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Shin OS, Monticelli SR, Hjorth CK, Hornet V, Doyle M, Abelson D, Kuehne AI, Wang A, Bakken RR, Mishra A, Middlecamp M, Champney E, Stuart L, Maurer DP, Li J, Berrigan J, Barajas J, Balinandi S, Lutwama JJ, Lobel L, Zeitlin L, Walker LM, Dye JM, Chandran K, Herbert AS, Pauli NT, McLellan JS. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Survivors Elicit Protective Non-Neutralizing Antibodies that Target 11 Overlapping Regions on Viral Glycoprotein GP38. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.02.583110. [PMID: 38496658 PMCID: PMC10942344 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.02.583110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus can cause lethal disease in humans yet there are no approved medical countermeasures. Viral glycoprotein GP38, unique to Nairoviridae, is a target of protective antibodies, but extensive mapping of the human antibody response to GP38 has not been previously performed. Here, we isolated 188 GP38-specific antibodies from human survivors of infection. Competition experiments showed that these antibodies bind across five distinct antigenic sites, encompassing eleven overlapping regions. Additionally, we reveal structures of GP38 bound with nine of these antibodies targeting different antigenic sites. Although GP38-specific antibodies were non-neutralizing, several antibodies were found to have protection equal to or better than murine antibody 13G8 in two highly stringent rodent models of infection. Together, these data expand our understanding regarding this important viral protein and inform the development of broadly effective CCHFV antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie R. Monticelli
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98042, USA
| | - Christy K. Hjorth
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | - Dafna Abelson
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ana I. Kuehne
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Albert Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Russell R. Bakken
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Akaash Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | - Lauran Stuart
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob Berrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | - Leslie Lobel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - John M. Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrew S. Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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2
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Schmidt P, Narayan K, Li Y, Kaku CI, Brown ME, Champney E, Geoghegan JC, Vásquez M, Krauland EM, Yockachonis T, Bai S, Gunn BM, Cammarata A, Rubino CM, Ambrose P, Walker LM. Antibody-mediated protection against symptomatic COVID-19 can be achieved at low serum neutralizing titers. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg2783. [PMID: 36947596 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies of vaccinated and convalescent cohorts have demonstrated that serum neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers correlate with protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the induction of multiple layers of immunity after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure has complicated the establishment of nAbs as a mechanistic correlate of protection (CoP) and hindered the definition of a protective nAb threshold. Here, we show that a half-life-extended monoclonal antibody (adintrevimab) provides about 50% protection against symptomatic COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2-naïve adults at serum nAb titers on the order of 1:30. Vaccine modeling results support a similar 50% protective nAb threshold, suggesting that low titers of serum nAbs protect in both passive antibody prophylaxis and vaccination settings. Extrapolation of adintrevimab pharmacokinetic data suggests that protection against susceptible variants could be maintained for about 3 years. The results provide a benchmark for the selection of next-generation vaccine candidates and support the use of broad, long-acting monoclonal antibodies as alternatives or supplements to vaccination in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Li
- Invivyd Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Yockachonis
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Shuangyi Bai
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Ambrose
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacodynamics, Schenectady, NY 12305, USA
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3
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Schmidt P, Narayan K, Li Y, Kaku C, Brown M, Champney E, Geoghegan J, Vasquez M, Krauland E, Yockachonis T, Bai S, Gunn B, Cammarata A, Rubino C, Walker LM. Antibody-mediated protection against symptomatic COVID-19 can be achieved at low serum neutralizing titers. medRxiv 2022:2022.10.18.22281172. [PMID: 36299436 PMCID: PMC9603828 DOI: 10.1101/2022.10.18.22281172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies of vaccinated and convalescent cohorts have demonstrated that serum neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers correlate with protection against COVID-19. However, the induction of multiple layers of immunity following SARS-CoV-2 exposure has complicated the establishment of nAbs as a mechanistic correlate of protection (CoP) and hindered the definition of a protective nAb threshold. Here, we show that a half-life extended monoclonal antibody (adintrevimab) provides approximately 50% protection against symptomatic COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2-naive adults at low serum nAb titers on the order of 1:30. Vaccine modeling supports a similar 50% protective nAb threshold, suggesting low levels of serum nAb can protect in both monoclonal and polyclonal settings. Extrapolation of adintrevimab pharmacokinetic data suggests that protection against susceptible variants could be maintained for approximately 3 years. The results provide a benchmark for the selection of next-generation vaccine candidates and support the use of broad, long-acting monoclonal antibodies as an alternative or supplement to vaccination in high-risk populations.
