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Lichtenberger LM. Using aspirin to prevent and treat cancer. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:903-908. [PMID: 38064111 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
This review will discuss evidence that aspirin possesses anticancer activity. Long-term observational retrospective studies on nurses and health professionals demonstrated that regular aspirin users had a significantly lower incidence of colorectal cancer (RCT). Prospective studies on patients with a high risk of developing colorectal polyps/cancer confirmed that aspirin use significantly lowered colorectal dysplasia. Numerous observational studies focused on the use of aspirin in a broad range of cancers demonstrating a consistent 20-30% preventive effect on cancer incidence and mortality. Random Controlled Trials provided conflicting results on the benefit of aspirin in preventing CRC. Based on the age, weight/body size of the subjects for reasons still being explored. Studies on rats/mice further demonstrated that treatment of animals with aspirin where colon cancer was induced chemically or genetically (APCMin mice) reduced colonic dysplasia and polyp formation. Aspirin treatment was also effective at reducing the growth of cancer cells transplanted into normal/immunocompromised mice, suggesting that aspirin may be effective in treating different cancers. This possibility is also supported in clinical studies that aspirin use pre- and postcancer diagnosis significantly reduced the metastatic spread of cancer and increased patient survival. Lastly, the importance of the antiplatelet actions of aspirin in the drug's anticancer activity and specifically cancer metastatic spread is discussed and the current controversy related to the conflicting recommendations of the USPSTF over the past five years on the use of aspirin to prevent CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenard M Lichtenberger
- Professor Emeritus of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77025, USA.
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2
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Hidalgo-García L, Ruiz-Malagon AJ, Huertas F, Rodríguez-Sojo MJ, Molina-Tijeras JA, Diez-Echave P, Becerra P, Mirón B, Morón R, Rodríguez-Nogales A, Gálvez J, Rodríguez-Cabezas ME, Anderson P. Administration of intestinal mesenchymal stromal cells reduces colitis-associated cancer in C57BL/6J mice modulating the immune response and gut dysbiosis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 195:106891. [PMID: 37586618 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a higher risk of developing colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) with poor prognosis. IBD etiology remains undefined but involves environmental factors, genetic predisposition, microbiota imbalance (dysbiosis) and mucosal immune defects. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) injections have shown good efficacy in reducing intestinal inflammation in animal and human studies. However, their effect on tumor growth in CAC and their capacity to restore gut dysbiosis are not clear. METHODS The outcome of systemic administrations of in vitro expanded human intestinal MSCs (iMSCs) on tumor growth in vivo was evaluated using the AOM/DSS model of CAC in C57BL/6J mice. Innate and adaptive immune responses in blood, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and colonic tissue were analyzed by flow cytometry. Intestinal microbiota composition was evaluated by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. RESULTS iMSCs significantly inhibited colitis and intestinal tumor development, reducing IL-6 and COX-2 expression, and IL-6/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt signaling. iMSCs decreased colonic immune cell infiltration, and partly restored intestinal monocyte homing and differentiation. iMSC administration increased the numbers of Tregs and IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells in the MLNs while decreasing the IL-4+Th2 response. It also ameliorated intestinal dysbiosis in CAC mice, increasing diversity and Bacillota/Bacteroidota ratio, as well as Akkermansia abundance, while reducing Alistipes and Turicibacter, genera associated with inflammation. CONCLUSION Administration of iMSCs protects against CAC, ameliorating colitis and partially reverting intestinal dysbiosis, supporting the use of MSCs for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hidalgo-García
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Ruiz-Malagon
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Huertas
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Servicio de Cirugía, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Sojo
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - José Alberto Molina-Tijeras
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Diez-Echave
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Becerra
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Benito Mirón
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Servicio de Cirugía, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Rocío Morón
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Servicio Farmacia Hospitalaria, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Alba Rodríguez-Nogales
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.
| | - Julio Gálvez
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red para Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD), School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - María Elena Rodríguez-Cabezas
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Per Anderson
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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3
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Mundo AI, Muhammad A, Balza K, Nelson CE, Muldoon TJ. Longitudinal examination of perfusion and angiogenesis markers in primary colorectal tumors shows distinct signatures for metronomic and maximum-tolerated dose strategies. Neoplasia 2022; 32:100825. [PMID: 35901621 PMCID: PMC9326335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Metronomic chemotherapy (MET) has been developed to address the shortcomings of maximum-tolerated chemotherapy (MTD) in regard to toxicity and development of resistance mechanisms in the tumor. In colorectal cancer (CRC), MET is a promising novel strategy to treat locally advanced malignancies when used as neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). However, so far there are no preclinical studies to assess the impact of MET NAC in CRC to assess the benefits and challenges of this approach. Here, we used a primary model of CRC (via azoxymethane) to analyze longitudinal changes in angiogenesis in primary tumors under MET and MTD NAC using a combination of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and mRNA expression (via qPCR). Our results show that MET and MTD NAC lead to increased mean tissue oxygen saturation (8% and 5%, respectively) and oxyhemoglobin (15% and 10%) between weeks 2 and 5 of NAC, and that such increases are caused by distinct molecular signatures in the angiogenic program. Specifically, we find that in the MET group there is a sustained increase in Hif-1a, Aldoa, and Pgk1 expression, suggesting upregulated glycolysis, whereas MTD NAC causes a significant reduction in the expression of the aforementioned genes and of Vegf, leading to vascular remodeling in MTD-treated tumors. Taken together, this study demonstrates the ability of combined optical and molecular methodologies to provide a holistic picture of tumor response to therapy in CRC in a minimally invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel I Mundo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Abdussaboor Muhammad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Kerlin Balza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Christopher E Nelson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Timothy J Muldoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
