized tumor imaging and organ safety. Various nanoparticles, especially gold nanorods (GNRs), have been applied for tumor diagnosis. However, their toxicity, nonspecific biodistribution, and easy aggregation are critical issues in cancer medicine. To avoid these issues, encapsulation of the GNRs in the core of nanoscopic mesoporous silica (MS) under ambient conditions, yielding multifunctional nanomaterials for cancer nanomedicine, is a recent and active development. Interestingly, GNR embedded MS nanohybrid (GNR-MS), though a promising material in nanomedicine, is rarely examined for tumor diagnosis, in vivo toxicity, organ safety, contrast ability, and excretion. Herein, we report a systematic in vivo examination of folic acid functionalized GNR-MS (GNR-MS-FA) for localized 4T1 breast tumor diagnosis, organ safety, and excretion using a one-time dose administration. The nanomaterials show good aqueous dispersibility, biocompatibility, high radiodensity, and tumor specific targeting ability ( in vitro as well as in vivo). The in vivo tumor diagnosis and specific biodistribution of injected nanomaterials clearly demonstrates their potential for the visualization of tumors deep in the body of mice. In addition, all organs including the healthy glomerulus of the kidney are observed to be free of tissue injuries thereby indicating the superior biocompatibility of the nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering , IIT Bombay , Powai, Mumbai , 400076 , India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering , IIT Bombay , Powai, Mumbai , 400076 , India
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16
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Prasad R, Chauhan DS, Yadav AS, Devrukhkar J, Singh B, Gorain M, Temgire M, Bellare J, Kundu GC, Srivastava R. A biodegradable fluorescent nanohybrid for photo-driven tumor diagnosis and tumor growth inhibition. Nanoscale 2018; 10:19082-19091. [PMID: 30288516 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Specific targeting and phototriggered therapy in mouse model have recently emerged as the starting point of cancer theragnosis. Herein, we report a bioresponsive and degradable nanohybrid, a liposomal nanohybrid decorated with red emissive carbon dots, for localized tumor imaging and light-mediated tumor growth inhibition. Unsaturated carbon dots (C-dots) anchored to liposomes convert near-infrared (NIR) light into heat and also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), demonstrating the capability of phototriggered cancer cell death and tumor regression. The photothermal and oxidative damage of breast tumor by the nonmetallic nanohybrid has also been demonstrated. Designed nanoparticles show excellent aqueous dispersibility, biocompatibility, light irradiated enhanced cellular uptake, release of reactive oxygen species, prolonged and specific tumor binding ability and good photothermal response (62 °C in 5 minutes). Safe and localized irradiation of 808 nm light demonstrates significant tumor growth inhibition and bioresponsive degradation of the fluorescent nanohybrid without affecting the surrounding healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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17
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Chauhan DS, Kumawat MK, Prasad R, Reddy PK, Dhanka M, Mishra SK, Bahadur R, Neekhra S, De A, Srivastava R. Plasmonic carbon nanohybrids for repetitive and highly localized photothermal cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 172:430-439. [PMID: 30196228 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Integrating metallic and non-metallic platform for cancer nanomedicine is a challenging task and bringing together multi-functionality of two interfaces is a major hurdle for biomaterial design. Herein, NIR light responsive advanced hybrid plasmonic carbon nanomaterials are synthesized, and their properties toward repetitive and highly localized photothermal cancer therapy are well understood. Graphene oxide nanosheets having thickness of ∼2 nm are synthesized using modified Hummers' method, thereafter functionalized with biodegradable NIR light responsive gold deposited plasmonic polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoshells (AuPLGA NS, tuned at 808 nm) and NIR dye (IR780) to examine their repetitive and localized therapeutic efficacy as well resulting side effects to nearby healthy cells. It is observed that AuPLGA NS decorated graphene oxide nanosheets (GO-AuPLGA) and IR780 loaded graphene oxide nanosheets (GO-IR780) are capable in standalone complete photothermal ablation of cancer cells within 4 min. of 808 nm NIR laser irradiation and also without the aid of any anticancer drugs. However, GO-AuPLGA having the potential for repetitive photothermal treatment of a big tumor, ablate the cancer cells in highly localized fashion, without having side effects on neighboring healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Mukesh K Kumawat
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Pradeep K Reddy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Mukesh Dhanka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sumit K Mishra
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Rohan Bahadur
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Suditi Neekhra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhijit De
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India.
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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18
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Chawla K, Kumar A, Shenoy VP, Chauhan DS, Sharma P. Strain diversity and relative transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in south coastal Karnataka, India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 22:878-883. [PMID: 29991396 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.17.0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no published reports on the strain diversity and relative transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates circulating in Karnataka State, India. OBJECTIVE To explore the strain diversity of M. tuberculosis isolates and their relative transmission in south coastal Karnataka using spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) typing. DESIGN A total of 108 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis were processed for spoligotyping, and 12-locus MIRU-VNTR typing and cluster analysis was performed. RESULTS Spoligotyping data of 108 isolates revealed 63 spoligotype patterns: 36 (80 isolates, 74.1%) patterns corresponded to spoligotype international types (SITs), whereas 27 (28 isolates, 25.9%) patterns were orphans. A further 57 (52.8%) isolates were clustered into 12 clusters; 51 (47.2%) isolates were unique. The largest spoligotype cluster comprised SIT 48 (L1.2.2), followed by SIT 1942 (L3) and SIT 11 (L1.1.2). Combined MIRU-VNTR typing and spoligotyping analysis further differentiated these 108 isolates into five clusters of two isolates each and 98 individual patterns. CONCLUSIONS Combined use of spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR typing is best suited for genotyping studies in this region. Very high genetic diversity was observed among the clinical isolates. Further elaborate studies are required for a better understanding of the genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of the strains circulating in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chawla
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka
| | - A Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka
| | - V P Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka
| | - D S Chauhan
- National JALMA (Japanese Leprosy Mission for Asia) Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - P Sharma
- National JALMA (Japanese Leprosy Mission for Asia) Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
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19
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Chauhan DS, Arunkumar P, Prasad R, Mishra SK, K Reddy BP, De A, Srivastava R. Facile synthesis of plasmonic zein nanoshells for imaging-guided photothermal cancer therapy. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2018; 90:539-548. [PMID: 29853123 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate facile and green synthesis of gold deposited zein nanoshells (AuZNS) using environmental benign solvent ethanol. Water soluble glycol chitosan is used for stabilization as well as for cationic functionalization of zein nanoparticles. Gold deposition is performed via ex-situ method at ambient conditions. AuZNS is of size around 100 nm and shows high inertness and biocompatibility even at double the therapeutic dosage. The absorbance is tuned at 808 nm for imaging-guided plasmonic photothermal therapy of cancer. Highly effective killing of cancer cells irrespective of their chemorefractory status is noticed at a very low therapeutic dosage of 25 μg and 5 min of biologically acceptable (500 mW) 808 nm laser irradiation. AuZNS also exhibit better X-ray attenuation in comparison to the commercially available iodine based contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - P Arunkumar
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Mishra
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - B Pradeep K Reddy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhijit De
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India.
