1
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Simon NM, Kim Y, Bautista DM, Dutton JR, Brem RB. Stem cell transcriptional profiles from mouse subspecies reveal cis-regulatory evolution at translation genes. bioRxiv 2024:2023.07.18.549406. [PMID: 37503246 PMCID: PMC10370129 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.18.549406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A key goal of evolutionary genomics is to harness molecular data to draw inferences about selective forces that have acted on genomes. The field progresses in large part through the development of advanced molecular-evolution analysis methods. Here we explored the intersection between classical sequence-based tests for selection and an empirical expression-based approach, using stem cells from Mus musculus subspecies as a model. Using a test of directional, cis-regulatory evolution across genes in pathways, we discovered a unique program of induction of translation genes in stem cells of the Southeast Asian mouse M. m. castaneus relative to its sister taxa. As a complement, we used sequence analyses to find population-genomic signatures of selection in M. m. castaneus, at the upstream regions of the translation genes, including at transcription factor binding sites. We interpret our data under a model of changes in lineage-specific pressures across Mus musculus in stem cells with high translational capacity. Together, our findings underscore the rigor of integrating expression and sequence-based methods to generate hypotheses about evolutionary events from long ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah M. Simon
- Biology of Aging Doctoral Program, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Yujin Kim
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Diana M. Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rachel B. Brem
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
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2
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Mali SS, Silva R, Gong Z, Cronce M, Vo U, Vuong C, Moayedi Y, Cox JS, Bautista DM. SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease activates nociceptors to drive sneeze and pain. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.10.575114. [PMID: 38260476 PMCID: PMC10802627 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.575114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, triggers symptoms such as sneezing, aches and pain.1 These symptoms are mediated by a subset of sensory neurons, known as nociceptors, that detect noxious stimuli, densely innervate the airway epithelium, and interact with airway resident epithelial and immune cells.2-6 However, the mechanisms by which viral infection activates these neurons to trigger pain and airway reflexes are unknown. Here, we show that the coronavirus papain-like protease (PLpro) directly activates airway-innervating trigeminal and vagal nociceptors in mice and human iPSC-derived nociceptors. PLpro elicits sneezing and acute pain in mice and triggers the release of neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from airway afferents. We find that PLpro-induced sneeze and pain requires the host TRPA1 ion channel that has been previously demonstrated to mediate pain, cough, and airway inflammation.7-9 Our findings are the first demonstration of a viral product that directly activates sensory neurons to trigger pain and airway reflexes and highlight a new role for PLpro and nociceptors in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali S. Mali
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Ricardo Silva
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Zhongyan Gong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Michael Cronce
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Uyen Vo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Cliff Vuong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Yalda Moayedi
- Pain Research Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY
| | - Jeffery S. Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Diana M. Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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3
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Wimalasena NK, Milner G, Silva R, Vuong C, Zhang Z, Bautista DM, Woolf CJ. Dissecting the precise nature of itch-evoked scratching. Neuron 2021; 109:3075-3087.e2. [PMID: 34411514 PMCID: PMC8497439 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Itch is a discrete and irritating sensation tightly coupled to a drive to scratch. Acute scratching developed evolutionarily as an adaptive defense against skin irritants, pathogens, or parasites. In contrast, the itch-scratch cycle in chronic itch is harmful, inducing escalating itch and skin damage. Clinically and preclinically, scratching incidence is currently evaluated as a unidimensional motor parameter and believed to reflect itch severity. We propose that scratching, when appreciated as a complex, multidimensional motor behavior, will yield greater insight into the nature of itch and the organization of neural circuits driving repetitive motor patterns. We outline the limitations of standard measurements of scratching in rodent models and present new approaches to observe and quantify itch-evoked scratching. We argue that accurate quantitative measurements of scratching are critical for dissecting the molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms underlying itch and for preclinical development of therapeutic interventions for acute and chronic itch disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivanthika K Wimalasena
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George Milner
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ricardo Silva
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cliff Vuong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zihe Zhang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Hellen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Wan SJ, Datta A, Flandrin O, Metruccio MME, Ma S, Nieto V, Kroken AR, Hill RZ, Bautista DM, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SMJ. Nerve-associated transient receptor potential ion channels can contribute to intrinsic resistance to bacterial adhesion in vivo. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21899. [PMID: 34569661 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100874r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cornea of the eye differs from other mucosal surfaces in that it lacks a viable bacterial microbiome and by its unusually high density of sensory nerve endings. Here, we explored the role of corneal nerves in preventing bacterial adhesion. Pharmacological and genetic methods were used to inhibit the function of corneal sensory nerves or their associated transient receptor potential cation channels TRPA1 and TRPV1. Impacts on bacterial adhesion, resident immune cells, and epithelial integrity were examined using fluorescent labeling and quantitative confocal imaging. TRPA1/TRPV1 double gene-knockout mice were more susceptible to adhesion of environmental bacteria and to that of deliberately-inoculated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Supporting the involvement of TRPA1/TRPV1-expressing corneal nerves, P. aeruginosa adhesion was also promoted by treatment with bupivacaine, or ablation of TRPA1/TRPV1-expressing nerves using RTX. Moreover, TRPA1/TRPV1-dependent defense was abolished by enucleation which severs corneal nerves. High-resolution imaging showed normal corneal ultrastructure and surface-labeling by wheat-germ agglutinin for TRPA1/TRPV1 knockout murine corneas, and intact barrier function by absence of fluorescein staining. P. aeruginosa adhering to corneas after perturbation of nerve or TRPA1/TRPV1 function failed to penetrate the surface. Single gene-knockout mice showed roles for both TRPA1 and TRPV1, with TRPA1-/- more susceptible to P. aeruginosa adhesion while TRPV1-/- corneas instead accumulated environmental bacteria. Corneal CD45+/CD11c+ cell responses to P. aeruginosa challenge, previously shown to counter bacterial adhesion, also depended on TRPA1/TRPV1 and sensory nerves. Together, these results demonstrate roles for corneal nerves and TRPA1/TRPV1 in corneal resistance to bacterial adhesion in vivo and suggest that the mechanisms involve resident immune cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Wan
- Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ananya Datta
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Orneika Flandrin
- Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Sophia Ma
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Vincent Nieto
