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Fizza Haider S, Sloss R, Jhanji S, Nicholson E, Creagh-Brown B. Management of adult patients with haematological malignancies in critical care. Anaesthesia 2023. [PMID: 36658786 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There are a diverse range of haematological malignancies with varying clinical presentations and prognoses. Patients with haematological malignancy may require admission to critical care at the time of diagnosis or due to treatment related effects and complications. Although the prognosis for such patients requiring critical care has improved, there remain uncertainties in optimal clinical management. Identification of patients who will benefit from critical care admission is challenging and selective involvement of palliative care may help to reduce unnecessary and non-beneficial treatments. While patients with haematological malignancy can present a challenge to critical care physicians, good outcomes can be achieved. In this narrative review, we provide a brief overview of relevant haematological malignancies for the critical care physician and a summary of recent treatment advances. Subsequently, we focus on critical care management for the patient with haematological malignancy including sepsis; acute respiratory failure; prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome; thrombocytopaenia; and venous thromboembolism. We also discuss immunotherapeutic-specific related complications and their management, including cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. While the management of haematological malignancies is highly specialised and increasingly centralised, acutely unwell patients often present to their local hospital with complications requiring critical care expertise. The aim of this review is to provide a contemporary overview of disease and management principles for non-specialist critical care teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fizza Haider
- Royal Surrey Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, UK
| | - R Sloss
- Department of Peri-Operative Medicine (Critical Care), St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - S Jhanji
- Department of Critical Care, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - E Nicholson
- Department of Haematology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - B Creagh-Brown
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Surrey Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, UK.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Li S, Sharma B, Du Y, El-Sharkawi D, Iyengar S, Nicholson E, Potter M, Ethell M, Arias C, Easdale S, Alexander E, Cunningham D, Chau I. 633P Determining the prognostic value of end of treatment (EOT) 18F-choline positron emission tomography (PET) in patients treated with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) who respond to first-line therapy: A single centre retrospective study at the Royal Marsden Hospital (RMH). Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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3
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Cordell SC, Attygalle A, Nicholson E, Wotherspoon A, Chau I, El-Sharkawi D, Iyengar S, Cunningham D, Sharma B. Extranodal risk sites for CNS lymphoma: Review, good practice guide and the new SIHMIR paradigm shift. Clin Radiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2022.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Nicholson E, Doherty E, Guerin S, Schreiber J, Barrett M, McAuliffe E. Healthcare utilisation and unmet health needs in children with intellectual disability: a propensity score matching approach using longitudinal cohort data. J Intellect Disabil Res 2022; 66:442-453. [PMID: 35285998 PMCID: PMC9310956 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health disparities for children with intellectual disabilities can be challenging to measure due to many other factors that can impact health and healthcare use. The aim of the current study was to use longitudinal cohort data to compare children with intellectual disability (ID) in Ireland between 2006 and 2014 on healthcare utilisation and unmet need, at ages 9 and 13, using a propensity score matching (PSM) approach. METHODS Using data from the Growing up in Ireland study, PSM was used to identify an appropriate control sample to compare with a sample of children with ID (n = 124). Participants were matched on variables that are known to influence healthcare utilisation to reduce the impact of confounding variables between groups so that differences between the groups can be estimated. Logistic regression was used to estimate effects at ages 9 and 13. RESULTS Children with ID were no more likely to have visited a general practitioner or emergency department in the past 12 months than children without ID. They did have a greater likelihood of visiting a doctor in a hospital in the past 12 months and of having an overnight stay in hospital by age 9. Primary caregivers of children with ID were more likely to report unmet health needs at ages 9 and 13. CONCLUSIONS This approach is a novel means of comparing healthcare use in this population by balancing the impact of other factors that may result in inequities, to which children with ID may be more vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Nicholson
- UCD Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems (IRIS)UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, UCD College of Health and Agricultural SciencesDublinIreland
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and HealthDublin City UniversityGlasnevin CampusDublin 9Ireland
| | - E. Doherty
- J.E. Cairnes School of Business & EconomicsNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - S. Guerin
- UCD Centre for Disability StudiesUCD School of Psychology, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - J. Schreiber
- School of NursingDuquesne UniversityPittsburghPAUSA
| | - M. Barrett
- Children's Health Ireland (CHI) at CrumlinDublinIreland
- UCD School of MedicineUCD College of Health and Agricultural SciencesDublinIreland
| | - E. McAuliffe
- UCD Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems (IRIS)UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, UCD College of Health and Agricultural SciencesDublinIreland
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McDonnell T, Conlon C, McNicholas F, Barrett E, Barrett M, Cummins F, Hensey C, McAuliffe E, Nicholson E. Paediatric hospital admissions for psychiatric and psychosocial reasons during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Rev Psychiatry 2022; 34:128-139. [PMID: 35699100 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2022.2061840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increases in youth psychiatric presentations to out-patient and emergency department settings during COVID-19 have been reported. This study, using data from five hospitals in Ireland, examines changes in the number and type of paediatric admissions during COVID-19 (March 2020 - February 2021) compared to the previous two years. ICD-10 classification was used to establish admissions with mental, behavioural, neuro-developmental disorders and psychosocial reasons (MBN-PS). Overall hospital admissions fell by 25.3%, while MBN-PS fell by only 2.6%, mostly during an initial lockdown. Admissions for MBN-PS increased in July-August (9.2%), increased further in September-December (28.3%), returning to pre-COVID-19 levels in January-February 2021. Significant increases were observed among youths with anorexia nervosa (47.8%), other eating disorders (42.9%), and admissions for anxiety (29.6%), with these effects relating to females only. Although admissions for self-harm increased (3%) and rates of ASD admissions reduced (17%), these were not statistically significant. The disproportionate increase in admissions for MBN-PS compared to medical admissions suggests an adverse effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health, for females in particular, and supports previous reports of a pandemic specific increase in eating psychopathology. Combined community and acute service delivery and capacity planning are urgently needed given the prior underfunding of services pre-pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- T McDonnell
