1
|
Davies JB, Oskam L, Luján R, Schoone GJ, Kroon CCM, López-Martínez LA, Paniagua-Alvarez AJ. Detection ofOnchocerca volvulusDNA in pools of wild-caughtSimulium ochraceumby use of the polymerase chain reaction. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1998.11813293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
2
|
Mans DRA, Beerens T, Magali I, Soekhoe RC, Schoone GJ, Oedairadjsingh K, Hasrat JA, van den Bogaart E, Schallig HDFH. In vitro evaluation of traditionally used Surinamese medicinal plants for their potential anti-leishmanial efficacy. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 180:70-77. [PMID: 26778603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plant-based preparations are extensively used in Surinamese folk medicine for treating leishmaniasis, but often without a scientific rationale. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate 25 Surinamese medicinal plants for their potential efficacy against leishmaniasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Concentrated plant extracts were evaluated for their effect on the viability of L. (V.) guyanensis AMC, L. (L.) major NADIM5, and L. (L.) donovani GEDII promastigotes, as well as intracellular amastigotes of L. (L.) donovani BHU814 in infected THP-1 cells. Selectivity was assessed by cytotoxicity against THP-1 cells. RESULTS The only plant extract that showed potentially meaningful anti-leishmanial activity was that from Solanum lycocarpum that displayed mean IC50 values of about 51, 61, and <16 µg/mL against L. (V) guyanensis, L. (L) major, and L. (L) donovani promastigotes, respectively; about 374 µg/mL against L. (L) donovani amastigotes; and >500 µg/mL against THP-1 cells. The Bryophyllum pinnatum, Inga alba, and Quassia amara extracts displayed moderate to high IC50 values against promastigotes (about 51 to >500 µg/mL) and/or amastigotes (about 224 to >500 µg/mL) but were relatively toxic to THP-1 cells (IC50 values <16 to about 42 µg/mL). The remaining plant extracts exhibited in many cases IC50 values close to, around, or above 500µg/mL against promastigotes, amastigotes, and THP-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS The S. lycocarpum preparation may be useful against leishmaniasis and may have a good safety index, warranting further investigations into its active constituents and mechanism(s) of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R A Mans
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname.
| | - T Beerens
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Magali
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - R C Soekhoe
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - G J Schoone
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Oedairadjsingh
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - J A Hasrat
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - E van den Bogaart
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H D F H Schallig
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mans DRA, Kent AD, Hu RV, Lai A. Fat EJ, Schoone GJ, Adams ER, Rood EJ, Alba S, Sabajo LOA, Lai A Fat RF, de Vries HJC, Schallig HDFH. Monitoring the response of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis to treatment with pentamidine isethionate by quantitative real-time PCR, and identification ofLeishmaniaparasites not responding to therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015; 41:610-5. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. R. A. Mans
- Anton de Kom University of Suriname; Paramaribo Suriname
| | - A. D. Kent
- Anton de Kom University of Suriname; Paramaribo Suriname
| | - R. V. Hu
- Dermatological Service; Ministry of Health; Paramaribo Suriname
| | - E. J. Lai A. Fat
- Department of Dermatology; Academic Hospital Paramaribo; Paramaribo Suriname
| | | | - E. R. Adams
- Royal Tropical Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - E. J. Rood
- Royal Tropical Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - S. Alba
- Royal Tropical Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - L. O. A. Sabajo
- Dermatological Service; Ministry of Health; Paramaribo Suriname
| | - R. F. Lai A Fat
- Department of Dermatology; Academic Hospital Paramaribo; Paramaribo Suriname
| | - H. J. C. de Vries
- Department of Dermatology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam (CINIMA); University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- STI Outpatient Clinic; Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
da Silva ES, van der Meide WF, Schoone GJ, Gontijo CMF, Schallig HDFH, Brazil RP. Diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis in the endemic area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil by parasite, antibody and DNA detection assays. Vet Res Commun 2006; 30:637-43. [PMID: 16838205 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania chagasi (L. infantum) is found throughout the South American continent, including Brazil, and dogs are considered to be the main reservoir host for this parasite. To support the implementation of a diagnostic protocol for surveillance of the disease in the region of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil) we have compared the sensitivity and specificity of two serological tests, indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and direct agglutination test (DAT), with the combination of direct microscopy-culture-PCR as the gold standard, using samples obtained from 103 dogs in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. The currently used standard serodiagnostic test, IFAT, had a sensitivity of 100% and its specificity was 74% compared to the gold standard of the study. The sensitivity and specificity of the DAT were 100% and 91%, respectively. On the basis of this study it is recommended to change from the IFAT to DAT for the serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniasis because of the superior specificity of the test combined with its user-friendliness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S da Silva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hailu A, Schoone GJ, Diro E, Tesfaye A, Techane Y, Tefera T, Assefa Y, Genetu A, Kebede Y, Kebede T, Schallig HDFH. Field evaluation of a fast anti-Leishmania antibody detection assay in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100:48-52. [PMID: 16203020 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of Leishmania antibodies in human serum samples was evaluated under harsh field conditions in northern Ethiopia. Test performance was compared with a standard serological test, namely the direct agglutination test (DAT), and with parasitology. In total, 103 suspected cases were recruited for the study. Based on parasitological examination, 49 patients were confirmed of having visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and the other 54 suspected cases were parasitologically negative. Field evaluation of FAST was possible in blood samples of 89 patients. FAST had 4 false negative results and 13 false positive results. DAT had 2 false negative results and 20 false positive results. A good degree of agreement (86.9%) was observed between FAST and DAT (kappa value 0.73). In this field-based evalauation, the sensitivity and specificity of FAST were found to be 91.1% (95% CI 77.9-97.1) and 70.5% (95% CI 54.6-82.8), respectively, compared with 95.3% (95% CI 82.9-99.2) and 62.3% (95% CI 47.9-74.9) for DAT. FAST had a high predictive value of a negative test, demonstrating that FAST could be utilised to exclude rapidly non-VL patients from a large population of suspects with fever and splenomegaly in endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hailu