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Abby R Kroken
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Rose Z Hill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David J Evans
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Suzanne M J Fleiszig
- Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,Graduate Groups in Microbiology and Infectious Diseases & Immunity, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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5
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Kern DM, Sorum B, Mali SS, Hoel CM, Sridharan S, Remis JP, Toso DB, Kotecha A, Bautista DM, Brohawn SG. Author Correction: Cryo-EM structure of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a in lipid nanodiscs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:702. [PMID: 34285420 PMCID: PMC8294294 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00642-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M Kern
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ben Sorum
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sonali S Mali
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Hoel
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Savitha Sridharan
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Remis
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel B Toso
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Stephen G Brohawn
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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6
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Kern DM, Sorum B, Mali SS, Hoel CM, Sridharan S, Remis JP, Toso DB, Kotecha A, Bautista DM, Brohawn SG. Cryo-EM structure of the SARS-CoV-2 3a ion channel in lipid nanodiscs. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 32587976 PMCID: PMC7310636 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.17.156554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 encodes three putative ion channels: E, 8a, and 3a1,2. 3a is expressed in SARS patient tissue and anti-3a antibodies are observed in patient plasma3–6. 3a has been implicated in viral release7, inhibition of autophagy8, inflammasome activation9, and cell death10,11 and its deletion reduces viral titer and morbidity in mice1, raising the possibility that 3a could be an effective vaccine or therapeutic target3,12. Here, we present the first cryo-EM structures of SARS-CoV-2 3a to 2.1 Å resolution and demonstrate 3a forms an ion channel in reconstituted liposomes. The structures in lipid nanodiscs reveal 3a dimers and tetramers adopt a novel fold with a large polar cavity that spans halfway across the membrane and is accessible to the cytosol and the surrounding bilayer through separate water- and lipid-filled openings. Electrophysiology and fluorescent ion imaging experiments show 3a forms Ca2+-permeable non-selective cation channels. We identify point mutations that alter ion permeability and discover polycationic inhibitors of 3a channel activity. We find 3a-like proteins in multiple Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus lineages that infect bats and humans. These data show 3a forms a functional ion channel that may promote COVID-19 pathogenesis and suggest targeting 3a could broadly treat coronavirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Kern
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ben Sorum
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Sonali S Mali
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christopher M Hoel
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Savitha Sridharan
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan P Remis
- California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daniel B Toso
- California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stephen G Brohawn
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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7
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Hill RZ, Bautista DM. Getting in Touch with Mechanical Pain Mechanisms. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:311-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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8
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Walsh CM, Hill RZ, Schwendinger-Schreck J, Deguine J, Brock EC, Kucirek N, Rifi Z, Wei J, Gronert K, Brem RB, Barton GM, Bautista DM. Neutrophils promote CXCR3-dependent itch in the development of atopic dermatitis. eLife 2019; 8:48448. [PMID: 31631836 PMCID: PMC6884397 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic itch remains a highly prevalent disorder with limited treatment options. Most chronic itch diseases are thought to be driven by both the nervous and immune systems, but the fundamental molecular and cellular interactions that trigger the development of itch and the acute-to-chronic itch transition remain unknown. Here, we show that skin-infiltrating neutrophils are key initiators of itch in atopic dermatitis, the most prevalent chronic itch disorder. Neutrophil depletion significantly attenuated itch-evoked scratching in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Neutrophils were also required for several key hallmarks of chronic itch, including skin hyperinnervation, enhanced expression of itch signaling molecules, and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, activity-induced genes, and markers of neuropathic itch. Finally, we demonstrate that neutrophils are required for induction of CXCL10, a ligand of the CXCR3 receptor that promotes itch via activation of sensory neurons, and we find that that CXCR3 antagonism attenuates chronic itch. Chronic itch is a debilitating disorder that can last for months or years. Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is the most common cause for chronic itch, affecting one in ten people worldwide. Many treatments for the condition are ineffective, and the exact cause of the disease is unknown, but many different types of cells are likely involved. These include skin cells and inflammation-promoting immune cells, as well as nerve cells that detect inflammation, relay itch and pain information to the brain, and regulate the immune system. Learning more about how these cells interact in eczema may help scientists find better treatments for the condition. So far, a lot of research has focused on static ‘snapshots’ of mature eczema lesions from human skin or animal models. These studies have identified abnormalities in genes or cells, but have not revealed how these genes and cells interact over time to cause chronic itch and inflammation. Now, Walsh et al. reveal that immune cells called neutrophils trigger chronic itch in eczema. The experiments involved mice with a condition that mimics eczema, and showed that removing the neutrophils in these mice alleviated their itching. They also showed that dramatic and rapid changes occur in the nervous system of mice suffering from the eczema-like condition. For example, excess nerves grow in the animals’ damaged skin, genes in the nerves that detect sensations become hyperactive, and changes occur in the spinal cord that have been linked to nerve pain. When neutrophils are absent, these changes do not take place. These findings show that neutrophils play a key role in chronic itch and inflammation in eczema. Drugs that target neutrophils, which are already used to treat other diseases, might help with chronic itch, but they would need to be tested before they can be used on people with eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Walsh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Rose Z Hill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | | | - Jacques Deguine
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Emily C Brock
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Natalie Kucirek
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Ziad Rifi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Jessica Wei
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Rachel B Brem
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, United States
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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9
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Hill RZ, Bautista DM. A TREK to Translate Genetics to Mechanisms of Migraine. Neuron 2019; 101:193-195. [PMID: 30653930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Royal et al. (2018) find that a mutant form of the TRESK ion channel linked to migraine undergoes alternative translation to produce an inhibitory protein that blocks TREK channels, leading to neuronal hyperexcitability and migraine in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Z Hill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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10
