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McMunn LE, Walsh EM, Ben RN. Targeted development and optimization of small-molecule ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) for the cryopreservation of biological systems. Cryo Letters 2024; 45:69-87. [PMID: 38557986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite the routine use of cryopreservation for the storage of biological materials, its outcomes are often sub-optimal (including reduced post-thaw viability, recovery, and functionality) due to the damage caused by uncontrolled ice growth. Traditional cryoprotective agents (CPAs), including dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), fail to prevent damage caused by ice growth and concerns over CPA cytotoxicity have fostered an increased interest in developing improved CPAs and cryoprotection strategies. The inhibition of ice recrystallization by natural antifreeze (glyco)proteins [AF(G)Ps] to improve cryopreservation outcomes has been examined; however, the ice binding properties of these substances and their challenging large-scale production make them poor CPA candidates. Therefore, the development and deployment of biocompatible, small-molecule ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) for use as CPAs is a worthwhile objective. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies on AF(G)Ps revealed that simple carbohydrate derivatives could inhibit ice recrystallization. It was later discovered that this activity could be fine-tuned by delicately balancing the molecule's hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity. Current generation small-molecule IRIs have been meticulously designed to avoid binding to the surface of ice and subsequent biological testing (for both cytotoxicity and cryopreservation efficacy) has demonstrated significant improvements to the cryopreservation outcomes of several cell types. However, an individualized cell-specific approach for the simultaneous assessment of multiple cryopreservation outcomes is necessary to realize the full potential of IRIs as CPAs. This article provides a detailed overview of the development of small-molecule carbohydrate-based IRIs and highlights the crucial cell-specific biological considerations that must be taken into account when assessing cryopreservation outcomes. https://doi.org/10.54680/fr24210110112.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E McMunn
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - E M Walsh
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - R N Ben
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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2
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Vishnoi S, Bhattacharya S, Walsh EM, Okoh GI, Thompson D. Computational Peptide Design Cotargeting Glucagon and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptors. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:4934-4947. [PMID: 37523325 PMCID: PMC10428222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are sustainable alternatives to conventional therapeutics for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) linked disorders, promising biocompatible and tailorable next-generation therapeutics for metabolic disorders including type-2 diabetes, as agonists of the glucagon receptor (GCGR) and the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). However, single agonist peptides activating GLP-1R to stimulate insulin secretion also suppress obesity-linked glucagon release. Hence, bioactive peptides cotargeting GCGR and GLP-1R may remediate the blood glucose and fatty acid metabolism imbalance, tackling both diabetes and obesity to supersede current monoagonist therapy. Here, we design and model optimized peptide sequences starting from peptide sequences derived from earlier phage-displayed library screening, identifying those with predicted molecular binding profiles for dual agonism of GCGR and GLP-1R. We derive design rules from extensive molecular dynamics simulations based on peptide-receptor binding. Our newly designed coagonist peptide exhibits improved predicted coupled binding affinity for GCGR and GLP-1R relative to endogenous ligands and could in the future be tested experimentally, which may provide superior glycemic and weight loss control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Vishnoi
- Department
of Physics, Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Shayon Bhattacharya
- Department
of Physics, Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland
| | | | | | - Damien Thompson
- Department
of Physics, Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland
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3
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Walsh EM, O'Kane GM, Cadoo KA, Graham DM, Korpanty GJ, Power DG, Carney DN. Is chemotherapy always required for cancer in pregnancy? An observational study. Ir J Med Sci 2017; 186:875-881. [PMID: 28477329 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-017-1602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer in pregnancy is relatively rare, but the incidence is increasing. Several studies show that cytotoxic agents are safe to use in pregnancy from the second trimester onwards. AIMS This study assesses the maternal and foetal outcomes of cancers diagnosed during pregnancy. In particular, it focuses on a subset of women who elected to defer systemic chemotherapy until after delivery. This study examines if all cancers need to be treated during pregnancy or if, in certain cases, treatment can be safely deferred until after full-term delivery. METHODS This is a retrospective observational study of women diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy in an Irish cancer centre over a 27-year period. All women diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy who were referred to the medical oncology department for consideration of chemotherapy were included in this study. Medical and pharmacy records were extensively reviewed. RESULTS Twenty-five women were diagnosed with cancer in pregnancy and referred to medical oncology for consideration of systemic chemotherapy. Sixteen women (64%) commenced chemotherapy during pregnancy, seven women (28%) did not receive chemotherapy while pregnant, but commenced treatment immediately after delivery, and two (8%) did not receive any systemic chemotherapy at all. Of the seven women who commenced chemotherapy after delivery, six (85.7%) were diagnosed before 30/40 gestation. There were three cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma, two breast cancers and one ovarian cancer. After a median follow-up of 12 years, all six mothers remain disease-free. