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Martinez Garcia M, Gil M, Pineda E, Martin Soberón M, Mesia Barroso C, Foro P, Capellades J, Sarmiento B, Bruna J, Verger E, Taus Garcia A, Alameda F, Hernandez Lain A, Velasco G, Sepulveda Sanchez J. GEINO 1402: A phase Ib dose-escalation study followed by an extension phase to evaluate safety and efficacy of crizotinib in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) and radiotherapy (RT) in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GB). Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz243.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Model organisms have provided fundamental evidence that aging can be delayed and longevity extended. These findings gave rise to a new era in aging research aimed at elucidating the pathways and networks controlling this complex biological process. The identification of 9 hallmarks of aging has established a framework to evaluate the relative contribution of each hallmark and the interconnections among them. In this review, we revisit these hallmarks with the information obtained exclusively through the generation of genetically modified mouse models that have a significant impact on the aging process. We discuss within each hallmark those interventions that accelerate aging or that have been successful at increasing lifespan, with the final goal of identifying the most promising antiaging avenues based on the current knowledge provided by in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Folgueras
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sandra Freitas-Rodríguez
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gloria Velasco
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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Molina-Flores B, Velasco G, Camacho M, Martínez M, Delgado J. Caracterización socio-económica de la cría de bovinos en la agricultura familiar del Alto Egipto. ARCH ZOOTEC 2019. [DOI: 10.21071/az.v68i261.3950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
El Egipto actual es una entidad compleja, que enfrenta una lucha contra el crecimiento de la población y la pobreza en el camino hacia un desarrollo humano equitativo. Esto es particularmente cierto en el Alto Egipto, donde más de la mitad de la población rural se considera en situación de pobreza, siendo la agricultura familiar, y en particular la cría de bovinos, una de sus principales fuentes de ingresos. Para identificar los factores socio-económicos que influyen en los sistemas tradicionales de agricultura familiar dedicados a la cría de bovinos, así como evaluar los conocimientos, aptitudes y prácticas de los productores pecuarios del Alto Egipto, se diseñó un estudio basado en entrevistas individuales y colectivas realizadas en hogares seleccionados de las gobernaciones de Minya, Assiut, Sohag, Quena y Luxor. Los resultados muestran como la cría de bovinos en esta región se ve significativamente obstaculizada por el limitado acceso a la tierra, el alto costo y escasa disponibilidad de insumos básicos, la marcada estacionalidad de la productividad animal, unos servicios de extensión pecuaria insuficiente y la dificultad para acceder a créditos y préstamos. Además, las estrategias y programas de mejora genética nacionales han descuidado las razas bovinas autóctonas (Baladi), a pesar de ser consideradas por los productores más adaptadas y resistentes a las severas condiciones locales. La comprensión de estos factores es esencial para la formulación e implementación de estrategias de intervención destinadas a mejorar la calidad de vida de estas comunidades rurales, así como preservar y gestionar los recursos zoogenéticos bovinos que explotan.
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Velasco G, Cal S, Quesada V, Sánchez LM, López-Otín C. Withdrawal: Matriptase-2, a membrane-bound mosaic serine proteinase predominantly expressed in human liver and showing degrading activity against extracellular matrix proteins. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1430. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.w118.007324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Paolacci S, Li Y, Agolini E, Bellacchio E, Arboleda-Bustos CE, Carrero D, Bertola D, Al-Gazali L, Alders M, Altmüller J, Arboleda G, Beleggia F, Bruselles A, Ciolfi A, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Krieg T, Mohammed S, Müller C, Novelli A, Ortega J, Sandoval A, Velasco G, Yigit G, Arboleda H, Lopez-Otin C, Wollnik B, Tartaglia M, Hennekam RC. Specific combinations of biallelic POLR3A variants cause Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome. J Med Genet 2018; 55:837-846. [PMID: 30323018 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome (WRS) is a form of segmental progeria presenting neonatally, characterised by growth retardation, sparse scalp hair, generalised lipodystrophy with characteristic local fatty tissue accumulations and unusual face. We aimed to understand its molecular cause. METHODS We performed exome sequencing in two families, targeted sequencing in 10 other families and performed in silico modelling studies and transcript processing analyses to explore the structural and functional consequences of the identified variants. RESULTS Biallelic POLR3A variants were identified in eight affected individuals and monoallelic variants of the same gene in four other individuals. In the latter, lack of genetic material precluded further analyses. Multiple variants were found to affect POLR3A transcript processing and were mostly located in deep intronic regions, making clinical suspicion fundamental to detection. While biallelic POLR3A variants have been previously reported in 4H syndrome and adolescent-onset progressive spastic ataxia, recurrent haplotypes specifically occurring in individuals with WRS were detected. All WRS-associated POLR3A amino acid changes were predicted to perturb substantially POLR3A structure/function. CONCLUSION Biallelic mutations in POLR3A, which encodes for the largest subunit of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III, underlie WRS. No isolated functional sites in POLR3A explain the phenotype variability in POLR3A-related disorders. We suggest that specific combinations of compound heterozygous variants must be present to cause the WRS phenotype. Our findings expand the molecular mechanisms contributing to progeroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Paolacci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza "University of Rome", Rome, Italy
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Emanuele Agolini
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Carlos E Arboleda-Bustos
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Group, Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Genetics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Dido Carrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Debora Bertola
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, e Centro de Estudos sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lihadh Al-Gazali
- Department of Paediatric, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mariel Alders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Centre for Genomics and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Arboleda
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Group, Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Genetics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Filippo Beleggia
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alessandro Bruselles
- Dipartimento di Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciolfi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Christian Müller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Jenny Ortega
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Group, Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Genetics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Adrian Sandoval
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Group, Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Genetics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Gloria Velasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Humberto Arboleda
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Group, Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Genetics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Carlos Lopez-Otin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Raoul C Hennekam
- Department of Paediatrics, Amsterdam UMC - location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gaweł‐Bęben K, Ali N, Ellis V, Velasco G, Poghosyan Z, Ager A, Knäuper V. TMEFF2 shedding is regulated by oxidative stress and mediated by ADAMs and transmembrane serine proteases implicated in prostate cancer. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:273-280. [PMID: 28762604 PMCID: PMC5836882 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TMEFF2 is a type I transmembrane protein with two follistatin (FS) and one EGF-like domain over-expressed in prostate cancer; however its biological role in prostate cancer development and progression remains unclear, which may, at least in part, be explained by its proteolytic processing. The extracellular part of TMEFF2 (TMEFF2-ECD) is cleaved by ADAM17 and the membrane-retained fragment is further processed by the gamma-secretase complex. TMEFF2 shedding is increased with cell crowding, a condition associated with the tumour microenvironment, which was mediated by oxidative stress signalling, requiring jun-kinase (JNK) activation. Moreover, we have identified that TMEFF2 is also a novel substrate for other proteases implicated in prostate cancer, including two ADAMs (ADAM9 and ADAM12) and the type II transmembrane serine proteinases (TTSPs) matriptase-1 and hepsin. Whereas cleavage by ADAM9 and ADAM12 generates previously identified TMEFF2-ECD, proteolytic processing by matriptase-1 and hepsin produced TMEFF2 fragments, composed of TMEFF2-ECD or FS and/or EGF-like domains as well as novel membrane retained fragments. Differential TMEFF2 processing from a single transmembrane protein may be a general mechanism to modulate transmembrane protein levels and domains, dependent on the repertoire of ADAMs or TTSPs expressed by the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gaweł‐Bęben
