1
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Broadway-Stringer S, Jiang H, Wadmore K, Hooper C, Douglas G, Steeples V, Azad AJ, Singer E, Reyat JS, Galatik F, Ehler E, Bennett P, Kalisch-Smith JI, Sparrow DB, Davies B, Djinovic-Carugo K, Gautel M, Watkins H, Gehmlich K. Insights into the Role of a Cardiomyopathy-Causing Genetic Variant in ACTN2. Cells 2023; 12:721. [PMID: 36899856 PMCID: PMC10001372 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in ACTN2, coding for alpha-actinin 2, are known to be rare causes of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. However, little is known about the underlying disease mechanisms. Adult heterozygous mice carrying the Actn2 p.Met228Thr variant were phenotyped by echocardiography. For homozygous mice, viable E15.5 embryonic hearts were analysed by High Resolution Episcopic Microscopy and wholemount staining, complemented by unbiased proteomics, qPCR and Western blotting. Heterozygous Actn2 p.Met228Thr mice have no overt phenotype. Only mature males show molecular parameters indicative of cardiomyopathy. By contrast, the variant is embryonically lethal in the homozygous setting and E15.5 hearts show multiple morphological abnormalities. Molecular analyses, including unbiased proteomics, identified quantitative abnormalities in sarcomeric parameters, cell-cycle defects and mitochondrial dysfunction. The mutant alpha-actinin protein is found to be destabilised, associated with increased activity of the ubiquitin-proteasomal system. This missense variant in alpha-actinin renders the protein less stable. In response, the ubiquitin-proteasomal system is activated; a mechanism that has been implicated in cardiomyopathies previously. In parallel, a lack of functional alpha-actinin is thought to cause energetic defects through mitochondrial dysfunction. This seems, together with cell-cycle defects, the likely cause of the death of the embryos. The defects also have wide-ranging morphological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - He Jiang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kirsty Wadmore
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Charlotte Hooper
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Gillian Douglas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Violetta Steeples
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Amar J. Azad
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Evie Singer
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jasmeet S. Reyat
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Frantisek Galatik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Pauline Bennett
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Duncan B. Sparrow
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Transgenic Core, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Kristina Djinovic-Carugo
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Gautel
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Katja Gehmlich
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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2
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Alankarage D, Enriquez A, Steiner RD, Raggio C, Higgins M, Milnes D, Humphreys DT, Duncan EL, Sparrow DB, Giampietro PF, Chapman G, Dunwoodie SL. Myhre syndrome is caused by dominant-negative dysregulation of SMAD4 and other co-factors. Differentiation 2022; 128:1-12. [PMID: 36194927 PMCID: PMC10442510 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Myhre syndrome is a connective tissue disorder characterized by congenital cardiovascular, craniofacial, respiratory, skeletal, and cutaneous anomalies as well as intellectual disability and progressive fibrosis. It is caused by germline variants in the transcriptional co-regulator SMAD4 that localize at two positions within the SMAD4 protein, I500 and R496, with I500 V/T/M variants more commonly identified in individuals with Myhre syndrome. Here we assess the functional impact of SMAD4-I500V variant, identified in two previously unpublished individuals with Myhre syndrome, and provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism of SMAD4-I500V dysfunction. We show that SMAD4-I500V can dimerize, but its transcriptional activity is severely compromised. Our data show that SMAD4-I500V acts dominant-negatively on SMAD4 and on receptor-regulated SMADs, affecting transcription of target genes. Furthermore, SMAD4-I500V impacts the transcription and function of crucial developmental transcription regulator, NKX2-5. Overall, our data reveal a dominant-negative model of disease for SMAD4-I500V where the function of SMAD4 encoded on the remaining allele, and of co-factors, are perturbed by the continued heterodimerization of the variant, leading to dysregulation of TGF and BMP signaling. Our findings not only provide novel insights into the mechanism of Myhre syndrome pathogenesis but also extend the current knowledge of how pathogenic variants in SMAD proteins cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annabelle Enriquez
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Robert D Steiner
- Marshfield Clinic Health System, Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Cathy Raggio
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Pediatrics Orthopedic Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Megan Higgins
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield St, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Di Milnes
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield St, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David T Humphreys
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Emma L Duncan
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK; Australian Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, 4006, Australia
| | - Duncan B Sparrow
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Philip F Giampietro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Gavin Chapman
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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3
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Kalisch-Smith JI, Morris EC, Strevens MAA, Redpath AN, Klaourakis K, Szumska D, Outhwaite JE, Sun X, Vieira JM, Smart N, De Val S, Riley PR, Sparrow DB. Analysis of Placental Arteriovenous Formation Reveals New Insights Into Embryos With Congenital Heart Defects. Front Genet 2022; 12:806136. [PMID: 35126469 PMCID: PMC8809359 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.806136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The placental vasculature provides the developing embryo with a circulation to deliver nutrients and dispose of waste products. However, in the mouse, the vascular components of the chorio-allantoic placenta have been largely unexplored due to a lack of well-validated molecular markers. This is required to study how these blood vessels form in development and how they are impacted by embryonic or maternal defects. Here, we employed marker analysis to characterize the arterial/arteriole and venous/venule endothelial cells (ECs) during normal mouse placental development. We reveal that placental ECs are potentially unique compared with their embryonic counterparts. We assessed embryonic markers of arterial ECs, venous ECs, and their capillary counterparts-arteriole and venule ECs. Major findings were that the arterial tree exclusively expressed Dll4, and venous vascular tree could be distinguished from the arterial tree by Endomucin (EMCN) expression levels. The relationship between the placenta and developing heart is particularly interesting. These two organs form at the same stages of embryogenesis and are well known to affect each other's growth trajectories. However, although there are many mouse models of heart defects, these are not routinely assessed for placental defects. Using these new placental vascular markers, we reveal that mouse embryos from one model of heart defects, caused by maternal iron deficiency, also have defects in the formation of the placental arterial, but not the venous, vascular tree. Defects to the embryonic cardiovascular system can therefore have a significant impact on blood flow delivery and expansion of the placental arterial tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta I. Kalisch-Smith
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily C. Morris
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary A. A. Strevens
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andia N. Redpath
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kostantinos Klaourakis
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dorota Szumska
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludvig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xin Sun
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquim Miguel Vieira
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Smart
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah De Val
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludvig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Riley
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan B. Sparrow
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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4
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Azzoni E, Frontera V, Anselmi G, Rode C, James C, Deltcheva EM, Demian AS, Brown J, Barone C, Patelli A, Harman JR, Nicholls M, Conway SJ, Morrissey E, Jacobsen SEW, Sparrow DB, Harris AL, Enver T, de Bruijn MFTR. The onset of circulation triggers a metabolic switch required for endothelial to hematopoietic transition. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110103. [PMID: 34910918 PMCID: PMC8692754 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge during development from the vascular wall of the main embryonic arteries. The onset of circulation triggers several processes that provide critical external factors for HSC generation. Nevertheless, it is not fully understood how and when the onset of circulation affects HSC emergence. Here we show that in Ncx1-/- mouse embryos devoid of circulation the HSC lineage develops until the phenotypic pro-HSC stage. However, these cells reside in an abnormal microenvironment, fail to activate the hematopoietic program downstream of Runx1, and are functionally impaired. Single-cell transcriptomics shows that during the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, Ncx1-/- cells fail to undergo a glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation metabolic switch present in wild-type cells. Interestingly, experimental activation of glycolysis results in decreased intraembryonic hematopoiesis. Our results suggest that the onset of circulation triggers metabolic changes that allow HSC generation to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Azzoni
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Vincent Frontera
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Giorgio Anselmi
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christina Rode
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Chela James
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Elitza M Deltcheva
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Atanasiu S Demian
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - John Brown
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Cristiana Barone
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - Arianna Patelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - Joe R Harman
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Matthew Nicholls
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Simon J Conway
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, IN 46033, USA
| | - Edward Morrissey
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sten Eirik W Jacobsen
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Duncan B Sparrow
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Oncology Laboratories, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tariq Enver
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK; Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, 22184, Sweden