- UCD Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems, School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Conlon
- UCD Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems, School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F McNicholas
- Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland.,Lucena Clinic, Rathgar, Ireland
| | - E Barrett
- UCD Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland.,Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Barrett
- Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Women's and Children's Health, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F Cummins
- ALERT, REDSPOT, Emergency Department, Limerick University Hospital, Limerick, Ireland
| | - C Hensey
- Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E McAuliffe
- UCD Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems, School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Nicholson
- UCD Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems, School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Kuhnl A, Mikhaeel G, Kirkwood A, Menne T, Frew J, Tholouli E, Patel A, Besley C, Beasley M, Latif A, O'Rourke N, Nicholson E, Alexander E, Chaganti S, Stevens A, Marzolini M, Johnson R, Sanderson R, Sivabalasingham S, Roddie C. Radiotherapy Bridging in Patients With R/R High-Grade Lymphoma Receiving CD19 CAR-T in the UK. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.07.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nicholson E, Allison DJ, Bullock A, Heisz JJ. Examining the obesity paradox: A moderating effect of fitness on adipose endocrine function in older adults. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 193:111406. [PMID: 33278406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence linking obesity with increased mortality, older adults with excessive adiposity seem protected, resulting in a so-called obesity paradox. Obesity is characterized by leptin resistance, which contributes to increased risk of all-cause mortality. Therefore, lifestyle factors, such as physical fitness, that lower leptin independent of adiposity may be confounding the obesity paradox. To investigate this, we evaluated whether physical fitness moderated the relationship between leptin and adiposity. We found older adults with higher fitness had lower body mass (r(39) = -0.43, p < 0.01), leptin (r(39) = -0.29, p = 0.03) and inflammation (IL-1β: (r(39) = -0.69, p < 0.01); TNF-α: (r(39) = -0.30, p = 0.03)). Fitness moderated the relationship between leptin and adiposity (F(5, 37) = 3.73, p < 0.01, R2 = 0.33) to reveal the obesity paradox in moderately and high fit individuals (b = 216.24, t(37) = 1.46, p = 0.15; b= -88.10, t(37) = -0.49, p = 0.63) but not in low fit individuals. These results show the link between obesity and mortality may not be dependent on total adiposity, but rather on endocrine function and adipocyte leptin secretion. These results have important implications for older adults struggling to maintain healthy body composition and suggest that fitness may promote overall wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nicholson
- McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - D J Allison
- McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - A Bullock
- University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - J J Heisz
- McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada.
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8
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Nicholson E, McDonnell T, De Brún A, Barrett M, Bury G, Collins C, Hensey C, McAuliffe E. Factors that influence family and parental preferences and decision making for unscheduled paediatric healthcare - systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:663. [PMID: 32680518 PMCID: PMC7366445 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health systems offer access to unscheduled care through numerous routes; however, it is typically provided by general practitioners (GPs), by emergency medicine doctors in in emergency departments (EDs) and by GPs in out-of-hours GP services such as practitioner cooperatives. Unscheduled healthcare constitutes a substantial portion of healthcare delivery. A systematic review was conducted to establish the factors that influence parents' decision making when seeking unscheduled healthcare for their children. The systematic review question was "What are the factors that influence the decision making of parents and families seeking unscheduled paediatric healthcare?" METHOD Five databases (CINAHL, PubMed, SCOPUS, PsycInfo, EconLit) and four grey literature databases (Proquest, Lenus, OpenGrey, Google Scholar) were searched. The titles and abstracts of 3746 articles were screened and full-text screening was performed on 177 of these articles. Fifty-six papers were selected for inclusion in the review. Data relating to different types of unscheduled health services (namely primary care, the emergency department and out-of-hours services) were extracted from these articles. A narrative approach was used to synthesise the extracted data. RESULTS Several factors were identified as influencing parental preferences and decision making when seeking unscheduled healthcare for their children. A number of the included studies identified pre-disposing factors such as race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) as impacting the healthcare-seeking behaviour of parents. Unscheduled healthcare use was often initiated by the parent's perception that the child's condition was urgent and their need for reassurance. The choice of unscheduled service was influenced by a myriad of factors such as: waiting times, availability of GP appointments, location of the ED, and the relationship that the parent or caregiver had with their GP. CONCLUSION Policy and planning initiatives do not always reflect how patients negotiate the health system as a single entity with numerous entry points. Altering patients' behaviour through public health initiatives that seek to improve, for instance, health literacy or reducing emergency hospital admissions through preventative primary care requires an understanding of the relative importance of factors that influence behaviour and decision making, and the interactions between these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Nicholson
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems (IRIS) UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - T. McDonnell
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems (IRIS) UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A. De Brún
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems (IRIS) UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M. Barrett
- Department of Emergency Medicine/National Children’s Research Centre, Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - G. Bury
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C. Collins