- School of MedicineUniversity of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow2 Sucharskiego Str.35‐225 RzeszowPoland
- School of DentistryCollege of Biomedical and Life SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XYUnited Kingdom
| | - Nazim Ali
- School of DentistryCollege of Biomedical and Life SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XYUnited Kingdom
- School of MedicineUniversity of KeeleKeeleST5 5BGUnited Kingdom
| | - Vincent Ellis
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUnited Kingdom
| | - Gloria Velasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Oviedo33006 OviedoSpain
| | - Zaruhi Poghosyan
- School of MedicineCollege of Biomedical and Life SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XYUnited Kingdom
| | - Ann Ager
- School of MedicineCollege of Biomedical and Life SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XYUnited Kingdom
| | - Vera Knäuper
- School of DentistryCollege of Biomedical and Life SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XYUnited Kingdom
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Abstract
For decades, proteases have been associated with cancer progression due to the ability of some members of this large group of enzymes to degrade tumor cell surroundings, thereby facilitating cancer invasion and dissemination. However, the generation of mouse models deficient in proteases has revealed the existence of a great variety of functions among proteolytic enzymes in cancer biology, including important tumor-suppressive roles. Therefore, in this chapter, we describe methods to chemically induce different types of cancer (lung adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, oral and esophageal carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, skin cancer, and fibrosarcoma) in genetically modified mouse models to efficiently evaluate the specific pro- or antitumoral function of proteases in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Folgueras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Sandra Freitas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Yaiza Español
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gloria Velasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
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Araújo PRV, Oddone MC, Velasco G. Reproductive biology of the stingrays, Myliobatis goodei and Myliobatis ridens (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatidae), in southern Brazil. J Fish Biol 2016; 89:1043-1067. [PMID: 27221505 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study, carried out between spring 2012 and winter 2014, characterized the sexual development and reproductive cycle of Myliobatis goodei and Myliobatis ridens in the extreme south of Brazil to support future management and conservation plans. Ninety-five specimens of M. goodei (24 males and 71 females) and 175 M. ridens (24 males and 151 females) were sampled. Female M. goodei attained disc-width-at-50% maturity (WD50 ) at 683 mm. Uterine fecundity was four to five embryos. The largest male recorded, a mature individual, had a disc width of 650 mm. In M. ridens, WD50 was 662 mm. Uterine fecundity varied from one to eight embryos. The largest male on record was a maturing 590 mm WD individual. The hepato-somatic index was higher in autumn in females of M. goodei, and in the summer in M. ridens. The gonado-somatic index and the largest vitellogenic follicle diameter were higher in spring in both species. Pregnant females of both species were recorded during spring, although for M. ridens, these females also occurred in summer. Embryos had WD of 61-218 and 40-236 mm for M. goodei and M. ridens, respectively. The incidence of pregnant females in southern Brazil in spring-summer coincides with the small-scale beach artisanal fisheries season peak, when M. goodei and M. ridens suffer fishing mortality, while using the coastal shallow areas in the warmer periods (spring-summer) to give birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R V Araújo
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-graduação em in Oceanografia Biológica, P. O. Box 474, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - M C Oddone
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Setor de Morfologia, P. O. Box 474, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - G Velasco
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Recursos Pesqueiros Artesanais, P. O. Box 474, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Valcarcel L, Torrano V, Cortazar A, Liu X, Urosevic J, Castillo M, Morciano G, Graupera M, Pandya P, Unda-Urzaiz M, Schultz N, Aransay A, Sanz-Moreno V, Barrio R, Velasco G, Pinton P, Cordon-Cardo C, Gomis R, Locasale J, Carracedo A. Transcriptional regulation of prostate cancer metabolism. Eur J Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)61606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Soria-Valles C, Carrero D, Gabau E, Velasco G, Quesada V, Bárcena C, Moens M, Fieggen K, Möhrcken S, Owens M, Puente DA, Asensio Ó, Loeys B, Pérez A, Benoit V, Wuyts W, Lévy N, Hennekam RC, De Sandre-Giovannoli A, López-Otín C. NovelLMNAmutations cause an aggressive atypical neonatal progeria without progerin accumulation. J Med Genet 2016; 53:776-785. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
In addition to the well-known palliative effects of cannabinoids on some cancer-associated symptoms, a large body of evidence shows that these molecules can decrease tumour growth in animal models of cancer. They do so by modulating key cell signalling pathways involved in the control of cancer cell proliferation and survival. In addition, cannabinoids inhibit angiogenesis and decrease metastasis in various tumour types in laboratory animals. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of cannabinoids as antitumour agents, focusing on recent discoveries about their molecular mechanisms of action, including resistance mechanisms and opportunities for their use in combination therapy. Those observations have already contributed to the foundation for the development of the first clinical studies that will analyze the safety and potential clinical benefit of cannabinoids as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Velasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Madrid, Spain;; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain;; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Madrid, Spain;; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Guzmán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Madrid, Spain;; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain;; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
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Pérez-Silva JG, Español Y, Velasco G, Quesada V. The Degradome database: expanding roles of mammalian proteases in life and disease. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:D351-5. [PMID: 26553809 PMCID: PMC4702854 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the definition of the degradome as the complete repertoire of proteases in a given organism, the combined effort of numerous laboratories has greatly expanded our knowledge of its roles in biology and pathology. Once the genomic sequences of several important model organisms were made available, we presented the Degradome database containing the curated sets of known protease genes in human, chimpanzee, mouse and rat. Here, we describe the updated Degradome database, featuring 81 new protease genes and 7 new protease families. Notably, in this short time span, the number of known hereditary diseases caused by mutations in protease genes has increased from 77 to 119. This increase reflects the growing interest on the roles of the degradome in multiple diseases, including cancer and ageing. Finally, we have leveraged the widespread adoption of new webtools to provide interactive graphic views that show information about proteases in the global context of the degradome. The Degradome database can be accessed through its web interface at http://degradome.uniovi.es.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Pérez-Silva
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Yaiza Español
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gloria Velasco
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Víctor Quesada
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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McDonald CJ, Ostini L, Bennett N, Subramaniam N, Hooper J, Velasco G, Wallace DF, Subramaniam VN. Functional analysis of matriptase-2 mutations and domains: insights into the molecular basis of iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C539-47. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00264.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the TMPRSS6 gene are associated with severe iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia resulting from an overexpression of hepcidin, the key regulator of iron homeostasis. The matriptase (MT)-2 protein (encoded by the TMPRSS6 gene) regulates hepcidin expression by cleaving hemojuvelin [HJV/hemochromatosis type 2 (HFE2)], a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) coreceptor in the hepcidin regulatory pathway. We investigated the functional consequences of five clinically associated TMPRSS6 variants and the role of MT-2 protein domains by generating epitope-tagged mutant and domain-swapped MT-2-MT-1 (encoded by the ST14 gene) chimeric constructs and expressing them in HepG2/C3A cells. We developed a novel cell culture immunofluorescence assay to assess the effect of MT-2 on cell surface HJV expression levels, compatible with HJV cleavage. The TMPRSS6 variants Y141C, I212T, G442R, and C510S were retained intracellularly and were unable to inhibit BMP6 induction of hepcidin. The R271Q variant, although it has been associated with iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia, appears to remain functional. Analysis of the chimeric constructs showed that replacement of sperm protein, enterokinase, and agrin (SEA), low-density-lipoprotein receptor class A (LDLRA), and protease (PROT) domains from MT-2 with those from MT-1 resulted in limited cell surface localization, while the complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1 (CUB) domain chimera retained localization at the cell surface. The SEA domain chimera was able to reduce cell surface HJV expression, while the CUB, LDLRA, and PROT domain chimeras were not. These studies suggest that the SEA and LDLRA domains of MT-2 are important for trafficking to the cell surface and that the CUB, LDLRA, and PROT domains are required for cleavage of HJV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J. McDonald