- Institute for Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Omar SA, Mens PF, Schoone GJ, Yusuf A, Mwangi J, Kaniaru S, Omer GAA, Schallig HDFH. Plasmodium falciparum: evaluation of a quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay to predict the outcome of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Exp Parasitol 2005; 110:73-9. [PMID: 15804381 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (QT-NASBA) assay was employed to predict retrospectively the outcome of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) treatment of uncomplicated malaria in children aged <6 years in an endemic region. Blood samples were collected at initial diagnosis and during follow-up. Mutation-specific nested PCR methods to analyse DHFR (Arg-59) and DHPS (Glu-540) mutations that are associated with SP drug resistance were applied. Parasite genotyping was performed to distinguish between re-infection and recrudescence. Eighty-six patients were recruited of which 66 were available for follow-up. Nine children were classified as early treatment failure, 13 cases were classified as late clinical failure, 32 as late parasitological failure, and only 12 children had an adequate clinical and parasitological response. DHFR and DHPS mutations conferring SP resistance were abundant in the Plasmodium population. Blood samples obtained 7 days after treatment were used to predict retrospectively the outcome of SP treatment. QT-NASBA was able to give a correct prediction of treatment outcome in 85.7% of the cases. Positive predictive value (PPV) of QT-NASBA case was 95% (95% confidence interval = 88.3-100) and negative predictive value (NPV) was 63% (95% CI = 39.5-86.5). In contrast, microscopy correctly predicted outcome in only 37.5% of the cases. PPV of microscopy was 100% (95% CI = 73.9-100) and the NPV was 25.5% (95% CI = 13.0-38.0). The analysis of a day 7 blood sample with QT-NASBA allows for the prediction of late clinical or parasitological treatment failure in the majority of the cases analysed in the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Omar
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schallig HDFH, Schoone GJ, Lommerse EJM, Kroon CCM, de Vries PJ, van Gool T. Usefulness of quantitative nucleic Acid sequence-based amplification for diagnosis of malaria in an academic hospital setting. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22:555-7. [PMID: 12938007 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-003-0985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (QT-NASBA) to detect Plasmodium spp. in diagnostic specimens of patients suspected of having malaria in a clinical setting in a non-endemic country. During the 4-month recruitment period, 113 patients were enrolled in the study, of which 93 were diagnosed as non-malaria and 20 as malaria cases on the basis of clinical and microscopic criteria. All microscopically positive cases had QT-NASBA counts of >0.1 parasites/ micro l and there was a significant positive correlation between the parasite counts obtained with both diagnostic methods. Of the 93 microscopically negative cases, six had a positive QT-NASBA result. Three of these cases had a recent history of malaria for which specific treatment was taken. In the other three cases there was no history of malaria and QT-NASBA results in these cases were near the cut-off level (>0.1 parasites/ micro l) of the test. The results demonstrate that QT-NASBA is a useful technology for the diagnosis of malaria in a reference laboratory, and it is very helpful in cases of low parasitemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H D F H Schallig
- KIT (Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen/Royal Tropical Institute), KIT Biomedical Research, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schallig HDFH, Schoone GJ, Beijer EGM, Kroon CCM, Hommers M, Ozbel Y, Ozensoy S, da Silva ES, Cardoso LM, da Silva ED. Development of a fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2002; 109:1-8. [PMID: 12383620 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in serum samples from dogs with visceral leishmaniosis was developed. The test is based on the direct agglutination test (DAT), but combines a higher parasite concentration with a smaller test volume. In contrast to the DAT, the FAST makes use of only one serum dilution and the results can be read within 3 h as opposed to 18-20 h for the DAT. The FAST was evaluated using serum samples of confirmed cases of the disease and healthy controls collected in the most important endemic regions of canine visceral leishmaniosis, import cases of canine leishmaniosis in a non-endemic country, from non-endemic healthy controls and from dogs with other diseases. The performance of the FAST was compared with standard DAT. In the present study, the FAST had a sensitivity of 93.6% and a specificity of 89.0%. The DAT had a sensitivity of 88.6% and a specificity of 96.7%. Furthermore, using a large panel of serum samples of previously examined DAT positive or negative dogs it was shown that degree of agreement between the two tests was high (95.7%; kappa value = 0.91). The FAST offers the advantages of the DAT based on freeze-dried antigen with respect to stability of the antigen, sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the FAST allows the rapid screening of a large number of samples, which makes the test very useful for epidemiological screening of large populations of dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H D F H Schallig
- Koninklijk Institut voor de Tropen, Biomedical Research, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hailu A, Kroon CCM, Schoone GJ, Berhe N, Schallig HDFH, Kager PA. Sero-epidemiological assessment and diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic locality using Fast Agglutination Screening Test (FAST). Acta Trop 2002; 83:93-101. [PMID: 12088850 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Fast Agglutination Screening Test (FAST) was employed on sera obtained from an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis in southwestern Ethiopia, in February 2000. The study involved (i) active case detection among 1575 residents of two villages; and (ii) passive case detection in an outpatient clinic. Sera of 1587 individuals, including 143 sera of previously treated VL patients, were tested. Based on the size of agglutination mat, the FAST results were read qualitatively as non-reactive (-), weakly reactive (1+), moderately reactive (2+) and highly reactive (3+). All FAST reactive sera were re-tested with the Direct Agglutination Test (DAT). After clinical screening of 1625 individuals, 61 individuals with signs and symptoms of early or late VL were found; 26 sera were FAST positive. Twenty-two of these suspected VL cases were subjected to parasitological examination using lymph node aspirates. Eighteen (81.8%) were confirmed either by demonstration of amastigotes in smears or promastigotes in NNN cultures. FAST reactive anti-leishmanial antibodies were detected in 4.5% of untreated and 70.6% of previously treated patients. Forty-five sera of 1390 previously untreated asymptomatic individuals (3.2%) were found to be FAST positive. This report demonstrates that FAST is a rapid and cost-effective screening test for the diagnosis and sero-epidemiological surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hailu