- Irish College of General Practitioners, 4/5 Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C. Hensey
- Children’s Health Ireland at Temple St, Temple St, Rotunda, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - E. McAuliffe
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems (IRIS) UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Lima DO, Banks‐Leite C, Lorini ML, Nicholson E, Vieira MV. Anthropogenic effects on the occurrence of medium‐sized mammals on the Brazilian Pampa biome. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. O. Lima
- Campus Cerro Largo Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul Cerro Largo RS Brazil
- Laboratório de Vertebrados Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - C. Banks‐Leite
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Ascot, Berkshire UK
| | - M. L. Lorini
- Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Ciências Naturais Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - E. Nicholson
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - M. V. Vieira
- Laboratório de Vertebrados Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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Cano-Jaimez M, Tagliatti E, Mendonca PRF, Nicholson E, Vivekananda U, Kullmann DM, Volynski KE. Preparation of dissociated mouse primary neuronal cultures from long-term cryopreserved brain tissue. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 330:108452. [PMID: 31655091 PMCID: PMC7026713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dissociated primary neuronal cultures are widely used as a model system to investigate the cellular and molecular properties of diverse neuronal populations and mechanisms of action potential generation and synaptic transmission. Typically, rodent primary neuronal cultures are obtained from freshly-dissociated embryonic or postnatal brain tissue, which often requires intense animal husbandry. This can strain resources when working with genetically modified mice. NEW METHOD Here we describe an experimental protocol for frozen storage of mouse hippocampi, which allows fully functional dissociated primary neuronal cultures to be prepared from cryopreserved tissue. RESULTS We show that thawed hippocampal neurons have functional properties similar to those of freshly dissociated neurons, including neuronal morphology, excitability, action potential waveform and synaptic neurotransmitter release, even after cryopreservation for several years. COMPARISON TO THE EXISTING METHODS In contrast to the existing methods, the protocol described here allows for efficient long-term storage of samples, allowing researchers to perform functional experiments on neuronal cultures from brain tissue collected in other laboratories. CONCLUSIONS We anticipate that this method will facilitate collaborations among laboratories based at distant locations and will thus optimise the use of genetically modified mouse models, in line with the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) recommended for scientific use of animals in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cano-Jaimez
- Dept. Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London UK
| | - E Tagliatti
- Dept. Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London UK
| | - P R F Mendonca
- Dept. Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London UK
| | - E Nicholson
- Dept. Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London UK
| | - U Vivekananda
- Dept. Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London UK
| | - D M Kullmann
- Dept. Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London UK
| | - K E Volynski
- Dept. Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London UK.
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Bishr M, Nicholson E, Durie E, Potter M, Ethell M, Anthias C, Messiou C, Johnson I, Eagle S, Ingram W, Saran F, Mandeville H. PO-0869 Reducing pulmonary and renal toxicity in children receiving TBI with forward planned IMRT. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)31289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Smith A, Baines N, Memon S, Fitzgerald N, Chadder J, Politis C, Nicholson E, Earle C, Bryant H. Moving toward the elimination of cervical cancer: modelling the health and economic benefits of increasing uptake of human papillomavirus vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:80-84. [PMID: 31043805 DOI: 10.3747/co.26.4795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background The human papillomavirus (hpv) is a common sexually transmitted infection and a primary cause of cervical cancer. The Government of Canada has set a target of reaching 90% hpv vaccine coverage among adolescents by 2025. Here, we examine hpv vaccine uptake in school-based immunization programs across Canada and explore how achieving the 90% target could affect the future incidence of cervical cancer, mortality, and health system expenditures in a cohort of Canadian women. Methods Data for hpv vaccine uptake in the most recent reported school year available in each jurisdiction were provided in 2017 by jurisdictional school-based immunization programs and were used to estimate a national weighted average of 67%. The OncoSim microsimulation model (version 2.5) was used to compare 3 different levels of hpv vaccine uptake (0%, 67%, 90%) on health and economic outcomes for a hypothetical cohort of all 5- to 10-year-old girls in Canada in 2015. Results Vaccine uptake for girls in school-based programs varied from 55.0% to 92.0% in the jurisdictions reviewed. The OncoSim model projects that increasing uptake to 90% from 67% would result in a 23% reduction in cervical cancer incidence rates (to 3.1 cases from 4.0 cases per 100,000, averaged across the lifetime of the cohort) and a 23% decline in the average annual mortality rate (to 1.0 deaths from 1.3 deaths per 100,000). Finally, the model projects that the health system will incur a cost of $9 million (1% increase) during the lifetime of the cohort if uptake is increased to 90% from 67%. Costs are discounted (1.5%) and expressed in 2016 Canadian dollars. Costs reflect the payer perspective. Conclusions Our model shows that increasing hpv vaccine uptake to 90% from current levels for girls in school-based immunization programs could result in substantial reductions in the future incidence and mortality rates for cervical cancer in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smith
- Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Toronto, ON
| | - N Baines
- Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Toronto, ON
| | - S Memon
- Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Toronto, ON
| | - N Fitzgerald
- Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Toronto, ON
| | - J Chadder
- Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Toronto, ON
| | - C Politis
- Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Toronto, ON
| | - E Nicholson
- Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Toronto, ON
| | - C Earle
- Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Toronto, ON
| | - H Bryant
- Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Toronto, ON
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Rogers C, Stoica S, Ellis L, Stokes E, Wordsworth S, Dabner L, Clayton G, Downes R, Nicholson E, Bennett S, Angelini G, Reeves B, Murphy G. Randomized trial of near-infrared spectroscopy for personalized optimization of cerebral tissue oxygenation during cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2017; 119:384-393. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Zarif N, Nicholson E, Cummings MH. Prescribing of oral antihyperglycaemic agents in gestational diabetes by the antenatal diabetes team within the UK: an observational survey. Pract Diab 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Zarif