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Nakanishi M, Rosenberg DW. Epithelial Cell-specific Deletion of Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 Does Not Influence Colon Tumor Development in Mice. J Cancer Prev 2021; 26:304-308. [PMID: 35047457 PMCID: PMC8749314 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2021.26.4.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the COX-2/microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling axis is a hallmark of many cancers, including colorectal cancer, prompting the implementation of prevention strategies targeting COX-2 activity. We have previously shown that targeting the downstream terminal PGE2 synthase, mPGES-1 (Ptges), specifically reduces inducible PGE2 formation without disrupting synthesis of other essential prostanoids, thereby conferring dramatic cancer protection against colon carcinogenesis in multiple mouse models. In order to accelerate its development as a viable drug target, and to better understand the mechanisms by which PGE2 influences colon carcinogenesis, we recently developed a conditional Ptges knockout mouse model (cKO). To evaluate the functional role of Ptges directly within the colonic epithelia, cKO mice were crossed with carbonic anhydrase 1 (Car1)-Cre mice (cKO.Car1), and colon tumors were induced using the azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate protocol. Unexpectedly, epithelial-specific blockade of Ptges failed to protect mice against colon tumor development. Further studies using the cKO mouse model will be necessary to pinpoint the cell type-specific location of mPGES-1 and its control of inducible PGE2 formation that drives tumor formation in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Kandikattu HK, Manohar M, Upparahalli Venkateshaiah S, Yadavalli C, Mishra A. Chronic inflammation promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition-mediated malignant phenotypes and lung injury in experimentally-induced pancreatitis. Life Sci 2021; 278:119640. [PMID: 34048812 PMCID: PMC8245354 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic pancreatitis have an increased risk of pancreatic malignancy, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are poorly understood. We developed a mouse model of chronic pancreatitis by treatment with a combination of cerulein and azoxymethane. In our model, we show that cerulein and azoxymethane treated mice develop pathological malignant phenotype and associated lung inflammation. We observed chronic pancreatitis-associated induction of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, interleukin-15, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, along with accumulation of macrophages and eosinophilic inflammation. We also observed eosinophils degranulation, pancreatic stellate cell activation-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-associated proteins that display a pancreatic malignant phenotype including acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and acinar cell atrophy. We observed highly induced interleukin-15 that has been earlier reported to have a protective role against fibrosis and malignancy; therefore, further evaluated its role in our mouse model of chronic pancreatitis. We observed that introduction of recombinant interleukin-15 has indeed improve chronic pancreatitis-associated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-mediated development of a malignant phenotype in the mouse model of chronic pancreatitis. In conclusion, we present evidence that rIL-15 overexpression improves eosinophilic inflammation-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-mediated progression of pancreatic remodeling associated malignant phenotype and acute lung injury by inducing NKT cells and IFN-γ mediated innate immunity in experimental pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu
- Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Center (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Murli Manohar
- Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Center (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sathisha Upparahalli Venkateshaiah
- Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Center (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar Yadavalli
- Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Center (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Anil Mishra
- Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Center (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Arnesen H, Müller MHB, Aleksandersen M, Østby GC, Carlsen H, Paulsen JE, Boysen P. Induction of colorectal carcinogenesis in the C57BL/6J and A/J mouse strains with a reduced DSS dose in the AOM/DSS model. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:19. [PMID: 34315530 PMCID: PMC8317392 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide and thus mouse models of CRC are of significant value to study the pathogenesis. The Azoxymethane/Dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) model is a widely used, robust initiation-promotion model for chemical induction of colitis-associated CRC in rodents. However, the dosage of chemicals, treatment regimens and outcome measures vary greatly among studies employing this model. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine an AOM/DSS model involving a reduced (1%) dose of DSS for induction of carcinogenesis in A/J and C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Results We show that colonic preneoplastic lesions can be reliably detected in A/J and B6 mice by use of a AOM/DSS model involving a single injection of 10 mg/kg AOM followed by three 7-day cycles of a low-dose (1%) DSS administration. Supporting existing evidence of A/J mice exhibiting higher susceptibility to AOM than B6 mice, our AOM/DSS-treated A/J mice developed the highest number of large colonic lesions. Clinical symptoms in both strains subjected to the AOM/DSS treatment did not persist in-between treatment cycles, demonstrating that the animals tolerated the treatment well. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a reduced dose of DSS in the AOM/DSS model can be considered in future studies of early phase colorectal carcinogenesis in the A/J and B6 mouse strains using preneoplastic lesions as an outcome measure, and that such regimen may reduce the risk of early trial terminations to accommodate human endpoints. Overall, our data emphasize the importance of devoting attention towards choice of protocol, outcome measures and mouse strain in studies of CRC in mice according to the study purpose. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42826-021-00096-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Arnesen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway. .,Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| | - Mette Helen Bjørge Müller
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Aleksandersen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunn Charlotte Østby
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Carlsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Paulsen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Preben Boysen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
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Kabel AM, Ashour AM, Ali DA, Arab HH. The immunomodulatory effects of topiramate on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats: The role of the inflammatory cascade, vascular endothelial growth factor, AKT/mTOR/MAP kinase signaling and the apoptotic markers. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107830. [PMID: 34118646 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancer is a malignant condition that affects the lower gastrointestinal tract and has unfavorable prognosis. Its mechanisms range from enhanced production of reactive oxygen species, inflammatory changes in the colon microenvironment and affection of the apoptotic pathways. Due to the high incidence of resistance of colon cancer to the traditional chemotherapeutic agents, a need for finding safe/effective agents that can attenuate the malignant changes had emerged. OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible immunomodulatory and antitumor effects of topiramate on azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in rats. METHODOLOGY Fifty male Wistar rats were randomized into five equal groups as follows: Control; azoxymethane-induced colon cancer; azoxymethane + methyl cellulose; azoxymethane + topiramate small dose; and azoxymethane + topiramate large dose. The body weight gain, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), tissue antioxidant status, proinflammatory cytokines, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Nrf2/HO-1 content, p-AKT, mTOR, p38 MAP kinase, caspase 9, nerve growth factor beta and beclin-1 were measured. Also, parts of the colon had undergone histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. KEY FINDINGS Topiramate improved the body weight gain, decreased serum CEA, augmented the antioxidant defenses in the colonic tissues with significant amelioration of the inflammatory changes, decline in tissue VEGF and p-AKT/mTOR/MAP kinase signaling and increased Nrf2/HO-1 content in a dose-dependent manner when compared to rats treated with azoxymethane alone. In addition, topiramate, in a dose-dependent manner, significantly enhanced apoptosis and improved the histopathological picture in comparison to animals treated with azoxymethane alone. CONCLUSION Taking these findings together, topiramate might serve as a new effective adjuvant line of treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Kabel
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, P.O. Box 13578, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina A Ali