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a select cohort of patients that did not receive chemotherapy during pregnancy. There were no adverse outcomes to mothers due to delayed treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Walsh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - G M O'Kane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K A Cadoo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Breast Cancer Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - D M Graham
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - G J Korpanty
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D G Power
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cork University Hospital and Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - D N Carney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Kuroda MI, Alekseyenko AA, Walsh EM, Wang X, Grayson A, Hsi PT, Kharchenko PV, French CA. Abstract 2655: Oncogenic chromatin factors drive cell type-specific transcription within megadomains in NUT midline carcinoma. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
NUT midline carcinoma (NMC), a subtype of squamous cell cancer, is one of the most aggressive human solid malignancies known. NMC is driven by the creation of a translocation oncoprotein, BRD4-NUT, which blocks differentiation and drives growth of NMC cells. BRD4-NUT forms distinctive nuclear foci in patient tumors, which we find correlate with ∼100 unprecedented, hyperacetylated expanses of chromatin that reach up to 2 Mb in size. These ‘megadomains’ appear to be the result of aberrant, feed-forward loops of acetylation and binding of acetylated histones. Megadomains drive transcription of underlying DNA in NMC patient cells and in naïve cells induced to express BRD4-NUT. Here we characterize the constituents of BRD4-NUT chromatin complexes using a crosslinking approach, BioTAP-XL. We find many transcriptional activating proteins known to associate with BRD4, along with novel interactors including p300/CBP and a previously uncharacterized BRD4-NUT Megadomain Associated Protein (BMAP1). BMAP1 is expressed in primary NMC tissue and a subset of more common head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSQC). Concurrently, we discovered a patient-derived NMC harboring a novel BMAP1-NUT fusion. BMAP-NUT blocks differentiation, and like BRD4-NUT recruits p300 to form hyperacetylated megadomains, including at the MYC locus. Thus, our proteomic and genetic approaches have converged on a novel mechanism that involves reprogramming very large regulatory regions to drive oncogenic transcription.
Citation Format: Mitzi I. Kuroda, Artyom A. Alekseyenko, Erica M. Walsh, Xin Wang, Adlai Grayson, Peter T. Hsi, Peter V. Kharchenko, Christopher A. French. Oncogenic chromatin factors drive cell type-specific transcription within megadomains in NUT midline carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2655.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin Wang
- 2Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Alekseyenko AA, Walsh EM, Wang X, Grayson AR, Hsi PT, Kharchenko PV, Kuroda MI, French CA. The oncogenic BRD4-NUT chromatin regulator drives aberrant transcription within large topological domains. Genes Dev 2015. [PMID: 26220994 PMCID: PMC4526735 DOI: 10.1101/gad.267583.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NUT midline carcinoma (NMC), a subtype of squamous cell cancer, is one of the most aggressive human solid malignancies known. NMC is driven by the creation of a translocation oncoprotein, BRD4-NUT, which blocks differentiation and drives growth of NMC cells. BRD4-NUT forms distinctive nuclear foci in patient tumors, which we found correlate with ∼100 unprecedented, hyperacetylated expanses of chromatin that reach up to 2 Mb in size. These "megadomains" appear to be the result of aberrant, feed-forward loops of acetylation and binding of acetylated histones that drive transcription of underlying DNA in NMC patient cells and naïve cells induced to express BRD4-NUT. Megadomain locations are typically cell lineage-specific; however, the cMYC and TP63 regions are targeted in all NMCs tested and play functional roles in tumor growth. Megadomains appear to originate from select pre-existing enhancers that progressively broaden but are ultimately delimited by topologically associating domain (TAD) boundaries. Therefore, our findings establish a basis for understanding the powerful role played by large-scale chromatin organization in normal and aberrant lineage-specific gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom A Alekseyenko
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Erica M Walsh
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Adlai R Grayson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter T Hsi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter V Kharchenko
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Hematology/Oncology Program, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mitzi I Kuroda