| | - Marella F T R de Bruijn
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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5
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Sparrow DB. Better communication between experts is needed to solve the environmental origins of birth defects. Bioessays 2021; 44:e2100241. [PMID: 34845742 PMCID: PMC9373066 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
More than 6% of babies are born with a structural or functional defect, and many of these need special care and treatment to survive and thrive. Such defects can be inherited, arise through exposure to altered conditions or compounds in the womb, or result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Since the 1940s, animal experiments and epidemiological studies have identified many environmental factors that can cause particular birth defects. More recently, advances in genomics have allowed a simple genetic diagnosis in ∼ 30% of birth defects. However, the cause of the remainder is a mystery. I believe that a key limiter to successful identification of new environmental factors is that clinicians, epidemiologists and developmental biologists all approach the topic from different angles. I propose that better communication between such experts will further increase our understanding of the environmental causes of birth defects, and potentially reduce their global burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B Sparrow
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Martin EMMA, Enriquez A, Sparrow DB, Humphreys DT, McInerney-Leo AM, Leo PJ, Duncan EL, Iyer KR, Greasby JA, Ip E, Giannoulatou E, Sheng D, Wohler E, Dimartino C, Amiel J, Capri Y, Lehalle D, Mory A, Wilnai Y, Lebenthal Y, Gharavi AG, Krzemień GG, Miklaszewska M, Steiner RD, Raggio C, Blank R, Baris Feldman H, Milo Rasouly H, Sobreira NLM, Jobling R, Gordon CT, Giampietro PF, Dunwoodie SL, Chapman G. Heterozygous loss of WBP11 function causes multiple congenital defects in humans and mice. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:3662-3678. [PMID: 33276377 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic causes of multiple congenital anomalies are incompletely understood. Here, we report novel heterozygous predicted loss-of-function (LoF) and predicted damaging missense variants in the WW domain binding protein 11 (WBP11) gene in seven unrelated families with a variety of overlapping congenital malformations, including cardiac, vertebral, tracheo-esophageal, renal and limb defects. WBP11 encodes a component of the spliceosome with the ability to activate pre-messenger RNA splicing. We generated a Wbp11 null allele in mouse using CRISPR-Cas9 targeting. Wbp11 homozygous null embryos die prior to E8.5, indicating that Wbp11 is essential for development. Fewer Wbp11 heterozygous null mice are found than expected due to embryonic and postnatal death. Importantly, Wbp11 heterozygous null mice are small and exhibit defects in axial skeleton, kidneys and esophagus, similar to the affected individuals, supporting the role of WBP11 haploinsufficiency in the development of congenital malformations in humans. LoF WBP11 variants should be considered as a possible cause of VACTERL association as well as isolated Klippel-Feil syndrome, renal agenesis or esophageal atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella M M A Martin
- Development & Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Annabelle Enriquez
- Development & Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Duncan B Sparrow
- Development & Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Science, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - David T Humphreys
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia.,Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Aideen M McInerney-Leo
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Paul J Leo
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Emma L Duncan
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia.,Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Kavitha R Iyer
- Development & Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Joelene A Greasby
- Development & Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Eddie Ip
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia.,Computational Genomics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia.,Computational Genomics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Delicia Sheng
- Development & Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Wohler
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21287, USA
| | - Clémantine Dimartino
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformations, Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris 75015, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité Université, Institut Imagine, Paris 75015, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformations, Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris 75015, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité Université, Institut Imagine, Paris 75015, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75015, France
| | - Yline Capri
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75019, France
| | - Daphné Lehalle
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Créteil, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Adi Mory
- The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Yael Wilnai
- The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Yael Lebenthal
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.,Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Ali G Gharavi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Grażyna G Krzemień
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw 02-091, Poland
| | - Monika Miklaszewska
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-663, Poland
| | - Robert D Steiner
- Marshfield Clinic Health System, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.,University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Cathy Raggio
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Pediatrics Orthopedic Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Robert Blank
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Hagit Baris Feldman
- The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Hila Milo Rasouly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nara L M Sobreira
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21287, USA
| | - Rebekah Jobling
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X3, Canada
| | - Christopher T Gordon
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformations, Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris 75015, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité Université, Institut Imagine, Paris 75015, France
| | - Philip F Giampietro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Development & Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia.,Faculty of Science, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Gavin Chapman
- Development & Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
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7
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Kalisch-Smith JI, Ved N, Szumska D, Munro J, Troup M, Harris SE, Rodriguez-Caro H, Jacquemot A, Miller JJ, Stuart EM, Wolna M, Hardman E, Prin F, Lana-Elola E, Aoidi R, Fisher EMC, Tybulewicz VLJ, Mohun TJ, Lakhal-Littleton S, De Val S, Giannoulatou E, Sparrow DB. Maternal iron deficiency perturbs embryonic cardiovascular development in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3447. [PMID: 34103494 PMCID: PMC8187484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common class of human birth defects, with a prevalence of 0.9% of births. However, two-thirds of cases have an unknown cause, and many of these are thought to be caused by in utero exposure to environmental teratogens. Here we identify a potential teratogen causing CHD in mice: maternal iron deficiency (ID). We show that maternal ID in mice causes severe cardiovascular defects in the offspring. These defects likely arise from increased retinoic acid signalling in ID embryos. The defects can be prevented by iron administration in early pregnancy. It has also been proposed that teratogen exposure may potentiate the effects of genetic predisposition to CHD through gene-environment interaction. Here we show that maternal ID increases the severity of heart and craniofacial defects in a mouse model of Down syndrome. It will be important to understand if the effects of maternal ID seen here in mice may have clinical implications for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta I Kalisch-Smith
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikita Ved
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dorota Szumska
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacob Munro
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Troup
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shelley E Harris
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Helena Rodriguez-Caro
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aimée Jacquemot
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ealing Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eleanor M Stuart
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Magda Wolna
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Hardman
- Heart Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fabrice Prin
- Heart Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Eva Lana-Elola
- Immune Cell Biology and Down Syndrome Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Rifdat Aoidi
- Immune Cell Biology and Down Syndrome Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Victor L J Tybulewicz
- Immune Cell Biology and Down Syndrome Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy J Mohun
- Heart Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Samira Lakhal-Littleton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah De Val
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Limited, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Duncan B Sparrow
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Chapman G, Moreau JLM, I P E, Szot JO, Iyer KR, Shi H, Yam MX, O'Reilly VC, Enriquez A, Greasby JA, Alankarage D, Martin EMMA, Hanna BC, Edwards M, Monger S, Blue GM, Winlaw DS, Ritchie HE, Grieve SM, Giannoulatou E, Sparrow DB, Dunwoodie SL. Functional genomics and gene-environment interaction highlight the complexity of congenital heart disease caused by Notch pathway variants. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:566-579. [PMID: 31813956 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect and brings with it significant mortality and morbidity. The application of exome and genome sequencing has greatly improved the rate of genetic diagnosis for CHD but the cause in the majority of cases remains uncertain. It is clear that genetics, as well as environmental influences, play roles in the aetiology of CHD. Here we address both these aspects of causation with respect to the Notch signalling pathway. In our CHD cohort, variants in core Notch pathway genes account for 20% of those that cause disease, a rate that did not increase with the inclusion of genes of the broader Notch pathway and its regulators. This is reinforced by case-control burden analysis where variants in Notch pathway genes are enriched in CHD patients. This enrichment is due to variation in NOTCH1. Functional analysis of some novel missense NOTCH1 and DLL4 variants in cultured cells demonstrate reduced signalling activity, allowing variant reclassification. Although loss-of-function variants in DLL4 are known to cause Adams-Oliver syndrome, this is the first report of a hypomorphic DLL4 allele as a cause of isolated CHD. Finally, we demonstrate a gene-environment interaction in mouse embryos between Notch1 heterozygosity and low oxygen- or anti-arrhythmic drug-induced gestational hypoxia, resulting in an increased incidence of heart defects. This implies that exposure to environmental insults such as hypoxia could explain variable expressivity and penetrance of observed CHD in families carrying Notch pathway variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Chapman