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Hany H Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Sameni HR, Yosefi S, Alipour M, Pakdel A, Torabizadeh N, Semnani V, Bandegi AR. Co-administration of 5FU and propolis on AOM/DSS induced colorectal cancer in BALB-c mice. Life Sci 2021; 276:119390. [PMID: 33794252 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Currently, the main problems with chemotherapy are its side effects, toxicity, and drug resistance. Propolis has biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. This study aims to examine the combined effects of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and propolis on colorectal cancer (CRC) in mouse models. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical composition of ethanolic extract of propolis was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this study, 49 male Balb/c mice (16-20 g) were divided in seven groups as a control group and experimental groups (treated and untreated CRC model [azoxymethane + dextran sodium sulfate]). This study was conducted in 8 weeks. To examine the anti-cancer effects of propolis, the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) was counted and the pathological lesions in the distal colonic epithelial tissue were diagnosed. In this study, the expression of beta-catenin (β-catenin), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) proteins, which play a major role in the incidence and progression of cancer, were determined. KEY FINDINGS GC-MS analysis of propolis showed the presence of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, terpenes, phenols, and flavonoids. Administering propolis in combination with 5FU reduced the number of ACFs and pathological lesions in comparison with cancer control groups (p < 0.0001) and 5FU-alone treatment (p < 0.05). The propolis combined with 5FU reduced the expression of Cox-2, iNOS, and β-catenin proteins. SIGNIFICANCE The results showed that propolis increased the efficiency of 5FU and could be taken into account as the adjunct therapy for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sameni
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sedighe Yosefi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Alipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Pakdel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Najmeh Torabizadeh
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, Administration of Standards Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Semnani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bandegi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Bars-Cortina D, Martínez-Bardají A, Macià A, Motilva MJ, Piñol-Felis C. Consumption evaluation of one apple flesh a day in the initial phases prior to adenoma/adenocarcinoma in an azoxymethane rat colon carcinogenesis model. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 83:108418. [PMID: 32592950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth cancer with the most new cases reported in 2018 worldwide. Consumption of fruit and vegetables is a protective factor against the risk of CRC. Beyond this, flavonoids could orchestrate these healthy effects. Apart from containing the typical apple flavonoids, red-fleshed apples also contain anthocyanins, mainly cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (Cy3Gal). Through an azoxymethane rat carcinogenesis model, a study was carried out in order to assess the possible protective effects of apple polyphenols, with special attention to anthocyanins. In addition, apart from negative and positive controls, a group with chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) was included to compare their performance against the output collected from the animal treatments with white-fleshed apple (WF), red-fleshed apple (RF) and Cy3Gal (AE). Although the 5FU group presented the best performance towards aberrant crypt foci (ACF) inhibition (70.1%), rats fed with white-fleshed apples ('Golden Smoothee') were able to achieve 41.3% ACF inhibition, while none of the challenged treatments (WF, RF and AE) suffered mucin depletion in their colonocytes. Expression changes of 17 genes related to CRC were assessed. In detail, the ACF inhibition phenotype detected in 5FU and WF groups could be explained through the expression changes detected in the apoptosis-related genes of Aurka, p53 and Cox2. Moreover, in the apple consumption groups (WF and RF), a reduced protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases with gelatinase activity (MMP-2 and 9) was detected. Overall, our study suggests an effect of apple polyphenols and apple anthocyanin Cy3Gal against colon carcinogenesis, retarding/diminishing the appearance of the precancerous markers studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bars-Cortina
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | | | - Alba Macià
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María-Jose Motilva
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV) (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC, Universidad de la Rioja, Gobierno de la Rioja), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
| | - Carme Piñol-Felis
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Fundació Dr. Pifarré-IRBLleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
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Ghanavati R, Akbari A, Mohammadi F, Asadollahi P, Javadi A, Talebi M, Rohani M. Lactobacillus species inhibitory effect on colorectal cancer progression through modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 470:1-13. [PMID: 32419125 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria are known to exert a wide range of anticancer activities on their animal hosts. In the present study, the anticancer effect of a cocktail of several potential probiotic Lactobacillus species (potential probiotic L.C) was investigated in vitro and in vivo. MTT and Flow cytometry tests results showed that administration of live potential probiotic L.C significantly decreased the HT-29 and CT-26 cells proliferation and induced late apoptotis in a time-dependent manner. In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results showed that exposure of potential probiotic L.C to both HT-29 and CT-26 cells during the incubation times resulted in the upregulation (apc and CSNK1ε for HT-29, CSNK1ε and gsk3β for CT-26) and downregulation (CTNNB1, CCND1, pygo2, axin2 and id2) of the Wnt/β- catenin pathway-related genes in a time-dependent manner. The significance of in vitro anticancer effect of potential probiotic L.C was further confirmed in an experimental tumor model. Data from the murine model of colorectal cancer (CRC) induced by Azoxymethane (AOM) and Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) showed significantly alleviated inflammation and tumor development in AOM/DSS/L.C-injected mice compared to the AOM/DSS-injected mice. Tumor growth inhibition was accompanied by potential probiotic L.C-driven upregulation and downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related genes, similar to the in vitro results. These results showed that potential probiotic L.C inhibited the tumor growth, and that its anticancer activity was at least partially mediated through suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Overall, the present study suggested that this probiotic could be used clinically as a supplement for CRC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Ghanavati
- Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbari
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahime Mohammadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Asadollahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Javadi
- Pathology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Rohani
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Liu H, Zhang L, Li G, Gao Z. Xanthohumol protects against Azoxymethane-induced colorectal cancer in Sprague-Dawley rats. Environ Toxicol 2020; 35:136-144. [PMID: 31714664 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem and third most common deaths in western world. Dietary interventions together with modified dietary style can prevent the CRC in humans. Xanthohumol (XHA), a polyphenol isolated from Humulus lupulus L. contains many beneficial effects. The aim of the study is to analyze the effect of XHA on Azoxymethane (AOM)-induced experimental CRC in rats. Levels of MDA were increased and enzymic antioxidants levels were decreased in AOM-induced rats. However, these levels were reversed upon XHA treatment. Further, the mRNA expressions of iNOS and COX-2 were also downregulated in XHA treated rats compared to AOM-induced rats. Further, we found that administration of XHA suppressed the wnt/β-catenin signaling together with modulation of apoptotic proteins Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase 3. We conclude that XHA can able to quench the free radicals, inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, thus it can be a chemopreventive/therapeutic agent against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Liu
- Endoscopy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Health Management Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guanghua Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhuanglei Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
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12