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Christopher A French
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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O'Kane GM, Cadoo KA, Walsh EM, Emerson R, Dervan P, O'Keane C, Hurson B, O'Toole G, Dudeney S, Kavanagh E, Eustace S, Carney DN. Perioperative chemotherapy in the treatment of osteosarcoma: a 26-year single institution review. Clin Sarcoma Res 2015; 5:17. [PMID: 26175892 PMCID: PMC4501053 DOI: 10.1186/s13569-015-0032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy in the multimodality treatment of osteosarcoma has improved survival. Reported outcomes on adult patients are limited. Poor necrosis rates post neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is considered an adverse prognostic factor and attempts have been made to improve survival in this group. Patients and methods Adult and young adult patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma between January 1986 and August 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients identified were stratified according to stage (localised or metastatic) and age (≤40 and >40 years). Event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) outcomes were determined. In patients with localised disease ≤40 years, survival was assessed according to necrosis rates post NAC (<90 and ≥90%). NAC consisted of two cycles of methotrexate alternating with doxorubicin/cisplatin (MAP) followed by definitive surgery. Those with ≥90% tumour necrosis continued on MAP. Patients with <90% necrosis received ifosfamide and etoposide (IE) post operatively. Results A total of 108 patients were reviewed and 97 were included. Median age was 23 years (range 16–75) and 70% of patients were male. Five year EFS and OS across all groups was 57% and 63% respectively. Of the patients with localised disease (N = 81), 5-year overall survival (OS), with a median follow up of 7 years (2–26) was 70% (p < 0.0001). Patients aged 16–40 (N = 68) with localised osteosarcoma had a significantly improved 5-year OS (74%) compared to those >40 years (N = 13) (42%) (p = 0.004). Of the 68 patients with localised osteosarcoma ≤40 years, 62 were evaluated according to necrosis rates post MAP. In 33 patients who achieved ≥90% necrosis and continued MAP, 5-year OS was 82%. In 29 patients who had <90% tumour necrosis and received adjuvant IE, 5-year OS was 68% (p = 0.15). Multivariate analysis confirmed age and stage as prognostic factors but not poor necrosis rates in our treated population. Conclusions Long-term survival outcomes in a predominantly adult Irish population are similar to large reported trials. Age and stage at diagnosis are prognostic. Postoperative ifosfamide/etoposide alone in patients with poor necrosis rates is a feasible regimen, but its role in the adjuvant setting remains uncertain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13569-015-0032-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M O'Kane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - K A Cadoo
- Gynaecologic Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre, 300 East 66th Street, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - E M Walsh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - R Emerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - P Dervan
- Department of Histopathology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - C O'Keane
- Department of Histopathology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - B Hurson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cappagh National Orthopaedic Hospital, Finglas, Dublin 11, Ireland
| | - G O'Toole
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cappagh National Orthopaedic Hospital, Finglas, Dublin 11, Ireland
| | - S Dudeney
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cappagh National Orthopaedic Hospital, Finglas, Dublin 11, Ireland
| | - E Kavanagh
- Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - S Eustace
- Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - D N Carney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
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Walsh EM, Niu M, Bergholz J, Xiao ZXJ. Nutlin-3 down-regulates retinoblastoma protein expression and inhibits muscle cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:293-9. [PMID: 25871794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene plays a critical role in regulation of proliferation, cell death and differentiation. The MDM2 oncoprotein is a major negative regulator for p53 by binding to and targeting p53 for proteasome-mediated degradation. The small molecule inhibitor, nutlin-3, disrupts MDM2-p53 interaction resulting in stabilization and activation of p53 protein. We have previously shown that nutlin-3 activates p53, leading to MDM2 accumulation as concomitant of reduced retinoblastoma (Rb) protein stability. It is well known that Rb is important in muscle development and myoblast differentiation and that rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), or cancer of the skeletal muscle, typically harbors MDM2 amplification. In this study, we show that nutlin-3 inhibited myoblast proliferation and effectively prevented myoblast differentiation, as evidenced by lack of expression of muscle differentiation markers including myogenin and myosin heavy chain (MyHC), as well as a failure to form multinucleated myotubes, which were associated with dramatic increases in MDM2 expression and decrease in Rb protein levels. These results indicate that nutlin-3 can effectively inhibit muscle cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - MengMeng Niu
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014 China
| | - Johann Bergholz
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014 China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Jim Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014 China.