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lesa Ostini
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigel Bennett
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nanthakumar Subramaniam
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Hooper
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gloria Velasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; and
| | - Daniel F. Wallace
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - V. Nathan Subramaniam
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Wallace DF, Secondes ES, Rishi G, Ostini L, McDonald CJ, Lane SW, Vu T, Hooper JD, Velasco G, Ramsay AJ, Lopez-Otin C, Subramaniam VN. A critical role for murine transferrin receptor 2 in erythropoiesis during iron restriction. Br J Haematol 2014; 168:891-901. [PMID: 25403101 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Effective erythropoiesis requires an appropriate supply of iron and mechanisms regulating iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis are intrinsically linked. Iron dysregulation, typified by iron-deficiency anaemia and iron overload, is common in many clinical conditions and impacts the health of up to 30% of the world's population. The proteins transmembrane protease, serine 6 (TMPRSS6; also termed matriptase-2), HFE and transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) play important and opposing roles in systemic iron homeostasis, by regulating expression of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. We have performed a systematic analysis of mice deficient in these three proteins and show that TMPRSS6 predominates over HFE and TFR2 in hepcidin regulation. The phenotype of mice lacking TMPRSS6 and TFR2 is characterized by severe anaemia and extramedullary haematopoiesis in the spleen. Stress erythropoiesis in these mice results in increased expression of the newly identified erythroid iron regulator erythroferrone, which does not appear to overcome the hepcidin overproduction mediated by loss of TMPRSS6. Extended analysis reveals that TFR2 plays an important role in erythroid cells, where it is involved in terminal erythroblast differentiation and the regulation of erythropoietin. In conclusion, we have identified an essential role for TFR2 in erythropoiesis that may provide new targets for the treatment of anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Wallace
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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15
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Salazar M, Lorente M, García-Taboada E, Pérez Gómez E, Dávila D, Zúñiga-García P, María Flores J, Rodríguez A, Hegedus Z, Mosén-Ansorena D, Aransay AM, Hernández-Tiedra S, López-Valero I, Quintanilla M, Sánchez C, Iovanna JL, Dusetti N, Guzmán M, Francis SE, Carracedo A, Kiss-Toth E, Velasco G. Loss of Tribbles pseudokinase-3 promotes Akt-driven tumorigenesis via FOXO inactivation. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:131-44. [PMID: 25168244 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tribbles pseudokinase-3 (TRIB3) has been proposed to act as an inhibitor of AKT although the precise molecular basis of this activity and whether the loss of TRIB3 contributes to cancer initiation and progression remain to be clarified. In this study, by using a wide array of in vitro and in vivo approaches, including a Trib3 knockout mouse, we demonstrate that TRIB3 has a tumor-suppressing role. We also find that the mechanism by which TRIB3 loss enhances tumorigenesis relies on the dysregulation of the phosphorylation of AKT by the mTORC2 complex, which leads to an enhanced phosphorylation of AKT on Ser473 and the subsequent hyperphosphorylation and inactivation of the transcription factor FOXO3. These observations support the notion that loss of TRIB3 is associated with a more aggressive phenotype in various types of tumors by enhancing the activity of the mTORC2/AKT/FOXO axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salazar
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain [2] Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Lorente
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain [2] Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - E García-Taboada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Pérez Gómez
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain [2] Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (I+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Dávila
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain [2] Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J María Flores
- Department of Animal Surgery and Medicine, School of Veterinary, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Surgery and Medicine, School of Veterinary, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Z Hegedus
- Institute of Biophysics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - A M Aransay
- CIC bioGUNE-CIBERehd, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - S Hernández-Tiedra
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain [2] Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - I López-Valero
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain [2] Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Quintanilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Sánchez
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain [2] Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (I+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Carcérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM UMR, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix Marseille Université and Institut Paoli Calmette, Marseille, France
| | - N Dusetti
- Centre de Recherche en Carcérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM UMR, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix Marseille Université and Institut Paoli Calmette, Marseille, France
| | - M Guzmán
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain [2] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - S E Francis
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Carracedo
- 1] CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain [2] Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain [3] Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - E Kiss-Toth
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - G Velasco
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain [2] Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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16
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Bárcena C, Quesada V, De Sandre-Giovannoli A, Puente DA, Fernández-Toral J, Sigaudy S, Baban A, Lévy N, Velasco G, López-Otín C. Exome sequencing identifies a novel mutation in PIK3R1 as the cause of SHORT syndrome. BMC Med Genet 2014; 15:51. [PMID: 24886349 PMCID: PMC4022398 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background SHORT syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition whose name is the acronym of short stature, hyperextensibility of joints, ocular depression, Rieger anomaly and teething delay (MIM 269880). Additionally, the patients usually present a low birth weight and height, lipodystrophy, delayed bone age, hernias, low body mass index and a progeroid appearance. Case presentation In this study, we used whole-exome sequencing approaches in two patients with clinical features of SHORT syndrome. We report the finding of a novel mutation in PIK3R1 (c.1929_1933delTGGCA; p.Asp643Aspfs*8), as well as a recurrent mutation c.1945C > T (p.Arg649Trp) in this gene. Conclusions We found a novel frameshift mutation in PIK3R1 (c.1929_1933delTGGCA; p.Asp643Aspfs*8) which consists of a deletion right before the site of substrate recognition. As a consequence, the protein lacks the position that interacts with the phosphotyrosine residue of the substrate, resulting in the development of SHORT syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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17