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Prieto SP, Reed CL, James HM, Quinn KP, Muldoon TJ. Differences in colonic crypt morphology of spontaneous and colitis-associated murine models via second harmonic generation imaging to quantify colon cancer development. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:428. [PMID: 31072353 PMCID: PMC6507102 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, and increased risk in patients with ulcerative colitis (a subset of inflammatory bowel disease) has motivated studies into early markers of dysplasia. The development of clinically translatable multiphoton imaging systems has allowed for the potential of in vivo label-free imaging of epithelial crypt structures via autofluorescence and/or second harmonic generation (SHG). SHG has been used to investigate collagen structures in various types of cancer, though the changes that colorectal epithelial collagen structures undergo during tumor development, specifically colitis-associated tumors, have not been fully investigated. Methods This study used two murine models, using A/J mice, one for spontaneous carcinoma and one for colitis-associated carcinoma, to investigate and quantify SHG image features that could potentially inform future study designs of endoscopic multiphoton imaging systems. The spontaneous tumor model comprised a series of six weekly injections of azoxymethane (AOM model). The colitis-associated tumor model comprised a single injection of AOM, followed by cycles of drinking water with dissolved dextran sodium sulfate salt (AOM-DSS model). SHG images of freshly resected murine colon were acquired with a multiphoton imaging system, and image features, such as crypt size, shape and distribution, were quantified using an automated algorithm. Results The comparison of quantified features of crypt morphology demonstrated the ability of our quantitative image feature algorithms to detect differences between spontaneous (AOM model) and colitis-associated (AOM-DSS model) murine colorectal tissue specimens. There were statistically significant differences in the mean and standard deviation of nearest neighbor (distance between crypts) and circularity between the Control cohort, AOM and AOM-DSS cohorts. We also saw significance between AOM and AOM-DSS cohorts when calculating nearest neighbor in images acquired at fixed depths. Conclusion The results provide insight into the ability of SHG imaging to yield relevant data about the crypt microstructure in colorectal epithelium, specifically the potential to distinguish between spontaneous and colitis-associated murine models using quantification of crypt shape and distribution, informing future design of translational multiphoton imaging systems and protocols. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5639-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P Prieto
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Cassandra L Reed
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Haley M James
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Kyle P Quinn
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Timothy J Muldoon
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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13
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McMillin M, Grant S, Frampton G, Petrescu AD, Williams E, Jefferson B, Thomas A, Brahmaroutu A, DeMorrow S. Elevated circulating TGFβ1 during acute liver failure activates TGFβR2 on cortical neurons and exacerbates neuroinflammation and hepatic encephalopathy in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:69. [PMID: 30940161 PMCID: PMC6446280 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute liver failure resulting from drug-induced liver injury can lead to the development of neurological complications called hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Hepatic transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is upregulated due to liver failure in mice and inhibiting circulating TGFβ reduced HE progression. However, the specific contributions of TGFβ1 on brain cell populations and neuroinflammation during HE are not known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize hepatic and brain TGFβ1 signaling during acute liver failure and its contribution to HE progression using a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches. METHODS C57Bl/6 or neuron-specific transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFβR2) null mice (TGFβR2ΔNeu) were treated with azoxymethane (AOM) to induce acute liver failure and HE. The activity of circulating TGFβ1 was inhibited in C57Bl/6 mice via injection of a neutralizing antibody against TGFβ1 (anti-TGFβ1) prior to AOM injection. In all mouse treatment groups, liver damage, neuroinflammation, and neurological deficits were assessed. Inflammatory signaling between neurons and microglia were investigated in in vitro studies through the use of pharmacological inhibitors of TGFβ1 signaling in HT-22 and EOC-20 cells. RESULTS TGFβ1 was expressed and upregulated in the liver following AOM injection. Pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ1 after AOM injection attenuated neurological decline, microglia activation, and neuroinflammation with no significant changes in liver damage. TGFβR2ΔNeu mice administered AOM showed no effect on liver pathology but significantly reduced neurological decline compared to control mice. Microglia activation and neuroinflammation were attenuated in mice with pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ1 or in TGFβR2ΔNeu mice. TGFβ1 increased chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and decreased C-X3-C motif ligand 1 (CX3CL1) expression in HT-22 cells and reduced interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) expression, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) expression, and phagocytosis activity in EOC-20 cells. CONCLUSION Increased circulating TGFβ1 following acute liver failure results in activation of neuronal TGFβR2 signaling, driving neuroinflammation and neurological decline during AOM-induced HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McMillin
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA.,Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA.,Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA.,Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA.,Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Anca D Petrescu
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA.,Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA.,Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Elaina Williams
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA.,Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA.,Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Brandi Jefferson
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA.,Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Alison Thomas
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Ankita Brahmaroutu
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA. .,Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA. .,Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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14
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Hansen KEA, Johanson SM, Steppeler C, Sødring M, Østby GC, Berntsen HF, Zimmer KE, Aleksandersen M, Paulsen JE, Ropstad E. A mixture of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Azoxymethane (AOM) show potential synergistic effects on intestinal tumorigenesis in the A/J Min/+ mouse model. Chemosphere 2019; 214:534-542. [PMID: 30278405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of cancer types, including breast, testicular, liver and colorectal cancer, have associations with exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). The present study aimed to investigate whether a mixture of POPs could affect intestinal tumorigenesis in the A/J Min/+ mouse, a model for human colorectal cancer (CRC). Pollutants were selected for their presence in Scandinavian food products and the mixture was designed based on defined human estimated daily intake levels. Mice were exposed through the diet, at control, low and high mixture concentrations, for 10 weeks. In a separate experiment, mice also received one subcutaneous injection of Azoxymethane (AOM) to explore whether this carcinogenic compound influenced the effect of the POPs. Intestinal tumorigenesis was examined by surface microscopy and histopathology. Moderate and dose-dependent increases in tumorigenesis were observed after dietary POP exposure. The AOM treatment alone stimulated the growth of colonic lesions, but did not increase the formation of new lesions. Combined AOM treatment and POP exposure demonstrated a synergistic effect on lesion formation in the colon, and to a lesser extent in the small intestine. This synergy was also evident by an increased number of malignant colonic tumors (carcinomas). In conclusion, the study shows that a mixture of POPs interacted synergistically with a known carcinogen (AOM), causing increased intestinal tumorigenesis in the A/J Min/+ mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Aa Hansen
- Section for Experimental Biomedicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway.