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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20
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Chauhan DS, Sharma R, Parashar D, Das R, Sharma P, Singh AV, Singh PK, Katoch K, Katoch VM. Rapid detection of ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens by real-time polymerase chain reaction hybridisation probe method. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 36:211-216. [PMID: 30084413 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_14_304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Early diagnosis of drug resistance (DR) to ethambutol (EMB) in tuberculosis (TB) remains a challenge. Simple and reliable method (s) are needed for rapid detection of DR Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in clinical specimens. Objectives The aim of this study was to design fluorescence resonance energy transfer hybridisation probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the early detection of EMB-resistant MTB direct from clinical sputa. Materials and Methods Primers and probes were designed against 306 codon of embB gene which is commonly associated with EMB resistance. A comparative study was done between Lowenstein-Jenson (L-J) proportion and hybridisation probe-based real-time PCR method for susceptibility testing. DNA sequencing was used in nine representative isolates to validate the efficiency of real-time PCR method to detect emb306 mutation of MTB. Results A total of 52 clinical sputum samples and corresponding culture isolates (from category II pulmonary TB cases) were included in this study. Out of 52 MTB isolates, 32 and 20 were resistant and susceptible to EMB, respectively, as determined by L-J proportion method. Real-time PCR showed 95% specificity, 75% sensitivity and 82.69% accuracy when compared with L-J proportion method. A 100% of concordance was observed by validating the real-time PCR results with DNA sequencing. Conclusions Our real-time PCR hybridisation probe method promises for rapid detection of EMB-resistant MTB directly from clinical specimens. However, future studies and modifications of method by incorporating other potential loci along with targeted mutation (emb306) are still required to increase the sensitivity of method.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - D Parashar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Das
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - P Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A V Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - P K Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K Katoch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V M Katoch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
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21
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Rawat KD, Chahar M, Srivastava N, Gupta UD, Natrajan M, Katoch VM, Katoch K, Chauhan DS. Expression profile of CXCL12 chemokine during M. tuberculosis infection with different therapeutic interventions in guinea pig. Indian J Tuberc 2018; 65:152-158. [PMID: 29579430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) already established as an immune-modulator in mycobacterial infections generates immune response by acting on CXC chemokines. In the present study, the immunomodulatory effect of MIP in conjunction with chemotherapy against M.tb infection was evaluated by colony forming units (CFUs) following aerosol infection to guinea pig and by measuring CXCL12 chemokine expression using q-PCR and in situ RT-PCR. Different experimental groups included, infection (Rv), immunoprophylaxis (RvMw), chemotherapy (RvCh) and combination of immunoprophylaxis+chemotherapy (RvChMw) group and normal healthy (NH) group. In the combination of immunoprophylaxis+chemotherapy (RvChMw) group, the CFU counts reduced significantly (p<0.001) at 4th week of infection as compared to other treated groups (RvMw and RvCh group). The expression of CXCL12 was recorded in all the treated groups of animals. The study demonstrated suppressed expression of CXCL 12 in both immunoprophylaxis as well as chemotherapy groups (6th and 8th week) that become elevated in immunoprophylaxis plus chemotherapy group (10th week), at which time point no CFUs were detected in RvCh and RvChMw group. The findings indicate that the expression of CXCL12 is associated with good response to anti - tubercular treatment. Thus, prior immunization with MIP appears to show good immunomodulatory effect to release CXCL12 chemokine during infection and also correlates with enhanced effect to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Dutta Rawat
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR) Tajganj, Agra 282 001, UP, India
| | - Mamta Chahar
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR) Tajganj, Agra 282 001, UP, India
| | - Nalini Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474 001, MP, India
| | - U D Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR) Tajganj, Agra 282 001, UP, India
| | - M Natrajan
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR) Tajganj, Agra 282 001, UP, India
| | - V M Katoch
- Former Director-General (ICMR) and Secretary, Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Kiran Katoch
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR) Tajganj, Agra 282 001, UP, India
| | - D S Chauhan
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR) Tajganj, Agra 282 001, UP, India.
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Chauhan DS, Prasad R, Devrukhkar J, Selvaraj K, Srivastava R. Disintegrable NIR Light Triggered Gold Nanorods Supported Liposomal Nanohybrids for Cancer Theranostics. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1510-1518. [PMID: 29281790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, facile synthesis and application of targeted, dual therapeutic gold nanorods-liposome (GNR-Lipos) nanohybrid for imaging guided photothermal therapy and chemotherapy is investigated. The dual therapeutic GNR-Lipos nanohybrid consists of GNR supported, and doxorubicin (DOX) loaded liposome. GNRs not only serve as a photothermal agent and increase the drug release in intracellular environment of cancer cells, but also provide mechanical strength to liposomes by being decorated both inside and outside of bilayer surfaces. The designed nanohybrid shows a remarkable response for synergistic chemophotothermal therapy compared to only chemotherapy or photothermal therapy. The NIR response, efficient uptake by the cells, disintegration of GNR-Lipos nanohybrid, and synergistic therapeutic effect of photothermal and chemotherapy over breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 are studied for the better development of a biocompatible nanomaterial based multifunctional cancer theranostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , IIT Bombay , Powai, Mumbai - 400076 , India
| | | | - Janhavi Devrukhkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , IIT Bombay , Powai, Mumbai - 400076 , India
| | | | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , IIT Bombay , Powai, Mumbai - 400076 , India
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Yadav HP, Kumar A, Shah N, Chauhan DS, Lone SA, Swain DK, Saxena A. Effect of Cholesterol-loaded Cyclodextrin on Membrane and Acrosome Status of Hariana Bull Sperm during Cryopreservation. Cryo Letters 2018; 39:386-390. [PMID: 30963156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The membrane and acrosomal integrity of sperm play a vital role in fertilization process; however they are compromised upon cryopreservation. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) on membrane and acrosome status of Hariana bull sperm during cryopreservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semen samples collected from Hariana bulls with mass motility ≥ 3+ and individual progressive motility ≥ 70% were utilized in the study. Each ejaculate was split into two parts, one part being evaluated freshly for various seminal attributes and the other part being diluted in Tris diluent (without egg yolk and glycerol) to obtain a final concentration of 120×106 sperm/mL. The diluted semen was divided into four treatments: Group I, without CLC (control); Group II, with CLC at 0.5 mg per 120 million sperm; Group III, at 1.0 mg per 120 million sperm; Group IV, at 2.0 mg per 120 million sperm. All aliquots were incubated for 15 min at 37°C and each sample was diluted with Egg yolk-Tris-Glycerol (EYTG) extender up to 80×106 sperm/mL. The diluted semen samples were packed in French mini straws (0.25 mL), sealed and equilibrated at 4°C for 4 h followed by cryopreservation. The samples at pre-freeze and post-thaw stage were evaluated for membrane and acrosomal integrity, as well as primary, secondary and tertiary acrosomal damages. RESULTS The membrane and acrosomal integrity was significantly higher in group II as compared to groups I, III, and IV, at pre-freeze and post-thaw stage (P<0.05). The primary and secondary acrosomal damage were significantly reduced in group II compared to other groups (P<0.05). No significant difference in tertiary acrosomal damage was found among different groups. CONCLUSION CLC improves the membrane and acrosomal integrity, and reduces primary and secondary acrosomal damages during cryopreservation of Hariana bull sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Yadav
- Artificial Breeding Research Center (ABRC), Animal Reproduction, Gynecology and Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Haryana.