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11
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Hill RZ, Hoffman BU, Morita T, Campos SM, Lumpkin EA, Brem RB, Bautista DM. The signaling lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates mechanical pain. eLife 2018; 7:e33285. [PMID: 29561262 PMCID: PMC5896955 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons mediate responses to diverse mechanical stimuli, from innocuous touch to noxious pain. While recent studies have identified distinct populations of A mechanonociceptors (AMs) that are required for mechanical pain, the molecular underpinnings of mechanonociception remain unknown. Here, we show that the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P Receptor 3 (S1PR3) are critical regulators of acute mechanonociception. Genetic or pharmacological ablation of S1PR3, or blockade of S1P production, significantly impaired the behavioral response to noxious mechanical stimuli, with no effect on responses to innocuous touch or thermal stimuli. These effects are mediated by fast-conducting A mechanonociceptors, which displayed a significant decrease in mechanosensitivity in S1PR3 mutant mice. We show that S1PR3 signaling tunes mechanonociceptor excitability via modulation of KCNQ2/3 channels. Our findings define a new role for S1PR3 in regulating neuronal excitability and establish the importance of S1P/S1PR3 signaling in the setting of mechanical pain thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Z Hill
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Benjamin U Hoffman
- Department of Physiology and Cellular BiophysicsColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramColumbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Takeshi Morita
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | | | - Ellen A Lumpkin
- Department of Physiology and Cellular BiophysicsColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
- Neurobiology CourseMarine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
| | - Rachel B Brem
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovatoUnited States
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Neurobiology CourseMarine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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12
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Miller MR, Mannowetz N, Iavarone AT, Safavi R, Gracheva EO, Smith JF, Hill RZ, Bautista DM, Kirichok Y, Lishko PV. Unconventional endocannabinoid signaling governs sperm activation via the sex hormone progesterone. Science 2016; 352:555-9. [PMID: 26989199 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad6887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Steroids regulate cell proliferation, tissue development, and cell signaling via two pathways: a nuclear receptor mechanism and genome-independent signaling. Sperm activation, egg maturation, and steroid-induced anesthesia are executed via the latter pathway, the key components of which remain unknown. Here, we present characterization of the human sperm progesterone receptor that is conveyed by the orphan enzyme α/β hydrolase domain-containing protein 2 (ABHD2). We show that ABHD2 is highly expressed in spermatozoa, binds progesterone, and acts as a progesterone-dependent lipid hydrolase by depleting the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) from plasma membrane. The 2AG inhibits the sperm calcium channel (CatSper), and its removal leads to calcium influx via CatSper and ensures sperm activation. This study reveals that progesterone-activated endocannabinoid depletion by ABHD2 is a general mechanism by which progesterone exerts its genome-independent action and primes sperm for fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nadja Mannowetz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anthony T Iavarone
- QB3/Chemistry Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rojin Safavi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elena O Gracheva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology; Department of Neuroscience, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair (CNNR), Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - James F Smith
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rose Z Hill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yuriy Kirichok
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Polina V Lishko
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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13
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Abstract
An assortment of touch receptors innervate the skin and encode different tactile features of the environment. Compared with invertebrate touch and other sensory systems, our understanding of the molecular and cellular underpinnings of mammalian touch lags behind. Two recent breakthroughs have accelerated progress. First, an arsenal of cell-type-specific molecular markers allowed the functional and anatomical properties of sensory neurons to be matched, thereby unraveling a cellular code for touch. Such markers have also revealed key roles of non-neuronal cell types, such as Merkel cells and keratinocytes, in touch reception. Second, the discovery of Piezo genes as a new family of mechanically activated channels has fueled the discovery of molecular mechanisms that mediate and mechanotransduction in mammalian touch receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Walsh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
| | - Ellen A Lumpkin
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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14
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Morita T, McClain SP, Batia LM, Pellegrino M, Wilson SR, Kienzler MA, Lyman K, Olsen ASB, Wong JF, Stucky CL, Brem RB, Bautista DM. HTR7 Mediates Serotonergic Acute and Chronic Itch. Neuron 2015; 87:124-38. [PMID: 26074006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic itch is a prevalent and debilitating condition for which few effective therapies are available. We harnessed the natural variation across genetically distinct mouse strains to identify transcripts co-regulated with itch behavior. This survey led to the discovery of the serotonin receptor HTR7 as a key mediator of serotonergic itch. Activation of HTR7 promoted opening of the ion channel TRPA1, which in turn triggered itch behaviors. In addition, acute itch triggered by serotonin or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor required both HTR7 and TRPA1. Aberrant serotonin signaling has long been linked to a variety of human chronic itch conditions, including atopic dermatitis. In a mouse model of atopic dermatitis, mice lacking HTR7 or TRPA1 displayed reduced scratching and skin lesion severity. These data highlight a role for HTR7 in acute and chronic itch and suggest that HTR7 antagonists may be useful for treating a variety of pathological itch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Morita
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shannan P McClain
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Lyn M Batia
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Maurizio Pellegrino
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Sarah R Wilson
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael A Kienzler
- Neurobiology Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Kyle Lyman
- Neurobiology Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | - Justin F Wong
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Cheryl L Stucky
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rachel B Brem
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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15
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Bautista DM. Spicy science: David Julius and the discovery of temperature-sensitive TRP channels. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:135-41. [PMID: 27227012 PMCID: PMC4843893 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1047077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This invited biographical review covers the career of Dr. David Julius and his discovery of thermosensitive TRP channels. Dr. Julius is currently the Morris Herzstein Chair in Molecular Biology and Medicine and Professor and Chair of Physiology at the University of California, San Francisco Medical School. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and has received many distinguished awards for his landmark discoveries of the molecular basis of pain and thermosensation.