| | - S M Johanson
- Section for Experimental Biomedicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - C Steppeler
- Section for Food Safety, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - M Sødring
- Section for Food Safety, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway; Animalia, Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, Norway
| | - G C Østby
- Section for Stationary Clinics, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - H F Berntsen
- Section for Stationary Clinics, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway; Department of Administration, Laboratory Animal Unit, National Institute of Occupational Health, Norway
| | - K E Zimmer
- Section for Biochemistry and Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - M Aleksandersen
- Section for Anatomy and Pathology, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - J E Paulsen
- Section for Food Safety, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - E Ropstad
- Section for Experimental Biomedicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
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15
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Song J, Chen Z, Geng T, Wang M, Yi S, Liu K, Zhou W, Gao J, Song W, Tang H. Deleting MyD88 signaling in myeloid cells promotes development of adenocarcinomas of the colon. Cancer Lett 2018; 433:65-75. [PMID: 29960049 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal myeloid cells are not only essential for keeping local homeostasis, but also play an important role in regulating the occurrence of colitis and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). In these diseases, the manner in which the myeloid cells work and which molecular pathways influence them are still not fully understood. In our study, we discovered that MyD88 signaling in colonic myeloid cells participates in the development of CAC. Myeloid MyD88-deficient mice showed greater susceptibility to azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced CAC, as evidenced by the increase in the number and sizes of tumors. Myeloid MyD88 deletion markedly increased production of pro-inflammatory and pro-tumor cytokines; recruitment of more IL-1β producing-neutrophils in colon from bone marrow; increased in epithelial cell apoptosis and decreased in epithelial cell proliferation; enhancement of colon mucosal expression of COX-2, p-STAT3, β-catenin, and cyclinD1; induction of further DNA damage and β-catenin mutation. To sum up, these results suggest that myeloid MyD88 signaling protects the intestine from tumorigenesis during the development of CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Song
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Zhengtao Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Tingting Geng
- Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Meixiang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Shuying Yi
- Department of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Jiming Gao
- Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Wengang Song
- Department of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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16
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Obara-Michlewska M, Ding F, Popek M, Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M, Zielinska M, Albrecht J. Interstitial ion homeostasis and acid-base balance are maintained in oedematous brain of mice with acute toxic liver failure. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:286-291. [PMID: 29772253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Acute toxic liver failure (ATLF) rapidly leads to brain oedema and neurological decline. We evaluated the ability of ATLF-affected brain to control the ionic composition and acid-base balance of the interstitial fluid. ATLF was induced in 10-12 weeks old male C57Bl mice by single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 100 μg/g azoxymethane (AOM). Analyses were carried out in cerebral cortex of precomatous mice 20-24 h after AOM administration. Brain fluid status was evaluated by measuring apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC] using NMR spectroscopy, Evans Blue extravasation, and accumulation of an intracisternally-injected fluorescent tracer. Extracellular pH ([pH]e) and ([K+]e) were measured in situ with ion-sensitive microelectrodes. Cerebral cortical microdialysates were subjected to photometric analysis of extracellular potassium ([K+]e), sodium ([Na+]e) and luminometric assay of extracellular lactate ([Lac]e). Potassium transport in cerebral cortical slices was measured ex vivo as 86Rb uptake. Cerebral cortex of AOM-treated mice presented decreased ADC supporting the view that ATLF-induced brain oedema is primarily cytotoxic in nature. In addition, increased Evans blue extravasation indicated blood brain barrier leakage, and increased fluorescent tracer accumulation suggested impaired interstitial fluid passage. However, [K+]e, [Na+]e, [Lac]e, [pH]e and potassium transport in brain of AOM-treated mice was not different from control mice. We conclude that in spite of cytotoxic oedema and deregulated interstitial fluid passage, brain of mice with ATLF retains the ability to maintain interstitial ion homeostasis and acid-base balance. Tentatively, uncompromised brain ion homeostasis and acid-base balance may contribute to the relatively frequent brain function recovery and spontaneous survival rate in human patients with ATLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Obara-Michlewska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Fengfei Ding
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mariusz Popek
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Magdalena Zielinska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Albrecht
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Tian Y, Xu Q, Sun L, Ye Y, Ji G. Short-chain fatty acids administration is protective in colitis-associated colorectal cancer development. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 57:103-109. [PMID: 29694938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reduced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been reported in patients with ulcerative colitis, and increased intake of dietary fiber has shown to be clinically beneficial for colitis. Whether SCFAs suppress tumorigenesis in colitis-associated colorectal cancer remains unknown. The chemopreventive effect of SCFAs in colitis-associated colorectal cancer was evaluated in this study. Model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer in male BALB/c mice was induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). SCFAs mix (67.5 mM acetate, 40 mM butyrate, 25.9 mM propionate) was administered in drink water during the study period. Macroscopic and histological studies were performed to examine the colorectal inflammation and tumorigenesis in AOM/DSS-induced mice treated with or without SCFA mix. The effects of SCFAs mix on colonic epithelial cellular proliferation were also assessed using Ki67 immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining. The administration of SCFAs mix significantly reduced the tumor incidence and size in mice with AOM/DSS-induced colitis associated colorectal cancer. SCFAs mix protected from AOM/DSS-induced colorectal cancer by improving colon inflammation and disease activity index score as well as suppressing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17. A decrease in cell proliferation markers and an increase in TUNEL-positive tumor epithelial cells were also demonstrated in AOM/DSS mice treated with SCFAs mix. SCFAs mix administration prevented development of tumor and attenuated the colonic inflammation in a mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. SCFAs mix may be a potential agent in the prevention and treatment of colitis-associated colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tian
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China; Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 121 Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing 210011, PR China; Tongji University Cancer Center, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China; Tongji University Cancer Center, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Sun
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ying Ye
- Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, PR China
| | - Guozhong Ji
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 121 Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing 210011, PR China.