- Leishmaniasis Research Group, Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schallig HD, Schoone GJ, Kroon CC, Hailu A, Chappuis F, Veeken H. Development and application of 'simple' diagnostic tools for visceral leishmaniasis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2001; 190:69-71. [PMID: 11770114 DOI: 10.1007/s004300100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis is difficult. Due to the limitations of direct methods to detect parasites, indirect immunological methods are widely employed. The simple affordable and sensitive/specific direct agglutination test (DAT) is perhaps the most important diagnostic tool under field conditions. A significant improvement of this test is the use of a freeze-dried antigen, which is heat-stable and has a long shelf-live even under harsh conditions. The performance of this antigen in DAT has been evaluated using samples collected in East Africa. The results of these studies are presented. The detection of Leishmania infection in HIV-co-infected patients is difficult. The combination of DAT-PCR may be useful for the detection of parasite infection in these patients. Finally, we present data to show that the DAT based on the freeze-dried antigen can also be used for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H D Schallig
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) Biomedical Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schoone GJ, Hailu A, Kroon CC, Nieuwenhuys JL, Schallig HD, Oskam L. A fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001; 95:400-1. [PMID: 11579883 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(01)90196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G J Schoone
- Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schoone GJ, Oskam L, Kroon NC, Schallig HD, Omar SA. Detection and quantification of Plasmodium falciparum in blood samples using quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:4072-5. [PMID: 11060070 PMCID: PMC87543 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.11.4072-4075.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (QT-NASBA) assay for the detection of Plasmodium parasites has been developed. Primers and probes were selected on the basis of the sequence of the small-subunit rRNA gene. Quantification was achieved by coamplification of the RNA in the sample with one modified in vitro RNA as a competitor in a single-tube NASBA reaction. Parasite densities ranging from 10 to 10(8) Plasmodium falciparum parasites per ml could be demonstrated and quantified in whole blood. This is approximately 1,000 times more sensitive than conventional microscopy analysis of thick blood smears. Comparison of the parasite densities obtained by microscopy and QT-NASBA with 120 blood samples from Kenyan patients with clinical malaria revealed that for 112 of 120 (93%) of the samples results were within a 1-log difference. QT-NASBA may be especially useful for the detection of low parasite levels in patients with early-stage malaria and for the monitoring of the efficacy of drug treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Schoone
- Royal Tropical Institute, Department of Biomedical Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Oskam L, Schoone GJ, Kroom CCM, Tran C, Nieuwenhuis JL, Hailu A. The fast: a new direct agglutination test (DAT) for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in serum samples within 3 hours. Parasitol Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(98)80610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
14
|
Osman OF, Oskam L, Kroon NC, Schoone GJ, Khalil ET, El-Hassan AM, Zijlstra EE, Kager PA. Use of PCR for diagnosis of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1621-4. [PMID: 9620389 PMCID: PMC104889 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.6.1621-1624.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microscopy and PCR were compared for use in the diagnosis of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in 63 patients. Aspirates of lymph nodes (samples from 52 patients), skin (23 samples), and bone marrow (18 samples) were used. For 11 patients lymph node aspiration could be repeated 6 months after they recovered from PKDL. During active PKDL, PCR was positive for 42 of 52 (80.8%) lymph node aspirates and 19 of 23 (82.7%) skin aspirates, whereas microscopy was positive for only 9 of 52 (17.3%) lymph node aspirates and 7 of 23 (30.4%) skin aspirates. PCR was always positive when parasites were seen by microscopy. When the results obtained with lymph node and skin aspirates from the same patient (n = 16) were compared, there was complete agreement. Bone marrow samples were negative by microscopy and PCR for 16 patients and positive by both methods for 1 patient; for one sample only the PCR was positive. PCR confirmed the co-occurrence of visceral leishmaniasis and PKDL in one patient and confirmed the suspicion of this co-occurrence in the other patient. After recovery, no parasites were found by microscopy, but 2 of 11 (18.2%) samples were still positive by PCR. Thirty negative controls were all found to be PCR negative, and 15 positive controls were all PCR positive. Cross-reactions with Mycobacterium leprae could be ruled out. In conclusion, PCR with inguinal lymph node or skin aspirates is suitable for confirming the clinical diagnosis of PKDL. In some patients, lymph node aspirates are probably preferred because aspiration of material from the skin may leave scars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O F Osman
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Davies JB, Oskam L, Luján R, Schoone GJ, Kroon CC, López-Martínez LA, Paniagua-Alvarez AJ. Detection of Onchocerca volvulus DNA in pools of wild-caught Simulium ochraceum by use of the polymerase chain reaction. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1998; 92:295-304. [PMID: 9713545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Onchocerca volvulus DNA in experimentally infected flies can now be detected by use of the PCR, so that, for example, one infected Simulium damnosum can be detected in a pool of 100 uninfected flies or one S. ochraceum can be detected in pools of 20-40. As this PCR technique is specific for O. volvulus, the results are not confounded by the presence of other, unimportant, Onchocerca species, and the technique could replace time-consuming, manual dissection of flies. In 1996 and 1997, pools of 16-21 Simulium ochraceum were tested by the PCR technique. These flies had been collected biting man, between 1992 and 1994, from two hyperendemic coffee estates (fincas) in Guatemala, and stored in commercial (95%) ethanol. Collections at finca Buena Vista (869 flies in 52 pools) were made 1-2 weeks and 46 weeks after 45% of eligible subjects had been treated with ivermectin for the first time. At finca El Brote, collections (360 flies in 18 pools) were made 13 weeks before and 7 weeks after 97% of eligible subjects had received their first treatment. DNA was easily recovered from simuliids that had been stored in ethanol for up to 4 years. Of the nine pools of flies with visible blood collected at