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Walsh EM, Farrell MP, Nolan C, Gallagher F, Clarke R, McCaffrey JA, Kennedy MJ, Barry M, Kell MR, Gallagher DJ. Breast cancer detection among Irish BRCA1 & BRCA2 mutation carriers: a population-based study. Ir J Med Sci 2015; 185:189-94. [PMID: 25673166 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-015-1267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-risk breast cancer screening for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with clinical breast exam, mammography and MRI has reported sensitivity of 100 %, but BRCA1/2 mutation carriers still present with interval cancers. AIMS We investigated the presentation and screening patterns of an Irish cohort of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with breast cancer were identified in this retrospective cohort study. Records were reviewed for BRCA1/2 mutation status, demographics, screening regimen, screening modality, stage and histology at diagnosis. RESULTS Fifty-three cases of breast cancer were diagnosed between 1968 and 2010 among 60 Irish hereditary breast ovarian cancer (HBOC) families. In 50 of 53 women, the diagnosis of breast cancer predated the identification of BRCA1/2 mutations. Breast cancer detection method was identified in 47 % of patients (n = 25): 80 % (n = 20) by clinical breast exam (CBE), 12 % by mammography (n = 3), 8 % by MRI (n = 2). Fourteen women (26 %) developed a second breast cancer. Ten of these patients (71 %) were involved in regular screening; 50 % were detected by screening mammography, 20 % by MRI and 30 % by CBE alone. Six patients (43 %) had a change in morphology from first to second breast cancers. There was no change in hormone receptor status between first and second breast cancers. CONCLUSION In this cohort of Irish BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, compliance with screening was inconsistent. There was a 30 % incidence of interval cancers occurring in women in high-risk screening. Preventive surgery may be a more effective risk reduction strategy for certain high-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Walsh
- Medical Oncology Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - M P Farrell
- Cancer Genetics Service, Mater Misericordiae and Mater Private Hospitals, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - C Nolan
- Cancer Genetics Service, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - F Gallagher
- Cancer Genetics Service, Mater Misericordiae and Mater Private Hospitals, Dublin 7, Ireland
- Cancer Genetics Service, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - R Clarke
- Cancer Genetics Service, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - J A McCaffrey
- Medical Oncology Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - M J Kennedy
- Medical Oncology Department, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - M Barry
- Surgery Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - M R Kell
- Surgery Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - D J Gallagher
- Cancer Genetics Service, Mater Misericordiae and Mater Private Hospitals, Dublin 7, Ireland
- Cancer Genetics Service, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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McDowell GS, Gunsalus KTW, MacKellar DC, Mazzilli SA, Pai VP, Goodwin PR, Walsh EM, Robinson-Mosher A, Bowman TA, Kraemer J, Erb ML, Schoenfeld E, Shokri L, Jackson JD, Islam A, Mattozzi MD, Krukenberg KA, Polka JK. Shaping the Future of Research: a perspective from junior scientists. F1000Res 2014; 3:291. [PMID: 25653845 PMCID: PMC4304227 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5878.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The landscape of scientific research and funding is in flux as a result of tight budgets, evolving models of both publishing and evaluation, and questions about training and workforce stability. As future leaders, junior scientists are uniquely poised to shape the culture and practice of science in response to these challenges. A group of postdocs in the Boston area who are invested in improving the scientific endeavor, planned a symposium held on October 2 (nd) and 3 (rd), 2014, as a way to join the discussion about the future of US biomedical research. Here we present a report of the proceedings of participant-driven workshops and the organizers' synthesis of the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S. McDowell
- Department of Biology, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Kearney T. W. Gunsalus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Drew C. MacKellar
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sarah A. Mazzilli
- Department of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Vaibhav P. Pai
- Department of Biology, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | | | - Erica M. Walsh
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Avi Robinson-Mosher
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas A. Bowman
- Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - James Kraemer
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marcella L. Erb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Eldi Schoenfeld
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Leila Shokri
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Ayesha Islam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Matthew D. Mattozzi
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Jessica K. Polka
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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10
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McDowell GS, Gunsalus KTW, MacKellar DC, Mazzilli SA, Pai VP, Goodwin PR, Walsh EM, Robinson-Mosher A, Bowman TA, Kraemer J, Erb ML, Schoenfeld E, Shokri L, Jackson JD, Islam A, Mattozzi MD, Krukenberg KA, Polka JK. Shaping the Future of Research: a perspective from junior scientists. F1000Res 2014; 3:291. [PMID: 25653845 PMCID: PMC4304227 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5878.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The landscape of scientific research and funding is in flux as a result of tight budgets, evolving models of both publishing and evaluation, and questions about training and workforce stability. As future leaders, junior scientists are uniquely poised to shape the culture and practice of science in response to these challenges. A group of postdocs in the Boston area who are invested in improving the scientific endeavor, planned a symposium held on October 2 (nd) and 3 (rd), 2014, as a way to join the discussion about the future of US biomedical research. Here we present a report of the proceedings of participant-driven workshops and the organizers' synthesis of the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S. McDowell