- St Bartholomew's Hospital and the London School of Medicine; London UK
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Major D, Bryant H, Delaney M, Fekete S, Gentile L, Harrison M, Mai V, Nicholson E, Taylor Y. Colorectal cancer screening in Canada: results from the first round of screening for five provincial programs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:252-7. [PMID: 24155629 DOI: 10.3747/co.20.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early implementation of programmatic colorectal cancer (crc) screening for average-risk individuals 50-74 years of age in Canada has used fecal occult blood tests [fts (guaiac or immunochemical)] and colonoscopy for follow-up of abnormal fts. This paper presents results of an evaluation of this crc screening. METHODS Five Canadian provincial programs provided aggregated data for individuals with a first-round ft processed between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2011. RESULTS The 104,750 people who successfully completed a first round of screening represented 16.1% of those who had access to the programs between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2011 (mean age: 61.2 years; men: 61.4 years; women: 61.1 years). Of those participants, 4661 had an abnormal ft (4.4%). Uptake of colonoscopy within 180 days after an abnormal ft was 80.5%, ranging from 67.8% to 89.5% by program. The positive predictive value (ppv) for adenoma was 35.9% for guaiac ft and 50.6% for immunochemical ft. Adenoma and crc detection rates were, respectively, 16.9 and 1.8 per 1000 screened. Of invasive crcs detected, 64.6% were stage i or ii. CONCLUSIONS Considering the variation in characteristics and stage of implementation of each provincial program, the collaboration of the provinces leading to this report on the early performance of crc screening in Canada is a major milestone. Targets are met or nearly met for significant indicators such as ppv for adenoma and cancer detection rate. Participation is expected to increase as programs are fully implemented in the provinces. Additional effort may be needed to improve timely access to follow-up colonoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Major
- Screening and Early Detection Portfolio, Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Toronto, ON
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Nicholson E, Mackinnon S, Thomson K, Sudak J, Fielding A, Kottaridis P, Peggs K, Morris E, Chakraverty R. Favorable Outcomes in Elderly and High-Risk Patients with AML and MDS Following T-Cell Depleted Reduced Intensity Conditioned Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.12.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Agarwala S, Lim ZH, Nicholson E, Ho GW. Probing the morphology-device relation of Fe₂O₃ nanostructures towards photovoltaic and sensing applications. Nanoscale 2012; 4:194-205. [PMID: 22075796 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10856e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A lot of research on nanomaterials has been carried out in recent years. However, there is still a lack of nanostructures that have a combination of superior properties; both efficient electron transport and high surface area. Here, the authors have tried to develop hybrid α-Fe(2)O(3) flower-like morphology which exhibits both superior electron transport and high surface area. Intrigued by the unique properties of Fe(2)O(3) at the nanoscale and its abundance in nature, we have demonstrated a facile template-free solution based synthesis of hybrid α-Fe(2)O(3) comprising nanopetals nucleating radially from a 3D core. Due to its simplicity, the synthesis process can be easily reproduced and scaled up. We carried out in-depth studies on gas sensing and dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) device characterization so as to gain an understanding of how surface area and transport properties are affected by variation in morphology. The hybrid α-Fe(2)O(3) nanostructures are studied as potential candidates for gas sensors and for the first time as a working electrode for DSSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Agarwala
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Science Program, Blk EA, #06-10, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore
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Guillera-Arroita G, Lahoz-Monfort JJ, Milner-Gulland EJ, Young RP, Nicholson E. Using occupancy as a state variable for monitoring the Critically Endangered Alaotran gentle lemur Hapalemur alaotrensis. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2010. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Pascalis O, Scott LS, Kelly DJ, Shannon RW, Nicholson E, Coleman M, Nelson CA. Plasticity of face processing in infancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:5297-300. [PMID: 15790676 PMCID: PMC555965 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406627102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experience plays a crucial role for the normal development of many perceptual and cognitive functions, such as speech perception. For example, between 6 and 10 months of age, the infant's ability to discriminate among native speech sounds improves, whereas the ability to discriminate among foreign speech sounds declines. However, a recent investigation suggests that some experience with non-native languages from 9 months of age facilitates the maintenance of this ability at 12 months. Nelson has suggested that the systems underlying face processing may be similarly sculpted by experience with different kinds of faces. In the current investigation, we demonstrate that, in human infants between 6 and 9 months of age, exposure to non-native faces, in this case, faces of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus), facilitates the discrimination of monkey faces, an ability that is otherwise lost around 9 months of age. These data support, and further elucidate, the role of early experience in the development of face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pascalis
- LGF Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TP, United Kingdom.
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-shot nerve blocks provide excellent postoperative analgesia for a limited period and are increasingly used in day-case units. They allow early patient discharge following painful operative procedures that would otherwise require overnight hospitalization. We investigated the adequacy of analgesia at home after the block had worn off. METHODS A prospective audit by telephone 1 week after surgery of 50 consecutive patients who had had a single-shot interscalene block for day-case shoulder arthroscopic surgery. RESULTS The mean length of adequate sensory block was 22.5 h (9-48 h) after which 20% of patients had a maximum visual analogue scale (VAS) score of 5/5. Most patients did not take analgesics as prescribed and two patients (5.4%) required additional analgesia from their family doctor or accident and emergency department. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that analgesia at home is often inadequate after painful day-case surgical procedures if single-shot local anaesthetic blockade is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Wilson
- Department of Anaesthesia, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George St, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK.