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Julie L M Moreau
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Eddie I P
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Justin O Szot
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Kavitha R Iyer
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Hongjun Shi
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Michelle X Yam
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | | | - Annabelle Enriquez
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Joelene A Greasby
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | | | - Ella M M A Martin
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | | | - Matthew Edwards
- Hunter Genetics, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, 2298, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Steven Monger
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Gillian M Blue
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Kids Heart Research, Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David S Winlaw
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Kids Heart Research, Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Helen E Ritchie
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Stuart M Grieve
- Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Duncan B Sparrow
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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9
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Jiang H, Hooper C, Kelly M, Steeples V, Simon JN, Beglov J, Azad AJ, Leinhos L, Bennett P, Ehler E, Kalisch-Smith JI, Sparrow DB, Fischer R, Heilig R, Isackson H, Ehsan M, Patone G, Huebner N, Davies B, Watkins H, Gehmlich K. Functional analysis of a gene-edited mouse model to gain insights into the disease mechanisms of a titin missense variant. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:14. [PMID: 33637999 PMCID: PMC7910237 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Titin truncating variants are a well-established cause of cardiomyopathy; however, the role of titin missense variants is less well understood. Here we describe the generation of a mouse model to investigate the underlying disease mechanism of a previously reported titin A178D missense variant identified in a family with non-compaction and dilated cardiomyopathy. Heterozygous and homozygous mice carrying the titin A178D missense variant were characterised in vivo by echocardiography. Heterozygous mice had no detectable phenotype at any time point investigated (up to 1 year). By contrast, homozygous mice developed dilated cardiomyopathy from 3 months. Chronic adrenergic stimulation aggravated the phenotype. Targeted transcript profiling revealed induction of the foetal gene programme and hypertrophic signalling pathways in homozygous mice, and these were confirmed at the protein level. Unsupervised proteomics identified downregulation of telethonin and four-and-a-half LIM domain 2, as well as the upregulation of heat shock proteins and myeloid leukaemia factor 1. Loss of telethonin from the cardiac Z-disc was accompanied by proteasomal degradation; however, unfolded telethonin accumulated in the cytoplasm, leading to a proteo-toxic response in the mice.We show that the titin A178D missense variant is pathogenic in homozygous mice, resulting in cardiomyopathy. We also provide evidence of the disease mechanism: because the titin A178D variant abolishes binding of telethonin, this leads to its abnormal cytoplasmic accumulation. Subsequent degradation of telethonin by the proteasome results in proteasomal overload, and activation of a proteo-toxic response. The latter appears to be a driving factor for the cardiomyopathy observed in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Jiang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Charlotte Hooper
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Matthew Kelly
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Violetta Steeples
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jillian N Simon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Julia Beglov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Amar J Azad
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lisa Leinhos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Pauline Bennett
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK
| | - Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK
| | | | - Duncan B Sparrow
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raphael Heilig
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Henrik Isackson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Integrative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mehroz Ehsan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Giannino Patone
- Max Delbrueck Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Huebner
- Max Delbrueck Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Transgenic Core, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Katja Gehmlich
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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10
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Moreau JLM, Kesteven S, Martin EMMA, Lau KS, Yam MX, O'Reilly VC, Del Monte-Nieto G, Baldini A, Feneley MP, Moon AM, Harvey RP, Sparrow DB, Chapman G, Dunwoodie SL. Gene-environment interaction impacts on heart development and embryo survival. Development 2019; 146:146/4/dev172957. [PMID: 30787001 DOI: 10.1242/dev.172957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect. In recent years, research has focussed on identifying the genetic causes of CHD. However, only a minority of CHD cases can be attributed to single gene mutations. In addition, studies have identified different environmental stressors that promote CHD, but the additive effect of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors is poorly understood. In this context, we have investigated the effects of short-term gestational hypoxia on mouse embryos genetically predisposed to heart defects. Exposure of mouse embryos heterozygous for Tbx1 or Fgfr1/Fgfr2 to hypoxia in utero increased the incidence and severity of heart defects while Nkx2-5+/- embryos died within 2 days of hypoxic exposure. We identified the molecular consequences of the interaction between Nkx2-5 and short-term gestational hypoxia, which suggest that reduced Nkx2-5 expression and a prolonged hypoxia-inducible factor 1α response together precipitate embryo death. Our study provides insight into the causes of embryo loss and variable penetrance of monogenic CHD, and raises the possibility that cases of foetal death and CHD in humans could be caused by similar gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L M Moreau
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Scott Kesteven
- Cardiac Physiology and Transplantation Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Ella M M A Martin
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Kin S Lau
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Michelle X Yam
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Victoria C O'Reilly
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Del Monte-Nieto
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Antonio Baldini
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michael P Feneley
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Cardiac Physiology and Transplantation Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Anne M Moon
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2033, Australia
| | - Duncan B Sparrow
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Gavin Chapman
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia .,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2033, Australia
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11
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Szot JO, Cuny H, Blue GM, Humphreys DT, Ip E, Harrison K, Sholler GF, Giannoulatou E, Leo P, Duncan EL, Sparrow DB, Ho JWK, Graham RM, Pachter N, Chapman G, Winlaw DS, Dunwoodie SL. A Screening Approach to Identify Clinically Actionable Variants Causing Congenital Heart Disease in Exome Data. Circ Genom Precis Med 2018; 11:e001978. [PMID: 29555671 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.117.001978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD)-structural abnormalities of the heart that arise during embryonic development-is the most common inborn malformation, affecting ≤1% of the population. However, currently, only a minority of cases can be explained by genetic abnormalities. The goal of this study was to identify disease-causal genetic variants in 30 families affected by CHD. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed with the DNA of multiple family members. We utilized a 2-tiered whole-exome variant screening and interpretation procedure. First, we manually curated a high-confidence list of 90 genes known to cause CHD in humans, identified predicted damaging variants in genes on this list, and rated their pathogenicity using American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics-Association for Molecular Pathology guidelines. RESULTS In 3 families (10%), we found pathogenic variants in known CHD genes TBX5, TFAP2B, and PTPN11, explaining the cardiac lesions. Second, exomes were comprehensively analyzed to identify additional predicted damaging variants that segregate with disease in CHD candidate genes. In 10 additional families (33%), likely disease-causal variants were uncovered in PBX1, CNOT1, ZFP36L2, TEK, USP34, UPF2, KDM5A, KMT2C, TIE1, TEAD2, and FLT4. CONCLUSIONS The pathogenesis of CHD could be explained using our high-confidence CHD gene list for variant filtering in a subset of cases. Furthermore, our unbiased screening procedure of family exomes implicates additional genes and variants in the pathogenesis of CHD, which suggest themselves for functional validation. This 2-tiered approach provides a means of (1) identifying clinically actionable variants and (2) identifying additional disease-causal genes, both of which are essential for improving the molecular diagnosis of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Szot
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Hartmut Cuny
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Gillian M Blue
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - David T Humphreys
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Eddie Ip
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Katrina Harrison
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Gary F Sholler
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Paul Leo
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Emma L Duncan
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Duncan B Sparrow
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Joshua W K Ho
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Robert M Graham
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Nicholas Pachter
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Gavin Chapman
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - David S Winlaw
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.)
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- From the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.O.S., H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.); Faculty of Science (J.O.S., S.L.D.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.C., D.T.H., E.I., E.G., D.B.S., J.W.K.H., R.M.G., G.C., S.L.D.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Heart Centre for Children (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (G.M.B., G.F.S., D.S.W.); Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth (K.H., N.P.); Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia (G.F.S.); Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (P.L., E.L.D.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (E.L.D.); University of Queensland, Brisbane (E.L.D.); and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.P.).