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Key Words
- 5-HT3 (also HTR3), 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) Receptor 3
- DRG, dorsal root ganglia
- GABAB, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) B Receptor
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- P2X, Purinergic Receptor P2X
- TRP channel
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- TRPA1, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1
- TRPM8, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 8
- TRPV1, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1
- pain
- sensory neuron
- somatosensation
- thermosensation
- α-MSH, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute; University of California Berkeley ; Berkeley, CA, USA
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16
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Abstract
Keratinocytes are epithelial cells that make up the stratified epidermis of the skin. Recent studies suggest that keratinocytes promote chronic itch. Changes in skin morphology that accompany a variety of chronic itch disorders and the multitude of inflammatory mediators secreted by keratinocytes that target both sensory neurons and immune cells highlight the importance of investigating the connection between keratinocytes and chronic itch. This chapter addresses some of the most recent data and models for the role keratinocytes play in the development and maintenance of chronic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Schwendinger-Schreck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Berkeley, 355 LSA MC#3200, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3200, USA
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17
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Bautista DM, Wilson SR, Hoon MA. Why we scratch an itch: the molecules, cells and circuits of itch. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:175-82. [PMID: 24473265 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Itch is described as an irritating sensation that triggers a desire to scratch. However, this definition hardly seems fitting for the millions of people who suffer from intractable itch. Indeed, the Buddhist philosopher Nāgārjuna more aptly stated, "There is pleasure when an itch is scratched. But to be without an itch is more pleasurable still." Chronic itch is widespread and very difficult to treat. In this review we focus on the molecules, cells and circuits in the peripheral and central nervous systems that drive acute and chronic itch transmission. Understanding the itch circuitry is critical to developing new therapies for this intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Bautista
- 1] Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA. [2] Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sarah R Wilson
- 1] Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA. [2] Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mark A Hoon
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Wilson SR, Thé L, Batia LM, Beattie K, Katibah GE, McClain SP, Pellegrino M, Estandian DM, Bautista DM. The epithelial cell-derived atopic dermatitis cytokine TSLP activates neurons to induce itch. Cell 2013; 155:285-95. [PMID: 24094650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic itch and inflammatory disorder of the skin that affects one in ten people. Patients suffering from severe AD eventually progress to develop asthma and allergic rhinitis, in a process known as the "atopic march." Signaling between epithelial cells and innate immune cells via the cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is thought to drive AD and the atopic march. Here, we report that epithelial cells directly communicate to cutaneous sensory neurons via TSLP to promote itch. We identify the ORAI1/NFAT calcium signaling pathway as an essential regulator of TSLP release from keratinocytes, the primary epithelial cells of the skin. TSLP then acts directly on a subset of TRPA1-positive sensory neurons to trigger robust itch behaviors. Our results support a model whereby calcium-dependent TSLP release by keratinocytes activates both primary afferent neurons and immune cells to promote inflammatory responses in the skin and airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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19
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Tsunozaki M, Lennertz RC, Vilceanu D, Katta S, Stucky CL, Bautista DM. A 'toothache tree' alkylamide inhibits Aδ mechanonociceptors to alleviate mechanical pain. J Physiol 2013; 591:3325-40. [PMID: 23652591 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.252106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In traditional medicine, the 'toothache tree' and other plants of the Zanthoxylum genus have been used to treat inflammatory pain conditions, such as toothache and rheumatoid arthritis. Here we examined the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the analgesic properties of hydroxy-α-sanshool, the active alkylamide produced by Zanthoxylum plants. Consistent with its analgesic effects in humans, sanshool treatment in mice caused a selective attenuation of mechanical sensitivity under naïve and inflammatory conditions, with no effect on thermal sensitivity. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which sanshool attenuates mechanical pain, we performed single fibre recordings, calcium imaging and whole-cell electrophysiology of cultured sensory neurons. We found that: (1) sanshool potently inhibits Aδ mechanonociceptors that mediate both sharp acute pain and inflammatory pain; (2) sanshool inhibits action potential firing by blocking voltage-gated sodium currents in a subset of somatosensory neurons, which express a unique combination of voltage-gated sodium channels; and (3) heterologously expressed Nav1.7 is most strongly inhibited by sanshool as compared to other sodium channels expressed in sensory neurons. These results suggest that sanshool targets voltage-gated sodium channels on Aδ mechanosensory nociceptors to dampen excitability and thus induce 'fast pain' analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsunozaki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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20
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Gerhold KA, Pellegrino M, Tsunozaki M, Morita T, Leitch DB, Tsuruda PR, Brem RB, Catania KC, Bautista DM. The star-nosed mole reveals clues to the molecular basis of mammalian touch. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55001. [PMID: 23383028 PMCID: PMC3559429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying mammalian touch transduction. To identify novel candidate transducers, we examined the molecular and cellular basis of touch in one of the most sensitive tactile organs in the animal kingdom, the star of the star-nosed mole. Our findings demonstrate that the trigeminal ganglia innervating the star are enriched in tactile-sensitive neurons, resulting in a higher proportion of light touch fibers and lower proportion of nociceptors compared to the dorsal root ganglia innervating the rest of the body. We exploit this difference using transcriptome analysis of the star-nosed mole sensory ganglia to identify novel candidate mammalian touch and pain transducers. The most enriched candidates are also expressed in mouse somatosesensory ganglia, suggesting they may mediate transduction in diverse species and are not unique to moles. These findings highlight the utility of examining diverse and specialized species to address fundamental questions in mammalian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Gerhold
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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21
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Abstract
Tissue damage evokes an inflammatory response that promotes the removal of harmful stimuli, tissue repair, and protective behaviors to prevent further damage and encourage healing. However, inflammation may outlive its usefulness and become chronic. Chronic inflammation can lead to a host of diseases, including asthma, itch, rheumatoid arthritis, and colitis. Primary afferent sensory neurons that innervate target organs release inflammatory neuropeptides in the local area of tissue damage to promote vascular leakage, the recruitment of immune cells, and hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli. TRPA1 channels are required for neuronal excitation, the release of inflammatory neuropeptides, and subsequent pain hypersensitivity. TRPA1 is also activated by the release of inflammatory agents from nonneuronal cells in the area of tissue injury or disease. This dual function of TRPA1 as a detector and instigator of inflammatory agents makes TRPA1 a gatekeeper of chronic inflammatory disorders of the skin, airways, and gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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22