Buena Vista, each of 20 flies, eight tested positive for O. volvulus DNA. In flies without blood, 13 of 22 pools collected at Buena Vista just after treatment tested positive, whereas there were 14 positives in 22 pools taken 46 weeks later (P > 0.05). At El Brote, nine of 10 pre-treatment pools were positive, compared with three of eight taken 7 weeks post-treatment (P = 0.04), indicating that the treatments in this finca had reduced infection in the vector, and possibly transmission, by about 60%. A sub-sample of Buena Vista flies was divided into 19 sets of three separate sub-pools containing heads, thoraces and abdomens. Three pools of heads alone were positive, and had corresponding pools of positive abdomens. Three positive pools of thoraces had negative corresponding pools of heads and abdomens. These results show that PCR can be used to determine the prevalence of O. volvulus DNA in wild-caught S. ochraceum. As the infection rates observed were higher than expected from dissections reported by other workers, PCR-determined rates may not be directly comparable with traditional parameters based on the dissection of flies to reveal O. volvulus larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Davies
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, U.K.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Osman OF, Oskam L, Zijlstra EE, Kroon NC, Schoone GJ, Khalil ET, El-Hassan AM, Kager PA. Evaluation of PCR for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:2454-7. [PMID: 9316888 PMCID: PMC229991 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.10.2454-2457.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An evaluation of Leishmania PCR was performed with bone marrow, lymph node, and blood samples from 492 patients, 60 positive controls, and 90 negative controls. Results were compared with microscopy results for Giemsa-stained smears. PCR and microscopy of lymph node and bone marrow aspirates from patients with microscopically confirmed visceral leishmaniasis (VL) were equally sensitive. However, in patients clinically suspected of having VL and in whom parasites could not be demonstrated by microscopy, PCR was positive for 12 of 23 (52.2%) lymph node aspirates and 8 of 12 (66.7%) bone marrow aspirates, thus confirming the clinical diagnosis of VL. With PCR on filter paper, Leishmania DNA was detected in the blood of 33 of 47 (70%) patients with confirmed VL and in 2 of 11 (19%) patients suspected of having VL. Positive PCR results were more frequently found for blood samples on filter paper than for samples stored in EDTA. In conclusion, PCR is a more sensitive method than microscopy for the detection of Leishmania in lymph node and bone marrow aspirates, being especially useful for the confirmation of cases of suspected VL. Blood from a finger prick may be used for the initial PCR screening of people suspected of having VL. If the PCR of blood is negative, one should perform PCR with lymph node and/or bone marrow material, because PCR with these materials is more often positive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O F Osman
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The detection of Onchocerca volvulus infected simuliids or blackflies is routinely done by dissection and microscopic examination of individual flies, but this method is tedious and time consuming. Here we describe a method of detecting single O. volvulus infected blackflies in pools of uninfected blackflies. Using a PCR with Onchocerca specific primers it is possible to reproducibly detect one heavily infected blackfly in a pool of 80 flies, or to detect one blackfly inoculated with one microfilaria in a pool of 20 flies. With the method described large numbers of blackflies can be rapidly screened for the presence of O. volvulus infected flies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Oskam
- Royal Tropical Institute, Department of Biomedical Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
el-Hassan AM, Meredith SE, Yagi HI, Khalil EA, Ghalib HW, Abbas K, Zijlstra EE, Kroon CC, Schoone GJ, Ismail A. Sudanese mucosal leishmaniasis: epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, immune responses and treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995; 89:647-52. [PMID: 8594683 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(95)90428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology, clinical features, pathology, immune responses, diagnosis and treatment of 14 patients with mucosal leishmaniasis in the Sudan are described. The condition occurred mainly in adult males, particularly in certain closely related tribes from the western Sudan. It affected the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and/or the oral mucosa and sometimes followed treated kala azar. The parasites were sometimes confined to the mucosa, sometimes spread to the lymph nodes, and rarely infected the bone marrow and spleen. One of the 2 patients with both visceral and mucosal leishmaniasis differed from classical kala azar cases; his infection was longer lasting, he was leishmanin positive, and his peripheral mononuclear cells proliferated in response to leishmanial antigens. Mucosal leishmaniasis following treated kala azar is a similar phenomenon to post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis and post-kala azar uveitis. Post-kala azar mucosal leishmaniasis can therefore be added to the other post-kala azar leishmanial infections. Using the polymerase chain reaction, Southern blot analysis with specific probes, and isoenzyme characterization, the causative parasite was identified as Leishmania donovani in 4 patients and as L. major in one. Unlike American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, mucosal leishmaniasis in the Sudan was not preceded or accompanied by cutaneous lesions and the response to pentavalent antimony or ketoconazole was good.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M el-Hassan
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schaefer KU, Schoone GJ, Gachihi GS, Muller AS, Kager PA, Meredith SE. Visceral leishmaniasis: use of the polymerase chain reaction in an epidemiological study in Baringo District, Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995; 89:492-5. [PMID: 8560520 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(95)90081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction was applied to capillary blood spots dried on filter paper from 20 parasitologically proved cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), 21 subclinical cases, and 11 healthy controls in a longitudinal study of anthroponotic VL in Baringo District, Kenya. Leishmania deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected 10.5 months before diagnosis and up to 3 years after diagnosis and apparently successful treatment. Subclinical cases can have detectable circulating parasite DNA in their blood. These findings may indicate that subclinical cases can be a reservoir and formerly treated VL patients can remain a reservoir for a long time. Xenodiagnosis should be performed on subclinical cases and former VL patients to establish their role in transmission of VL in Kenya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K U Schaefer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Meredith SE, Kroon NC, Sondorp E, Seaman J, Goris MG, van Ingen CW, Oosting H, Schoone GJ, Terpstra WJ, Oskam L. Leish-KIT, a stable direct agglutination test based on freeze-dried antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:1742-5. [PMID: 7665640 PMCID: PMC228261 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.7.1742-1745.