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Shi H, O'Reilly VC, Moreau JLM, Bewes TR, Yam MX, Chapman BE, Grieve SM, Stocker R, Graham RM, Chapman G, Sparrow DB, Dunwoodie SL. Gestational stress induces the unfolded protein response, resulting in heart defects. Development 2017; 143:2561-72. [PMID: 27436040 DOI: 10.1242/dev.136820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is an enigma. It is the most common human birth defect and yet, even with the application of modern genetic and genomic technologies, only a minority of cases can be explained genetically. This is because environmental stressors also cause CHD. Here we propose a plausible non-genetic mechanism for induction of CHD by environmental stressors. We show that exposure of mouse embryos to short-term gestational hypoxia induces the most common types of heart defect. This is mediated by the rapid induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which profoundly reduces FGF signaling in cardiac progenitor cells of the second heart field. Thus, UPR activation during human pregnancy might be a common cause of CHD. Our findings have far-reaching consequences because the UPR is activated by a myriad of environmental or pathophysiological conditions. Ultimately, our discovery could lead to preventative strategies to reduce the incidence of human CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Shi
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Victoria C O'Reilly
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Julie L M Moreau
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Therese R Bewes
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Michelle X Yam
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Bogdan E Chapman
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Stuart M Grieve
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Roland Stocker
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Robert M Graham
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Gavin Chapman
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Duncan B Sparrow
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Shi H, Enriquez A, Rapadas M, Martin EMMA, Wang R, Moreau J, Lim CK, Szot JO, Ip E, Hughes JN, Sugimoto K, Humphreys DT, McInerney-Leo AM, Leo PJ, Maghzal GJ, Halliday J, Smith J, Colley A, Mark PR, Collins F, Sillence DO, Winlaw DS, Ho JWK, Guillemin GJ, Brown MA, Kikuchi K, Thomas PQ, Stocker R, Giannoulatou E, Chapman G, Duncan EL, Sparrow DB, Dunwoodie SL. NAD Deficiency, Congenital Malformations, and Niacin Supplementation. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:544-552. [PMID: 28792876 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1616361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital malformations can be manifested as combinations of phenotypes that co-occur more often than expected by chance. In many such cases, it has proved difficult to identify a genetic cause. We sought the genetic cause of cardiac, vertebral, and renal defects, among others, in unrelated patients. METHODS We used genomic sequencing to identify potentially pathogenic gene variants in families in which a person had multiple congenital malformations. We tested the function of the variant by using assays of in vitro enzyme activity and by quantifying metabolites in patient plasma. We engineered mouse models with similar variants using the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas9 system. RESULTS Variants were identified in two genes that encode enzymes of the kynurenine pathway, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3,4-dioxygenase (HAAO) and kynureninase (KYNU). Three patients carried homozygous variants predicting loss-of-function changes in the HAAO or KYNU proteins (HAAO p.D162*, HAAO p.W186*, or KYNU p.V57Efs*21). Another patient carried heterozygous KYNU variants (p.Y156* and p.F349Kfs*4). The mutant enzymes had greatly reduced activity in vitro. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is synthesized de novo from tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway. The patients had reduced levels of circulating NAD. Defects similar to those in the patients developed in the embryos of Haao-null or Kynu-null mice owing to NAD deficiency. In null mice, the prevention of NAD deficiency during gestation averted defects. CONCLUSIONS Disruption of NAD synthesis caused a deficiency of NAD and congenital malformations in humans and mice. Niacin supplementation during gestation prevented the malformations in mice. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Shi
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Annabelle Enriquez
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Melissa Rapadas
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Ella M M A Martin
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Roni Wang
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Julie Moreau
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Chai K Lim
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Justin O Szot
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Eddie Ip
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - James N Hughes
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Kotaro Sugimoto
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - David T Humphreys
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Aideen M McInerney-Leo
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Paul J Leo
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Ghassan J Maghzal
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Jake Halliday
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Janine Smith
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Alison Colley
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Paul R Mark
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Felicity Collins
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - David O Sillence
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - David S Winlaw
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Joshua W K Ho
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Matthew A Brown
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Kazu Kikuchi
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Paul Q Thomas
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Roland Stocker
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Gavin Chapman
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Emma L Duncan
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Duncan B Sparrow
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- From the Divisions of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (H.S., A.E., M.R., E.M.M.A.M., R.W., J.M., J.O.S., E.I., K.S., J.H., K.K., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Vascular Biology (G.J.M., R.S.), and Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology (D.T.H., J.W.K.H., E.G.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, the Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales (H.S., A.E., J.O.S., E.I., D.T.H., G.J.M., J.W.K.H., K.K., R.S., E.G., G.C., D.B.S., S.L.D.), Liverpool Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., A.C.), the Department of Clinical Genetics (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Heart Centre for Children (D.S.W.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, the Discipline of Genetic Medicine (A.E., J.S., F.C., D.O.S.) and the Medical School (D.S.W.), University of Sydney, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University (C.K.L., G.J.G.) - all in Sydney, the School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (J.N.H., P.Q.T.), and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Translational Research Institute (A.M.M.-L., P.J.L., M.A.B., E.L.D.), the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (E.L.D.), and the University of Queensland School of Medicine (E.L.D.), Brisbane - all in Australia; and Spectrum Health Medical Group, Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI (P.R.M.)
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14
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Moreau JL, Shi H, O'Reilly VC, Bewes TR, Yam MX, Chapman BE, Grieve SM, Stocker R, Graham RM, Chapman G, Sparrow DB, Dunwoodie SL. Gestational stress induces the unfolded protein response, resulting in heart defects. Mech Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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McInerney-Leo AM, Sparrow DB, Harris JE, Gardiner BB, Marshall MS, O'Reilly VC, Shi H, Brown MA, Leo PJ, Zankl A, Dunwoodie SL, Duncan EL. Compound heterozygous mutations in RIPPLY2 associated with vertebral segmentation defects. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1234-42. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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16
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O'Reilly VC, Lopes Floro K, Shi H, Chapman BE, Preis JI, James AC, Chapman G, Harvey RP, Johnson RS, Grieve SM, Sparrow DB, Dunwoodie SL. Gene-environment interaction demonstrates the vulnerability of the embryonic heart. Dev Biol 2014; 391:99-110. [PMID: 24657234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian embryos develop in a low oxygen environment. The transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF1α) is a key element in the cellular response to hypoxia. Complete deletion of Hif1α from the mouse conceptus causes extensive placental, vascular and heart defects, resulting in embryonic lethality. However the precise role of Hif1α in each of these organ systems remains unknown. To further investigate, we conditionally-deleted Hif1α from mesoderm, vasculature and heart individually. Surprisingly, deletion from these tissues did not recapitulate the same severe heart phenotype or embryonic lethality. Placental insufficiency, such as occurs in the complete Hif1α null, results in elevated cellular hypoxia in mouse embryos. We hypothesized that subjecting the Hif1α conditional null embryos to increased hypoxic stress might exacerbate the effects of tissue-specific Hif1α deletion. We tested this hypothesis using a model system mimicking placental insufficiency. We found that the majority of embryos lacking Hif1α in the heart died when exposed to non-physiological hypoxia. This was a heart-specific phenomenon, as HIF1α protein accumulated predominantly in the myocardium of hypoxia-stressed embryos. Our study demonstrates the vulnerability of the heart to lowered oxygen levels, and that under such conditions of non-physiological hypoxia the embryo absolutely requires Hif1α to continue normal development. Importantly, these findings extend our understanding of the roles of Hif1α in cardiovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C O'Reilly
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Kylie Lopes Floro
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Hongjun Shi
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Bogdan E Chapman
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Bioscience Building G08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Jost I Preis
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Alexander C James
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Gavin Chapman
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Bioscience Building G08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent׳s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, de Lacy Building, St. Vincent׳s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Randall S Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3 EG, United Kingdom.
| | - Stuart M Grieve
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Bioscience Building G08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, Edward Ford Building A27, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Duncan B Sparrow
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent׳s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, de Lacy Building, St. Vincent׳s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent׳s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, de Lacy Building, St. Vincent׳s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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17
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Sparrow DB, Faqeih EA, Sallout B, Alswaid A, Ababneh F, Al-Sayed M, Rukban H, Eyaid WM, Kageyama R, Ellard S, Turnpenny PD, Dunwoodie SL. Mutation of HES7
in a large extended family with spondylocostal dysostosis and dextrocardia with situs inversus. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2244-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B. Sparrow
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division; Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute; Sydney Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine; UNSW; Sydney Australia