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Bautista DM, Lumpkin EA. Perspectives on: information and coding in mammalian sensory physiology: probing mammalian touch transduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 138:291-301. [PMID: 21875978 PMCID: PMC3171080 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201110637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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23
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The L, Wilson SR, Bautista DM. Histamine-Evoked Signaling in Human Primary Keratinocytes. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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24
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Lennertz RC, Tsunozaki M, Bautista DM, Stucky CL. Physiological basis of tingling paresthesia evoked by hydroxy-alpha-sanshool. J Neurosci 2010; 30:4353-61. [PMID: 20335471 PMCID: PMC2852189 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4666-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy-alpha-sanshool, the active ingredient in plants of the prickly ash plant family, induces robust tingling paresthesia by activating a subset of somatosensory neurons. However, the subtypes and physiological function of sanshool-sensitive neurons remain unknown. Here we use the ex vivo skin-nerve preparation to examine the pattern and intensity with which the sensory terminals of cutaneous neurons respond to hydroxy-alpha-sanshool. We found that sanshool excites virtually all D-hair afferents, a distinct subset of ultrasensitive light-touch receptors in the skin and targets novel populations of Abeta and C fiber nerve afferents. Thus, sanshool provides a novel pharmacological tool for discriminating functional subtypes of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. The identification of sanshool-sensitive fibers represents an essential first step in identifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tingling paresthesia that accompanies peripheral neuropathy and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Lennertz
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
| | - Makoto Tsunozaki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Diana M. Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Cheryl L. Stucky
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
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25
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Abstract
The nervous system detects and interprets a wide range of thermal and mechanical stimuli, as well as environmental and endogenous chemical irritants. When intense, these stimuli generate acute pain, and in the setting of persistent injury, both peripheral and central nervous system components of the pain transmission pathway exhibit tremendous plasticity, enhancing pain signals and producing hypersensitivity. When plasticity facilitates protective reflexes, it can be beneficial, but when the changes persist, a chronic pain condition may result. Genetic, electrophysiological, and pharmacological studies are elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underlie detection, coding, and modulation of noxious stimuli that generate pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan I Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Three sensory systems, olfaction, taste, and somatosensation, are dedicated to the detection of chemicals in the environment. Trigeminal somatosensory neurons enable us to detect a wide range of environmental stimuli, including pressure, temperature, and chemical irritants, within the oral and nasal mucosa. Natural plant-derived irritants have served as powerful pharmacological tools for identifying receptors underlying somatosensation. This is illustrated by the use of capsaicin, menthol, and wasabi to identify the heat-sensitive ion channel TRPV1, the cold-sensitive ion channel TRPM8, and the irritant receptor TRPA1, respectively. In addition to TRP channels, members of the two-pore potassium channel family have also been implicated in trigeminal chemosensation. KCNK18 was recently identified as a target for hydroxy-alpha-sanshool, the tingling and numbing compound produced in Schezuan peppers and other members of the Xanthoxylum genus. The role of these channels in trigeminal thermosensation and pain will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Gerhold
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3200, USA
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27
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Abstract
In the mammalian somatosensory system, mechanosensitive neurons mediate the senses of touch and pain. Among sensory modalities, mechanosensation has been the most elusive with regard to the identification of transduction molecules. One factor that has hindered the identification of transduction molecules is the diversity of neurons; physiological studies have revealed many subtypes of neurons, specialized to detect a variety of mechanical stimuli. Do different subtypes use the same transduction molecules that are modified by cellular context? Or, are there multiple mechanotransducers that specialize in sensing different mechanical stimuli? This review highlights recent progress in identifying and characterizing candidate molecular force transducers, as well as the development of new tools to characterize touch transduction at the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsunozaki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Gerhold
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 142 LSA, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
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29
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Bautista DM, Sigal YM, Milstein AD, Garrison JL, Zorn JA, Tsuruda PR, Nicoll RA, Julius D. Pungent agents from Szechuan peppers excite sensory neurons by inhibiting two-pore potassium channels. Nat Neurosci 2008; 11:772-9. [PMID: 18568022 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In traditional folk medicine, Xanthoxylum plants are referred to as 'toothache trees' because their anesthetic or counter-irritant properties render them useful in the treatment of pain. Psychophysical studies have identified hydroxy-alpha-sanshool as the compound most responsible for the unique tingling and buzzing sensations produced by Szechuan peppercorns or other Xanthoxylum preparations. Although it is generally agreed that sanshool elicits its effects by activating somatosensory neurons, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain a matter of debate. Here we show that hydroxy-alpha-sanshool excites two types of sensory neurons, including small-diameter unmyelinated cells that respond to capsaicin (but not mustard oil) as well as large-diameter myelinated neurons that express the neurotrophin receptor TrkC. We found that hydroxy-alpha-sanshool excites neurons through a unique mechanism involving inhibition of pH- and anesthetic-sensitive two-pore potassium channels (KCNK3, KCNK9 and KCNK18), providing a framework for understanding the unique and complex psychophysical sensations associated with the Szechuan pepper experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Bautista
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th St., San Francisco, California 94143-2140, USA
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30