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Tuhkanen H, Hartikainen JM, Soini Y, Velasco G, Sironen R, Nykopp TK, Kataja V, Eskelinen M, Kosma VM, Mannermaa A. Matriptase-2 gene (TMPRSS6) variants associate with breast cancer survival, and reduced expression is related to triple-negative breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2334-40. [PMID: 23649491 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase-2 (TMPRSS6) has been identified as a breast cancer risk factor. Here, we examined relationships between TMPRSS6 genetic variations and breast cancer risk and survival, and determined the gene and protein expressions in breast tumors and assessed their clinical importance. Thirteen TMPRSS6 polymorphisms were genotyped in 462 invasive breast cancer cases and 458 controls. Gene expression was analyzed from 83 tumors and protein expression from 370 tumors. We then assessed the statistical significance of associations among genotypes, clinicopathological characteristics and survival. The TMPRSS6 variant rs2543519 was associated with breast cancer risk (p = 0.032). Multivariate analysis showed that four variants had effects on survival-rs2543519 (p = 0.017), rs2235324 (p = 0.038), rs14213212 (p = 0.044) and rs733655 (p = 0.021)-which were used to create a group variable that was associated with poorer prognosis correlating with more alleles related to reduced survival (p = 0.006; risk ratio, 2.375; 95% confidence interval, 1.287-4.382). Low gene expression was related to triple-negative breast cancer (p = 0.0001), and lower protein expression was detected in undifferentiated (p = 0.019), large (p = 0.014) and ductal or lobular tumors (p = 0.036). These results confirm the association of TMRRSS6 variants with breast cancer risk and survival. Matriptase-2 levels decrease with tumor progression, and lower gene expression is seen in poor-prognosis-related triple-negative breast cancers. Our study is the first to show that matriptase-2 gene variants are related to breast cancer prognosis, supporting matriptase-2 involvement in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Tuhkanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Biocenter Kuopio and Cancer Center of Easter Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Imaging Center, Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Sanchez JS, Farfan C, Villacampa F, Velasco G, Benitez J, Rodriguez C, Calderon M, Cañamares I, Cortes-Funes H, Castellano D. Genetic Polymorphisms and Sunitinib Toxicity in Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0923-7534(20)33422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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19
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Castellano D, Aparicio LA, Esteban E, Velasco G, Perez Q, Sanchez A, Pérez-Valderrama B, Batista N. Cabazitaxel in Patients with Advanced CRPC after Docetaxel-Failure. Results of Expanded Program Access (EAP) in Spain: Safety and Efficacy. Ann Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0923-7534(20)33515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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20
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Quesada V, Conde L, Villamor N, Ordóñez GR, Jares P, Bassaganyas L, Ramsay AJ, Beà S, Pinyol M, Martínez-Trillos A, López-Guerra M, Colomer D, Navarro A, Baumann T, Aymerich M, Rozman M, Delgado J, Giné E, Hernández JM, González-Díaz M, Puente DA, Velasco G, Freije JMP, Tubío JMC, Royo R, Gelpí JL, Orozco M, Pisano DG, Zamora J, Vázquez M, Valencia A, Himmelbauer H, Bayés M, Heath S, Gut M, Gut I, Estivill X, López-Guillermo A, Puente XS, Campo E, López-Otín C. Exome sequencing identifies recurrent mutations of the splicing factor SF3B1 gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Genet 2011; 44:47-52. [PMID: 22158541 DOI: 10.1038/ng.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 753] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here we perform whole-exome sequencing of samples from 105 individuals with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most frequent leukemia in adults in Western countries. We found 1,246 somatic mutations potentially affecting gene function and identified 78 genes with predicted functional alterations in more than one tumor sample. Among these genes, SF3B1, encoding a subunit of the spliceosomal U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP), is somatically mutated in 9.7% of affected individuals. Further analysis in 279 individuals with CLL showed that SF3B1 mutations were associated with faster disease progression and poor overall survival. This work provides the first comprehensive catalog of somatic mutations in CLL with relevant clinical correlates and defines a large set of new genes that may drive the development of this common form of leukemia. The results reinforce the idea that targeting several well-known genetic pathways, including mRNA splicing, could be useful in the treatment of CLL and other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Quesada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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21
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Balazs P, Dörfler M, Jaillet F, Holighaus N, Velasco G. Theory, implementation and applications of nonstationary Gabor frames. J Comput Appl Math 2011; 236:1481-1496. [PMID: 22267893 PMCID: PMC3257872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cam.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Signal analysis with classical Gabor frames leads to a fixed time-frequency resolution over the whole time-frequency plane. To overcome the limitations imposed by this rigidity, we propose an extension of Gabor theory that leads to the construction of frames with time-frequency resolution changing over time or frequency. We describe the construction of the resulting nonstationary Gabor frames and give the explicit formula for the canonical dual frame for a particular case, the painless case. We show that wavelet transforms, constant-Q transforms and more general filter banks may be modeled in the framework of nonstationary Gabor frames. Further, we present the results in the finite-dimensional case, which provides a method for implementing the above-mentioned transforms with perfect reconstruction. Finally, we elaborate on two applications of nonstationary Gabor frames in audio signal processing, namely a method for automatic adaptation to transients and an algorithm for an invertible constant-Q transform.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Balazs
- Acoustics Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Wohllebengasse 12-14, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - M. Dörfler
- Numerical Harmonic Analysis Group, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Alserbachstraße 23, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - F. Jaillet
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives de la Méditerranée, UMR 6193 CNRS - Université de la Méditerranée, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - N. Holighaus
- Numerical Harmonic Analysis Group, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Alserbachstraße 23, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - G. Velasco
- Numerical Harmonic Analysis Group, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Alserbachstraße 23, 1090 Wien, Austria
- Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines - Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
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22
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Puente XS, Pinyol M, Quesada V, Conde L, Ordóñez GR, Villamor N, Escaramis G, Jares P, Beà S, González-Díaz M, Bassaganyas L, Baumann T, Juan M, López-Guerra M, Colomer D, Tubío JMC, López C, Navarro A, Tornador C, Aymerich M, Rozman M, Hernández JM, Puente DA, Freije JMP, Velasco G, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Costa D, Carrió A, Guijarro S, Enjuanes A, Hernández L, Yagüe J, Nicolás P, Romeo-Casabona CM, Himmelbauer H, Castillo E, Dohm JC, de Sanjosé S, Piris MA, de Alava E, San Miguel J, Royo R, Gelpí JL, Torrents D, Orozco M, Pisano DG, Valencia A, Guigó R, Bayés M, Heath S, Gut M, Klatt P, Marshall J, Raine K, Stebbings LA, Futreal PA, Stratton MR, Campbell PJ, Gut I, López-Guillermo A, Estivill X, Montserrat E, López-Otín C, Campo E. Whole-genome sequencing identifies recurrent mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Nature 2011; 475:101-5. [PMID: 21642962 PMCID: PMC3322590 DOI: 10.1038/nature10113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1159] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), the most frequent leukaemia in adults in Western countries, is a heterogeneous disease with variable clinical presentation and evolution. Two major molecular subtypes can be distinguished, characterized respectively by a high or low number of somatic hypermutations in the variable region of immunoglobulin genes. The molecular changes leading to the pathogenesis of the disease are still poorly understood. Here we performed whole-genome sequencing of four cases of CLL and identified 46 somatic mutations that potentially affect gene function. Further analysis of these mutations in 363 patients with CLL identified four genes that are recurrently mutated: notch 1 (NOTCH1), exportin 1 (XPO1), myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88) and kelch-like 6 (KLHL6). Mutations in MYD88 and KLHL6 are predominant in cases of CLL with mutated immunoglobulin genes, whereas NOTCH1 and XPO1 mutations are mainly detected in patients with unmutated immunoglobulins. The patterns of somatic mutation, supported by functional and clinical analyses, strongly indicate that the recurrent NOTCH1, MYD88 and XPO1 mutations are oncogenic changes that contribute to the clinical evolution of the disease. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive analysis of CLL combining whole-genome sequencing with clinical characteristics and clinical outcomes. It highlights the usefulness of this approach for the identification of clinically relevant mutations in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xose S Puente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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23
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Krijt J, Fujikura Y, Ramsay AJ, Velasco G, Nečas E. Liver hemojuvelin protein levels in mice deficient in matriptase-2 (Tmprss6). Blood Cells Mol Dis 2011; 47:133-7. [PMID: 21612955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the TMPRSS6 gene, encoding the serine protease matriptase-2, lead to iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia. Matriptase-2 is a potent negative regulator of hepcidin. Based on in vitro data, it has recently been proposed that matriptase-2 decreases hepcidin synthesis by cleaving membrane hemojuvelin, a key protein of the hepcidin-regulatory pathway. However, in vivo evidence for this mechanism of action of matriptase-2 is lacking. To investigate the hemojuvelin-matriptase-2 interaction in vivo, an immunoblot assay for liver membrane hemojuvelin was optimized using hemojuvelin-mutant mice as a negative control. In wild-type mice, two hemojuvelin-specific bands of 35kDa and 20kDa were detected in mouse liver membrane fraction under reducing conditions; under non-reducing conditions, a single band of approximately 50kDa was seen. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C treatment confirmed binding of the detected protein to the cell membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, indicating that the major form of mouse liver membrane hemojuvelin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-bound heterodimer. Unexpectedly, comparison of liver homogenates from Tmprss6+/+ and Tmprss6-/- mice revealed significantly decreased, rather than increased, hemojuvelin heterodimer content in Tmprss6-/- mice. These data do not provide direct support for the concept that matriptase-2 cleaves membrane hemojuvelin and may indicate that, in vivo, the role of matriptase-2 in the regulation of hepcidin gene expression is more complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krijt