| | - Eissa Ali Faqeih
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City; Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahauddin Sallout
- Women's Specialist Hospital, Maternal Fetal Department, King Fahad Medical City; Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alswaid
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; King Abdulaziz Medical City; Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Faroug Ababneh
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; King Abdulaziz Medical City; Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Moeenaldeen Al-Sayed
- Department of Medical Genetics; King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre; Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Rukban
- Department of Pediatrics; King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science; Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa M. Eyaid
- Department of Pediatrics; King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science; Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sian Ellard
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory; Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital; Exeter UK
| | - Peter D. Turnpenny
- Clinical Genetics Department; Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital; Exeter UK
| | - Sally L. Dunwoodie
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division; Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute; Sydney Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine; UNSW; Sydney Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science; UNSW; Sydney Australia
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18
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Sparrow DB, McInerney-Leo A, Gucev ZS, Gardiner B, Marshall M, Leo PJ, Chapman DL, Tasic V, Shishko A, Brown MA, Duncan EL, Dunwoodie SL. Autosomal dominant spondylocostal dysostosis is caused by mutation in TBX6. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:1625-31. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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19
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Sparrow DB, Chapman G, Smith AJ, Mattar MZ, Major JA, O'Reilly VC, Saga Y, Zackai EH, Dormans JP, Alman BA, McGregor L, Kageyama R, Kusumi K, Dunwoodie SL. A mechanism for gene-environment interaction in the etiology of congenital scoliosis. Cell 2012; 149:295-306. [PMID: 22484060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Congenital scoliosis, a lateral curvature of the spine caused by vertebral defects, occurs in approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. Here we demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of Notch signaling pathway genes in humans can cause this congenital abnormality. We also show that in a mouse model, the combination of this genetic risk factor with an environmental condition (short-term gestational hypoxia) significantly increases the penetrance and severity of vertebral defects. We demonstrate that hypoxia disrupts FGF signaling, leading to a temporary failure of embryonic somitogenesis. Our results potentially provide a mechanism for the genesis of a host of common sporadic congenital abnormalities through gene-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B Sparrow
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Costa MW, Lee S, Furtado MB, Xin L, Sparrow DB, Martinez CG, Dunwoodie SL, Kurtenbach E, Mohun T, Rosenthal N, Harvey RP. Complex SUMO-1 regulation of cardiac transcription factor Nkx2-5. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24812. [PMID: 21931855 PMCID: PMC3171482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible post-translational protein modifications such as SUMOylation add complexity to cardiac transcriptional regulation. The homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2-5/Csx is essential for heart specification and morphogenesis. It has been previously suggested that SUMOylation of lysine 51 (K51) of Nkx2-5 is essential for its DNA binding and transcriptional activation. Here, we confirm that SUMOylation strongly enhances Nkx2-5 transcriptional activity and that residue K51 of Nkx2-5 is a SUMOylation target. However, in a range of cultured cell lines we find that a point mutation of K51 to arginine (K51R) does not affect Nkx2-5 activity or DNA binding, suggesting the existence of additional Nkx2-5 SUMOylated residues. Using biochemical assays, we demonstrate that Nkx2-5 is SUMOylated on at least one additional site, and this is the predominant site in cardiac cells. The second site is either non-canonical or a "shifting" site, as mutation of predicted consensus sites and indeed every individual lysine in the context of the K51R mutation failed to impair Nkx2-5 transcriptional synergism with SUMO, or its nuclear localization and DNA binding. We also observe SUMOylation of Nkx2-5 cofactors, which may be critical to Nkx2-5 regulation. Our data reveal highly complex regulatory mechanisms driven by SUMOylation to modulate Nkx2-5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro W Costa
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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Lopes Floro K, Artap ST, Preis JI, Fatkin D, Chapman G, Furtado MB, Harvey RP, Hamada H, Sparrow DB, Dunwoodie SL. Loss of Cited2 causes congenital heart disease by perturbing left–right patterning of the body axis. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 20:1097-110. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Chapman G, Sparrow DB, Kremmer E, Dunwoodie SL. Notch inhibition by the ligand Delta-Like 3 defines the mechanism of abnormal vertebral segmentation in spondylocostal dysostosis. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 20:905-16. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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23
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Gucev ZS, Tasic V, Pop-Jordanova N, Sparrow DB, Dunwoodie SL, Ellard S, Young E, Turnpenny PD. Autosomal dominant spondylocostal dysostosis in three generations of a Macedonian family: Negative mutation analysis of DLL3, MESP2, HES7, and LFNG. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1378-82. [PMID: 20503311 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The spondylocostal dysostoses (SCDs) are a heterogeneous group of axial skeletal disorders characterized by multiple segmentation defects of the vertebrae (SDV) and abnormality of the thoracic cage with mal-aligned ribs and often a reduction in rib number. The four known monogenic forms of SCD follow autosomal recessive inheritance, have generalized SDV, a broadly symmetrical thoracic cage, and result from mutations in Notch signaling pathway genes-DLL3, MESP2, LFNG, and HES7. Autosomal dominant (AD) SCD has been reported less often, is very variable, and molecular genetic mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report a three-generation, non-consanguineous family with four affected individuals demonstrating multiple or generalized SDV. Scoliosis was present and the trunk shortened but the ribs were relatively mildly affected. There were no other significant organ abnormalities, no obvious dysmorphic features, neurodevelopment was normal, and all investigations, including mutation analysis of DLL3, MESP2, LFNG, and HES7, were normal. A non-pathogenic variant was detected in LFNG but it did not segregate with the phenotype. This Macedonian kindred adds to knowledge of AD SCD and to our knowledge is the first to be tested for the four Notch pathway genes known to be associated with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran S Gucev
- Medical Faculty Skopje, Divizija BB, Skopje, Macedonia.
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Sparrow DB, Sillence D, Wouters MA, Turnpenny PD, Dunwoodie SL. Two novel missense mutations in HAIRY-AND-ENHANCER-OF-SPLIT-7 in a family with spondylocostal dysostosis. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:674-9. [PMID: 20087400 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD) is an inherited disorder with abnormal vertebral segmentation that results in extensive hemivertebrae, truncal shortening and abnormally aligned ribs. It arises during embryonic development by a disruption of formation of somites (the precursor tissue of the vertebrae, ribs and associated tendons and muscles). Four genes causing a subset of autosomal recessive forms of this disease have been identified: DLL3 (SCDO1: MIM 277300), MESP2 (SCDO2: MIM 608681), LFNG (SCDO3: MIM609813) and HES7 (SCDO4). These genes are all essential components of the Notch signalling pathway, which has multiple roles in development and disease. Previously, only a single SCD-causative missense mutation was described in HES7. In this study, we have identified two new missense mutations in the HES7 gene in a single family, with only individuals carrying both mutant alleles being affected by SCD. In vitro functional analysis revealed that one of the mutant HES7 proteins was unable to repress gene expression by DNA binding or protein heterodimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B Sparrow
- ] Developmental Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
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Sewell W, Sparrow DB, Smith AJ, Gonzalez DM, Rappaport EF, Dunwoodie SL, Kusumi K. Cyclical expression of the Notch/Wnt regulator Nrarp requires modulation by Dll3 in somitogenesis. Dev Biol 2009; 329:400-9. [PMID: 19268448 PMCID: PMC2697309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Delta-like 3 (Dll3) is a divergent ligand and modulator of the Notch signaling pathway only identified so far in mammals. Null mutations of Dll3 disrupt cycling expression of Notch targets Hes1, Hes5, and Lfng, but not of Hes7. Compared with Dll1 or Notch1, the effects of Dll3 mutations are less severe for gene expression in the presomitic mesoderm, yet severe segmentation phenotypes and vertebral defects result in both human and mouse. Reasoning that Dll3 specifically disrupts key regulators of somite cycling, we carried out functional analysis to identify targets accounting for the segmental phenotype. Using microdissected embryonic tissue from somitic and presomitic mesodermal tissue, we identified new genes enriched in these tissues, including Limch1, Rhpn2, and A130022J15Rik. Surprisingly, we only identified a small number of genes disrupted by the Dll3 mutation. These include Uncx, a somite gene required for rib and vertebral patterning, and Nrarp, a regulator of Notch/Wnt signaling in zebrafish and a cycling gene in mouse. To determine the effects of Dll3 mutation on Nrarp, we characterized the cycling expression of this gene from early (8.5 dpc) to late (10.5 dpc) somitogenesis. Nrarp displays a distinct pattern of cycling phases when compared to Lfng and Axin2 (a Wnt pathway gene) at 9.5 dpc but appears to be in phase with Lfng by 10.5 dpc. Nrarp cycling appears to require Dll3 but not Lfng modulation. In Dll3 null embryos, Nrarp displayed static patterns. However, in Lfng null embryos, Nrarp appeared static at 8.5 dpc but resumed cycling expression by 9.5 and dynamic expression at 10.5 dpc stages. By contrast, in Wnt3a null embryos, Nrarp expression was completely absent in the presomitic mesoderm. Towards identifying the role of Dll3 in regulating somitogenesis, Nrarp emerges as a potentially important regulator that requires Dll3 but not Lfng for normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Sewell
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Duncan B. Sparrow
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | - Eric F. Rappaport
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sally L. Dunwoodie
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kenro Kusumi
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix in partnership with Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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Sparrow DB, Boyle SC, Sams RS, Mazuruk B, Zhang L, Moeckel GW, Dunwoodie SL, de Caestecker MP. Placental insufficiency associated with loss of Cited1 causes renal medullary dysplasia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:777-86. [PMID: 19297558 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008050547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have shown that placental insufficiency affects embryonic patterning of the kidney and leads to a decreased number of functioning nephrons in adulthood; however, there is circumstantial evidence that placental insufficiency may also affect renal medullary growth, which could account for cases of unexplained renal medullary dysplasia and for abnormalities in renal function among infants who had experienced intrauterine growth retardation. We observed that mice with late gestational placental insufficiency associated with genetic loss of Cited1 expression in the placenta had renal medullary dysplasia. This was not caused by lower urinary tract obstruction or by defects in branching of the ureteric bud during early nephrogenesis but was associated with decreased tissue oxygenation and increased apoptosis in the expanding renal medulla. Loss of placental Cited1 was required for Cited1 mutants to develop renal dysplasia, and this was not dependent on alterations in embryonic Cited1 expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that renal medullary dysplasia in Cited1 mutant mice is a direct consequence of decreased tissue oxygenation resulting from placental insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B Sparrow