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Trevisani M, Siemens J, Materazzi S, Bautista DM, Nassini R, Campi B, Imamachi N, Andrè E, Patacchini R, Cottrell GS, Gatti R, Basbaum AI, Bunnett NW, Julius D, Geppetti P. 4-Hydroxynonenal, an endogenous aldehyde, causes pain and neurogenic inflammation through activation of the irritant receptor TRPA1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13519-24. [PMID: 17684094 PMCID: PMC1948902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705923104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPA1 is an excitatory ion channel expressed by a subpopulation of primary afferent somatosensory neurons that contain substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Environmental irritants such as mustard oil, allicin, and acrolein activate TRPA1, causing acute pain, neuropeptide release, and neurogenic inflammation. Genetic studies indicate that TRPA1 is also activated downstream of one or more proalgesic agents that stimulate phospholipase C signaling pathways, thereby implicating this channel in peripheral mechanisms controlling pain hypersensitivity. However, it is not known whether tissue injury also produces endogenous proalgesic factors that activate TRPA1 directly to augment inflammatory pain. Here, we report that recombinant or native TRPA1 channels are activated by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), an endogenous alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde that is produced when reactive oxygen species peroxidate membrane phospholipids in response to tissue injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress. HNE provokes release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide from central (spinal cord) and peripheral (esophagus) nerve endings, resulting in neurogenic plasma protein extravasation in peripheral tissues. Moreover, injection of HNE into the rodent hind paw elicits pain-related behaviors that are inhibited by TRPA1 antagonists and absent in animals lacking functional TRPA1 channels. These findings demonstrate that HNE activates TRPA1 on nociceptive neurons to promote acute pain, neuropeptide release, and neurogenic inflammation. Our results also provide a mechanism-based rationale for developing novel analgesic or anti-inflammatory agents that target HNE production or TRPA1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Trevisani
- *Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, Florence University, 4-50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Jan Siemens
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Serena Materazzi
- *Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, Florence University, 4-50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Diana M. Bautista
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Romina Nassini
- *Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, Florence University, 4-50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Barbara Campi
- Centre of Excellence for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Noritaka Imamachi
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology and W. M. Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444
| | - Eunice Andrè
- Centre of Excellence for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Graeme S. Cottrell
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Raffaele Gatti
- Centre of Excellence for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Allan I. Basbaum
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology and W. M. Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444
| | - Nigel W. Bunnett
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - David Julius
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- *Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, Florence University, 4-50121 Florence, Italy
- Centre of Excellence for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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31
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McNamara CR, Mandel-Brehm J, Bautista DM, Siemens J, Deranian KL, Zhao M, Hayward NJ, Chong JA, Julius D, Moran MM, Fanger CM. TRPA1 mediates formalin-induced pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13525-30. [PMID: 17686976 PMCID: PMC1941642 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705924104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 940] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formalin model is widely used for evaluating the effects of analgesic compounds in laboratory animals. Injection of formalin into the hind paw induces a biphasic pain response; the first phase is thought to result from direct activation of primary afferent sensory neurons, whereas the second phase has been proposed to reflect the combined effects of afferent input and central sensitization in the dorsal horn. Here we show that formalin excites sensory neurons by directly activating TRPA1, a cation channel that plays an important role in inflammatory pain. Formalin induced robust calcium influx in cells expressing cloned or native TRPA1 channels, and these responses were attenuated by a previously undescribed TRPA1-selective antagonist. Moreover, sensory neurons from TRPA1-deficient mice lacked formalin sensitivity. At the behavioral level, pharmacologic blockade or genetic ablation of TRPA1 produced marked attenuation of the characteristic flinching, licking, and lifting responses resulting from intraplantar injection of formalin. Our results show that TRPA1 is the principal site of formalin's pain-producing action in vivo, and that activation of this excitatory channel underlies the physiological and behavioral responses associated with this model of pain hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josh Mandel-Brehm
- *Hydra Biosciences, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Diana M. Bautista
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jan Siemens
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kari L. Deranian
- *Hydra Biosciences, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Michael Zhao
- *Hydra Biosciences, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Neil J. Hayward
- *Hydra Biosciences, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Jayhong A. Chong
- *Hydra Biosciences, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - David Julius
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Magdalene M. Moran
- *Hydra Biosciences, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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Abstract
Eimer's organ is a small, densely innervated sensory structure found on the glabrous rhinarium of most talpid moles. This structure consists of an epidermal papilla containing a central circular column of cells associated with intraepidermal free nerve endings, Merkel cell neurite complexes, and lamellated corpuscles. The free nerve endings within the central cell column form a ring invested in the margins of the column, surrounding 1-2 fibers that pass through the center of the column. A group of small-diameter nociceptive free nerve endings that are immunoreactive for substance P surrounds this central ring of larger-diameter free nerve endings. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a high concentration of tonofibrils in the epidermal cells of the central column, suggesting they are more rigid than the surrounding keratinocytes and may play a mechanical role in transducing stimuli to the different receptor terminals. The intraepidermal free nerve endings within the central column begin to degrade 15 microm from the base of the stratum corneum and do not appear to be active within the keratinized outer layer. The peripheral free nerve endings are structurally distinct from their counterparts in the central column and immunocytochemical double labeling with myelin basic protein and substance P indicates these afferents are unmyelinated. Merkel cell-neurite complexes and lamellated corpuscles are similar in morphology to those found in a range of other mammalian skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Marasco
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Bautista DM, Siemens J, Glazer JM, Tsuruda PR, Basbaum AI, Stucky CL, Jordt SE, Julius D. The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold. Nature 2007; 448:204-8. [PMID: 17538622 DOI: 10.1038/nature05910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 927] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sensory nerve fibres can detect changes in temperature over a remarkably wide range, a process that has been proposed to involve direct activation of thermosensitive excitatory transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. One such channel--TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) or cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1)--is activated by chemical cooling agents (such as menthol) or when ambient temperatures drop below approximately 26 degrees C, suggesting that it mediates the detection of cold thermal stimuli by primary afferent sensory neurons. However, some studies have questioned the contribution of TRPM8 to cold detection or proposed that other excitatory or inhibitory channels are more critical to this sensory modality in vivo. Here we show that cultured sensory neurons and intact sensory nerve fibres from TRPM8-deficient mice exhibit profoundly diminished responses to cold. These animals also show clear behavioural deficits in their ability to discriminate between cold and warm surfaces, or to respond to evaporative cooling. At the same time, TRPM8 mutant mice are not completely insensitive to cold as they avoid contact with surfaces below 10 degrees C, albeit with reduced efficiency. Thus, our findings demonstrate an essential and predominant role for TRPM8 in thermosensation over a wide range of cold temperatures, validating the hypothesis that TRP channels are the principal sensors of thermal stimuli in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Bautista