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to increase the application potential of the direct agglutination test (DAT) for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in human serum samples, we developed an antigen based on stained and freeze-dried Leishmania donovani promastigotes. We describe here the evaluation of the performance of the DAT based on this freeze-dried antigen. It was shown that the freeze-dried antigen remains fully active, even after storage at 56 degrees C for 18 months. With a cutoff value of 1:1,600, the sensitivity of the DAT was shown to be 92% and the specificity of the test was 99.7%, which were comparable with the results found for the DAT based on liquid antigen. The major advantages of the freeze-dried antigen are that the production of a large batch of this antigen allows reproducible results in the DAT over a long period of time and that the freeze-dried antigen can be stored at ambient temperature, which, as was shown, makes the test a valuable diagnostic tool for use in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Meredith
- Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gravekamp C, Van de Kemp H, Franzen M, Carrington D, Schoone GJ, Van Eys GJ, Everard CO, Hartskeerl RA, Terpstra WJ. Detection of seven species of pathogenic leptospires by PCR using two sets of primers. J Gen Microbiol 1993; 139:1691-700. [PMID: 8409911 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-139-8-1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Two sets of primers derived from genomic DNA libraries of Leptospira serovars icterohaemorrhagiae (strain RGA) and bim (strain 1051) enabled the amplification by PCR of target DNA fragments from leptospiral reference strains belonging to all presently described pathogenic Leptospira species. The icterohaemorrhagiae-derived primers (G1/G2) enabled amplification of DNA from L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. weilii, L. noguchii, L. santarosai and L. meyeri, whereas the bim-derived primers (B64-I/B64-II) enabled the amplification of L. kirschneri. Southern blot and DNA sequence analysis revealed inter-species DNA polymorphism within the region spanned by primers G1 and G2 between L. interrogans and various other Leptospira species. Using a mixture of primer sets G1/G2 and B64-I/B64-II, leptospires of serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa and bim were detected in serum samples collected from patients during the first 10 days after the onset of illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gravekamp
- NH Swellengrebel Laboratory for Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, WHO/FAO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Meredith SE, Zijlstra EE, Schoone GJ, Kroon CC, van Eys GJ, Schaeffer KU, el-Hassan AM, Lawyer PG. Development and application of the polymerase chain reaction for the detection and identification of Leishmania parasites in clinical material. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 1993; 70:419-31. [PMID: 7802497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Detection, diagnosis and identification of Leishmaniasis may be difficult owing to low numbers of parasites present in clinical samples. The PCR has improved the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of several infectious diseases. A leishmania specific PCR assay was developed based on the SSUrRNA genes which amplifies DNA of all Leishmania species. Point mutations occurring within the rRNA genes allow differentiation of the Leishmania complexes using primers constructed with the 3/ ends complementary to the specific point mutations present in the SSU rRNA genes of the Leishmania species. Biopsy material, blood, lesion impressions and blood spots on filter paper can be used in the assay. In a longitudinal study on the incidence rates of VL, subclinical cases and PKDL in an endemic region of Sudan, filter paper blood spots from proven and suspected VL patients, PKDL and control samples from an endemic region in Sudan are being taken. The blood spots were analyzed in the DAT and by PCR and results compared with clinical and parasitological data. The first results indicate that the PCR on blood spots is a simple and sensitive means of detecting active VL; in PKDL patients parasites are detectable in the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Meredith
- Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Homan WL, van Enckevort FH, Limper L, van Eys GJ, Schoone GJ, Kasprzak W, Majewska AC, van Knapen F. Comparison of Giardia isolates from different laboratories by isoenzyme analysis and recombinant DNA probes. Parasitol Res 1992; 78:316-23. [PMID: 1357655 DOI: 10.1007/bf00937090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A total of 13 new Giardia isolates were established in axenic culture. All of the new isolates were obtained by excystation of Giardia cysts from the feces of patients in Dutch hospitals. These isolates were subjected to isoenzyme and DNA analysis together with isolates from Poland, Belgium, and various other parts of the world. Isoenzyme analysis revealed that nearly all of the newly established isolates exhibited unique zymodemes. Isolates obtained from individuals from Belgium and Poland, on the other hand, displayed single zymodemes. Genomic DNA libraries were constructed from isolates belonging to the latter two zymodemes; specific and common recombinant DNA clones were selected from these libraries. Differential screening revealed that the two isolates had only 80% of the clones in common. Restriction-fragment-length polymorphism analysis using three different probes together with two synthetic probes that are complementary to Giardia structural protein genes led to the separation of all isolates into two major groups; within these groups, a further division could be made by application of other techniques or probes. The results of DNA analysis and zymodeme classification were in general agreement; in the present report they are compared with the data in the literature and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W L Homan
- Laboratory for Parasitology and Mycology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
van Eys GJ, Schoone GJ, Kroon NC, Ebeling SB. Sequence analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes and its use for detection and identification of Leishmania parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1992; 51:133-42. [PMID: 1565128 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(92)90208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of the most variable part of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene, comprising 800 bases, was analysed for 9 Leishmania taxa and compared with those of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Crithidia fasciculata. Considerable differences were observed between the sequence of the Leishmania taxa on the one hand and those of Crithidia and Trypanosoma on the other. Amongst the Leishmania taxa only a few point mutations were found, all located within 2 sequence blocks in the central part of the SSU rRNA gene, which are unique for Kinetoplastida. These unique sequences were used for the development of kinetoplastid-specific probes and a Leishmania-specific PCR assay of high sensitivity (less than 10 parasites could be detected). Based on the observed point-mutations an identification of the Leishmania parasites, according to complex, could be achieved by direct sequencing, restriction fragment analysis or single-stranded conformation polymorphism of the PCR-generated fragments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J van Eys