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Center of Experimental Hematology, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
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24
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Vara D, Salazar M, Olea-Herrero N, Guzmán M, Velasco G, Díaz-Laviada I. Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma: role of AMPK-dependent activation of autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1099-111. [PMID: 21475304 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third cause of cancer-related death worldwide. When these tumors are in advanced stages, few therapeutic options are available. Therefore, it is essential to search for new treatments to fight this disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of cannabinoids--a novel family of potential anticancer agents--on the growth of HCC. We found that Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC, the main active component of Cannabis sativa) and JWH-015 (a cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB(2)) cannabinoid receptor-selective agonist) reduced the viability of the human HCC cell lines HepG2 (human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line) and HuH-7 (hepatocellular carcinoma cells), an effect that relied on the stimulation of CB(2) receptor. We also found that Δ(9)-THC- and JWH-015-induced autophagy relies on tribbles homolog 3 (TRB3) upregulation, and subsequent inhibition of the serine-threonine kinase Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin C1 axis and adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) stimulation. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of AMPK upstream kinases supported that calmodulin-activated kinase kinase β was responsible for cannabinoid-induced AMPK activation and autophagy. In vivo studies revealed that Δ(9)-THC and JWH-015 reduced the growth of HCC subcutaneous xenografts, an effect that was not evident when autophagy was genetically of pharmacologically inhibited in those tumors. Moreover, cannabinoids were also able to inhibit tumor growth and ascites in an orthotopic model of HCC xenograft. Our findings may contribute to the design of new therapeutic strategies for the management of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Lorente M, Torres S, Salazar M, Carracedo A, Hernández-Tiedra S, Rodríguez-Fornés F, García-Taboada E, Meléndez B, Mollejo M, Campos-Martín Y, Lakatosh SA, Barcia J, Guzmán M, Velasco G. Stimulation of the midkine/ALK axis renders glioma cells resistant to cannabinoid antitumoral action. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:959-73. [PMID: 21233844 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the molecular mechanisms responsible for the resistance of gliomas to anticancer treatments is an issue of great therapeutic interest. Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major active ingredient of marijuana, and other cannabinoids inhibit tumor growth in animal models of cancer, including glioma, an effect that relies, at least in part, on the stimulation of autophagy-mediated apoptosis in tumor cells. Here, by analyzing the gene expression profile of a large series of human glioma cells with different sensitivity to cannabinoid action, we have identified a subset of genes specifically associated to THC resistance. One of these genes, namely that encoding the growth factor midkine (Mdk), is directly involved in the resistance of glioma cells to cannabinoid treatment. We also show that Mdk mediates its protective effect via the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) receptor and that Mdk signaling through ALK interferes with cannabinoid-induced autophagic cell death. Furthermore, in vivo Mdk silencing or ALK pharmacological inhibition sensitizes cannabinod-resistant tumors to THC antitumoral action. Altogether, our findings identify Mdk as a pivotal factor involved in the resistance of glioma cells to THC pro-autophagic and antitumoral action, and suggest that selective targeting of the Mdk/ALK axis could help to improve the efficacy of antitumoral therapies for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lorente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Nicolas G, Deschemin JC, Ramsay AJ, Mayeux P, Grandchamp B, Beaumont C, Velasco G, Vaulont S. Is EPO therapy able to correct iron deficiency anaemia caused by matriptase-2 deficiency? Br J Haematol 2011; 152:498-500. [PMID: 21223251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Iglesias P, Lázaro J, Velasco G, Díez JJ. [Thyroid dysfunction in hospital worker population]. Rev Clin Esp 2010; 210:505-8. [PMID: 20851391 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction (TD) and thyroid autoimmunity (TA) in hospital employees in our country is unknown. OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence of TD and TA in a group of hospital employees. STUDY SUBJECTS AND METHODS We studied thyroid function (thyrotropin, TSH, free thyroxine, T4, and free triiodothyronine, T3) and thyroid autoimmunity (anti-thyroglobulin, antiTg and anti-thyroid peroxidase, antiTPO) in 310 adult subjects (18-70 years) from the hospital General, Segovia, Spain during 2007. RESULTS Eleven subjects (3.5%, 10 women) had previously known TD. Thirty-four subjects (11.0%) were diagnosed of unknown TD, mainly subclinical hypothyroidism (8.4%). Prevalence of total TD was 14.2%. TA was positive in 44 (14.2%) subjects. Both TD (P<0.05) and TA (P<0.05) were associated with female sex, and antiTPO levels were related to the presence of unknown TD (OR 1.007; 95% CI, 1.004-1.010; P<0.001). CONCLUSION In this population, total prevalence of TD and TA is similar (14%). Increased antiTPO titers are predictors of unknown TD.
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Andradas C, Caffarel MM, Pérez-Gómez E, Salazar M, Lorente M, Velasco G, Guzmán M, Sánchez C. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR55 promotes cancer cell proliferation via ERK. Oncogene 2010; 30:245-52. [PMID: 20818416 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
GPR55 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor that may be engaged by some lipid ligands such as lysophosphatidylinositol and cannabinoid-type compounds. Very little is known about its expression pattern and physio-pathological relevance, and its pharmacology and signaling are still rather controversial. Here we analyzed the expression and function of GPR55 in cancer cells. Our data show that GPR55 expression in human tumors from different origins correlates with their aggressiveness. Moreover, GPR55 promotes cancer cell proliferation, both in cell cultures and in xenografted mice, through the overactivation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade. These findings reveal the importance of GPR55 in human cancer, and suggest that it could constitute a new biomarker and therapeutic target in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Andradas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Garcia-Claver A, Blesa D, Velasco G, Campos-Martín Y, Ruano Y, Perez-Magan E, Rodriguez de Lope A, Mollejo M, Melendez B. 477 Copy number alterations of glioma cell lines detected by array-based CGH show preferential loss of genetic material and no high-level EGFR amplification. EJC Suppl 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(10)71278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Quesada V, Velasco G, Puente XS, Warren WC, López-Otín C. Comparative genomic analysis of the zebra finch degradome provides new insights into evolution of proteases in birds and mammals. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:220. [PMID: 20359326 PMCID: PMC2865498 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The degradome -the complete repertoire of proteases in an organism- is involved in multiple key biological and pathological processes. Previous studies in several organisms have yielded sets of curated protease sequences which may be used to characterize the degradome in a novel genome by similarity. Differences between degradomes can then be related to physiological traits of the species under study. Therefore, the sequencing of the zebra finch genome allows the comparison between the degradomes of mammals and birds and may help to understand the biological peculiarities of the zebra finch. Results A set of curated protease sequences from humans and chicken was used to predict the sequences of 460 protease and protease-like genes in the zebra finch genome. This analysis revealed important differences in the evolution of mammalian and bird degradomes, including genomic expansions and deletions of caspases, cytotoxic proteases, kallikreins, matrix metalloproteases, and trypsin-like proteases. Furthermore, we found several zebra finch-specific features, such as duplications in CASP3 and BACE, and a large genomic expansion of acrosin. Conclusions We have compared the degradomes of zebra finch, chicken and several mammalian species, with the finding of multiple differences which illustrate the evolution of the protease complement of these organisms. Detailed analysis of these changes in zebra finch proteases has shown that they are mainly related to immunological, developmental, reproductive and neural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Quesada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain.