- Developmental Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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27
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Furtado MB, Solloway MJ, Jones VJ, Costa MW, Biben C, Wolstein O, Preis JI, Sparrow DB, Saga Y, Dunwoodie SL, Robertson EJ, Tam PPL, Harvey RP. BMP/SMAD1 signaling sets a threshold for the left/right pathway in lateral plate mesoderm and limits availability of SMAD4. Genes Dev 2009; 22:3037-49. [PMID: 18981480 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1682108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bistability in developmental pathways refers to the generation of binary outputs from graded or noisy inputs. Signaling thresholds are critical for bistability. Specification of the left/right (LR) axis in vertebrate embryos involves bistable expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) member NODAL in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) controlled by feed-forward and feedback loops. Here we provide evidence that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/SMAD1 signaling sets a repressive threshold in the LPM essential for the integrity of LR signaling. Conditional deletion of Smad1 in the LPM led to precocious and bilateral pathway activation. NODAL expression from both the left and right sides of the node contributed to bilateral activation, indicating sensitivity of mutant LPM to noisy input from the LR system. In vitro, BMP signaling inhibited NODAL pathway activation and formation of its downstream SMAD2/4-FOXH1 transcriptional complex. Activity was restored by overexpression of SMAD4 and in embryos, elevated SMAD4 in the right LPM robustly activated LR gene expression, an effect reversed by superactivated BMP signaling. We conclude that BMP/SMAD1 signaling sets a bilateral, repressive threshold for NODAL-dependent Nodal activation in LPM, limiting availability of SMAD4. This repressive threshold is essential for bistable output of the LR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena B Furtado
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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28
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Coman D, Bacic S, Boys A, Sparrow DB, Dunwoodie SL, Savarirayan R, Amor DJ. Spondylocostal dysostosis in a pregnancy complicated by confined placental mosaicism for tetrasomy 9p. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1972-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Geffers I, Serth K, Chapman G, Jaekel R, Schuster-Gossler K, Cordes R, Sparrow DB, Kremmer E, Dunwoodie SL, Klein T, Gossler A. Divergent functions and distinct localization of the Notch ligands DLL1 and DLL3 in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 178:465-76. [PMID: 17664336 PMCID: PMC2064846 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200702009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Notch ligands Dll1 and Dll3 are coexpressed in the presomitic mesoderm of mouse embryos. Despite their coexpression, mutations in Dll1 and Dll3 cause strikingly different defects. To determine if there is any functional equivalence, we replaced Dll1 with Dll3 in mice. Dll3 does not compensate for Dll1; DLL1 activates Notch in Drosophila wing discs, but DLL3 does not. We do not observe evidence for antagonism between DLL1 and DLL3, or repression of Notch activity in mice or Drosophila. In vitro analyses show that differences in various domains of DLL1 and DLL3 individually contribute to their biochemical nonequivalence. In contrast to endogenous DLL1 located on the surface of presomitic mesoderm cells, we find endogenous DLL3 predominantly in the Golgi apparatus. Our data demonstrate distinct in vivo functions for DLL1 and DLL3. They suggest that DLL3 does not antagonize DLL1 in the presomitic mesoderm and warrant further analyses of potential physiological functions of DLL3 in the Golgi network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Geffers
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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30
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Abstract
The stable integration of transgenes into embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis is achieved using the procedure described here. Linear DNA containing the transgene is incorporated randomly into sperm nuclei that have had their membranes disrupted with detergent treatment. Microinjection of these nuclei into unfertilized eggs produces viable embryos that can be screened for activity of the transgene. The proportion of embryos that harbor the transgene varies from 10 to 40% of the total number of surviving embryos. Multiple copies of the transgene can integrate as a concatemer into the sperm genome, and more than one site of DNA integration might occur within resulting animals. Germ cell transmission of the transgene is routine and the procedure is well suited to the production of transgenic reporter frog lines. One day should be allocated for the preparation of the sperm nuclei, which are stored as aliquots for future use. The transgenesis reaction and egg injection take one morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Smith
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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31
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Geffers I, Serth K, Chapman G, Jaekel R, Schuster-Gossler K, Cordes R, Sparrow DB, Kremmer E, Dunwoodie SL, Klein T, Gossler A. Divergent functions and distinct localization of the Notch ligands DLL1 and DLL3 in vivo. J Exp Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1084/jem2048oia20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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32
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Dunwoodie SL, Sparrow DB, Chapman G. The Yin and Yang of Notch signalling; trans-activation and cis-inhibition fine-tune Notch signalling. Dev Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Cited2 is a transcriptional co-factor that is widely expressed in both embryonic and extraembryonic cells during early development. It is essential for embryonic development with Cited2 null embryos showing abnormal development of organs including heart, neural tube, adrenal glands, and placenta (both in trophoblast derivatives and invading fetal vasculature), as well as having defects in the establishment of the left-right body axis. We report the generation of two conditional null alleles allowing Cre-recombinase-mediated somatic cell gene inactivation. Mice heterozygous or homozygous for these alleles are viable and fertile. Crossing conditional mutants with CMV-Cre transgenic mice produces an embryonic-lethal phenotype in the offspring indistinguishable from germline null mutants. We also demonstrate that conditional deletion results in lacZ expression under the control of the Cited2 promoter. These alleles are therefore useful genetic tools for dissecting the functions of Cited2 in the formation of different organs and patterning of the developing embryo. genesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost I Preis
- Developmental Biology Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
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34
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Abstract
Somites are the precursors of the vertebral column. They segment from the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) that is caudally located and newly generated from the tailbud. Somites form in synchrony on either side of the embryonic midline in a reiterative manner. A molecular clock that operates in the PSM drives this reiterative process. Genetic manipulation in mouse, chick and zebrafish has revealed that the molecular clock controls the activity of the Notch and WNT signaling pathways in the PSM. Disruption of the molecular clock impacts on somite formation causing abnormal vertebral segmentation (AVS). A number of dysmorphic syndromes manifest AVS defects. Interaction between developmental biologists and clinicians has lead to groundbreaking research in this area with the identification that spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD) is caused by mutation in Delta-like 3 (DLL3), Mesoderm posterior 2 (MESP2), and Lunatic fringe (LFNG); three genes that are components of the Notch signaling pathway. This review describes our current understanding of the somitic molecular clock and highlights how key findings in developmental biology can impact on clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B Sparrow
- Developmental Biology Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
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35
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Shi G, Boyle SC, Sparrow DB, Dunwoodie SL, Shioda T, de Caestecker MP. The Transcriptional Activity of CITED1 Is Regulated by Phosphorylation in a Cell Cycle-dependent Manner. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:27426-35. [PMID: 16864582 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602631200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CITED1 is the founding member of the CITED family of cofactors that are involved in regulating a wide variety of CBP/p300-dependent transcriptional responses. In the present study, we show that the phosphorylation status of CITED1 changes during the cell cycle and affects its transcriptional cofactor activity. Tryptic mapping and mutagenesis studies identified five phosphorylated serine residues in CITED1. Phosphorylation of these residues did not affect CRM1-dependent nuclear export, but did decrease CITED1 binding to p300 and inhibited CITED1-dependent transactivation of Smad4 and p300. These results suggest that CITED1 functions as a cell cycle-dependent transcriptional cofactor whose activity is regulated by phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genbin Shi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2372, and Department of Tumor Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown 02129, USA
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36
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Withington SL, Scott AN, Saunders DN, Lopes Floro K, Preis JI, Michalicek J, Maclean K, Sparrow DB, Barbera JPM, Dunwoodie SL. Loss of Cited2 affects trophoblast formation and vascularization of the mouse placenta. Dev Biol 2006; 294:67-82. [PMID: 16579983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cited2 is widely expressed in the developing embryo and in extraembryonic tissues including the placenta. Gene expression can be induced by a number of factors; most notably by the hypoxia inducible transcription factor, HIF1, under low oxygen conditions. Cited2 encodes for a transcriptional co-factor that in vitro can act as both a positive and negative regulator of transcription. This function is due to its interaction with CBP/p300 and appears to depend on whether Cited2 enables CBP/p300 to interact with the basic transcriptional machinery, or if its binding prevents such an interaction from occurring. Here, we report a novel function for Cited2 in placenta formation, following gene deletion in mouse. In the absence of Cited2 the placenta and embryo are significantly small from 12.5 and 14.5 dpc respectively, and death occurs in utero. Cited2 null placentas have fewer differentiated trophoblast cell types; specifically there is a reduction in trophoblast giant cells, spongiotrophoblasts and glycogen cells. In addition, the fetal vasculature of the placenta is disorganised and there are fewer anastomosing capillaries. Given that Cited2 is expressed in both trophoblasts and the fetal vasculature, the observed defects fit well with the sites of gene expression. We conclude that Cited2 is required for normal placental development and vascularisation, and hence for embryo viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Withington