| | - A Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deendayal Upadhayaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Uttar Pradesh
| | - N Shah
- Artificial Breeding Research Center (ABRC), Animal Reproduction, Gynecology and Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Haryana
| | - D S Chauhan
- College of Biotechnology, (DUVASU), Uttar Pradesh
| | - S A Lone
- Artificial Breeding Research Center (ABRC), Animal Reproduction, Gynecology and Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Haryana
| | - D K Swain
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, (DUVASU), Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A Saxena
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deendayal Upadhayaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Uttar Pradesh
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Kashid SB, Lakkakula JR, Chauhan DS, Srivastava R, Raut RW. Biocompatible antimicrobial cotton fibres for healthcare industries: a biogenic approach for synthesis of bio-organic-coated silver nanoparticles. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017; 11:1046-1051. [PMID: 29155406 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton fibres coated with biogenically fabricated silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are most sought material because of their enhanced activity and biocompatibility. After successful synthesis of SNPs on cotton fibres using leaf extract of Vitex negundo Linn, the fibres were studied using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, energy dispersive X-ray, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The characterisation revealed uniformly distributed spherical agglomerates of SNPs having individual particle size around 50 nm with the deposition load of 423 μg of silver per gram of cotton. Antimicrobial assay of cotton-SNPs fibres showed effective performance against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The method is biogenic, environmentally benign, rapid, and cost-effective, producing highly biocompatible antimicrobial coating required for the healthcare industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahebrao B Kashid
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Institute of Science, 15 Madam Cama Road, Mumbai 400032, India
| | - Jaya R Lakkakula
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rajesh W Raut
- Department of Botany, The Institute of Science, 15 Madam Cama Road, Mumbai 400032, India.
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25
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Sharma SK, Katoch K, Sarin R, Balambal R, Kumar Jain N, Patel N, Murthy KJR, Singla N, Saha PK, Khanna A, Singh U, Kumar S, Sengupta A, Banavaliker JN, Chauhan DS, Sachan S, Wasim M, Tripathi S, Dutt N, Jain N, Joshi N, Penmesta SRR, Gaddam S, Gupta S, Khamar B, Dey B, Mitra DK, Arora SK, Bhaskar S, Rani R. Efficacy and Safety of Mycobacterium indicus pranii as an adjunct therapy in Category II pulmonary tuberculosis in a randomized trial. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3354. [PMID: 28611374 PMCID: PMC5469738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged treatment of tuberculosis (TB) often leads to poor compliance, default and relapse, converting primary TB patients into category II TB (Cat IITB) cases, many of whom may convert to multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB). We have evaluated the immunotherapeutic potential of Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) as an adjunct to Anti-Tubercular Treatment (ATT) in Cat II pulmonary TB (PTB) patients in a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, multicentric clinical trial. 890 sputum smear positive Cat II PTB patients were randomized to receive either six intra-dermal injections (2 + 4) of heat-killed MIP at a dose of 5 × 108 bacilli or placebo once in 2 weeks for 2 months. Sputum smear and culture examinations were performed at different time points. MIP was safe with no adverse effects. While sputum smear conversion did not show any statistically significant difference, significantly higher number of patients (67.1%) in the MIP group achieved sputum culture conversion at fourth week compared to the placebo (57%) group (p = 0.0002), suggesting a role of MIP in clearance of the bacilli. Since live bacteria are the major contributors for sustained incidence of TB, the potential of MIP in clearance of the bacilli has far reaching implications in controlling the spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiran Katoch
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Rohit Sarin
- National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - Raman Balambal
- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Jain
- SMS Medical College (Hospital for Chest Diseases and TB), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Naresh Patel
- NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Neeta Singla
- National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - P K Saha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwani Khanna
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Urvashi Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjiv Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A Sengupta
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Chest Clinic and Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - J N Banavaliker
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,RBTB Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - D S Chauhan
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Shailendra Sachan
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Mohammad Wasim
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | | | - Nilesh Dutt
- NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitin Jain
- SMS Medical College (Hospital for Chest Diseases and TB), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nalin Joshi
- SMS Medical College (Hospital for Chest Diseases and TB), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Sumanlatha Gaddam
- Mahavir Hospital and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Catalyst Clinical Services Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India
| | | | - Bindu Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sunil K Arora
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Rajni Rani
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India. .,Systems Biology laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.