- Laboratory for Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schoone GJ, van Eys GJ, Ligthart GS, Taub FE, Zaal J, Mebrahtu Y, Laywer P. Detection and identification of Leishmania parasites by in situ hybridization with total and recombinant DNA probes. Exp Parasitol 1991; 73:345-53. [PMID: 1655512 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(91)90106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In situ hybridization on cultured promastigotes and sandfly smears were performed with nonradioactively labeled total DNA and recombinant DNA probes containing minicircle kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) or nuclear DNA inserts. Total DNA probes lack specificity whereas recombinant nuclear DNA probes work only if they contain repetitive sequences. Minicircle kDNAs of five Leishmania isolates, representative of five Leishmania taxa found in Kenya, were sequenced. Comparison of the sequences showed a 150-bp region with around 80% homology, whereas the rest of the minicircles had about 50% homology. Nevertheless, application of these probes in in situ hybridization assays as tested on Leishmania promastigotes in the vector gave good specificity and hybridization signal. Two types of labeling were tested: incorporation of biotin-labeled dUTP or directly horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled nucleotides. Both techniques provided good sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio on cultured promastigotes. Hybridization with HRP-labeled kDNA probes gave a superior signal-to-noise ratio if tested on sandfly preparations. This method provided a reliable and fast identification and facilitated the detection of promastigotes in sandflies. The technique presented here may be helpful in rapid identification of Leishmania promastigotes, and thus make epidemiological studies easier and less time consuming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Schoone
- Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Van Eys GJ, Gerritsen MJ, Korver H, Schoone GJ, Kroon CC, Terpstra WJ. Characterization of serovars of the genus Leptospira by DNA hybridization with hardjobovis and icterohaemorrhagiae recombinant probes with special attention to serogroup sejroe. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:1042-8. [PMID: 2056039 PMCID: PMC269931 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.29.5.1042-1048.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant DNA probes derived from genomic libraries of serovars hardjobovis and icterohaemorrhagiae were applied for the characterization of leptospires. Differences in hybridization signals in combination with the banding pattern appear to provide good characteristics for strain typing. The banding patterns were easy to distinguish, since the recombinant DNA probes hybridized with a limited number of fragments. They were also indicative of genomic relationships between serovars. The probes suggested the existence of four subgroups with extensive genomic homology within the serogroup Sejroe. A number of serovars outside the serogroup Sejroe showed genomic homology with these subgroups. Amplification with the polymerase chain reaction showed a correlation with the genomic homologies demonstrated by Southern analysis. Knowledge about genomic relationships between leptospiral strains, as revealed by Southern analysis, may lead to a more rational approach for primer selection for polymerase chain reaction or cloning of particular genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Van Eys
- N. H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, WHO/FAO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Alvar J, Ballesteros JA, Soler R, Benito A, van Eys GJ, Schoone GJ, Cabrer B. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum: biochemical characterization. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990; 43:614-8. [PMID: 2267965 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1990.43.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A vegetative mass in the right nasal cavity of a 62-year-old man from Palma de Mallorca, Spain, was found to be due to Leishmania. The organism was isolated in culture and characterized by in situ hybridization, Southern blot hybridization, and isoenzyme analysis; it was thus demonstrated to be the most common enzyme variant 1 (MON 1) of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Alvar
- Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Schoone GJ, Cornelissen WJ, Veenhuijsen PC, Schöneman CE, Terpstra WJ. Comparison of dot blot with in-situ hybridization for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urethral exudate. J Appl Bacteriol 1989; 66:401-5. [PMID: 2502529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dot blot hybridization and in-situ hybridization with DNA probes prepared from total genomic gonococcal DNA were compared with Gram staining and culturing for the detection of gonococci in urethral exudates. Fifteen of 60 patients were positive by at least one of the four methods. Gram staining and in-situ hybridization scored best with 13 positives but culture and dot blot hybridization yielded only 10 and 9 positives respectively. The failure to detect gonococci in culture can be explained by overgrowth in one case and possibly self medication with ampicillin before culture in another. The in-situ hybridization test is a fast and sensitive hybridization method for the detection of gonococci in urethral exudate from men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Schoone
- N.H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Leishmania are usually identified by iso-enzyme analysis. This method works well, but there is a need for an additional, more simple, method of identification. Here we present data that show that in a Southern blot analysis, recombinant DNA probes in combination with certain restriction enzymes can differentiate between taxa of Leishmania. Probes based on clones selected from a L. infantum cDNA library gave characteristic patterns on Southern blots for reference strains of the different types of Leishmania found in Europe, Africa and Asia. Within the different taxa little or no variation was observed. Although the L. infantum derived probes showed a somewhat stronger hybridization for strains of the L. donovani complex, the signal obtained with most probes was satisfactory for L. major, L. aethiopica and L. tropica. Within the L. donovani complex none of the selected probes differentiated between isolates belonging to L. infantum, L. chagasi or L. donovani. Probes containing kinetoplast DNA showed considerable variation in hybridization within a taxon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J van Eys