- Developmental Biology Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
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37
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Smith SJ, Ataliotis P, Kotecha S, Towers N, Sparrow DB, Mohun TJ. The MLC1v gene provides a transgenic marker of myocardium formation within developing chambers of the Xenopus heart. Dev Dyn 2005; 232:1003-12. [PMID: 15736168 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many details of cardiac chamber morphogenesis could be revealed if muscle fiber development could be visualized directly within the hearts of living vertebrate embryos. To achieve this end, we have used the active promoter of the MLC1v gene to drive expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the developing tadpole heart. By using a line of Xenopus laevis frogs transgenic for the MLC1v-EGFP reporter, we have observed regionalized patterns of muscle formation within the ventricular chamber and maturation of the atrial chambers, from the onset of chamber formation through to the adult frog. In f1 generation MLC1v-EGFP animals, promoter activity is first detected within the looping heart tube and delineates the forming ventricular chamber and proximal outflow tract throughout their development. The 8-kb MLC1v promoter faithfully reproduces the embryonic expression of the endogenous MLC1v mRNA. At later larval stages, weak patches of EGFP fluorescence are found on the atrial side of the atrioventricular boundary. Subsequently, an extensive lattice of MLC1v-expressing fibers extend across the mature atrial chambers of adult frog hearts and the transgene reveals the differing arrangement of muscle fibers in chamber versus outflow myocardium. The complete activity of the promoter resides within the proximal 4.5 kb of the MLC1v DNA fragment, whereas key elements regulating chamber-specific expression are present in the proximal-most 1.5 kb. Finally, we demonstrate how cardiac and craniofacial muscle expression of the MLC1v promoter can be used to diagnose mutant phenotypes in living embryos, using the injection of RNA encoding a Tbx1-engrailed repressor-fusion protein as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Smith
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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38
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Abstract
EGF domains are extracellular protein modules cross-linked by three intradomain disulfides. Past studies suggest the existence of two types of EGF domain with three-disulfides, human EGF-like (hEGF) domains and complement C1r-like (cEGF) domains, but to date no functional information has been related to the two different types, and they are not differentiated in sequence or structure databases. We have developed new sequence patterns based on the different C-termini to search specifically for the two types of EGF domains in sequence databases. The exhibited sensitivity and specificity of the new pattern-based method represents a significant advancement over the currently available sequence detection techniques. We re-annotated EGF sequences in the latest release of Swiss-Prot looking for functional relationships that might correlate with EGF type. We show that important post-translational modifications of three-disulfide EGFs, including unusual forms of glycosylation and post-translational proteolytic processing, are dependent on EGF subtype. For example, EGF domains that are shed from the cell surface and mediate intercellular signaling are all hEGFs, as are all human EGF receptor family ligands. Additional experimental data suggest that functional specialization has accompanied subtype divergence. Based on our structural analysis of EGF domains with three-disulfide bonds and comparison to laminin and integrin-like EGF domains with an additional inter-domain disulfide, we propose that these hEGF and cEGF domains may have arisen from a four-disulfide ancestor by selective loss of different cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merridee A Wouters
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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39
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Abstract
The existence of Kousseff syndrome as a distinct entity has been thrown into doubt by a recent study conducted on the family originally reported by Kousseff. In all cases where chromosome 22q11.2 FISH testing has been undertaken, including the original sibship, a chromosome 22q11.2-microdeletion has been identified. We report two cases of sacral myelomeningocele associated with a conotruncal cardiac anomaly or "Kousseff syndrome." The first case, a 4-year-old girl, had a sacral myelomeningocele, tetralogy of Fallot, microcephaly, hydrocephalus, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and mild-moderate developmental delay. Chromosome 22q11.2 FISH was normal and the facial phenotype was not that of velocardiofacial syndrome. Sequencing of the entire coding region of CITED2 did not reveal a mutation. The second case, a male infant, was found to have a 22q11.2-microdeletion. These cases confirm Kousseff syndrome to be a causally heterogeneous disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Maclean
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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40
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Whittock NV, Sparrow DB, Wouters MA, Sillence D, Ellard S, Dunwoodie SL, Turnpenny PD. Mutated MESP2 causes spondylocostal dysostosis in humans. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:1249-54. [PMID: 15122512 PMCID: PMC1182088 DOI: 10.1086/421053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD) is a term given to a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormal vertebral segmentation (AVS). We have previously identified mutations in the Delta-like 3 (DLL3) gene as a major cause of autosomal recessive spondylocostal dysostosis. DLL3 encodes a ligand for the Notch receptor and, when mutated, defective somitogenesis occurs resulting in a consistent and distinctive pattern of AVS affecting the entire spine. From our study cohort of cases of AVS, we have identified individuals and families with abnormal segmentation of the entire spine but no mutations in DLL3, and, in some of these, linkage to the DLL3 locus at 19q13.1 has been excluded. Within this group, the radiological phenotype differs mildly from that of DLL3 mutation-positive SCD and is variable, suggesting further heterogeneity. Using a genomewide scanning strategy in one consanguineous family with two affected children, we demonstrated linkage to 15q21.3-15q26.1 and furthermore identified a 4-bp duplication mutation in the human MESP2 gene that codes for a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. No MESP2 mutations were found in a further 7 patients with related radiological phenotypes in whom abnormal segmentation affected all vertebrae, nor in a further 12 patients with diverse phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil V. Whittock
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, and Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom; Developmental Biology Program and Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; St. Vincent’s Clinical School and Department of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Duncan B. Sparrow
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, and Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom; Developmental Biology Program and Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; St. Vincent’s Clinical School and Department of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Merridee A. Wouters
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, and Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom; Developmental Biology Program and Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; St. Vincent’s Clinical School and Department of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - David Sillence
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, and Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom; Developmental Biology Program and Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; St. Vincent’s Clinical School and Department of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Sian Ellard
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, and Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom; Developmental Biology Program and Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; St. Vincent’s Clinical School and Department of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Sally L. Dunwoodie
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, and Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom; Developmental Biology Program and Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; St. Vincent’s Clinical School and Department of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Peter D. Turnpenny
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, and Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom; Developmental Biology Program and Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; St. Vincent’s Clinical School and Department of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
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41
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Rodriguez TA, Sparrow DB, Scott AN, Withington SL, Preis JI, Michalicek J, Clements M, Tsang TE, Shioda T, Beddington RSP, Dunwoodie SL. Cited1 is required in trophoblasts for placental development and for embryo growth and survival. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:228-44. [PMID: 14673158 PMCID: PMC303371 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.1.228-244.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2002] [Revised: 12/13/2002] [Accepted: 09/18/2003] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cited1 is a transcriptional cofactor that interacts with Smad4, estrogen receptors alpha and beta, TFAP2, and CBP/p300. It is expressed in a restricted manner in the embryo as well as in extraembryonic tissues during embryonic development. In this study we report the engineering of a loss-of-function Cited1 mutation in the mouse. Cited1 null mutants show growth restriction at 18.5 days postcoitum, and most of them die shortly after birth. Half the heterozygous females, i.e., those that carry a paternally inherited wild-type Cited1 allele, are similarly affected. Cited1 is normally expressed in trophectoderm-derived cells of the placenta; however, in these heterozygous females, Cited1 is not expressed in these cells. This occurs because Cited1 is located on the X chromosome, and thus the wild-type Cited1 allele is not expressed because the paternal X chromosome is preferentially inactivated. Loss of Cited1 resulted in abnormal placental development. In mutants, the spongiotrophoblast layer is irregular in shape and enlarged while the labyrinthine layer is reduced in size. In addition, the blood spaces within the labyrinthine layer are disrupted; the maternal sinusoids are considerably larger in mutants, leading to a reduction in the surface area available for nutrient exchange. We conclude that Cited1 is required in trophoblasts for normal placental development and subsequently for embryo viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Rodriguez
- Mammalian Development Division, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
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42
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Sparrow DB, Clements M, Withington SL, Scott AN, Novotny J, Sillence D, Kusumi K, Beddington RSP, Dunwoodie SL. Diverse requirements for Notch signalling in mammals. Int J Dev Biol 2003; 46:365-74. [PMID: 12141422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway has a central role in a wide variety of developmental processes and it is not therefore surprising that mutations in components of this pathway can cause dramatic human genetic disorders. One developmental process in which the Notch pathway is involved at multiple levels is somitogenesis, the mechanism by which the embryo is divided into segments that ultimately form structures such as the axial skeleton and skeletal muscle of the trunk. We are investigating the human genetic disorder spondylocostal dysplasia (SCD), which is a group of malsegmentation syndromes that occur when this process is disrupted. Mutations in the Notch ligand DELTA-LIKE 3 (DLL3) are responsible for cases of autosomal recessive SCD type I (SCDO1), and we are using information derived from these mutations to study the structure of the DLL3 protein. To aid in elucidation of the underlying developmental defect in SCDO1, we have generated a mouse model by targeted deletion of the Dll3 gene (Dunwoodie et al., 2002). These mice show segmentation defects similar to those seen in SCDO1. In addition, these mice have a distinct set of neural defects that may be useful in future neurological assessment of affected individuals. Finally, since not all cases of SCD are due to mutation of DLL3, we are investigating various genes to find other candidates involved in this genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B Sparrow