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Nicholson E, Ryan J, Hodgkin D. Community data--where does the value lie? Assessing confidence limits of community collected water quality data. Water Sci Technol 2002; 45:193-200. [PMID: 12171352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Waterwatch is a national community-based monitoring network that aims to involve community groups and individuals in the protection and management of waterways. Waterwatch Victoria has the dual objectives of catchment education and water quality monitoring. The educational outcomes are evident, with the Waterwatch programme facilitating over 9,000 students to monitor more than 2,000 sites in waterways in 2000. This paper aims to assess the scientific value of community-collected data, through examining differences between Waterwatch data and professionally collected data. The study looked at all aspects of volunteer data collection, including data confidence protocols, equipment, and data analysis. All professional data was collated by the Victorian Water Quality Monitoring Network (VWQMN). The parameters examined in this study were turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH and total phosphorus. The level of agreement between community-collected data and professional data varied temporally and spatially. Waterwatch data for EC and pH appeared to be very similar to professionally collected data. Equipment used by Waterwatch volunteers for turbidity and total phosphorus appeared to be limited in accuracy to moderate ranges. Overall the VWQMN professionally collected data showed less variance, suggesting greater variability, potentially due to inaccuracies, in volunteer collected data
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nicholson
- Waterwatch Victoria, Department of Natural Resources & Environment, East Melbourne, Australia
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Tyler DS, Onaitis M, Kherani A, Hata A, Nicholson E, Keogan M, Fisher S, Coleman E, Seigler HF. Positron emission tomography scanning in malignant melanoma. Cancer 2000; 89:1019-25. [PMID: 10964332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several recent studies have demonstrated the low yield of anatomically based computed tomography scans in evaluating Stage III (American Joint Committee on Cancer) patients with malignant melanoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and clinical utility of functionally based positron emission tomography (PET) scans in the same patient population. METHODS A prospective evaluation of 106 whole body PET scans obtained after injection of 2-fluorine-18, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) was performed in 95 patients with clinically evident Stage III lymph node and/or in-transit melanoma. Areas of abnormality on FDG PET scanning were identified visually as foci of increased metabolic activity compared with background, and all positive foci were assessed pathologically. RESULTS In this patient population, there were 234 areas that were evaluated pathologically of which 165 were confirmed histologically to be melanoma. PET scanning identified 144 of the 165 areas of melanoma for a sensitivity of 87.3%. The 21 areas of melanoma that were missed included 10 microscopic foci, 9 foci less than 1 cm, and 2 foci greater than 1 cm. There were 39 areas of increased PET activity that were not associated with malignancy for a 78.6% predictive value of a positive test. Of the 39 false-positive areas (false-positive rate of 56.5%), 13 could be attributed to recent surgery, 3 to arthritis, 3 to infection, 2 to superficial phlebitis, 1 to a benign skin nevus, and 1 to a colonic polyp. Pathologic evaluation of the remaining false-positive areas failed to reveal a definitive etiology for their increased activity on PET scan. With the application of pertinent clinical information, the predictive value of a positive PET scan could be improved to 90. 6%. The specificity of PET scanning in this study was only 43.5% because very few prophylactic lymph node dissections were performed. Thirty-six of the total 183 abnormal areas (19.7%) on PET scanning proved to be unsuspected areas of metastatic disease. These findings led to a change in the planned clinical management in patients after 16 of the 106 PET scans (15.1%). CONCLUSIONS FDG PET scanning can be helpful in managing patients with Stage III melanoma in whom further surgery is contemplated. Although false-positive areas are not uncommon, PET scans did change the management of patients 15% of the time. PET's inability to identify microscopic disease suggests that it is of limited use in evaluating patients with Stage I-II disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Tyler
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Wynne HA, Long A, Nicholson E, Ward A, Keir D. Are altered pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) a risk factor for gastrointestinal bleeding? Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 45:405-8. [PMID: 9578191 PMCID: PMC1873969 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.t01-1-00696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We hypothesised that pharmacokinetic factors might go some way to explaining the risk of major gastrointestinal haemorrhage with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), with bleeders exhibiting a reduced clearance of NSAIDs compared with non-bleeders and set out to investigate this. METHODS Fifty patients presenting to hospital with acute gastrointestinal bleeding while taking piroxicam, indomethacin, diclofenac or naproxen and age, sex, musculoskeletal disease and drug matched community dwelling controls, up to two for each index case, who had not bled were recruited. Clinical details including duration of therapy were recorded. Bleeders discontinued the implicated NSAID at presentation, controls at least five half-lives before the study. Bleeders were contacted by letter 1 month after discharge and invited to take part and were studied after a median delay of 5 months. Subjects received an oral dose of their respective NSAID and venous blood was sampled, over a period determined by the half-life of the NSAID. Plasma concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The median length of treatment for the index patients was 1 year (range 2 weeks--28 years) and for the control patients 2 years (1 month--25 years), P<0.0005. There were no significant differences in peak plasma concentration, time to peak plasma concentration or area under the plasma concentration-time curve between bleeders or controls for any of the NSAIDs studied, apart from piroxicam Cmax being lower in bleeders at 2.07 mg l(-1) than in controls at 3.21 mg l(-1), mean difference (95% CI) -1.14 (-1.83 - -0.48), P<0.005. CONCLUSIONS The data failed to support the hypothesis that reduced clearance of NSAIDs, which results in higher plasma concentrations, is a risk factor for acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Wynne
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, The Medical School
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kamali