- Royal Tropical Institute, Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schoone GJ, Everard CO, Korver H, Carrington DG, Inniss VA, Baulu J, Terpstra WJ. An immunoprotective monoclonal antibody directed against Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. J Gen Microbiol 1989; 135:73-8. [PMID: 2778433 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-135-1-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (mAb) was prepared by hybridoma technology in BALB/c mice immunized to Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. This mAb agglutinated serovars copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae to high titres and protected hamsters, dogs and monkeys against challenge with a virulent strain of serovar copenhageni. The mAb gave protection to hamsters at dilutions up to 1 in 1000; at a 1 in 10 dilution the protective effect lasted for at least two weeks. Biochemical analysis by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting indicated that this mAb reacted with an epitope of a carbohydrate nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Schoone
- N. H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Terpstra WJ, Groeneveld K, Eijk PP, Geelen LJ, Schoone GJ, ter Schegget J, van Nierop JC, Griffioen RW, van Alphen L. Comparison of two nonculture techniques for detection of Hemophilus influenzae in sputum. In situ hybridization and immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibodies. Chest 1988; 94:126S-129S. [PMID: 3293938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two nonculture methods, in situ hybridization and immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibodies, were compared for the detection of Hemophilus influenzae in 184 sputa. For in situ hybridization, a biotin-labeled probe of total genomic DNA of H influenzae type b was prepared that hybridizes specifically with H influenzae, H parainfluenzae, H hemolyticus, and H parahemolyticus DNA. Immunoperoxidase staining was done with monoclonal antibody 8BD9 directed against outer membrane protein P6 of H influenzae. Both techniques detected Hemophilus in sputum equally well and were superior to culture: all 30 sputum samples culture-positive for H influenzae were positive on both nonculture tests, and 13 additional positive sputum samples were detected from which Hemophilus was not cultured. The higher sensitivity of the nonculture tests was mainly attributed to culture failure because of overgrowth of H influenzae by other bacteria, especially in patients with cystic fibrosis. The immunoperoxidase staining technique appeared slightly easier and quicker to perform than the in situ hybridization test. For the in situ DNA hybridization probe, DNA can be prepared from any strain of H influenzae. The immunoperoxidase test requires monoclonal antibody 8BD9 but has a higher specificity than the hybridization technique. Both techniques can be reliably applied, especially for the detection of Hemophilus in sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Terpstra
- N. H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Terpstra WJ, Groeneveld K, Eijk PP, Geelen LJ, Schoone GJ, ter Schegget J, van Nierop JC, Griffioen RW, van Alphen L. Comparison of two nonculture techniques for detection of Hemophilus influenzae in sputum. In situ hybridization and immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibodies. Chest 1988. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.94.2.126s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
33
|
Van Eys GJ, Zaal J, Schoone GJ, Terpstra WJ. DNA hybridization with hardjobovis-specific recombinant probes as a method for type discrimination of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. J Gen Microbiol 1988; 134:567-74. [PMID: 3183617 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-134-3-567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Restriction endonuclease analysis of DNA of Leptospira interrogans, serovar hardjo, showed two distinct types within this serovar. These two types, hardjoprajitno and hardjobovis, cannot be differentiated by monoclonal antibodies. Application of 32P- or biotin-labelled total DNA probes in dot-blot or in situ hybridization assays showed a high sensitivity of the assays but also considerable cross-hybridization. Therefore, a genomic library of hardjobovis was constructed and a number of hardjobovis-specific recombinant clones were isolated. Finally, four clones were selected on the basis of a strong hybridization signal and a high specificity for hardjobovis as compared to hardjoprajitno. In a dot-blot assay as well as in in situ hybridization experiments all four clones gave strong signals, and no cross-hybridization with hardjoprajitno was observed in either type of assay. Our results indicate that specific recombinant DNA probes might provide tools for routine diagnosis and classification in cases of hardjo infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Van Eys
- N. H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Terpstra WJ, Korver H, Schoone GJ, von Leeuwen J, Schönemann CE, de Jonge-Aglibut S, Kolk AH. Comparative classification of Leptospira serovars of the Pomona group by monoclonal antibodies and restriction-endonuclease analysis. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A 1987; 266:412-21. [PMID: 2830738 DOI: 10.1016/s0176-6724(87)80221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The serovars of the Pomona group of Leptospira interrogans are antigenically closely related and can be classified only with difficulty by conventional typing methods. Monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) were prepared to serovars of the Pomona group. The MCAs were directed against antigens of polysaccharide nature. A battery of six MCAs was selected for the classification of Pomona group reference strains. These MCAs could be used for the typing of all Pomona group strains and unknown isolates. Alternatively, DNA was extracted from the same strains and isolates and digested with restriction enzymes. The patterns that were obtained after gel separation of the DNA digests were characteristic and also allowed classification. Restriction enzyme analysis was complicated but gave detailed information. Classification with MCAs could be easily and rapidly performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Terpstra
- N.H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
van Eys GJ, Schoone GJ, Ligthart GS, Laarman JJ, Terpstra WJ. Detection of Leishmania parasites by DNA in situ hybridization with non-radioactive probes. Parasitol Res 1987; 73:199-202. [PMID: 3035535 DOI: 10.1007/bf00578504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In situ hybridization techniques develop rapidly into diagnostic tools of considerable value for detection of viruses and bacteria. Here we report the application of this technique for the detection of Leishmania parasites. Biotin-labelled total promastigote DNA was hybridized to cultured Leishmania parasites and to blood and impression smears of infected mice. In promastigotes kinetoplasts were strongly stained, nuclei somewhat more diffuse. In amastigotes both nuclear and kinetoplast DNA hybridized strongly. Amastigotes were easily detected in tissue of infected mice by their stable configuration of kinetoplast and nuclei. Cross-hybridization was observed between Leishmania donovani and L. tropica, but not between these two and L. braziliensis or Trypanosoma cruzi. A minor aspecific staining of host cell nuclei in the smears did not interfere with the detectability of the parasites.