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18
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McMillin M, Grant S, Frampton G, Petrescu AD, Kain J, Williams E, Haines R, Canady L, DeMorrow S. FXR-Mediated Cortical Cholesterol Accumulation Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Type A Hepatic Encephalopathy. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:47-63. [PMID: 29928671 PMCID: PMC6008252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious neurologic complication of acute and chronic liver diseases. We previously showed that aberrant bile acid signaling contributes to the development of hepatic encephalopathy via farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-mediated mechanisms in neurons. In the brain, a novel alternative bile acid synthesis pathway, catalyzed by cytochrome p450 46A1 (Cyp46A1), is the primary mechanism by which the brain regulates cholesterol homeostasis. The aim of this study was to determine if FXR activation in the brain altered cholesterol homeostasis during hepatic encephalopathy. METHODS Cyp7A1-/- mice or C57Bl/6 mice pretreated with central infusion of FXR vivo morpholino, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, or fed a cholestyramine-supplemented diet were injected with azoxymethane (AOM). Cognitive and neuromuscular impairment as well as liver damage and expression of Cyp46A1 were assessed using standard techniques. The subsequent cholesterol content in the frontal cortex was measured using commercially available kits and by Filipin III and Nile Red staining. RESULTS There was an increase in membrane-bound and intracellular cholesterol in the cortex of mice treated with AOM that was associated with decreased Cyp46A1 expression. Strategies to inhibit FXR signaling prevented the down-regulation of Cyp46A1 and the accumulation of cholesterol. Treatment of mice with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin attenuated the AOM-induced cholesterol accumulation in the brain and the cognitive and neuromuscular deficits without altering the underlying liver pathology. CONCLUSIONS During hepatic encephalopathy, FXR signaling increases brain cholesterol and contributes to neurologic decline. Targeting cholesterol accumulation in the brain may be a possible therapeutic target for the management of hepatic encephalopathy.
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Key Words
- 2-HβC, 2-hypdroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin
- AOM, azoxymethane
- Acute Liver Failure
- Azoxymethane
- CYP46A1, cytochrome p450 46A1
- CYP7A1, cytochrome p450 7A1
- Cytochrome p450 46A1
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Farnesoid X Receptor
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- RT-PCR, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McMillin
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Anca D. Petrescu
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Jessica Kain
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Elaina Williams
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Rebecca Haines
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Lauren Canady
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, Texas,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, Texas,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Sharon DeMorrow, PhD, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Building 205, 1901 South 1st Street, Temple, Texas 76504. fax: (254) 743-0378.
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Abstract
For decades, proteases have been associated with cancer progression due to the ability of some members of this large group of enzymes to degrade tumor cell surroundings, thereby facilitating cancer invasion and dissemination. However, the generation of mouse models deficient in proteases has revealed the existence of a great variety of functions among proteolytic enzymes in cancer biology, including important tumor-suppressive roles. Therefore, in this chapter, we describe methods to chemically induce different types of cancer (lung adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, oral and esophageal carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, skin cancer, and fibrosarcoma) in genetically modified mouse models to efficiently evaluate the specific pro- or antitumoral function of proteases in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Folgueras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Sandra Freitas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Yaiza Español
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gloria Velasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
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20
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Son YS, Ullah HMA, Elfadl AK, Ghim SG, Chung MJ, Kim YD, Lee EJ, Kang KK, Jeong KS. Inhibition of Formation of Azoxymethane-induced Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci in Rats by Edible Green Algae Capsosiphon fulvescens and Brown Algae Hizikia fusiforme. In Vivo 2018; 32:101-108. [PMID: 29275305 PMCID: PMC5892625 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Capsosiphon fulvescens (green seaweed) and Hizikia fusiforme (brown seaweed) are marine algae consumed as food supplements, especially in Japan, China and Korea, and are considered traditional medicinal tonics for certain ailments. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible inhibitory effects of dietary C. fulvescens and H. fusiforme on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) in rats. F344 male rats (5 weeks, 150 g) were divided into six groups as follows. Group 1: Injected with normal saline solution and fed control diet (untreated control). Group 2: Injected with AOM and fed control diet (treated control). Group 3: Injected with AOM and fed 1% C. fulvescens diet. Group 4: Injected with AOM and fed 2% C. fulvescens diet. Group 5: Injected with AOM and fed 2% H. fusiforme diet. Group 6: Injected with AOM and fed 6% H. fusiforme diet. Test animals received subcutaneous injections of AOM (15 mg/1 ml/kg body weight) once a week for 2 weeks to induce aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in treated control and experimental groups. We evaluated the effects of dietary C. fulvescens and H. fusiforme at two different dose levels: 1 and 2% C. fulvescens, and 2 and 6% H. fusiforme, on colonic carcinogenesis by AOM in rats. Our results suggest that body weights were not significantly different amongst groups. We found that feeding C. fulvescens and H. fusiforme with a control diet significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the development of ACF in experimental groups. C. fulvescens and H. fusiforme in food also significantly (p<0.05) reduced the proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index in the colonic tissues of experimental groups. These results demonstrate the chemopreventive potential of C. fulvescens and H. fusiforme against CRC in an AOM-induced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sook Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - H M Arif Ullah
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed K Elfadl
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Soong-Gu Ghim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Chung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Deuk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ku Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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21
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), significantly increases the risk for development of colorectal cancer. Specifically, dysplasia and cancer associated with IBD (colitis-associated cancer or CAC) develop as a result of repeated cycles of injury and healing in the intestinal epithelium. Animal models are utilized to examine the mechanisms of CAC, the role of epithelial and immune cells in this process, as well as the development of novel therapeutic targets. These models typically begin with the administration of a carcinogenic compound, and inflammation is caused by repeated cycles of colitis-inducing agents. This review describes a common CAC model that utilizes the pro-carcinogenic compound azoxymethane (AOM) followed by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) which induces the inflammatory insult.