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Malhotra B, Dashora D, Kumar V, Goyal S, Sharma B, Kumar M, Gupta KN, Sharma VD, Chauhan DS, Katoch K, Katoch VM. Genetic diversity & drug sensitivity profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from two slums of Jaipur city, Rajasthan, India. Indian J Med Res 2017; 145:74-83. [PMID: 28574018 PMCID: PMC5460578 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_336_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Slums are considered as hotspots of tuberculosis (TB). The study of genetic diversity and drug susceptibility profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) will help understand the transmission dynamics and can be used for better prevention and control of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the drug susceptibility profiles and genetic diversity using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU VNTR) of MTB isolates from sputum samples of pulmonary TB patients residing in the two slums of Jaipur city in Rajasthan, India. Methods: Sputum samples collected from pulmonary TB patients, their contacts and suspects during 2010-2012 were processed for microscopy and mycobacterial culture. Drug susceptibility testing was done by one per cent indirect proportion method on Lowenstein–Jensen medium for first-line anti-TB drugs rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and streptomycin. MTB DNA was extracted by physicochemical method, and DNA fingerprinting was done by RAPD and MIRU VNTR analysis. Results: Among 175 sputum samples collected, 75 were positive (43.8%) for acid-fast bacilli, 83 for MTB culture and four were contaminated. Fifty two isolates (62.7%) were fully sensitive to four drugs, and five (6%) were multidrug resistant (MDR). RAPD analysis of 81 isolates revealed six clusters containing 23 (28.4%) isolates, and 58 (71.6%) were unique. MIRU VNTR analysis clustered 20 (24.7%) isolates, and 61 (75.3%) were unique. Interpretation & conclusions: About 62.7 per cent isolates from the sputum samples from slum areas were sensitive to four drugs; six per cent of isolates were MDR. Poly-resistance other than MDR was high (16%). About one-fourth isolates were clustered by either method. RAPD was rapid, less expensive but had low reproducibility. MIRU VNTR analysis could identify to greater extent the epidemiological link in the population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SMS Medical College, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepti Dashora
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SMS Medical College; Department of Zoology, Cell & Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SMS Medical College, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sumit Goyal
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SMS Medical College, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bhavana Sharma
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SMS Medical College, Rajasthan, India
| | - Madhu Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Cell & Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Vishnu Dutt Sharma
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - D S Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Kiran Katoch
- Department of Medicine, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Vishwa Mohan Katoch
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra; Former Secretary, Department of Health Research & Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Desikan P, Chauhan DS, Sharma P, Panwalkar N, Chourey M, Patidar ML, Yadav P, Chandrasekaran V, Ohri BS. Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from central India. Indian J Med Res 2017; 143:481-6. [PMID: 27377505 PMCID: PMC4928555 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.184287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: There is a paucity of data available on genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from central India. The present study was carried out on isolates of M. tuberculosis cultured from diagnostic clinical samples of patients from Bhopal, central India, using spoligotyping as a method of molecular typing. Methods: DNA was extracted from 340 isolates of M. tuberculosis from culture, confirmed as M. tuberculosis by molecular and biochemical methods and subjected to spoligotyping. The results were compared with the international SITVIT2 database. Results: Sixty five different spoligo international type (SIT) patterns were observed. A total of 239 (70.3%) isolates could be clustered into 25 SITs. The Central Asian (CAS) and East African Indian (EAI) families were found to be the two major circulating families in this region. SIT26/CAS1_DEL was identified as the most predominant type, followed by SIT11/EAI3_IND and SIT288/CAS2. Forty (11.8%) unique (non-clustered) and 61 (17.9%) orphan isolates were identified in the study. There was no significant association of clustering with clinical and demographic characteristics of patients. Interpretation & conclusions: Well established SITs were found to be predominant in our study. SIT26/CAS1_DEL was the most predominant type. However, the occurrence of a substantial number of orphan isolates may indicate the presence of active spatial and temporal evolutionary dynamics within the isolates of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Desikan
- Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre (ICMR), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - D S Chauhan
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Pragya Sharma
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Nikita Panwalkar
- Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre (ICMR), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manju Chourey
- Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre (ICMR), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mohan Lal Patidar
- Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre (ICMR), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Yadav
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - V Chandrasekaran
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - B S Ohri
- State TB Office, Directorate of Health Services, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Vats M, Mishra SK, Baghini MS, Chauhan DS, Srivastava R, De A. Near Infrared Fluorescence Imaging in Nano-Therapeutics and Photo-Thermal Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E924. [PMID: 28452928 PMCID: PMC5454837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The unresolved and paramount challenge in bio-imaging and targeted therapy is to clearly define and demarcate the physical margins of tumor tissue. The ability to outline the healthy vital tissues to be carefully navigated with transection while an intraoperative surgery procedure is performed sets up a necessary and under-researched goal. To achieve the aforementioned objectives, there is a need to optimize design considerations in order to not only obtain an effective imaging agent but to also achieve attributes like favorable water solubility, biocompatibility, high molecular brightness, and a tissue specific targeting approach. The emergence of near infra-red fluorescence (NIRF) light for tissue scale imaging owes to the provision of highly specific images of the target organ. The special characteristics of near infra-red window such as minimal auto-fluorescence, low light scattering, and absorption of biomolecules in tissue converge to form an attractive modality for cancer imaging. Imparting molecular fluorescence as an exogenous contrast agent is the most beneficial attribute of NIRF light as a clinical imaging technology. Additionally, many such agents also display therapeutic potentials as photo-thermal agents, thus meeting the dual purpose of imaging and therapy. Here, we primarily discuss molecular imaging and therapeutic potentials of two such classes of materials, i.e., inorganic NIR dyes and metallic gold nanoparticle based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukti Vats
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 410210, India.
| | - Sumit Kumar Mishra
- Molecular Functional Imaging Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Mumbai 410210, India.
| | - Mahdieh Shojaei Baghini
- Molecular Functional Imaging Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Mumbai 410210, India.
| | - Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 410210, India.
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 410210, India.
| | - Abhijit De
- Molecular Functional Imaging Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Mumbai 410210, India.