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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34
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Abstract
Allyl isothiocyanate, the pungent principle of wasabi and other mustard oils, produces pain by activating TRPA1, an excitatory ion channel on sensory nerve endings. Isothiocyanates are membrane-permeable electrophiles that form adducts with thiols and primary amines, suggesting that covalent modification, rather than classical lock-and-key binding, accounts for their agonist properties. Indeed, we show that thiol reactive compounds of diverse structure activate TRPA1 in a manner that relies on covalent modification of cysteine residues within the cytoplasmic N terminus of the channel. These findings suggest an unusual paradigm whereby natural products activate a receptor through direct, reversible, and covalent protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hinman
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | | | - Diana M. Bautista
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - David Julius
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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35
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Marasco PD, Tsuruda PR, Bautista DM, Julius D, Catania KC. Neuroanatomical evidence for segregation of nerve fibers conveying light touch and pain sensation in Eimer's organ of the mole. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9339-44. [PMID: 16751268 PMCID: PMC1482611 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603229103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Talpid moles are small insectivores that live in dark underground tunnels. They depend heavily on touch to navigate and find food. Most species have an array of complex epidermal sensory structures called Eimer's organs that cover the tip of the nose. In this study, the anatomy of Eimer's organ was examined in the coast mole and star-nosed mole by using the fluorescent styryl pyridinium dye AM1-43 and immunocytochemical staining for neurofilament 200 and substance P. In addition, DiI was used to label neural components of Eimer's organ. AM1-43 labeled all of the Eimer's organ receptors after systemic injection, suggesting a role in mechanotransduction. Immunostaining with neurofilament 200 and substance P labeled distinct subtypes of sensory fibers. Substance P labeled a group of free nerve endings along the outer edge of Eimer's organ, indicating a nociceptive role for these fibers. In contrast, neurofilament 200 labeled a more central set of nerve endings, suggesting that these fibers function as low-threshold mechanoreceptors. By labeling subsets of trigeminal afferents distant from the receptor array with DiI, we revealed innervation patterns indicating that one afferent supplies the outer, substance P-positive set of free nerve endings, whereas several afferents differentially innervate the central free nerve endings. Our results suggest that the free nerve endings innervating Eimer's organ are largely mechanosensitive and may play an important role in the rapid sensory discrimination observed in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Marasco
- *Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, U1205 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2050
| | - Pamela R. Tsuruda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, Box 2140, 600 16th Street GH N272E, San Francisco, CA 94143-2140; and
| | - Diana M. Bautista
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, Box 2140, 600 16th Street GH N272E, San Francisco, CA 94143-2140; and
| | - David Julius
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, Box 2140, 600 16th Street GH N272E, San Francisco, CA 94143-2140; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Kenneth C. Catania
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B, Box 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235-1634
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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Bautista DM, Jordt SE, Nikai T, Tsuruda PR, Read AJ, Poblete J, Yamoah EN, Basbaum AI, Julius D. TRPA1 mediates the inflammatory actions of environmental irritants and proalgesic agents. Cell 2006; 124:1269-82. [PMID: 16564016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1412] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TRPA1 is an excitatory ion channel targeted by pungent irritants from mustard and garlic. TRPA1 has been proposed to function in diverse sensory processes, including thermal (cold) nociception, hearing, and inflammatory pain. Using TRPA1-deficient mice, we now show that this channel is the sole target through which mustard oil and garlic activate primary afferent nociceptors to produce inflammatory pain. TRPA1 is also targeted by environmental irritants, such as acrolein, that account for toxic and inflammatory actions of tear gas, vehicle exhaust, and metabolic byproducts of chemotherapeutic agents. TRPA1-deficient mice display normal cold sensitivity and unimpaired auditory function, suggesting that this channel is not required for the initial detection of noxious cold or sound. However, TRPA1-deficient mice exhibit pronounced deficits in bradykinin-evoked nociceptor excitation and pain hypersensitivity. Thus, TRPA1 is an important component of the transduction machinery through which environmental irritants and endogenous proalgesic agents depolarize nociceptors to elicit inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Bautista
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Bautista DM, Movahed P, Hinman A, Axelsson HE, Sterner O, Högestätt ED, Julius D, Jordt SE, Zygmunt PM. Pungent products from garlic activate the sensory ion channel TRPA1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:12248-52. [PMID: 16103371 PMCID: PMC1189336 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505356102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic belongs to the Allium family of plants that produce organosulfur compounds, such as allicin and diallyl disulfide (DADS), which account for their pungency and spicy aroma. Many health benefits have been ascribed to Allium extracts, including hypotensive and vasorelaxant activities. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. Intriguingly, allicin and DADS share structural similarities with allyl isothiocyanate, the pungent ingredient in wasabi and other mustard plants that induces pain and inflammation by activating TRPA1, an excitatory ion channel on primary sensory neurons of the pain pathway. Here we show that allicin and DADS excite an allyl isothiocyanate-sensitive subpopulation of sensory neurons and induce vasodilation by activating capsaicin-sensitive perivascular sensory nerve endings. Moreover, allicin and DADS activate the cloned TRPA1 channel when expressed in heterologous systems. These and other results suggest that garlic excites sensory neurons primarily through activation of TRPA1. Thus different plant genera, including Allium and Brassica, have developed evolutionary convergent strategies that target TRPA1 channels on sensory nerve endings to achieve chemical deterrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Bautista
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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38
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Abstract
Mechanoreceptor cells of the somatosensory system initiate the perception of touch and pain. Molecules required for mechanosensation have been identified from invertebrate neurons, and recent functional studies indicate that ion channels of the transient receptor potential and degenerin/epithelial Na+ channel families are likely to be transduction channels. The expression of related channels in mammalian somatosensory neurons has fueled the notion that these channels mediate mechanotransduction in vertebrates; however, genetic disruption and heterologous expression have not yet revealed a direct role for any of these candidates in somatosensory mechanotransduction. Thus, new systems are needed to define the function of these ion channels in somatosensation and to pinpoint molecules or signaling pathways that underlie mechanotransduction in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Lumpkin
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA.