- Department of Biology, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Kearney T. W. Gunsalus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Drew C. MacKellar
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sarah A. Mazzilli
- Department of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Vaibhav P. Pai
- Department of Biology, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | | | - Erica M. Walsh
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Avi Robinson-Mosher
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas A. Bowman
- Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - James Kraemer
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marcella L. Erb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Eldi Schoenfeld
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Leila Shokri
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Ayesha Islam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Matthew D. Mattozzi
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Jessica K. Polka
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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11
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Wu J, Liang S, Bergholz J, He H, Walsh EM, Zhang Y, Xiao ZX. ΔNp63α activates CD82 metastasis suppressor to inhibit cancer cell invasion. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1280. [PMID: 24901051 PMCID: PMC4611714 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
P63 is a p53 family member involved in multiple facets of biology, including embryonic development, cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, senescence and aging. The p63 gene encodes multiple protein isoforms either with (TAp63) or without (ΔNp63) the N-terminal transactivation domain. Amounting evidence suggests that p63 can function as a tumor suppressor, yet the precise molecular mechanisms, and particularly the specific roles of TAp63 and ΔNp63 in cancer progression, are still largely unclear. Here, we demonstrated that ΔNp63α, the predominant isoform expressed in epithelial cells and squamous cell carcinomas, inhibits cell invasion. Affymetrix gene expression profiling, combined with gain- and loss-of-function analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation, indicated that cluster of differentiation 82 (CD82), a documented metastasis suppressor, is a direct transcriptional target of ΔNp63α. Expression of ΔNp63α inhibited outgrowth in Matrigel and cancer cell invasion, which was largely reversed by specific ablation of CD82. Conversely, ΔNp63α knockdown led to increased cell invasion, which was reversed by ectopic expression of CD82. Moreover, inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) by either pharmacological inhibitors or by RNA interference resulted in the downregulation of ΔNp63α and CD82 expression, concomitant with increased cell invasion, independently of β-catenin. Furthermore, decreased expression of p63 and CD82 is correlated with cancer progression. Taken together, this study reveals that ΔNp63α upregulates CD82 to inhibit cell invasion, and suggests that GSK3β can regulate cell invasion by modulating the ΔNp63α–CD82 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - S Liang
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610014, China
| | - J Bergholz
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610014, China
| | - H He
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610014, China
| | - E M Walsh
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610014, China
| | - Z-X Xiao
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610014, China
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12
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French CA, Rahman S, Walsh EM, Kühnle S, Grayson AR, Lemieux ME, Grunfeld N, Rubin BP, Antonescu CR, Zhang S, Venkatramani R, Dal Cin P, Howley PM. NSD3-NUT fusion oncoprotein in NUT midline carcinoma: implications for a novel oncogenic mechanism. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:928-41. [PMID: 24875858 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) is an aggressive subtype of squamous cell carcinoma that typically harbors BRD4/3-NUT fusion oncoproteins that block differentiation and maintain tumor growth. In 20% of cases, NUT is fused to uncharacterized non-BRD gene(s). We established a new patient-derived NMC cell line (1221) and demonstrated that it harbors a novel NSD3-NUT fusion oncogene. We find that NSD3-NUT is both necessary and sufficient for the blockade of differentiation and maintenance of proliferation in NMC cells. NSD3-NUT binds to BRD4, and BRD bromodomain inhibitors induce differentiation and arrest proliferation of 1221 cells. We find further that NSD3 is required for the blockade of differentiation in BRD4-NUT-expressing NMCs. These findings identify NSD3 as a novel critical oncogenic component and potential therapeutic target in NMC. SIGNIFICANCE The existence of a family of fusion oncogenes in squamous cell carcinoma is unprecedented, and should lead to key insights into aberrant differentiation in NMC and possibly other squamous cell carcinomas. The involvement of the NSD3 methyltransferase as a component of the NUT fusion protein oncogenic complex identifies a new potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaila Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erica M Walsh
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - Simone Kühnle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Noam Grunfeld
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - Brian P Rubin
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Songlin Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Rajkumar Venkatramani
- Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Paola Dal Cin