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Chauhan DS, Indulekha S, Gottipalli R, Reddy BPK, Chikate TR, Gupta R, Jahagirdar DN, Prasad R, De A, Srivastava R. NIR light-triggered shrinkable thermoresponsive PNVCL nanoshells for cancer theranostics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NIR light-responsive gold coated shrinkable thermoresponsive nanoshells as preliminary step to ablate large and deep-seated tumors using combined chemo-photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S. Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
| | - S. Indulekha
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
| | - Rupesh Gottipalli
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
| | - B. Pradeep K. Reddy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
| | - Tanmayee R. Chikate
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
| | - Ramkrishn Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
| | - Dushyant N. Jahagirdar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Abhijit De
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab
- Advanced Centre for Treatment
- Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)
- Tata Memorial Centre
- Navi Mumbai
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
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MeCarty SC, Chauhan DS, MeCarty AD, Tripathi KM, Selvan T, Dubey SK. Effect of Azotobacter and Phosphobacteria on Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5958/2229-4473.2017.00130.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Prasad R, Aiyer S, Chauhan DS, Srivastava R, Selvaraj K. Bioresponsive carbon nano-gated multifunctional mesoporous silica for cancer theranostics. Nanoscale 2016; 8:4537-4546. [PMID: 26753966 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Designing bioresponsive nanocarriers for controlled and efficient intracellular drug release for cancer therapy is a major thrust area in nanomedicine. With recent recognition by the US FDA as a safe material for human trials, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) are being extensively explored as promising theranostic agents. Green fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs), though known as possible alternatives for their more toxic and relatively less efficient predecessors, are less known as gate keepers for drug release control. We report for the first time an efficient bioresponse of CQDs when judiciously designed using glutathione cleavable (redox responsive) disulphide bonds. When the anticancer drug doxorubicin loaded MSNPs are capped with these CQDs, they display promising drug release control on exposure to a mimicked intracellular cancer environment. Their dual functionality is well established with good control on preventing the premature release and exceptional bio-imaging of HeLa cancer cells. Fluorescence images prove selective targeting of HeLa cells by overexpression of folate receptors from the surface functionalised folic acid ligand. Extensive characterisation using XRD, TEM, BET analysis, drug loading tests, drug release kinetics, MTT assay and fluoroscence cell imaging helps in understanding the multifunctionalities of the successful design, extending its scope with exciting prospects towards non-invasive targeted drug delivery and bio-imaging for effective cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India and Nano and Computational Materials Lab, Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Sandhya Aiyer
- Nano and Computational Materials Lab, Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Kaliaperumal Selvaraj
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India and Nano and Computational Materials Lab, Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India.
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Desikan P, Chauhan DS, Sharma P, Panwalkar N, Yadav P, Ohri BS. Clonal diversity and drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from extra-pulmonary samples in central India--a pilot study. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 32:434-7. [PMID: 25297032 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.142255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In India, extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) accounts for 10 - 15% of all types of tuberculosis. To identify and compare predominant spoligotypes and drug-resistance patterns in strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from extrapulmonary and pulmonary specimens in central India, drug susceptibility testing and spoligotyping were carried out. Spoligotyping data was analyzed using SITVIT2 database. ST11/EAI3_Ind with 33% isolates among extrapulmonary specimens and ST26/CAS1_DEL with 28% isolates among pulmonary specimens were the most predominant lineages. Multidrug resistance was found in 5.5% of the strains isolated from extrapulmonary specimens in contrast to 17% isolated from pulmonary specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Desikan
- Department of Microbiology, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Karond, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Desikan P, Chauhan DS, Sharma P, Panwalkar N, Gautam S, Katoch VM. A pilot study to determine genetic polymorphism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Central India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2013. [PMID: 23183476 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.103774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to identify predominant spoligotypes responsible for transmission and prevalence of tuberculosis in central India since there is no data available about the genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with tuberculosis in this region. 35 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were subjected to spoligotyping according to the standard protocol. A total of 25 strains out of the 35 (71.42%) could be grouped in to 6 clusters. The largest cluster comprised 8 isolates. Unique (Non-clustered) spoligotypes were seen in 10 isolates, Nine strains did not match the data base (Spol DB-4 data base). The results indicate that there may be a number of orphan strains unique to this geographical area. Further studies on a larger sample size derived from this area would help us delineate the epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Desikan
- Department of Microbiology, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Raisen Bypass Road, Karond, Bhopal, India
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Dayal R, Verma V, Sharma B, Kumar G, Kumar N, Gupta R, Katoch VM, Joshi B, Chauhan DS. Diagnostic value of interferon- gamma release assays (QuantiFERON-TB Gold® In Tube) in childhood tuberculosis. Indian J Pediatr 2012; 79:183-7. [PMID: 21706246 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-011-0469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and diagnostic potential of interferon- gamma release assays QuantiFERON-TB Gold® In Tube (QFT-TB-IT) for the detection of gamma interferon against the antigen ESAT-6, CFP-10, TB 7.7(p4) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and compare the reactivity with other methods (smear, culture and IS6110 targeting PCR). METHODS The study was carried out on children with pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis along with matching and PPD+ controls (82 cases, 48 matching controls and 20 PPD+ controls). RESULTS QFT-TB-IT showed a significantly higher sensitivity (51.2%) as compared with LJ medium culture method (11.0%; p < 0.001), BacT/Alert 3D system (12.1%; p < 0.001), ZN staining (19.5%; p < 0.001) and PCR (45.1%; p < 0.05). Specificity of QFT-TB-IT was 48.0%. CONCLUSIONS Less specificity of this assay may be due to high endemicity of tuberculosis. However, further studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar Dayal
- Department of Pediatrics, S.N. Medical College, Agra, India.