Collapse
|
36
|
Terpstra WJ, Schoone GJ, Ligthart GS, ter Schegget J. Detection of Leptospira interrogans in clinical specimens by in situ hybridization using biotin-labelled DNA probes. J Gen Microbiol 1987; 133:911-4. [PMID: 3655736 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-133-4-911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In situ DNA hybridization using biotin-labelled leptospiral DNA was performed on clinical specimens to investigate its usefulness as a technique for the identification of Leptospira interrogans. The applicability of this test in blood, urine and liver smears was demonstrated. In situ DNA hybridization can be completed in only 4 h and it combines the advantage of visualization of the leptospiral morphology with the specificity of the hybridization reaction. No cross-hybridization was observed with other bacteria. This study shows that hybridization in situ can be simple to perform and may contribute to a rapid diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Terpstra
- Royal Tropical Institute, Department of Tropical Hygiene, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Terpstra WJ, Schoone GJ, ter Schegget J, van Nierop JC, Griffioen RW. In situ hybridization for the detection of Haemophilus in sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis. Scand J Infect Dis 1987; 19:641-6. [PMID: 3502033 DOI: 10.3109/00365548709117199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study we performed in situ hybridization using biotin-labelled total genomic DNA of Haemophilus influenzae type b as a probe on: (1) smears containing bacteria cultured in vitro: all haemophilus species that can be found in the human respiratory tract appeared to be positive and a large number of other bacterial species appeared to be negative in this in situ hybridization test; (2) sputum smears from 287 patients with bronchitis: the hybridization test was positive on all but 2 of the 44 smears derived from patients whose culture yielded haemophilus and additionally on 12 smears derived from patients, whose culture was negative; and (3) sputum smears from 7 patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF): the hybridization test was positive in all these 7 sputum smears, while the culture only yielded haemophilus in 3 cases. The higher sensitivity of the hybridization test compared to culturing could mainly be explained by the failure to detect haemophilus in culture caused by masking due to overgrowth by other bacteria. In conclusion the in situ hybridization test, which can be performed in only 4 h, is a sensitive and specific method for the detection of haemophilus in sputum and is particularly useful in CF patients, where overgrowth by pseudomonas often interferes with diagnosis by culturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Terpstra
- N. H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Terpstra WJ, Schoone GJ, ter Schegget J. Detection of leptospiral DNA by nucleic acid hybridisation with 32P- and biotin-labelled probes. J Med Microbiol 1986; 22:23-8. [PMID: 3735387 DOI: 10.1099/00222615-22-1-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dot hybridisation with 32P- and biotin-labelled probes prepared from leptospiral DNA was performed to develop a sensitive and specific diagnostic method for early infection with leptospires. The smallest amounts of leptospiral DNA that could be detected with 32P- and biotin-labelled probes was 1.5 pg and 5 pg, respectively, corresponding to about 750 and 2500 leptospires. Dot hybridisation with a 32P-labelled probe detected leptospiral DNA in sera from all of 14 experimentally infected golden hamsters. The smallest amount of leptospiral DNA detected in these experiments corresponded to about 2500 leptospires. In the test conditions described in this study, the sensitivity of dot hybridisation with a biotin-labelled probe was lower. Little cross-hybridisation was observed with unrelated DNAs which indicates that dot hybridisation could be a useful diagnostic method.
Collapse
|
39
|
Terpstra WJ, Schoone GJ, ter Schegget J. Detection of leptospira DNA by DNA-hybridization. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00404510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
40
|
Abstract
ELISA was used to detect specific IgM and IgG in sera from humans with current or past leptospirosis. A serological pattern of a high IgM titre (greater than or equal to 1280), or moderately increased IgM (160-640) in conjunction with a low IgG titre (less than or equal to 20), with serovar copenhageni antigen was characteristic for approximately two-thirds of the sera from serovar icterohaemorrhagiae patients obtained in the first two months of the disease. The antigen was the supernatant of a heated and centrifuged culture of leptospires. Antigens were prepared from serovars copenhageni, grippotyphosa, hardjo and patoc. Sera from patients with icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa and hardjo infections showed cross-reactivity when different antigens were used. In past infections the IgG titres were clearly higher with the homologous antigen. ELISA for IgM and IgG allows the rapid diagnosis of acute leptospirosis.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, and arboreae of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans and serovar patoc of saprophytic L. biflexa were examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. A close antigenic relationship was found between the interrogans serovars, particularly between icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola. To a much lesser extent cross-reactions were found between interrogans serovars and patoc. Comparison of three different antigenic preparations of icterohaemorrhagiae by tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis and by absorption experiments with the patoc reference system showed the presence of several common broadly reactive antigens. Antigen 1 of the reference system, a genus-specific heat-stable protein antigen, was found in all antigenic preparations. It is a diagnostically important antigen.
Collapse
|
42
|
Terpstra WJ, Ligthart GS, Schoone GJ. Serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis by enzyme-linked-immunosorrbent-assay (ELISA). Zentralbl Bakteriol A 1980; 247:400-5. [PMID: 6999805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay (ELISA) is described for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. Using an antigen prepared from a heated culture of a single leptospira strain (Wijnberg) the ELISA is a genusspecific test. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) served as a reference. ELISA and MAT results agreed in 95% of the sera from 96 leptospirosis patients. One false positive was found in 217 controls. The ELISA is sensitive, specific and relatively easy to perform.
Collapse
|
43
|
Terpstra WJ, Schoone GJ, Ligthart GS. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig A 1979; 244:285-90. [PMID: 506550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was applied on sera from patients with leptospirosis caused by leptospires from different serogroups and on sera from a control group. The CIE using an antigen prepared from a single leptospira strain agreed with the microscopic agglutination test using a battery of different antigens in 91% of the leptospirosis sera. CIE was sensitive and specific, comparatively easy to perform, used little amounts of serum and antigen, gave rapid results and allowed the examination of large numbers of specimens at a time.
Collapse
|