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - Peter M Howley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Bergholz J, Zhang Y, Wu J, Meng L, Walsh EM, Rai A, Sherman MY, Xiao ZXJ. ΔNp63α regulates Erk signaling via MKP3 to inhibit cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2014; 33:212-24. [PMID: 23246965 PMCID: PMC3962654 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reduced expression of the p53 family member p63 has been suggested to play a causative role in cancer metastasis. Here, we show that ΔNp63α, the predominant p63 isoform, plays a major role in regulation of cell migration, invasion and cancer metastasis. We identified mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase 3 (MKP3) as a downstream target of ΔNp63α that is required for mediating these effects. We show that ΔNp63α regulates extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/2) activity via MKP3 in both cancer and non-transformed cells. We further show that exogenous ΔNp63α inhibits cell invasion and is dependent on MKP3 upregulation for repression. Conversely, endogenous pan-p63 ablation results in increased cell migration and invasion, which can be reverted by reintroducing the ΔNp63α isoform alone, but not by other isoforms. Interestingly, these effects require Erk2, but not Erk1 expression, and can be rescued by enforced MKP3 expression. Moreover, MKP3 expression is reduced in invasive cancers, and reduced p63 expression increases metastatic frequency in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest an important role for ΔNp63α in preventing cancer metastasis by inhibition of Erk2 signaling via MKP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Bergholz
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118. U.S.A
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014. China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014. China
| | - Junfeng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118. U.S.A
| | - Le Meng
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118. U.S.A
| | - Erica M. Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118. U.S.A
| | - Arun Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118. U.S.A
| | - Michael Y. Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118. U.S.A
| | - Zhi-Xiong Jim Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118. U.S.A
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014. China
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14
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Walsh EM, Grayson AR, Cameron MJ, Godec J, Ashworth T, Aserlind AB, Wang H, Evan G, Kluk MJ, Bradner JE, Aster JC, French CA. Abstract B39: MYC, a downstream target of BRD-NUT, is necessary and sufficient for the blockade of differentiation in NUT midline carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.pms-b39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) is an aggressive type of squamous cell carcinoma that is defined by the presence of BRD-NUT fusion oncogenes, which encode chimeric proteins that block differentiation and maintain tumor growth. BRD-NUT oncoproteins contain two bromodomains whose binding to acetylated histones is required for the blockade of differentiation in NMC, but the mechanisms by which BRD-NUT act remain uncertain. Here we provide evidence that MYC is a key downstream target of BRD4-NUT. Expression profiling of NMCs show that the set of genes whose expression is maintained by BRD4-NUT is highly enriched for MYC upregulated genes, and MYC and BRD4-NUT protein expression is strongly correlated in primary NMCs. More directly, we find that BRD4-NUT associates with the MYC promoter and is displaced by acetyl histone mimetic BET inhibitor, JQ1, which prevents binding of BET bromodomains to acetylated histones. BRD4-NUT is also required to maintain MYC expression in NMC cell lines, as shown by a dramatic decrease in MYC expression upon JQ1 treatment and knockdown of BRD4-NUT with NUT specific siRNAs. Moreover, both siRNA knockdown of MYC and a dominant-negative form of MYC, omomyc, induce differentiation of NMC cells. Conversely, differentiation of NMC cells induced by knockdown of BRD4-NUT is abrogated by enforced expression of MYC. Together, these findings suggest that MYC is a downstream target of BRD4-NUT that is required for maintenance of NMC cells in an undifferentiated, proliferative state. Our findings support a model in which dysregulation of MYC by BRD-NUT fusion proteins has a central role in the pathogenesis of NMC.
Citation Format: Erica M. Walsh, Adlai R. Grayson, Michael J. Cameron, Jernej Godec, Todd Ashworth, Alexandra B. Aserlind, Hongfang Wang, Gerard Evan, Michael J. Kluk, James E. Bradner, Jon C. Aster, Christopher A. French. MYC, a downstream target of BRD-NUT, is necessary and sufficient for the blockade of differentiation in NUT midline carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Synthetic Lethal Approaches to Cancer Vulnerabilities; May 17-20, 2013; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(5 Suppl):Abstract nr B39.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gerard Evan
- 3University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Du W, Wu J, Walsh EM, Zhang Y, Chen CY, Xiao ZXJ. Nutlin-3 affects expression and function of retinoblastoma protein: role of retinoblastoma protein in cellular response to nutlin-3. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26315-21. [PMID: 19648117 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.046904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) plays a pivotal role in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. Nutlin-3, a small molecule MDM2 antagonist blocking interaction between MDM2 and p53, activates p53 resulting in cell growth arrest or apoptosis in various cancer cells. However, the molecular basis for the different cellular responses upon nutlin-3 treatment is not fully understood. In this study, we show that nutlin-3 activates p53 resulting in a dramatic increase in MDM2 expression and a marked reduction in total Rb protein levels. Interestingly, nutlin-3 reduces the levels of hypophosphorylated Rb and induces massive apoptosis in SJSA-1 cells, which can be largely rescued by knockdown of MDM2 or by expression of constitutively active Rb. By contrast, nutlin-3 treatment of several human cancer cells, including A549, U2-OS, and HCT116, results in an accumulation of hypophosphorylated Rb and cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis. Furthermore, we show that down-regulation of Rb by nutlin-3 does not lead to E2F1 activation nor does E2F1 play a critical role for nutlin-3-induced apoptosis in SJSA-1 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Rb plays a critical role in influencing cellular response to activation of p53 pathway by nutlin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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16
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17
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Walsh EM. Methods of post-thoracotomy analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89:184-5; author reply 185. [PMID: 12173230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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18