- Developmental Biology Unit, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
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43
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Dunwoodie SL, Clements M, Sparrow DB, Sa X, Conlon RA, Beddington RSP. Axial skeletal defects caused by mutation in the spondylocostal dysplasia/pudgy geneDll3are associated with disruption of the segmentation clock within the presomitic mesoderm. Development 2002; 129:1795-806. [PMID: 11923214 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.7.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A loss-of-function mutation in the mouse delta-like3 (Dll3) gene has been generated following gene targeting, and results in severe axial skeletal defects. These defects, which consist of highly disorganised vertebrae and costal defects, are similar to those associated with the Dll3-dependent pudgy mutant in mouse and with spondylocostal dysplasia (MIM 277300) in humans. This study demonstrates that Dll3neo and Dll3pu are functionally equivalent alleles with respect to the skeletal dysplasia, and we suggest that the three human DLL3 mutations associated with spondylocostal dysplasia are also functionally equivalent to the Dll3neo null allele. Our phenotypic analysis of Dll3neo/Dll3neo mutants shows that the developmental origins of the skeletal defects lie in delayed and irregular somite formation, which results in the perturbation of anteroposterior somite polarity. As the expression of Lfng, Hes1, Hes5 and Hey1 is disrupted in the presomitic mesoderm, we suggest that the somitic aberrations are founded in the disruption of the segmentation clock that intrinsically oscillates within presomitic mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Dunwoodie
- Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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44
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Palmer S, Groves N, Schindeler A, Yeoh T, Biben C, Wang CC, Sparrow DB, Barnett L, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Koentgen F, Mohun T, Harvey RP. The small muscle-specific protein Csl modifies cell shape and promotes myocyte fusion in an insulin-like growth factor 1-dependent manner. J Cell Biol 2001; 153:985-98. [PMID: 11381084 PMCID: PMC2174333 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.153.5.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated a murine cDNA encoding a 9-kD protein, Chisel (Csl), in a screen for transcriptional targets of the cardiac homeodomain factor Nkx2-5. Csl transcripts were detected in atria and ventricles of the heart and in all skeletal muscles and smooth muscles of the stomach and pulmonary veins. Csl protein was distributed throughout the cytoplasm in fetal muscles, although costameric and M-line localization to the muscle cytoskeleton became obvious after further maturation. Targeted disruption of Csl showed no overt muscle phenotype. However, ectopic expression in C2C12 myoblasts induced formation of lamellipodia in which Csl protein became tethered to membrane ruffles. Migration of these cells was retarded in a monolayer wound repair assay. Csl-expressing myoblasts differentiated and fused normally, although in the presence of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 they showed dramatically enhanced fusion, leading to formation of large dysmorphogenic "myosacs." The activities of transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and myocyte enhancer-binding factor (MEF)2, were also enhanced in an IGF-1 signaling-dependent manner. The dynamic cytoskeletal localization of Csl and its dominant effects on cell shape and behavior and transcription factor activity suggest that Csl plays a role in the regulatory network through which muscle cells coordinate their structural and functional states during growth, adaptation, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Palmer
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nicola Groves
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Thomas Yeoh
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Christine Biben
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Cheng-Chun Wang
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Duncan B. Sparrow
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Louise Barnett
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Nancy A. Jenkins
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Neal G. Copeland
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Frank Koentgen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Tim Mohun
- Medical Research Council Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- Faculties of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2051, Australia
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45
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Abstract
Vertebrate homologues of the Drosophila tinman transcription factor have been implicated in the processes of specification and differentiation of cardiac mesoderm. In Xenopus three members of this family have been isolated to date. Here we show that the XNkx2-3, Xnkx2-5, and XNkx2-10 genes are expressed in increasingly distinctive patterns in endodermal and mesodermal germ layers through early development, suggesting that their protein products (either individually or in different combinations) perform distinct functions. Using amphibian transgenesis, we find that the expression pattern of one of these genes, XNkx2-5, can be reproduced using transgenes containing only 4.3 kb of promoter sequence. Sequence analysis reveals remarkable conservation between the distalmost 300 bp of the Xenopus promoter and a portion of the AR2 element upstream of the mouse and human Nkx2-5 genes. Interestingly, only the 3' half of this evolutionarily conserved sequence element is required for correct transgene expression in frog embryos. Mutation of conserved GATA sites or a motif resembling the dpp-response element in the Drosophila tinman tinD enhancer dramatically reduces the levels of transgene expression. Finally we show that, despite its activity in Xenopus embryos, in transgenic mice the Xenopus Nkx2-5 promoter is able to drive reporter gene expression only in a limited subset of cells expressing the endogenous gene. This intriguing result suggests that despite evolutionary conservation of some cis-regulatory sequences, the regulatory controls on Nkx2-5 expression have diverged between mammals and amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Sparrow
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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46
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Abstract
Currently transgenic frog embryos are generated using restriction-enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) on decondensed sperm nuclei followed by nuclear transplantation into unfertilized eggs. We have developed a simplified version of this protocol that has the potential to increase the numbers of normally developing transgenic embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Sparrow
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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47
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Abstract
We have used serial histological sections to document heart formation in Xenopus laevis, from the formation of a linear heart tube to the appearance of morphologically distinct atrial and ventricular chambers. 3D reconstruction techniques have been used to derive accurate models from digital images, revealing the morphological changes that accompany heart differentiation. To demonstrate the utility of this approach in analysing cardiac gene expression, we have reexamined the distribution of Hand1 transcripts in the linear and looped heart tube. Our results demonstrate that prior to looping, an initial asymmetric, left-sided pattern is replaced by more symmetrical localisation of transcripts to the ventral portion of the myocardium. After the onset of looping, Hand1 expression is restricted to the ventral ventricular myocardium and extends along the entire length of the single ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Mohun
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom.
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48
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Sparrow DB, Miska EA, Langley E, Reynaud-Deonauth S, Kotecha S, Towers N, Spohr G, Kouzarides T, Mohun TJ. MEF-2 function is modified by a novel co-repressor, MITR. EMBO J 1999; 18:5085-98. [PMID: 10487760 PMCID: PMC1171579 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.18.5085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The MEF-2 proteins are a family of transcriptional activators that have been detected in a wide variety of cell types. In skeletal muscle cells, MEF-2 proteins interact with members of the MyoD family of transcriptional activators to synergistically activate gene expression. Similar interactions with tissue or lineage-specific cofactors may also underlie MEF-2 function in other cell types. In order to screen for such cofactors, we have used a transcriptionally inactive mutant of Xenopus MEF2D in a yeast two-hybrid screen. This approach has identified a novel protein expressed in the early embryo that binds to XMEF2D and XMEF2A. The MEF-2 interacting transcription repressor (MITR) protein binds to the N-terminal MADS/MEF-2 region of the MEF-2 proteins but does not bind to the related Xenopus MADS protein serum response factor. In the early embryo, MITR expression commences at the neurula stage within the mature somites and is subsequently restricted to the myotomal muscle. In functional assays, MITR negatively regulates MEF-2-dependent transcription and we show that this repression is mediated by direct binding of MITR to the histone deacetylase HDAC1. Thus, we propose that MITR acts as a co-repressor, recruiting a specific deacetylase to downregulate MEF-2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Sparrow
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA
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49
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Mohun TJ, Sparrow DB. Heart developmental biology. Introduction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 1999; 10:59-60. [PMID: 10355029 DOI: 10.1006/scdb.1999.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Mohun
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
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50
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Sparrow DB, Jen WC, Kotecha S, Towers N, Kintner C, Mohun TJ. Thylacine 1 is expressed segmentally within the paraxial mesoderm of the Xenopus embryo and interacts with the Notch pathway. Development 1998; 125:2041-51. [PMID: 9570769 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125.11.2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The presomitic mesoderm of vertebrates undergoes a process of segmentation in which cell-cell interactions mediated by the Notch family of receptors and their associated ligands are involved. The vertebrate homologues of Drosophila Δ are expressed in a dynamic, segmental pattern within the presomitic mesoderm, and alterations in the function of these genes leads to a perturbed pattern of somite segmentation. In this study we have characterised Thylacine 1 which encodes a basic helix-loop-helix class transcription activator. Expression of Thylacine is restricted to the presomitic mesoderm, localising to the anterior half of several somitomeres in register with domains of X-Delta-2 expression. Ectopic expression of Thylacine in embryos causes segmentation defects similar to those seen in embryos in which Notch signalling is altered, and these embryos also show severe disruption in the expression patterns of the marker genes X-Delta-2 and X-ESR5 within the presomitic mesoderm. Finally, the expression of Thylacine is altered in embryos when Notch signalling is perturbed. These observations suggest strongly that Thylacine 1 has a role in the segmentation pathway of the Xenopus embryo, by interacting with the Notch signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Sparrow
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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