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39
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Abstract
The spatial distribution of Ca(2+) signalling molecules is critical for establishing specific interactions that control Ca(2+) signal generation and transduction. In many cells, close physical coupling of Ca(2+) channels and their targets enables precise and robust activation of effector molecules through local [Ca(2+)](i) elevation in microdomains. In T cells, the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) is a major target of Ca(2+) influx through Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels. Elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) slowly modulates pump activity to ensure the stability and enhance the dynamic nature of Ca(2+) signals. In this study we probed the functional organization of PMCA and CRAC channels in T cells by manipulating Ca(2+) microdomains near CRAC channels and measuring the resultant modulation of PMCAs. The amplitude and spatial extent of microdomains was increased by elevating the rate of Ca(2+) entry, either by raising extracellular [Ca(2+)], by increasing the activity of CRAC channels with 2-aminoethoxyborane (2-APB), or by hyperpolarizing the plasma membrane. Surprisingly, doubling the rate of Ca(2+) influx does not further increase global [Ca(2+)](i) in a substantial fraction of cells, due to a compensatory increase in PMCA activity. The enhancement of PMCA activity without changes in global [Ca(2+)](i) suggests that local [Ca(2+)](i) microdomains near CRAC channels effectively promote PMCA modulation. These results reveal an intimate functional association between CRAC channels and Ca(2+) pumps in the plasma membrane which may play an important role in governing the time course and magnitude of Ca(2+) signals in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Jordt SE, Bautista DM, Chuang HH, McKemy DD, Zygmunt PM, Högestätt ED, Meng ID, Julius D. Mustard oils and cannabinoids excite sensory nerve fibres through the TRP channel ANKTM1. Nature 2004; 427:260-5. [PMID: 14712238 DOI: 10.1038/nature02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1419] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wasabi, horseradish and mustard owe their pungency to isothiocyanate compounds. Topical application of mustard oil (allyl isothiocyanate) to the skin activates underlying sensory nerve endings, thereby producing pain, inflammation and robust hypersensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli. Despite their widespread use in both the kitchen and the laboratory, the molecular mechanism through which isothiocyanates mediate their effects remains unknown. Here we show that mustard oil depolarizes a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons that are also activated by capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in chilli peppers, and by Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of marijuana. Both allyl isothiocyanate and THC mediate their excitatory effects by activating ANKTM1, a member of the TRP ion channel family recently implicated in the detection of noxious cold. These findings identify a cellular and molecular target for the pungent action of mustard oils and support an emerging role for TRP channels as ionotropic cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-2140, USA
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Bautista DM, Hoth M, Lewis RS. Enhancement of calcium signalling dynamics and stability by delayed modulation of the plasma-membrane calcium-ATPase in human T cells. J Physiol 2002; 541:877-94. [PMID: 12068047 PMCID: PMC2290354 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.016154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its homeostatic role of maintaining low resting levels of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+](i)), the plasma-membrane calcium-ATPase (PMCA) may actively contribute to the generation of complex Ca2+ signals. We have investigated the role of the PMCA in shaping Ca2+ signals in Jurkat human leukaemic T cells using single-cell voltage-clamp and calcium-imaging techniques. Crosslinking the T-cell receptor with the monoclonal antibody OKT3 induces a biphasic elevation in [Ca2+](i) consisting of a rapid overshoot to a level > 1 microM, followed by a slow decay to a plateau of approximately 0.5 microM. A similar overshoot was triggered by a constant level of Ca2+ influx through calcium-release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels in thapsigargin-treated cells, due to a delayed increase in the rate of Ca2+ clearance by the PMCA. Following a rise in [Ca2+](i), PMCA activity increased in two phases: a rapid increase followed by a further calcium-dependent increase of up to approximately fivefold over 10-60 s, termed modulation. After the return of [Ca2+](i) to baseline levels, the PMCA recovered slowly from modulation (tau approximately 4 min), effectively retaining a 'memory' of the previous [Ca2+](i) elevation. Using a Michaelis-Menten model with appropriate corrections for cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffering, we found that modulation extended the dynamic range of PMCA activity by increasing both the maximal pump rate and Ca2+ sensitivity (reduction of K(M)). A simple flux model shows how pump modulation and its reversal produce the initial overshoot of the biphasic [Ca2+](i) response. The modulation of PMCA activity enhanced the stability of Ca2+ signalling by adjusting the efflux rate to match influx through CRAC channels, even at high [Ca2+](i) levels that saturate the transport sites and would otherwise render the cell defenceless against additional Ca2+ influx. At the same time, the delay in modulation enables small Ca2+ fluxes to transiently elevate [Ca2+](i), thus enhancing Ca2+ signalling dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
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Holsinger LJ, Graef IA, Swat W, Chi T, Bautista DM, Davidson L, Lewis RS, Alt FW, Crabtree GR. Defects in actin-cap formation in Vav-deficient mice implicate an actin requirement for lymphocyte signal transduction. Curr Biol 1998; 8:563-72. [PMID: 9601640 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(98)70225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen-receptor interactions on lymphocytes result in local clustering of actin, receptors and signaling molecules into an asymmetric membrane structure termed a cap. Although actin polymerization is known to be required, the mechanisms underlying cap formation are unclear. We have studied the events underlying cap formation using mice bearing a null mutation in vav (vav-/-), a gene that encodes a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for the GTPase Rac. RESULTS Lymphocytes from vav-/- mice failed to form T-cell receptor caps following activation and had a defective actin cytoskeleton. The vav-/- T cells were deficient in interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and proliferation, and the peak of Ca2+ mobilization was reduced although of normal duration. Activation of Jun N-terminal kinase or stress-activated kinase (JNK or SAPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the induction of the transcription factor NF-ATc1 and egr-1 genes was normal. Despite the reduced Ca2+ mobilization, translocation of cytoplasmic NF-ATc to the nucleus was normal, reflecting that the lower levels of Ca2+ in vav-/- cells were still sufficient to activate calcineurin. Treatment of lymphocytes with cytochalasin D, which blocks actin polymerization, inhibited cap formation and produced defects in signaling and IL-2 transcriptional induction in response to antigen-receptor signaling that were nearly identical to those seen in vav-/- cells. In transfection studies, either constitutively active Vav or Rac could complement constitutively active calcineurin to activate NF-AT-dependent transcription. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Vav is required for cap formation in lymphocytes. Furthermore, the correlation between cap formation, IL-2 production and proliferation supports the hypothesis that an actin-dependent pathway is a source of specialized growth regulatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Holsinger
- Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
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43
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Bacigalupo J, Bautista DM, Brink DL, Hetzer JF, O'Day PM. Cyclic-GMP enhances light-induced excitation and induces membrane currents in Drosophila retinal photoreceptors. J Neurosci 1995; 15:7196-200. [PMID: 7472474 PMCID: PMC6578040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phototransduction in the Drosophila retina appears to require the phosphoinositide signaling cascade following receptor/G-protein activation. Subsequent opening of membrane cationic channels causes excitation. The biochemical events underlying channel opening and regulation of sensitivity remain largely unknown. Evidence is mounting that phototransduction in Drosophila and other invertebrate species may additionally involve the second messenger, cyclic-GMP (cGMP). We report that exogenous cGMP influenced Drosophila retinal phototransduction in two ways. In whole cell tight-seal voltage-clamp experiments, membrane permeant cGMP analog, 8-bromo-cyclic-GMP (8-Br-cGMP), induced membrane currents and dramatically enhanced light-induced currents. The currents induced by 8-Br-cGMP possessed reversal potentials similar to those induced by light. The magnitudes of cGMP-induced currents exhibited marked dependence on intensity of background illumination. Potential direct or modulatory roles of cGMP in Drosophila phototransduction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bacigalupo
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biologia, Santiago, Chile
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