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Raut U, Rantai S, Narang P, Chauhan DS, Chahar M, Narang R, Mendiratta DK. Comparison of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide tube method with the conventional method and real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2012; 30:81-4. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.93047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Gupta AK, Katoch VM, Chauhan DS, Lavania M. Potential of Mycobacterium vanbaalenii as a model organism to study drug transporters of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium ulcerans: homology analysis of M. tuberculosis drug transporters among mycobacterial species. Infect Genet Evol 2011; 12:853-6. [PMID: 22127144 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug efflux pumps have been one of the important mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. There is a prerequisite to study the behavior and mechanisms of these drug efflux pumps in detail for being considered in future anti-TB drug designing. The need of a rapid grower non-pathogenic mycobacterium with significant genomic homology for such type of studies is often being felt. During microarray and Real-Time PCR analysis of drug efflux pump genes of M. tuberculosis, we found 10 genes to be over-expressed during stress induced by common anti-TB drugs. In the present study homology analysis of these genes was done in order to know its phylogenetic relationship among other bacteria/mycobacteria. It was found that amino acid sequences of 7 out of 10 genes were significantly (>40%) identical to a non-pathogenic rapid grower environmental mycobacterium, Mycobacterium vanbaalenii. The protein sequences of M. vanbaalenii share important sequence motifs with M. tuberculosis useful for drug efflux mechanism based study across species. Like Mycobacterium smegmatis, it can be used as a model organism to study drug efflux pumps of M. tuberculosis and also other pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium ulcerans and Mycobacterium marinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (NJILOMD), Tajganj, Agra 282001, India
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Gupta AK, Reddy VP, Lavania M, Chauhan DS, Venkatesan K, Sharma VD, Tyagi AK, Katoch VM. jefA (Rv2459), a drug efflux gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis confers resistance to isoniazid & ethambutol. Indian J Med Res 2010; 132:176-188. [PMID: 20716818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Drug efflux pumps have been contributing factor(s) in the development of multidrug resistance in various clinically relevant bacteria. During efflux pump gene expression studies on mycobacteria, we have found a previously uncharacterized open reading frame (ORF) Rv2459 to be overexpressed in drug stressed conditions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of this ORF as a drug efflux pump, which might add new information in our understanding about the alternative mechanisms of drug resistance in mycobacteria. METHODS The open reading frame Rv2459 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis encoding a probable drug efflux protein has been cloned using pSD5 E.coli-Mycobacterium shuttle vector and overexpressed in M. tuberculosis H(37)Rv. This ORF was named as jefA. Overexpression of this gene in clones has been verified by real-time reverse transcription PCR. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of recombinant as well as non-recombinant clones were determined by resazurin microtitre assay plate method (REMA) with and without efflux pump inhibitors carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and verapamil. RESULTS In recombinant strains of M. tuberculosis, the overexpression of this gene led to an increase in MIC of anti-tubercular drugs isoniazid and ethambutol when tested by REMA. In the presence of CCCP and verapamil, the recombinant strains showed decrease in MIC for these drugs. Bioinformatic analysis has shown a close relation of JefA protein with drug efflux pumps of other clinically relevant bacteria. In homology derived structure prepared from nearest available model, it was observed that amino acids forming TMH 1, 8 and 11 participated in ethambutol specificity and those forming TMH 2, 7 and 10 participated in isoniazid specificity in JefA. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The increased transcription of jefA leads to increased resistance to ethambutol and isoniazid in M. tuberculosis via efflux pump like mechanism and contributes in the development of resistance to these drugs. JefA amino acid sequence is well conserved among clinically important bacterial genera, which further provides evidence of being a potent drug efflux pump. The involvement in drug resistance and very little homology with any of the human proteins makes JefA important to be included in the list of potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
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Dayal R, Senthilkumar P, Katoch VM, Chauhan DS, Yadav NK. Diagnostic value of real time PCR for neurotuberculosis. Indian Pediatr 2010; 47:631-632. [PMID: 20683119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Sharma R, Lavania M, Chauhan DS, Katoch K, Katoch VM. Potential of a metabolic gene (accA3) of M. leprae as a marker for leprosy reactions. Indian J Lepr 2009; 81:141-148. [PMID: 20509343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism(s) of reactions in leprosy remains a challenging task for both clinicians and basic scientists. While there is some understanding of host processes associated with different type of lepra reactions, there is very little information about bacterial factors triggering these inflammatory processes. This study is continuation of our earlier research programme on leprosy genomics in which significant transcription of 11 genes was observed during active disease and these included accA3 gene. In present study, we have investigated the potential of this gene or its gene product as molecular and or immunological marker for studying the reactions. Using quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR significant higher expression (mean log2 ratio=3.39) of accA3 was observed in specimens from leprosy reaction cases compared with cases without reactions. in silico homology model of this protein was analyzed for hydrophilic and B-cell epitope regions. Peptides with maximum antigenecity were selected, cloned, expressed and used to study sero-reactivity across the disease spectrum by indirect ELISA. While sero-reactivity was observed in leprosy cases the antibody levels did not vary significantly between the patient/s of same clinical type with and without reaction thereby indicating the limitation of this approach for this purpose. Measurement of transcription of this gene has, thus, potential as a molecular marker for monitoring the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Dr M Miyazaki Marg, Tajganj, Agra-282 001, India
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Dave S, Faujdar J, Kumar P, Gupta P, Das R, Parasher D, Chauhan DS, Natrajan M, Gupta UD, Katoch VM. Comparative growth pattern of multi drug resistance versus susceptible isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice lungs. Indian J Med Res 2009; 130:58-62. [PMID: 19700802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Rise in prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in tubercle bacilli is a serious cause of concern. As mutations with two house keeping genes rpoB and katG are associated with resistance to two important anti-tubercular drugs rifampicin and isoniazid respectively, there is a need to understand the growth kinetics of organisms with such mutated genes in experimental animals. This study was undertaken to study the growth kinetics of susceptible as well multi-drug resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in mice. METHODS Two MDR (having mutations in rpoB and catG) and two drug susceptible isolates of M. tuberculosis along with H37Rv were grown in mice after aerogenic infection. RESULTS The MDR isolates grew slowly up to 3 wk though the growth was significantly different from sensitive strains. However, after 3 wk, the growth in sensitive as well MDR strains was similar, suggesting that even the mutations in the MDR strains did not have any impact on the growth kinetics. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The effect of mutations in other parts of these genes need to be studied. Retention of property of MDR strains to establish infection after aerogenic infection has epidemiological significance in terms of the transmission of MDR tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Dave
- Experimental Animal Facility, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
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Singh M, Chauhan DS, Gupta P, Das R, Srivastava RK, Upadhyay P, Singh P, Srivastava K, Faujdar J, Jaudaun GPS, Yadav VS, Sharma VD, Venkatesan K, Sachan S, Sachan P, Katoch K, Katoch VM. In vitro effect of fluoroquinolones against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Agra & Kanpur region of north India. Indian J Med Res 2009; 129:542-547. [PMID: 19675382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are important drugs used for treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis and are also now being considered as first line drugs to shorten the duration of treatment of tuberculosis (TB). In order to find out useful FQs for treatment of tuberculosis, the comparative efficacy of five FQs, namely, ofloxacin (OFL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), sparfloxacin (SPX), gatifloxacin (GAT) and levofloxacin (LEVX) was studied against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates obtained from both treated and untreated patients from Agra and Kanpur regions of north India. METHODS A total of 162 MTB isolates [including 110 MTB isolates obtained from untreated patients (Cat-I) and 52 isolates from treated patients (Cat-II)] were tested for their susceptibilities to FQs using standard minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method on Löwenstein-Jensen medium. RESULTS Keeping in view the therapeutically achievable drug levels, it was found that in Cat-I 97.2 per cent (107/110) isolates were sensitive to GAT, 89 per cent (98/110) to LEVX at 1 microg/ml whereas 92.7 per cent (102/110) isolates were inhibited by OFL at 2 microg/ml and 73.6 per cent (81/110) to SPX at 0.5 microg/ml. Only 63.6 per cent (70/110) isolates were found to be sensitive to CIP at 2 microg/ml which increased to 89 per cent (98/110) at 4 microg/ml (higher than achievable peak serum level). On the other hand, among 52 isolates for Cat-II, 37 (71.2%) were found to be sensitive to GAT and 33 (63.5%) to LEVX at 1 microg/ml concentration, 28 (53.8%) to SPX at 0.5 microg/ml whereas 33 (63.5%) and 24 (46.2%) isolates were found to be sensitive to OFL and CIP at 2 microg/ml, respectively. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION It appears that GAT has higher activity against MTB isolates followed by OFL, LEVX and SPX whereas CIP showed the lowest activity. GAT was also found to be the most effective FQ against multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates both from Cat-I and Cat-II patients. Thus, except CIP, other FQs showed potential to be included in the treatment regimens of tuberculosis including MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mradula Singh