- Wolfson Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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27
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Abstract
Skin biopsies from patients with psoriasis and normal controls were examined for the expression of cell adhesion molecules including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), HECA-452 and 4D10, using an immunoperoxidase techique. This study demonstrates that psoriatic skin exhibits a wide variety of markers of endothelial cell activation which are either induced or increased in expression (ICAM-1, ELAM-1 & 4D10). Moreover, ICAM-1 & HECA-452 are also expressed on leukocytes. These antigens may facilitate the adhesion of inflammatory cells to endothelium and antigen-presenting cells in psoriatic skin. Thus, they may play a role in faciliating the infiltration of leukocytes into psoriatic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW
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Kamali F, Herd B, Edwards C, Nicholson E, Wynne H. The influence of ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of temazepam in the young and elderly. J Clin Pharm Ther 1994; 19:105-9. [PMID: 8071389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.1994.tb01120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of pretreatment with a 4-day course of ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single oral dose of temazepam (10 mg) was investigated in 12 healthy young and nine elderly patient volunteers in a crossover design study. Temazepam clearance was lower in the elderly than in the young, but this difference was not statistically significant. Ciprofloxacin had no significant effect on temazepam pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics in either age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kamali
- Wolfson Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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To SS, Magoulas T, Nicholson E, Schrieber L. Identification of a human endothelial cell activation antigen that is co-expressed by germinal follicle centre B lymphocytes. Immunol Suppl 1992; 76:616-24. [PMID: 1398750 PMCID: PMC1421567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell activation antigens may play important roles in immune responses and in inflammation. This report describes the identification and characterization of a monoclonal antibody, named EAA-B, which reacts specifically with human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells pre-treated with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) but not with untreated cells. The expression of the EAA-B antigen on HUVE cells could also be induced by interleukin-1 (IL-1), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and phorbol esters but not by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). By contrast, EAA-B antigen expression on neonatal foreskin and rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts, whether pre-treated with TNF-alpha or not, was not detectable. Peripheral blood leucocytes and the leukaemic cell lines U937, HL-60, Raji and Molt 4 showed no detectable expression of the EAA-B antigen. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the EAA-B antigen was rapidly expressed, peaked at 6 hr and declined to basal level by 24 hr. Western blotting revealed that monoclonal antibody EAA-B recognized a polypeptide of approximately 80,000-90,000 MW. EAA-B partially blocked the augmented adhesion of HL-60 cells to TNF-treated HUVE cells. However, it failed to inhibit the enhanced binding of peripheral blood leucocytes, U937, Raji and Molt 4 Cells to TNF-treated HUVE cells. In situ, the EAA-B antigen was detected on some vascular endothelium in tonsils, lymph nodes, psoriatic skin and rheumatoid synovium but not in normal non-lymphoid tissues. Interestingly EAA-B antigen is also expressed by B lymphocytes in germinal follicle centres (GFC) of lymphoid tissues. The co-expression of this endothelial activation antigen by GFC B lymphocytes may have significant implications for immune responses and in B-lymphocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S To
- Sutton Rheumatism Research Laboratory, Sydney University Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Australia
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Seymour RA, Weldon M, Kelly P, Nicholson E, Hawkesford JE. An evaluation of buffered aspirin and aspirin tablets in postoperative pain after third molar surgery. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 33:395-9. [PMID: 1576068 PMCID: PMC1381328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1992.tb04057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Single doses (500 and 1000 mg) of both buffered aspirin and aspirin tablets were compared with placebo in a randomised double-blind trial of parallel design in patients with postoperative pain after third molar surgery. 2. Only buffered aspirin 500 mg provided significant pain relief (P = 0.016) during the 5 h investigation period. 3. A significant correlation (P = 0.004) was observed between overall pain scores after the various aspirin treatments and aspirin esterase activity. 4. Buffered aspirin preparations afforded a slight advantage over aspirin tablets in the control of postoperative pain after third molar surgery. However, the duration of analgesia was short (approximately 2 h). 5. Aspirin esterase activity appears to be an important determinant of the drug's efficacy in postoperative dental pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Seymour
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental School, Newcastle upon Tyne
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31
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Leslie GI, Gallery ED, Arnold JD, Nicholson E. Hyaline membrane disease and early neonatal aldosterone metabolism in infants of less than 33 weeks gestation. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991; 80:628-33. [PMID: 1867079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied urine excretion of free and conjugated aldosterone by 12 control infants and 14 infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) on the first and seventh days after birth. Both groups had a mean gestational age of 29 weeks. Total urine aldosterone excretion (UAE) and percent excreted as conjugate were similar for both groups on both study days, and did not relate to the severity of respiratory failure in infants with HMD. Sodium intake was higher for infants with HMD on both study days (p less than 0.02), but their urine sodium excretion was only significantly (p less than 0.01) higher on day 7. For total UAE values greater than 3 nmol/kg/d, there was no significant difference between estimated sodium-potassium exchange by control (22 +/- 5%, n = 8) and HMD (31 +/- 5%, n = 10) groups. These data suggest that neither the magnitude of excretion of aldosterone in the urine, the ability to conjugate aldosterone nor the degree of relative distal tubular unresponsiveness to aldosterone are related to the severity of pulmonary immaturity in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Leslie
- Department of Neonatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, N.S.W., Australia