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4
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Wec AZ, Wrapp D, Herbert AS, Maurer DP, Haslwanter D, Sakharkar M, Jangra RK, Dieterle ME, Lilov A, Huang D, Tse LV, Johnson NV, Hsieh CL, Wang N, Nett JH, Champney E, Burnina I, Brown M, Lin S, Sinclair M, Johnson C, Pudi S, Bortz R, Wirchnianski AS, Laudermilch E, Florez C, Fels JM, O'Brien CM, Graham BS, Nemazee D, Burton DR, Baric RS, Voss JE, Chandran K, Dye JM, McLellan JS, Walker LM. Broad neutralization of SARS-related viruses by human monoclonal antibodies. Science 2020; 369:731-736. [PMID: 32540900 PMCID: PMC7299279 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc7424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As scientists develop therapeutic antibodies and vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the risk of emergent coronaviruses makes it important to also identify broadly protective antibodies. Wec et al. isolated and characterized hundreds of antibodies against the viral spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 from the memory B cells of a survivor of the 2003 outbreak caused by the related coronavirus, SARS-CoV. In both of these viruses, the spike protein facilitated viral entry by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on human cells. The antibodies targeted multiple sites on the spike protein, but of nine antibodies that showed strong cross-neutralization, eight targeted the domain that binds to ACE2. These eight antibodies also neutralized a bat SARS-related virus. Illuminating the epitopes on the viral spike protein that bind cross-neutralizing antibodies could guide the design of broadly protective vaccines. Science, this issue p. 731 Broadly protective vaccines against known and preemergent human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are urgently needed. To gain a deeper understanding of cross-neutralizing antibody responses, we mined the memory B cell repertoire of a convalescent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) donor and identified 200 SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) binding antibodies that target multiple conserved sites on the spike (S) protein. A large proportion of the non-neutralizing antibodies display high levels of somatic hypermutation and cross-react with circulating HCoVs, suggesting recall of preexisting memory B cells elicited by prior HCoV infections. Several antibodies potently cross-neutralize SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and the bat SARS-like virus WIV1 by blocking receptor attachment and inducing S1 shedding. These antibodies represent promising candidates for therapeutic intervention and reveal a target for the rational design of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10462, USA
| | | | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10462, USA
| | - M Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10462, USA
| | | | - Deli Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nicole V Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Shu Lin
- Adimab LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert Bortz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10462, USA
| | - Ariel S Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10462, USA
| | - Ethan Laudermilch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10462, USA
| | - Catalina Florez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10462, USA
| | - J Maximilian Fels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10462, USA
| | - Cecilia M O'Brien
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James E Voss
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10462, USA
| | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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5
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Wec AZ, Wrapp D, Herbert AS, Maurer D, Haslwanter D, Sakharkar M, Jangra RK, Dieterle ME, Lilov A, Huang D, Tse LV, Johnson NV, Hsieh CL, Wang N, Nett JH, Champney E, Burnina I, Brown M, Lin S, Sinclair M, Johnson C, Pudi S, Bortz R, Wirchnianski AS, Laudermilch E, Florez C, Fels JM, O’Brien CM, Graham BS, Nemazee D, Burton DR, Baric RS, Voss JE, Chandran K, Dye JM, McLellan JS, Walker LM. Broad sarbecovirus neutralizing antibodies define a key site of vulnerability on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. bioRxiv 2020:2020.05.15.096511. [PMID: 32511337 PMCID: PMC7241100 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.15.096511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Broadly protective vaccines against known and pre-emergent coronaviruses are urgently needed. Critical to their development is a deeper understanding of cross-neutralizing antibody responses induced by natural human coronavirus (HCoV) infections. Here, we mined the memory B cell repertoire of a convalescent SARS donor and identified 200 SARS-CoV-2 binding antibodies that target multiple conserved sites on the spike (S) protein. A large proportion of the antibodies display high levels of somatic hypermutation and cross-react with circulating HCoVs, suggesting recall of pre-existing memory B cells (MBCs) elicited by prior HCoV infections. Several antibodies potently cross-neutralize SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and the bat SARS-like virus WIV1 by blocking receptor attachment and inducing S1 shedding. These antibodies represent promising candidates for therapeutic intervention and reveal a new target for the rational design of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrew S. Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Deli Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Longping V. Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nicole V. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Shu Lin
- Adimab LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert Bortz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariel S. Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ethan Laudermilch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catalina Florez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. Maximilian Fels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cecilia M. O’Brien
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James E. Voss
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John M. Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Shehata L, Maurer DP, Wec AZ, Lilov A, Champney E, Sun T, Archambault K, Burnina I, Lynaugh H, Zhi X, Xu Y, Walker LM. Affinity Maturation Enhances Antibody Specificity but Compromises Conformational Stability. Cell Rep 2019; 28:3300-3308.e4. [PMID: 31553901 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have recently emerged as one of the most promising classes of biotherapeutics. A potential advantage of B cell-derived mAbs as therapeutic agents is that they have been subjected to natural filtering mechanisms, which may enrich for B cell receptors (BCRs) with favorable biophysical properties. Here, we evaluated 400 human mAbs for polyreactivity, hydrophobicity, and thermal stability using high-throughput screening assays. Overall, mAbs derived from memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) display reduced levels of polyreactivity, hydrophobicity, and thermal stability compared with naive B cell-derived mAbs. Somatic hypermutation (SHM) is inversely associated with all three biophysical properties, as well as BCR expression levels. Finally, the developability profiles of the human B cell-derived mAbs are comparable with those observed for clinical mAbs, suggesting their high therapeutic potential. The results provide insight into the biophysical consequences of affinity maturation and have implications for therapeutic antibody engineering and development.
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