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22
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Cuellar-Nuñez ML, Luzardo-Ocampo I, Campos-Vega R, Gallegos-Corona MA, González de Mejía E, Loarca-Piña G. Physicochemical and nutraceutical properties of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves and their effects in an in vivo AOM/DSS-induced colorectal carcinogenesis model. Food Res Int 2018; 105:159-68. [PMID: 29433203 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Moringa (Moringa oleifera) is a plant that has generated great interest in recent years because of its attributed medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to characterize the bioactive compounds of moringa leaves (MO) and evaluate their effect on a colorectal carcinogenesis model. Twenty-four male CD-1 mice were divided into 4 groups: Group 1 fed with basal diet (negative control/NC); Group 2 received AOM/DSS (positive control); Groups 3 and 4 were fed with basal diet supplemented with moringa leaves (2.5% w/w and 5% w/w, respectively) for 12weeks. Moringa leaves exhibited a high content of dietary fiber (~18.75%) and insoluble dietary fiber (2.29%). There were identified 9 phenolic compounds whereas the chlorogenic and ρ-coumaric acid showed the higher contents (44.23-63.34μg/g and 180.45-707.42μg/g, respectively). Moringa leaves decreased the activity of harmful fecal enzymes (β-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase, tryptophanase and urease up to 40%, 43%, 103% and 266%, respectively) as well tumors incidence in male CD1-mice (~50% with 5% w/v of moringa dose). These findings suggest that the bioactive compounds of moringa such as total dietary fiber and phenolic compounds may have chemopreventive capacity. This is the first study of the suppressive effect of moringa leaves in an in vivo model of AOM/DSS-induced colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Wan JY, Huang WH, Zheng W, Park CW, Kim SH, Seo DB, Shin KS, Zeng J, Yao H, Sava-Segal C, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. Multiple Effects of Ginseng Berry Polysaccharides: Plasma Cholesterol Level Reduction and Enteric Neoplasm Prevention. Am J Chin Med 2017; 45:1293-1307. [PMID: 28830208 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The root of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has been used for centuries in Oriental medicine to improve general well-being and to relieve various medical conditions. It is commonly understood that ginsenosides are responsible for the pharmacological activities of ginseng. Compared to the root of ginseng, studies on the berry are considerably limited. In this study, we evaluated the effects of polysaccharides from Asian ginseng berries on plasma lipid levels, chemically-induced enteric inflammation and neoplasm, and cancer chemoprevention in different experimental models. We tested two polysaccharide preparations: regular ginseng berry polysaccharide extract (GBPE) and ginseng berry polysaccharide portion (GBPP, removed MV [Formula: see text]). We first observed that both oral GBPE and oral GBPP significantly reduced plasma cholesterol and triglycerides levels in a dose-related manner in ob/ob mice, without obvious body weight changes. Then, in AOM/DSS-induced acute colitis mice, GBPE and GBPP significantly ameliorated the increased gut disease activity index and inhibited the reduction of the colon length. Further, the berry polysaccharides significantly suppressed chemically-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. This is consistent with the observation that GBPE and GBPP attenuated tumorigenesis in mice by significantly and dose-dependently reducing tumor load. Finally, in vitro HCT-116 and HT-29 human colon cancer cells were used. While these berry preparations had better antiproliferation effects on the HCT-116 than the HT-29 cells, the GBPE had significantly stronger inhibitory effects than GBPP. The observed in vitro GBPE's effect could contribute to the actions of its small-molecule non-polysaccharide compounds due to their direct antiproliferative activities. Results obtained from the present study suggest that ginseng berry polysaccharides may have a therapeutic role in the management of high lipid levels, enteric inflammation, and colon malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yi Wan
- * School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China.,∥ Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- † Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China.,∥ Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- ∥ Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chan Woong Park
- ‡ Vital Beautie Research Institute, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea.,¶ Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hwan Kim
- ‡ Vital Beautie Research Institute, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Bang Seo
- ‡ Vital Beautie Research Institute, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- § Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinxiang Zeng
- ∥ Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Haiqiang Yao
- ∥ Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Clara Sava-Segal
- ∥ Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- ∥ Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- ∥ Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Silva VR, Secolin R, Vemuganti R, Lopes-Cendes I, Hazell AS. Acute liver failure is associated with altered cerebral expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs. Neurosci Lett 2017. [PMID: 28648459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) represents a serious complication of acute liver failure (ALF) in which cerebral edema leading to brainstem herniation as a result of increased intracranial hypertension is a major consequence. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant role in coordinating gene expression, with recent studies indicating an influence in the pathogenesis of several diseases. To investigate their involvement in the cerebral pathophysiology of ALF, we profiled the expression of lncRNAs in the frontal cortex of mice at coma stage following treatment with the hepatotoxin azoxymethane. Of the 35,923 lncRNAs profiled using microarrays, 868 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in the ALF-treated group compared to the sham control group. Of these, 382 lncRNAs were upregulated and 486 lncRNAs downregulated. Pathway analysis revealed these lncRNAs target a number of biological and molecular pathways that include cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway, the insulin signaling pathway, and the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. False discovery rate adjustment identified 9 upregulated lncRNAs, 2 of which are associated with neuroepithelial transforming gene 1 (NET1) and the monocarboxylate transporter 2 (Slc16a7), potential contributors to astrocyte cytoskeletal disruption/swelling and lactate production, respectively. Our findings suggest an important role for lncRNAs in the brain in ALF in relation to inflammation, neuropathology, and in terms of the functional basis of HE. Further work on these non-coding RNAs may lead to new therapeutic approaches for the treatment and management of cerebral dysfunction resulting from this potentially life-threatening disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius R Silva
- Programa de Postgrado en Fisiopatología Médica, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Secolin
- Programa de Postgrado en Fisiopatología Médica, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Programa de Postgrado en Fisiopatología Médica, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alan S Hazell
- Programa de Postgrado en Fisiopatología Médica, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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25