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Nicholson E, Lardner R. Instructive exercise. Nurs Elder 1991; 3:30-2. [PMID: 1859639 DOI: 10.7748/eldc.3.3.30.s26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
The activity of the phase 1 enzyme aspirin esterase was studied in liver tissue from 16 patients, aged 45-88 years. No correlation between age and enzyme activity was found in post-mitochondrial, cytosolic and microsomal fractions. These results provide further evidence that age is not a major determinant of the activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yelland
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), The University, Newcastle upon Tyne
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Williams FM, Moore U, Seymour RA, Mutch EM, Nicholson E, Wright P, Wynne H, Blain PG, Rawlins MD. Benorylate hydrolysis by human plasma and human liver. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 28:703-8. [PMID: 2575401 PMCID: PMC1380041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1989.tb03563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Benorylate (4-acetamido phenyl-O-acetylsalicylate) hydrolysis in vitro by human plasma and by human liver microsomes and cytosol has been investigated. 2. Benorylate was hydrolysed by a route involving initial hydrolysis of the acetyl group to yield phenetsal followed by hydrolysis to paracetamol and salicylate. Hydrolysis via acetylsalicylate was minor. 3. Benorylate was more actively hydrolysed by liver cytosol than microsomes and about 10 times faster than plasma. 4. Following a single oral dose benorylate (4 g) to volunteers only salicylate and paracetamol were detected in the plasma. 5. The therapeutic effects of benorylate appear to be mediated by salicylate and paracetamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Williams
- Wolfson Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
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Abstract
The plasma, in addition to the liver, is a major site of hydrolysis of aspirin. Human plasma and liver aspirin esterase activities in samples from a group of patients varied over a two fold range and there was a significant correlation between individual plasma and liver activities. Human liver aspirin esterase was present in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions. Cytosolic and microsomal enzymes had different activities and apparent affinities for aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Williams
- Wolfson Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
The efficacy of a single pre-operative dose of benorylate (4 g) was determined in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel study in patients undergoing removal of a single impacted lower third molar. Patients treated with benorylate 4 g reported significantly less pain between 3-6 h after dosage than those treated with placebo. Overall pain scores at 6 h were significantly less in the benorylate group than the placebo group. However, overall pain scores at 12 h did not differ significantly between treatment groups. It is concluded from this study that a single dose of benorylate 4 g given immediately prior to the removal of an impacted lower third molar provides limited pain control during the postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Moore
- Department of Oral Surgery, Dental School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
To examine the short-term regulation of sodium excretion, plasma volume, and the renin-aldosterone system in pregnancy, women in their first pregnancy received either a high-salt (HS) (250 mmol/day) or a low-salt (LS) (20 mmol/day) diet for 7 days during the second and third trimester and after delivery (total 213 studies). Twenty women, studied while normotensive during mid-pregnancy, developed pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) in the third trimester. There was slightly greater difficulty adapting to sodium depletion (LS diet) during normal pregnancy compared with postpartum. The final mean values for sodium excretion were 27 (SE 2), 28 (SE 3) and 14 (SE 4) mmol/day in the second and third trimester and postpartum respectively. Sodium excretion with the HS diet was similar at all stages and plasma volumes were maintained as effectively during pregnancy as after delivery following both diets. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone concentration rose and fell significantly following the LS and HS diets but the sensitivity of renin response to changes in salt intake was blunted during normal pregnancy. Women who later developed PIH, when studied whilst normotensive, failed to stimulate plasma aldosterone after salt depletion in their second trimester and did not exhibit the 'sodium-independent' component of PRA seen in continuously normotensive subjects at this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Brown
- St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
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Nicholson E. Autologous blood transfusion. Nurs Times 1988; 84:33-5. [PMID: 3344232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Nicholson E, Nicholson K. [Alternative treatment. Soil should supply minerals]. Sygeplejersken 1986; 86:30-2. [PMID: 3645880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Nicholson E, Nicholson K. [Alternative treatment. The need for an explanation on ginseng]. Sygeplejersken 1986; 86:16-7, 28. [PMID: 3645870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Nicholson E. [People will learn to see themselves as a whole. Interview by Helle Kastholm Hansen]. Sygeplejersken 1986; 86:11-2. [PMID: 3644468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Seymour RA, Williams FM, Luyk NM, Boyle MA, Whitfield PM, Nicholson E, Booth PW, Rawlins MD. Comparative efficacy of soluble aspirin and aspirin tablets in postoperative dental pain. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 30:495-8. [PMID: 3743627 DOI: 10.1007/bf00607968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of single doses (1.2 g) of soluble aspirin and aspirin tablets was determined in a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel study in 90 patients (45 females) with postoperative pain after removal of impacted lower third molars. Also investigated was the relationship between plasma aspirin esterase activity and overall pain scores after both aspirin preparations. Patients reported significantly less pain (p less than 0.001) after treatment with aspirin than after treatment with placebo. However, patients receiving soluble aspirin reported both an earlier onset and a longer duration of pain relief than those who received aspirin tablets. A significant correlation was observed between plasma aspirin esterase activity and overall pain scores after both soluble aspirin (r = 0.57, p less than 0.01) and aspirin tablets (r = 0.51, p less than 0.02). It is concluded that soluble aspirin is the preferred aspirin formulation for treating postoperative pain after third molar surgery and that plasma aspirin esterase activity is determinant of a patient's analgesic response to aspirin in postoperative dental pain.