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Warren WC, Clayton DF, Ellegren H, Arnold AP, Hillier LW, Künstner A, Searle S, White S, Vilella AJ, Fairley S, Heger A, Kong L, Ponting CP, Jarvis ED, Mello CV, Minx P, Lovell P, Velho TAF, Ferris M, Balakrishnan CN, Sinha S, Blatti C, London SE, Li Y, Lin YC, George J, Sweedler J, Southey B, Gunaratne P, Watson M, Nam K, Backström N, Smeds L, Nabholz B, Itoh Y, Whitney O, Pfenning AR, Howard J, Völker M, Skinner BM, Griffin DK, Ye L, McLaren WM, Flicek P, Quesada V, Velasco G, Lopez-Otin C, Puente XS, Olender T, Lancet D, Smit AFA, Hubley R, Konkel MK, Walker JA, Batzer MA, Gu W, Pollock DD, Chen L, Cheng Z, Eichler EE, Stapley J, Slate J, Ekblom R, Birkhead T, Burke T, Burt D, Scharff C, Adam I, Richard H, Sultan M, Soldatov A, Lehrach H, Edwards SV, Yang SP, Li X, Graves T, Fulton L, Nelson J, Chinwalla A, Hou S, Mardis ER, Wilson RK. The genome of a songbird. Nature 2010; 464:757-62. [PMID: 20360741 PMCID: PMC3187626 DOI: 10.1038/nature08819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The zebra finch is an important model organism in several fields with unique relevance to human neuroscience. Like other songbirds, the zebra finch communicates through learned vocalizations, an ability otherwise documented only in humans and a few other animals and lacking in the chicken-the only bird with a sequenced genome until now. Here we present a structural, functional and comparative analysis of the genome sequence of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), which is a songbird belonging to the large avian order Passeriformes. We find that the overall structures of the genomes are similar in zebra finch and chicken, but they differ in many intrachromosomal rearrangements, lineage-specific gene family expansions, the number of long-terminal-repeat-based retrotransposons, and mechanisms of sex chromosome dosage compensation. We show that song behaviour engages gene regulatory networks in the zebra finch brain, altering the expression of long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, transcription factors and their targets. We also show evidence for rapid molecular evolution in the songbird lineage of genes that are regulated during song experience. These results indicate an active involvement of the genome in neural processes underlying vocal communication and identify potential genetic substrates for the evolution and regulation of this behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Warren
- The Genome Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
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Ramsay AJ, Quesada V, Sanchez M, Garabaya C, Sardà MP, Baiget M, Remacha A, Velasco G, López-Otín C. Matriptase-2 mutations in iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia patients provide new insights into protease activation mechanisms. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:3673-83. [PMID: 19592582 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations leading to abrogation of matriptase-2 proteolytic activity in humans are associated with an iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) due to elevated hepcidin levels. Here we describe two novel heterozygous mutations within the matriptase-2 (TMPRSS6) gene of monozygotic twin girls exhibiting an IRIDA phenotype. The first is the frameshift mutation (P686fs) caused by the insertion of the four nucleotides CCCC in exon 16 (2172_2173insCCCC) that is predicted to terminate translation before the catalytic serine. The second mutation is the di-nucleotide substitution c.467C>A and c.468C>T in exon 3 that causes the missense mutation A118D in the SEA domain of the extracellular stem region of matriptase-2. Functional analysis of both variant matriptase-2 proteases has revealed that they lead to ineffective suppression of hepcidin transcription. We also demonstrate that the A118D SEA domain mutation causes an intra-molecular structural imbalance that impairs matriptase-2 activation. Collectively, these results extend the pattern of TMPRSS6 mutations associated with IRIDA and functionally demonstrate that mutations affecting protease regions other than the catalytic domain may have a profound impact in the regulatory role of matriptase-2 during iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ramsay
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Abstract
Maintaining the body's levels of iron within precise boundaries is essential for normal physiological function. Alterations of these levels below or above the healthy limit lead to a systemic deficiency or overload in iron. The type-two transmembrane serine protease (TTSP), matriptase-2 (also known as TMPRSS6), is attracting significant amounts of interest due to its recently described role in iron homeostasis. The finding of this regulatory role for matriptase-2 was originally derived from the observation that mice deficient in this protease present with anemia due to elevated levels of hepcidin and impaired intestinal iron absorption. Further in vitro analysis has demonstrated that matriptase-2 functions to suppress bone morphogenetic protein stimulation of hepcidin transcription through cell surface proteolytic processing of the bone morphogenetic protein co-receptor hemojuvelin. Consistently, the anemic phenotype of matriptase-2 knockout mice is mirrored in humans with matripase-2 mutations. Currently, 14 patients with iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) have been reported to harbor various genetic mutations that abrogate matriptase-2 proteolytic activity. In this review, after overviewing the membrane anchored serine proteases, in particular the TTSP family, we summarize the identification and characterization of matriptase-2 and describe its functional relevance in iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ramsay
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Ramsay AJ, Reid JC, Velasco G, Quigley JP, Hooper JD. The type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase-2--identification, structural features, enzymology, expression pattern and potential roles. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2008; 13:569-79. [PMID: 17981570 DOI: 10.2741/2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase-2 (also known as TMPRSS6) is a recently identified member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family. Structurally this enzyme contains a short cytoplasmic amino terminal tail, a transmembrane region, a stem region containing two CUB domains and three LDL receptor class A domains, and at the carboxy terminal a trypsin-like serine protease domain. The matriptase-2 gene and encoded protein are highly conserved in mammals. Biochemically matriptase-2 has substrate specificity similar to the structurally related protein matriptase (also known as MT-SP1). Although the patho-physiological functions of matriptase-2 are not known, its high mRNA expression in liver and several cancers indicate that this enzyme, similar to other TTSPs, will likely have important cell surface associated roles in normal and disease states. Here we overview the identification of matriptase-2, summarise its structural features, biochemistry, expression pattern and disease associations and discuss its potential functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ramsay
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
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Guzmán M, Duarte MJ, Blázquez C, Ravina J, Rosa MC, Galve-Roperh I, Sánchez C, Velasco G, González-Feria L. A pilot clinical study of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:197-203. [PMID: 16804518 PMCID: PMC2360617 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids inhibit tumour growth and angiogenesis in animal models, so their potential application as antitumoral drugs has been suggested. However, the antitumoral effect of cannabinoids has never been tested in humans. Here we report the first clinical study aimed at assessing cannabinoid antitumoral action, specifically a pilot phase I trial in which nine patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme were administered THC intratumoraly. The patients had previously failed standard therapy (surgery and radiotherapy) and had clear evidence of tumour progression. The primary end point of the study was to determine the safety of intracranial THC administration. We also evaluated THC action on the length of survival and various tumour-cell parameters. A dose escalation regimen for THC administration was assessed. Cannabinoid delivery was safe and could be achieved without overt psychoactive effects. Median survival of the cohort from the beginning of cannabinoid administration was 24 weeks (95% confidence interval: 15–33). Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol inhibited tumour-cell proliferation in vitro and decreased tumour-cell Ki67 immunostaining when administered to two patients. The fair safety profile of THC, together with its possible antiproliferative action on tumour cells reported here and in other studies, may set the basis for future trials aimed at evaluating the potential antitumoral activity of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guzmán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
- E-mail:
| | - M J Duarte
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - C Blázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - J Ravina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - M C Rosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - I Galve-Roperh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - C Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - G Velasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - L González-Feria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
- E-mail:
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Puente XS, Velasco G, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Bertranpetit J, King MC, López-Otín C. Comparative analysis of cancer genes in the human and chimpanzee genomes. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:15. [PMID: 16438707 PMCID: PMC1382208 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a major medical problem in modern societies. However, the incidence of this disease in non-human primates is very low. To study whether genetic differences between human and chimpanzee could contribute to their distinct cancer susceptibility, we have examined in the chimpanzee genome the orthologous genes of a set of 333 human cancer genes. RESULTS This analysis has revealed that all examined human cancer genes are present in chimpanzee, contain intact open reading frames and show a high degree of conservation between both species. However, detailed analysis of this set of genes has shown some differences in genes of special relevance for human cancer. Thus, the chimpanzee gene encoding p53 contains a Pro residue at codon 72, while this codon is polymorphic in humans and can code for Arg or Pro, generating isoforms with different ability to induce apoptosis or interact with p73. Moreover, sequencing of the BRCA1 gene has shown an 8 Kb deletion in the chimpanzee sequence that prematurely truncates the co-regulated NBR2 gene. CONCLUSION These data suggest that small differences in cancer genes, as those found in tumor suppressor genes, might influence the differences in cancer susceptibility between human and chimpanzee. Nevertheless, further analysis will be required to determine the exact contribution of the genetic changes identified in this study to the different cancer incidence in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xose S Puente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gloria Velasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jaume Bertranpetit
- Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mary-Claire King
- Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA-98195, USA
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain
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Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes play an essential role in different physiological processes, including development, reproduction and host defence, as well as in numerous pathologies, like inflammatory diseases, neurological disorders or cancer. The completion of the human genome sequence allowed us to determine that more than 2% of all human genes are proteases or protease inhibitors, reflecting the importance of proteolysis in human biology. To understand better the complexity of proteases in human and other model organisms, we have used the available genome sequences of different mammalian organisms, including mouse, rat and chimpanzee, to identify and compare their degradomes, the complete set of protease genes in these species. Surprisingly, the rodent protease complement is more complex when compared with that of primates, mainly due to the expansion of protease families implicated in reproduction and host defence. Similarly, most differences between human and chimpanzee proteases are found in genes implicated in the immune system, which might explain some of the differences between both organisms. We have also found several genes implicated in reproduction, nutrition and the immune system, which are functional in rat, mouse or chimpanzee, but have been inactivated by mutations in the human lineage. These findings suggest that pseudogenization of specific protease genes has been a mechanism contributing to the evolution of the human genome. Finally, we found that proteases implicated in human hereditary diseases, and especially in neurodegenerative disorders, are highly conserved among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- X S Puente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain
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Schaub B, Westlake RM, He H, Arestides R, Haley KJ, Campo M, Velasco G, Bellou A, Hawgood S, Poulain FR, Perkins DL, Finn PW. Surfactant protein D deficiency influences allergic immune responses. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 34:1819-26. [PMID: 15663554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The collectin surfactant protein D (SP-D) confers protection against pulmonary infection and inflammation. Recent data suggest a role for SP-D in the modulation of allergic inflammation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to characterize the immune responses of SP-D-deficient (SP-D(-/-)) mice in a kinetic model of allergic inflammation. We determined whether allergic parameters were enhanced in SP-D(-/-) mice in vivo. Further, we examined whether functional immune responses in vitro such as lymphocyte proliferation (LP) and cytokine production were modulated in the absence of SP-D. METHODS In vivo, wild-type (WT) and SP-D(-/-) mice were sensitized and challenged with the allergen ovalbumin (OVA) and assessed for allergic parameters (bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophils, IL-13 production, pulmonary IFN-gamma, IL-10 expression) at early time points (1 and 3 days of challenge) in comparison with late time points (7 days of challenge). In vitro, spleen cells from WT and SP-D(-/-) mice were stimulated with the mitogen concanavalin A (ConA) and lipid A (LpA) and analysed for LP, IL-13 and IFN-gamma production. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), ligand for LpA, was assessed by mRNA expression and immunohistochemistry in vivo. RESULTS Following allergen exposure in vivo, SP-D(-/-) mice expressed higher BAL eosinophils and IL-13 concentrations and lower IFN-gamma expression at early time points compared with WT mice. IL-10 expression was increased at early time points in SP-D(-/-) compared with WT mice. Allergen-induced TLR4 expression was increased in WT, but not in SP-D(-/-) mice. After stimulation with LpA and ConA in vitro LP was increased and IFN-gamma concentration was decreased in SP-D(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION SP-D may be critical for the modulation of early stages of allergic inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schaub
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- G Velasco
- Pós-graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, FURG, C.P 474, CEP 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Baidyk T, Kussul E, Makeyev O, Caballero A, Ruiz L, Carrera G, Velasco G. Flat image recognition in the process of microdevice assembly. Pattern Recognit Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Velasco G, Cal S, Quesada V, Sánchez LM, López-Otín C. Matriptase-2, a membrane-bound mosaic serine proteinase predominantly expressed in human liver and showing degrading activity against extracellular matrix proteins. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:37637-46. [PMID: 12149247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203007200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified and cloned a fetal liver cDNA encoding a new serine proteinase that has been called matriptase-2. This protein exhibits a domain organization similar to other members of an emerging family of membrane-bound serine proteinases known as type II transmembrane serine proteinases. Matriptase-2 contains a short cytoplasmic domain, a type II transmembrane sequence, a central region with several modular structural domains including two CUB (complement factor C1s/C1r, urchin embryonic growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein) domains and three low density lipoprotein receptor tandem repeats, and finally, a C-terminal catalytic domain with all typical features of serine proteinases. The human matriptase-2 gene maps to 22q12-q13, a location that differs from all type II transmembrane serine proteinase genes mapped to date. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis of COS-7 cells transfected with the isolated cDNA confirmed that matriptase-2 is anchored to the cell surface. Matriptase-2 was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified recombinant protein hydrolyzed synthetic substrates used for assaying serine proteinases and endogenous proteins such as type I collagen, fibronectin, and fibrinogen. Matriptase-2 could also activate single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator, albeit with low efficiency. These activities were abolished by inhibitors of serine proteinases but not by inhibitors of other classes of proteolytic enzymes. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that matriptase-2 transcripts are only detected at significant levels in both fetal and adult liver, suggesting that this novel serine proteinase may play a specialized role in matrix remodeling processes taking place in this tissue during development or in adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Velasco