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
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Parashar D, Das R, Chauhan DS, Sharma VD, Lavania M, Yadav VS, Chauhan SVS, Katoch VM. Identification of environmental mycobacteria isolated from Agra, north India by conventional & molecular approaches. Indian J Med Res 2009; 129:424-431. [PMID: 19535838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Several environmental mycobacteria have been shown to be important human pathogens linked to immunomodulation especially in relation to effect on vaccination. Hence identification of mycobacteria to the species level is not only relevant to patient management but also to understand epidemiology of mycobacterial diseases and effect on vaccination. We undertook this study to assess the usefulness of various conventional and molecular methods in identification of environmental mycobacterial species from Agra, north India. METHODS One hundred nineteen isolates of environmental mycobacteria were grown from 291 (116 soil and 175 water) samples. These isolates were identified by standard biochemical tests, and a simple, rapid and cost-effective in-house developed gene amplification restriction analysis targeting 16S-23S rRNA spacer and flanking region and 16S rRNA sequencing. RESULTS Biochemical tests could clearly identify only 68.1 per cent (81/119) of isolates to species level. An in-house developed gene amplification--restriction analysis method could confirm the identity of 102 of 119 (85.7%) isolates and the remaining 17 isolates (14.3%) were confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing also. These 119 environmental mycobacterial isolates, included several potentially pathogenic species such as M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. avium, M. marinum, M. manitobense, M. kansasii and others belonged to nonpathogenic species, M. terrae, M. smegmatis and M. flavescens. M. chelonae was isolated from water samples only whereas M. fortuitum was isolated from both water as well as soil samples. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The in-house developed gene amplification restriction analysis method though failed to accurately identify 14.3 per cent of isolates, facilitated rapid differentiation of most of environmental mycobacteria including potential pathogens from this area and thus would have diagnostic potential in cases with NTM infections. This combination strategy using PCR-RFLP and 16S rRNA sequencing may be useful for characterization of mycobacteria from similar environmental settings from other parts of world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Parashar
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
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Das R, Gupta P, Singh P, Chauhan DS, Katoch K, Katoch VM. Association of mutations in rpsL gene with high degree of streptomycin resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in India. Indian J Med Res 2009; 129:108-110. [PMID: 19287069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
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Dayal R, Singh A, Katoch VM, Joshi B, Chauhan DS, Singh P, Kumar G, Sharma VD. Serological diagnosis of tuberculosis. Indian J Pediatr 2008; 75:1219-21. [PMID: 19057856 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-008-0222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of ELISA for the detection of IgG antibodies against antigen 85 complex (Ag 85 complex) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. METHODS Children of either sex, 0-18 years of age, attending the outpatient department and admitted in the casualty and wards of the Department of Pediatrics, S.N. Medical College, Agra, were included in present study. The study was carried out on children with pulmonary and CNS tuberculosis along with matching controls (83 cases and 32 controls). Informed consents of their parents or guardians were taken. They were subjected to clinical examination, relevant laboratory investigations, tuberculin test and chest radiograph. Relevant body fluids were subjected to bacteriological tests; ELISA was applied to serum samples for detection of IgG antibodies against antigen 85 complex (Ag85). The result of ELISA was compared with bacteriological tests [Ziehl Neelson (ZN) staining for acid-fast bacilli, culture on Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) medium and culture on BacT/Alert 3D system]. RESULTS ELISA tests showed a significantly higher sensitivity (59.1%) as compared with LJ medium culture method (19.3%), BacT/Alert 3D system (24.1%) and ZN staining (16.9%) in all patients (p<0.001). Specificity of ELISA test was 71.9%. CONCLUSION In view of the convenience, low cost and good sensitivity, ELISA tests have a promising future in the diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dayal
- Department of Pediatrics, S.N. Medical College and National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India.
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Sharma R, Lavania M, Katoch K, Chauhan DS, Gupta AK, Gupta UD, Yadav VS, Katoch VM. Development and evaluation of real-time RT-PCR assay for quantitative estimation of viable Mycobacterium leprae in clinical samples. Indian J Lepr 2008; 80:315-321. [PMID: 20329380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Detection of live organisms by molecular methods has special significance in leprosy where causative organism can not be cultivated in vitro. Such techniques would be especially important for monitoring the progress of the disease. While real-time RT- PCR technology will be appropriate for this purpose, there is very little experience of use of such tools in leprosy. This study describes the development of a quantitative RT-PCR targeting 16S rRNA based on primers used in a semi quantitative RT-PCR and its application on clinical samples including slit scraping and biopsies. RNA was extracted from biopsies from 3 lepromatous leprosy (LL) cases and standard curve was generated by plotting crossing over point against the dilutions of input RNA quantity (number of bacilli used for RNA extraction). Real-time RT-PCR was performed for quantitative detection of live M. leprae in 28 slit (13/28 smear positive) scrappings and 32 biopsies (22/32 smear positive). Number of viable bacteria as estimated by solid stained bacilli and real-time PCR correlated (no difference p>0.05). The test achieved a theoretical analytical sensitivity limit of up to single live bacillus even considering 11.3% efficiency of RNA preparation which was calculated by spiking of known number of leprosy bacilli in non leprosy skin biopsies (PCR negative). All smear positive cases were positive by this assay. This assay appears to be a promising tool for detection and quantification of viable bacilli in selected clinical situations and should be of use even in smear negative cases also.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobaceterial Diseases (ICMR), Dr M Miyazaki Marg, Tajganj, Agra - 28200 I, India
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Lavania M, Katoch K, Parashar D, Sharma P, Das R, Chauhan DS, Sharma VD, Katoch VM. Predominance of Mycobacterium fortuitum-chelonae complex in Ghatampur field area, endemic for leprosy. Indian J Lepr 2008; 80:323-330. [PMID: 20329381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are commonly found in the environment. As exposure to environmental mycobacteria has been reported to immunomodulatory in this study, the presence of environmental mycobacteria was investigated in soil, drinking water and drainage sample in Ghatampur, India, which is known for high endemicity for leprosy. Soil, drinking water from the hand pumps/wells and also drainage water collected in pools was collected in clean containers and cultured for environmental mycobacteria. Samples were processed according to the protocol established earlier. 69 soil, 62 drinking water and 31 drainage water samples were analysed from soil and water collected from 48 villages of this field area. After decontamination, cultures were set upon Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) medium. Mycobacteria were identified using biochemical tests and molecular techniques such as PCR-RFLP targeting hsp65 kD and rpoB region as well as 16S ribosomal sequencing in case of isolates showing variable biochemical features. NTM (non-tubercular mycobacteria) were isolated from 47.82% of soil samples, 20.69% of drinking water samples and 19.35% of the drainage water samples, overall mycobacteria could be isolated 52/162 of samples (32.09%). Among these mycobacteria, M. fortuitum-chelonae complex was predominant in this area; other species isolated were M. phlei, M. vaccae, M. terrae and M. flavescens. Relevance of exposure to these mycobacteria on endemicity needs to be studied by immunological and epidemiological parameters.