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Heaston DK, Putman CE, Rodan BA, Nicholson E, Ravin CE, Korobkin M, Chen JT, Seigler HF. Solitary pulmonary metastases in high-risk melanoma patients: a prospective comparison of conventional and computed tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983; 141:169-74. [PMID: 6602514 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.141.1.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A prospective comparison of chest radiography, conventional tomography, and computed tomography (CT) in the detection or confirmation of solitary pulmonary nodules was made in 42 patients with high propensity for pulmonary metastases due to advanced local (Clark level IV or V) or regional malignant melanoma. Unequivocal nodules were revealed by chest radiography in 11 patients, conventional tomography in 16, and computed tomography in 20 patients. Both plain films and tomography in three of these 20 were normal, but follow-up verified pulmonary metastases. Computed tomography detected more pulmonary nodules than conventional tomography in 11 patients in addition to identifying lesions in extrapulmonary sites. Therefore, chest CT is recommended before institution of immunotherapy or surgical removal of a solitary pulmonary melanoma metastasis. Once chemotherapy had been instituted for bulky regional or cutaneous involvement, however, the findings of either conventional or computed tomography were comparable in this study.
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Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of metoclopramide have been studied in nine children receiving the drug as prophylaxis for cytotoxic induced vomiting. Plasma concentrations of metoclopramide have also been studied in three children with dystonic reactions to the drug. The pharmacokinetics in children were similar to those reported in healthy adults. There was no difference in the plasma concentration of metoclopramide of children with dystonia when compared to those without this adverse effect. Kinetic differences in childhood do not explain the occurrence of dystonia, which in the individual appears to be related to factors other than plasma drug concentrations.
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Abstract
Excluding those with congenital syphilis all infants born in a hospital in South Korea with hydrops fetalis during a 47 month period were studied. In six out of a total of 17 cases no obvious abnormality was found. Abnormalities in the other cases included leukaemia, pulmonary cysts, ovarian cyst, haemangioma, peritonitis, limb contractures, left hypoplasia and maternal anaemia. The literature is reviewed and the pathophysiology discussed.
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Abstract
Twenty-three infants who had positive cord blood VDRL test results are described. Fourteen had clinical signs of congenital syphilis. All but one of the affected, and only one of the unaffected infants had high immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels. Several affected infants had low immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels suggesting poor placental transfer. Total protein, albumin and colloid osmotic pressure (COP) levels were generally within the normal range in the whole group, so these are unlikely to be responsible for the neonatal edema found in many of the affected infants.
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Blair EL, Hamill A, Jackson B, Lund PK, Nicholson E, Sanders DJ. The effect of stimulation by meat on gastrins in pyloric antral mucosa of anaesthetized cats. J Physiol 1979; 295:201-15. [PMID: 521924 PMCID: PMC1278794 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloralose anaesthetized cats were prepared with fundic and antral pouches. After stimulation with meat extract suspension in the antral pouches, the antral mucosae were collected, homogenized and subjected to subcellular fractionation to produce whole homogenates, debris, mitochondrial, granule and microsomal fractions and the cell supernatant. Total gastrin concentration and the quantities of gastrin components were measured in these cell fractions and compared with values obtained from a group of control animals which were not stimulated. Stimulation significantly increased the concentration of total gastrin in whole homogenates and in the cell supernatant. In whole homogenates the concentrations of gastrin components I, II, III and void volume gastrin all increased significantly after stimulation. In granules the concentration of Component III significantly increased. In microsomes the concentration of Componenet IV increased significantly. In cell supernatant the total amounts of Components III and IV increased significantly. It is concluded there was synthesis of gastrin under the experimental conditions used. The concentrations of those gastrin components which are larger than the predominant storage form (Component III) are increased and these larger components may be biosynthetic precursors. The significant increase in Component IV concentration in the cell supernatant and microsomes may suggest that Component IV is formed at least in part by antral tissue as well as by the known conversion process which occurs in cat blood.
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Bryan EM, Thorp RW, Nicholson E. Serum alphafetoprotein in multiple pregnancy. Neonatology 1978; 34:40-7. [PMID: 81075 DOI: 10.1159/000241103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was determined in paired umbilical cord and maternal sera in 42 multiple pregnancies. No concentrations above 1.4 microgram/ml were detected in maternal sera. Although there was a significant inverse correlation between cord AFP levels and gestational age, large intrapair discrepancies were common and these were not influenced by birth order, weight, or malformations. Intrapair AFP ratios were higher amongst dizygotic (DZ) than monozygotic (MZ) twins. In a pair discordant for neonatal hepatitis, the affected twin had the lower level of AFP in cord serum, but AFP was still detectable at 55 days.
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Abstract
The concentrations of immunoglobulins (Ig) G.A.M. and E were determined in paired umbilical cord and maternal sera in 50 twin pregnancies. Mean IgG levels were higher in cord than maternal sera and in most cases the cord IgG level related more closely to that of the other twin than to either maternal level or birthweight, and was in the range for singletons of the same gestational age. The three cases of fetofetal transfusion syndrome were exceptional in the large difference between IgG concentrations in recipient and donor twins. The discrepancy was much greater than that found between the levels of proteins produced by the fetus, suggesting a disturbance in maternofetal placental transfer. IgM was detected in all cord sera, with one exception, and the level was not related to order of birth. IgA was detected in 16% of cord sera, 13% in sera from first borns. IgE was detected in only 8% of cord sera and there was no evidence of placental transfer.
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