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Sánchez C, de Ceballos ML, Gomez del Pulgar T, Rueda D, Corbacho C, Velasco G, Galve-Roperh I, Huffman JW, Ramón y Cajal S, Guzmán M. Inhibition of glioma growth in vivo by selective activation of the CB(2) cannabinoid receptor. Cancer Res 2001; 61:5784-9. [PMID: 11479216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of new therapeutic strategies is essential for the management of gliomas, one of the most malignant forms of cancer. We have shown previously that the growth of the rat glioma C6 cell line is inhibited by psychoactive cannabinoids (I. Galve-Roperh et al., Nat. Med., 6: 313-319, 2000). These compounds act on the brain and some other organs through the widely expressed CB(1) receptor. By contrast, the other cannabinoid receptor subtype, the CB(2) receptor, shows a much more restricted distribution and is absent from normal brain. Here we show that local administration of the selective CB(2) agonist JWH-133 at 50 microg/day to Rag-2(-/-) mice induced a considerable regression of malignant tumors generated by inoculation of C6 glioma cells. The selective involvement of the CB(2) receptor in this action was evidenced by: (a) the prevention by the CB(2) antagonist SR144528 but not the CB(1) antagonist SR141716; (b) the down-regulation of the CB(2) receptor but not the CB(1) receptor in the tumors; and (c) the absence of typical CB(1)-mediated psychotropic side effects. Cannabinoid receptor expression was subsequently examined in biopsies from human astrocytomas. A full 70% (26 of 37) of the human astrocytomas analyzed expressed significant levels of cannabinoid receptors. Of interest, the extent of CB(2) receptor expression was directly related with tumor malignancy. In addition, the growth of grade IV human astrocytoma cells in Rag-2(-/-) mice was completely blocked by JWH-133 administration at 50 microg/day. Experiments carried out with C6 glioma cells in culture evidenced the internalization of the CB(2) but not the CB(1) receptor upon JWH-133 challenge and showed that selective activation of the CB(2) receptor signaled apoptosis via enhanced ceramide synthesis de novo. These results support a therapeutic approach for the treatment of malignant gliomas devoid of psychotropic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Velasco G, López-Otín C. Strategies for cloning new MMPs and TIMPs. Methods Mol Biol 2001; 151:25-44. [PMID: 11217303 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-046-2:025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Velasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Abstract
This study describes the biochemical characterisation of the catalytic domain of membrane-type 6 matrix metalloproteinase (MT6-MMP, MMP25, leukolysin). Its activity towards synthetic peptide substrates, components of the extracellular matrix and inhibitors of MMPs was studied and compared with MT1-MMP, MT4-MMP and stromelysin-1. We have found that MT6-MMP is closer in function to stromelysin-1 than MT1 and MT4-MMP in terms of substrate and inhibitor specificity, being able to cleave type-IV collagen, gelatin, fibronectin and fibrin. However, it differs from stromelysin-1 and MT1-MMP in its inability to cleave laminin-I, and unlike stromelysin-1 cannot activate progelatinase B. Our findings suggest that MT6-MMP could play a role in cellular migration and invasion of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes and its activity may be tightly regulated by all members of the TIMP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R English
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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45
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Abstract
Fatty acids induce apoptosis in primary astrocytes by enhancing ceramide synthesis de novo. The possible role of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the control of apoptosis was studied in this model. Long-term stimulation of AMPK with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) prevented apoptosis. AICAR blunted fatty acid-mediated induction of serine palmitoyltransferase and ceramide synthesis de novo, without affecting fatty acid synthesis and oxidation. Prevention of ceramide accumulation by AICAR led to a concomitant blockade of the Raf-1/extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade, which selectively mediates fatty acid-induced apoptosis. Data indicate that AMPK may protect cells from apoptosis induced by stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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46
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Gómez-Fernández P, Moreno VG, Cornejo M, Vargas JC, García-Barroso C, Velasco G, Almaraz M. [Hormonal profile and participation of nitric oxide in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant essential arterial hypertension]. Nefrologia 2000; 20:415-23. [PMID: 11100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that cardiovascular events and end-organ damage occur more frequently in patients with salt-sensitive essential hypertension (SH) than in salt-resistant essential hypertension (RH). Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in regulating the pressure-natriuresis relationship. Therefore impaired NO synthesis may produce or aggravate salt-sensitive hypertension. This study was conducted to determine the hormonal levels and nitric oxide metabolites in hypertensive patients. 25 patients underwent salt sensitivity testing. 24 h ambulatory blood pressure was recorded after a 5-day period on low salt diet (20 mEq/d) and after a 5-day period on a high salt diet (200 mEq/d). Subjects showing > or = 10 mmHg increase in mean BP when changing from low to high dietary salt intake were classified as salt sensitive and as salt resistant when the BP changes were < 10 mmHg. Based on BP recordings 13 patients were characterised as white coat hypertension (WC), 13 patients as salt resistant (SR) and 12 as salt sensitive (SS). A significative relationship was seen between plasma glucose-insulin concentration and body mass index. The ventricular mass index was similar in SS and SR patients. The plasma uric acid, triglicerides and PAI-I were elevated in SS compared with SR, and control group (C). During low sodium intake, plasma renin and aldosterone were decreased in SS compared with SR, and C. No differences in plasma catecholamines or their changes with intake sodium modifications were seen among the patients. During high sodium intake urinary NO excretion increased in SR (38 +/- 9 vs 18 +/- 2 mg/g creat), and C (24 +/- 2 vs 16 +/- 3 mg/g creat) (p < 0.01) but not in SS patients (21 +/- 3 vs 26 +/- 4 mg/g creat). The NO excretion changes showed negative correlation with BP changes (r = 0.49, p < 0.01). During low sodium intake, SR and SS patients showed a normal nocturnal decrease of BP (dippers). During high sodium intake SS patients became non-dippers. Our results showed that patients with salt sensitive hypertension displayed a suppressed renin-aldosterone system, an attenuated nocturnal decline in blood pressure on high-salt diet and an impairment of endothelial function. The relationship between urinary nitrate excretion and arterial pressure suggest that the salt sensitivity of arterial pressure may be related bo blunted generation of endogenous nitric oxide.
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48
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Gómez-Fernández P, Velasco G, Esteban J, Moreno VG, Guillén DA, García Barroso C, Almaraz M. [L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in hemodialysis]. Nefrologia 2000; 20:262-8. [PMID: 10917003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is derived from the metabolism of the amino acid L-arginine by NO synthase (NOS). One of the forms of NOS (i-NOS) can be induced by cytokines, bradykinin and endotoxin. During hemodialysis (HD), blood-dialysis membrane interaction can induce production of these mediators. HD can also induce changes of asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADA), a potent inhibitor of NOS. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HD, using cuprophane (C, polyacrilonytrile (PAN) and special polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) membranes, on cellular NOS activity, and changes of plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), bradykinin, ADA and nitrate concentration. Before HD, cellular i-NOS activity was similar with the three membranes. Cuprophane HD induced a significant increase in i-NOS activity from 31 +/- 10 to 48 +/- 12 fmol-1 10(6) cells (p < 0.05). No changes were found in PAN and SPAN HD. The TNF-alpha values increased significantly during HD with C (56 +/- 6 vs 47 +/- 5 pg/ml, p < 0.05). No changes of bradykinin concentration were found during HD. A significant decrease of ADA and nitrate levels was observed during HD with three membranes. No significant correlation was found between percentage increase in i-NOS activity and the changes in other parameters. These findings suggest that HD with bioincompatible membranes can induce activation of cellular i-NOS.
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Pérez-Sánchez C, Gómez-Ferrería MA, de La Fuente CA, Granadino B, Velasco G, Esteban-Gamboa A, Rey-Campos J. FHX, a novel fork head factor with a dual DNA binding specificity. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:12909-16. [PMID: 10777590 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.17.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The HNF3/fork head family includes a large number of transcription factors that share a structurally related DNA binding domain. Fork head factors have been shown to play important roles both during development and in the adult. We now describe the cloning of a novel mammalian fork head factor that we have named FHX (fork head homologous X (FHX), which is expressed in many adult tissues. In the embryo, FHX expression showed a very early onset during the cleavage stages of preimplantation development. Polymerase chain reaction-assisted site selection experiments showed that FHX bound DNA with a dual sequence specificity. Sites recognized by FHX could be classified into two different types according to their sequences. Binding of FHX to sequences of each type appeared to occur independently. Our data suggest that either different regions of the fork head domain or different molecular forms of this domain could be involved in binding of FHX to each type of site. In transfection assays, FHX was capable of activating transcription from promoters containing FHX sites of either type.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pérez-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Velázquez 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Velasco G, Geelen MJ, Gómez del Pulgar T, Guzmán M. Possible involvement of cytoskeletal components in the control of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000; 466:43-52. [PMID: 10709626 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46818-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Velasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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