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McGowan BG, Walsh EM. Policy challenges for child welfare in the new century. Child Welfare 2000; 79:11-27. [PMID: 10659389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent changes in public policy reflect increased efforts to scapegoat poor women and children and to polarize the objectives of child protection and family preservation. This article challenges various stakeholders in the child welfare field to move beyond the quick-fix solutions and bureaucratic overregulation precipitated by horror stories of child abuse in the media. The new century presents an opportunity to pursue differential intervention strategies that protect children while empowering poor families and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G McGowan
- Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Walsh
- The Pain Clinic, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
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20
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Cox KL, Cheung AT, Walsh EM. Intravital microscopy: a new in vivo technique for visualizing and quantifying effects of regulatory peptides on choledochoduodenal junction motility. Regul Pept 1989; 24:1-14. [PMID: 2740528 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(89)90206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Using intravital microscopy, we studied the in vivo effects of regulatory peptides on choledochoduodenal junction motility in guinea pigs. During basal and hormone-stimulated periods, intravital microscopy documented rhythmic, asymmetrical, "milking" contractions of the sphincter ductus choledochi (SDC) which occurred independent of sphincter ampullae (SA) contractions or were followed by SA contractions. Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) (greater than or equal to 0.01 micrograms/kg) increased the frequency of SDC contractions and at higher doses (greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/kg) increased the frequency of SA contractions. Pentagastrin (greater than or equal to 1.0 microgram/kg) and secretin (10 micrograms/kg) decreased the contraction frequencies of both sphincters. Biliary manometry demonstrated similar effects of these peptides on the frequency of the SDC and SA contractions, but also showed that CCK-8 (0.1 microgram/kg) increased the amplitude of SDC and SA contractions while pentagastrin (1 microgram/kg) decreased the amplitude of only SDC contractions. Tetrodotoxin and atropine did not affect hormone-induced changes in frequency, but tetrodotoxin reduced the increase in amplitude of contraction caused by CCK-8. We concluded that intravital microscopy provides a sensitive, in vivo technique to visualize and quantify the complex motility of a small structure like the choledochoduodenal junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Cox
- California Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis 95616
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21
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Dunnett IA, Goodman NW, Hall CR, Lahiri SK, McOmie H, Madden AP, Mulvein JT, Powell JN, Walsh EM. Anaesthesia, teeth, and litigation. Lancet 1987; 2:1400. [PMID: 2890983 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Intravital microscopy, a new in vivo technique, documented age-dependent changes in choledochoduodenal junction motility in male guinea pigs. In the guinea pig, the choledochoduodenal junction served as a pump that actively emptied its luminal contents into the duodenum. In the neonates (less than or equal to 1 wk old), this choledochoduodenal junction pump was not fully developed. Unlike the older guinea pigs, some neonates had an incompetent sphincter ductus choledochi (SDC) allowing retrograde flow of bile during ampullary contractions. While fasting, neonates had decreased frequency of SDC (1.2 +/- 0.4 contractions/min) and ampullary (0.1 +/- 0.1 contractions/min) contractions as compared to juveniles (4-6 wk old) (SDC = 6.4 +/- 1.0; ampulla = 1.2 +/- 0.2 contractions/min) and adults (greater than 1 yr old) (SDC = 6.7 +/- 1.6; 0.8 +/- 0.2 contractions/min). Following a meal (Ensure), unlike older guinea pigs, the neonate did not have a significant increased duration and decreased frequency of SDC contractions. Altered neonatal SDC motility correlated with an incompletely developed SDC including decreased muscle mass and mucosal thickness. By 4 wk of age, choledochoduodenal junction motility was similar to that of the adult. These developmental alterations in junctional motility and structure may affect the flow of bile into the duodenum contributing to physiologic cholestasis and decreased intraduodenal bile acids seen in neonates.
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23
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Liu IK, Cheung AT, Walsh EM, Ayin S. The functional competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic uterine infection: a sequential migration analysis. Biol Reprod 1986; 35:1168-74. [PMID: 3828432 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod35.5.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) from 28 mares was measured for migration responsiveness by use of a chamber (filter) assay. Uterine infection was induced with Streptococcus zooepidemicus in mares considered resistant to chronic uterine infection (Grade I). In sequential analysis of uterine flushings obtained from these mares 5, 12, 15, 20, and 25 h after infection was induced, PMNs showed an initial rise at 12 h (from 5), then a general decline in migration response and in concentration of cells per ml from 12 through 25 h post-inoculation. In contrast, PMNs obtained from the uterine flushings from mares considered susceptible to chronic uterine infection (Grade III) demonstrated premature migration dysfunction 12 h after infection. Subsequent increases in functional competence of the PMNs were demonstrated at 15 and again at 25 h after induced infection. The concentration of uterine PMNs per ml from mares considered susceptible to chronic endometritis remained elevated from 12 through 25 h after inoculation, which suggests a possible continued recruitment of new PMNs from the peripheral circulation. The results of this study suggest that uterine-derived PMNs obtained from mares susceptible to chronic uterine infection have a compromised ability to migrate. This dysfunction may play an important role in rendering the endometrium (uterus) susceptible to chronic endometritis.