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MESH Headings
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Chaperonin 60/chemistry
- Chaperonin 60/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Endemic Diseases
- Humans
- India/epidemiology
- Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/epidemiology
- Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/microbiology
- Mycobacterium chelonae/genetics
- Mycobacterium chelonae/isolation & purification
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Rural Population
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Soil Microbiology
- Water Microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lavania
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobaceterial Diseases (ICMR), Dr M Miyazaki Marg, Tajganj, Agra - 28200 I, India
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Srivastava K, Chauhan DS, Gupta P, Singh HB, Sharma VD, Yadav VS, Thakral SS, Dharamdheeran JS, Nigam P, Prasad HK, Katoch VM. Isolation of Mycobacterium bovis & M. tuberculosis from cattle of some farms in north India--possible relevance in human health. Indian J Med Res 2008; 128:26-31. [PMID: 18820355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Infection due to Mycobacterium bovis typically occurs in cattle and animals transmit infection to each other. The choice of appropriate clinical specimen is very important for isolation of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis from cattle. The present study reports the isolation of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis from different types of specimens from cattle suspected to be suffering from tuberculosis in certain organized cattle farms in north India. METHODS A total of 768 specimens (heparinized or EDTA containing blood (162), fine needle aspirates from prescapular lymph gland (PSLG,160), milk (154), pharyngeal swab (PhS, 98), rectal pinch (RP, 97) and faecal sample (97) from 161 cattle of organized cattle farms in north India suspected to be suffering from tuberculosis were analyzed. After decontamination by modified Petroff's method isolation of M.tuberculosis complex was done on Lowenstein-Jensen medium (with and without pyruvate). The culture isolates were identified as M. tuberculosis and M. bovis on the basis of biochemical tests. RESULTS A total of 54 M. tuberculosis complex isolates were obtained, of them 40 were identified as M.bovis and 14 as M. tuberculosis. M.bovis were isolated from 12 of 38 animals in group A (Tuberculin +ve with signs of tuberculosis), 7 of 37 animals in group B (Tuberculin +ve and apparently healthy), 9 of 21 group C animals in (Tuberculin -ve with clinical signs of tuberculosis), 4 of 26 animals in group D (Tuberculin -ve and apparently healthy), 4 of 27 group E animals (having non-mycobacterial infection) and 4 of 12 animals in group F (having clinical signs such as debilitated condition, cough, decreasing milk production, etc). Maximum number of M. bovis (19/40, 47.5%) and M. tuberculosis (5/14, 35.7%) isolates were grown from prescapular lymph gland biopsy (PSLG) followed by blood from which 9/40 (22.5%) M. bovis and 4/14 (28.5%) M. tuberculosis were isolated. M. bovis [6/40(15%)] and M. tuberculosis [4/14(28.5%)] were also isolated from milk. Only 3/40 (7.5%) isolates of M.bovis could be isolated from 97 rectal pinch followed by 98 pharyngeal swab 2/40 (5%) and 97 fecal samples 1/40 (2.5%) while 1/14 (7.1%) M.tuberculosis isolates were obtained from pharyngeal swab. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Among the samples analyzed, PSLG was found to be most suitable specimen for isolation of M. tuberculosis complex from cattle and is thus of diagnostic importance. M. bovis in milk indicates the need to investigate the transmission to human in such settings. Isolation of M. bovis and/or M. tuberculosis from apparently healthy cattle indicates sub-clinical infection in the herd. Further, isolation of a significant number of M. tuberculosis from cattle suggests possible human-to-cattle transmission which need to be confirmed by prospective studies including tools like DNA fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Srivastava
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajgang Agra, India
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Parashar D, Das R, Sharma VD, Chauhan DS, Katoch VM. Pathogenic rapidly growing: Mycobacterium manitobense in the environment of Agra, north India. Indian J Med Res 2007; 126:230-232. [PMID: 18037720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic value of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization. METHODS This prospective study was carried out in 22 patients RESULTS The histopathological examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis in 27.2% cases only. In situ hybridization showed a positivity of 42.8% in early (I/BT) and 46.7% in BB/BL group. In situ hybridization thus enhanced the diagnosis by 18.1%. PCR targeting 36 kDa gene of M. leprae was performed on 15 cases. In these 15 cases, histopathology confirmed the diagnosis in 4 cases (26.6%) and PCR confirmed the diagnosis in 10 cases (66.6%), thus enhancing the diagnosis by 40%. CONCLUSION 36 kDa PCR and in situ hybridization enhance the diagnosis of leprosy when compared to routine histopathology. They are important diagnostic tools for definitive diagnosis in early and doubtful cases of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dayal
- Department of Pediatrics, S.N. Medical College, Agra, India.
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Singh HB, Chauhan DS, Faujdar J, Upadhyay P, Saxena N, Yadav VS, Kumar A, Ahmed I, Katoch VM, Sharma VD. Tracing transmission of tuberculosis by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis within same family & neighbourhood. Indian J Med Res 2007; 126:82-4. [PMID: 17890814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
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