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24
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Cheung AT, Liu IK, Walsh EM, Miller ME. Phagocytic and killing capacities of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis. Am J Vet Res 1985; 46:1938-40. [PMID: 3901839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The host defense competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from mares considered resistant (grade I uteri) and susceptible (grade III uteri) to chronic endometritis was evaluated for phagocytic and killing (bactericidal) capacities, using a fluorochrome assay. Peripheral blood PMN from noncategorized mares and from grade I and grade III mares were used as controls. Uterine-derived PMN from mares with grade I uteri were functionally competent for phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans, whereas uterine-derived PMN from mares with grade III uteri had significantly less phagocytic and killing capacities (P greater than or equal to 0.0001). Results of the present study, together with data obtained from chemotactic responsiveness and deformability assays of a previous study, indicated an overall deficiency in the host defense mechanism of uterine-derived PMN from mares with grade III uteri obtained 12 hours after induced Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection. This deficiency may account for the susceptibility of mares with grade III uteri to chronic endometritis.
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25
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Liu IK, Cheung AT, Walsh EM, Miller ME, Lindenberg PM. Comparison of peripheral blood and uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis: chemotactic and cell elastimetry analysis. Am J Vet Res 1985; 46:917-20. [PMID: 4014841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The functional competence of peripheral blood and uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from 12 mares were analyzed for chemotactic responsiveness using a chemotactic chamber (filter) assay and for deformability by cell elastimetry analysis. Peripheral blood PMN obtained from control mares and from 8 mares experimentally inoculated via the uterus with 1 x 10(9) Streptococcus zooepidemicus had similar normal chemotactic responsiveness and were highly deformable before and at 12 hours after inoculation. Uterine PMN obtained 12 hours after uterine inoculation with S zooepidemicus from resistant mares were not as deformable as peripheral blood PMN, but were within normal functional limits. The chemotactic responsiveness of uterine PMN from these mares was normal. Uterine PMN obtained from mares considered susceptible to endometritis 12 hours after uterine infection did not have chemotactic responsiveness and were nondeformable. The results indicated profound differences in the functional competence of uterine PMN between mares considered resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis.
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Abstract
The time spent in REM, quiet, and indeterminate sleep was computed in 13 aborted SIDS infants and compared to that spent in the same sleep states, in 19 normal infants. Aborted sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants were studied within a week of their aborted SIDS episode and subsequently at monthly intervals through the age of 4 months. Normal infants were studied at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months of age. Sleep staging was performed by two independent observers using electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, electromyogram and behavioral criteria. Although there was an increase in the percentage of time spent in quiet sleep with age in both normal and aborted SIDS infants, the significantly greater regression coefficients in normal infants (6.3 versus 2.9; P less than 0.01) indicate that there are differences in the two groups and suggest a maturational abnormality or delay in sleep state distribution in the aborted SIDS infants.
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27
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Sear JW, Prys-Roberts C, Gray AJ, Walsh EM, Curnow JS, Dye J. Infusions of minaxolone to supplement nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia. A comparison with althesin. Br J Anaesth 1981; 53:339-50. [PMID: 7225267 DOI: 10.1093/bja/53.4.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In 19 patients, minaxolone citrate, a water-soluble steroid anaesthetic agent, has been used as a continuous infusion to supplement nitrous oxide anaesthesia. The minimum infusion rate (MIR) was found to be 11.3 micrograms kg-1 min-1 for patients premedicated with morphine 10 mg i.m. and breathing spontaneously 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen. The cardiovascular and respiratory effects were similar to those described in a previous study for Althesin administered under comparable conditions. Recovery from minaxolone was prolonged compared with Althesin, and this may be related both to the water-solubility of the drug, and to its greater apparent volume of distribution.
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28
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Payne IR, Walsh EM, Whittenburg EJ. Relationship of dietary tryptophan and niacin to tryptophan metabolism in schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics. Am J Clin Nutr 1974; 27:565-71. [PMID: 4830078 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/27.6.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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