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Chou YC, Suh JH, Wang Y, Pahwa M, Badmaev V, Ho CT, Pan MH. Boswellia serrata resin extract alleviates azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colon tumorigenesis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28245338 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Boswellia serrata (BS) resin is a popular dietary supplement for joint nourishment. In this study, we investigated the chemopreventive effects of dietary BS extract and its impact of gut microbiota on azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS)-induced colitis-associated colon cancer in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Male ICR mice were injected with AOM and 2% DSS via drinking water. The mice were fed with 0.25 or 0.5% BS extract, and colonic tissue were collected at 15 weeks. The main effective components of BS supercritical CO2 extraction were analyzed by LC-MS/MS are boswellic acids. We found that treatment with BS extract significantly reduce the colonic tumor formation. Western blot and histological analysis revealed that dietary BS extract could markedly reduce the inflammation associated protein levels expression. Furthermore, BS extract reduced cell proliferation via inhibiting phosphorylation level of protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and downregulation of cyclin D1. In addition, BS extract also altered the composition of gut microbiota by enhancing the proportion of Clostridiales and reducing the percentage of Bacteroidales. CONCLUSION In summary, BS extract decreased the protein levels of inflammative enzymes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in colonic mucosa. It also mediated Akt/GSK3β/cyclin D1 signaling pathway and altered the composition of gut microbiota to alleviate tumor growth. Taken together, this study suggests that BS extract has great potential to suppress colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chun Chou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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McMillin M, Grant S, Frampton G, Andry S, Brown A, DeMorrow S. Fractalkine suppression during hepatic encephalopathy promotes neuroinflammation in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:198. [PMID: 27561705 PMCID: PMC5000400 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute liver failure is associated with numerous systemic consequences including neurological dysfunction, termed hepatic encephalopathy, which contributes to mortality and is a challenge to manage in the clinic. During hepatic encephalopathy, microglia activation and neuroinflammation occur due to dysregulated cell signaling and an increase of toxic metabolites in the brain. Fractalkine is a chemokine that is expressed primarily in neurons and through signaling with its receptor CX3CR1 on microglia, leads to microglia remaining in a quiescent state. Fractalkine is often suppressed during neuropathies that are characterized by neuroinflammation. However, the expression and subsequent role of fractalkine on microglia activation and the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy due to acute liver failure is unknown. Methods Hepatic encephalopathy was induced in mice via injection of azoxymethane (AOM) or saline for controls. Subsets of these mice were implanted with osmotic minipumps that infused soluble fractalkine or saline into the lateral ventricle of the brain. Neurological decline and the latency to coma were recorded in these mice, and brain, serum, and liver samples were collected. Neurons or microglia were isolated from whole brain samples using immunoprecipitation. Liver damage was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and by measuring serum liver enzyme concentrations. Fractalkine and CX3CR1 expression were assessed by real-time PCR, and proinflammatory cytokine expression was assessed using ELISA assays. Results Following AOM administration, fractalkine expression is suppressed in the cortex and in isolated neurons compared to vehicle-treated mice. CX3CR1 is suppressed in isolated microglia from AOM-treated mice. Soluble fractalkine infusion into the brain significantly reduced neurological decline in AOM-treated mice compared to saline-infused AOM-treated mice. Infusion of soluble fractalkine into AOM-treated mice reduced liver damage, lessened microglia activation, and suppressed expression of chemokine ligand 2, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha compared to saline-infused mice. Conclusions These findings suggest that fractalkine-mediated signaling is suppressed in the brain following the development of hepatic encephalopathy. Supplementation of AOM-treated mice with soluble fractalkine led to improved outcomes, which identifies this pathway as a possible therapeutic target for the management of hepatic encephalopathy following acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McMillin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA.,Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, 1901 S. 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA.,Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, 1901 S. 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA.,Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, 1901 S. 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Sarah Andry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, 2401 S. 31st Street, Temple, TX, 76508, USA
| | - Adam Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, 2401 S. 31st Street, Temple, TX, 76508, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA. .,Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, 1901 S. 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
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27
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Nabavizadeh F, Fanaei H, Imani A, Vahedian J, Asadi Amoli F, Ghorbi J, Sohanaki H, Mohammadi SM, Golchoobian R. Evaluation of Nanocarrier Targeted Drug Delivery of Capecitabine-PAMAM Dendrimer Complex in a Mice Colorectal Cancer Model. Acta Med Iran 2016; 54:485-493. [PMID: 27701718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Capecitabine, an effective anticancer drug in colorectal cancer chemotherapy, may create adverse side effects on healthy tissues. In the present study, we first induced colon adenocarcinoma with azoxymethane, a carcinogen agent, and then investigated the potentiality of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer to improve capecitabine therapeutic index and decrease its adverse side effects on healthy tissues like liver and bone marrow. Other variables such as nanoparticle concentrations have also been investigated. Drug loading concentration (DLC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were calculated for capecitabine/dendrimer complex. Experimental results showed an increase in DLC percentage resulted from elevated capecitabine/dendrimer ratio. Capecitabine/dendrimer complex could reduce tumor size and adverse side effects in comparison with free capecitabine form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Departement of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hafseh Fanaei
- Departement of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Imani
- Departement of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Vahedian
- Department of Surgery, Firuzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Asadi Amoli
- Departement of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamal Ghorbi
- Department of Bio-Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sohanaki
- Departement of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Mohammadi
- Departement of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ravieh Golchoobian
- Departement of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Urrutia-Ortega IM, Garduño-Balderas LG, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Freyre-Fonseca V, Flores-Flores JO, González-Robles A, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Hernández-Pando R, Rodríguez-Sosa M, León-Cabrera S, Terrazas LI, van Loveren H, Chirino YI. Food-grade titanium dioxide exposure exacerbates tumor formation in colitis associated cancer model. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 93:20-31. [PMID: 27117919 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the fourth worldwide cause of death and even if some dietary habits are consider risk factors, the contribution of food additives including foodgrade titanium dioxide (TiO2), designated as E171, has been poorly investigated. We hypothesized that oral E171 intake could have impact on the enhancement of colorectal tumor formation and we aimed to investigate if E171 administration could enhance tumor formation in a colitis associated cancer (CAC) model. BALB/c male mice were grouped as follows: a) control, b) E171, c) CAC and d) CAC + E171 group (n = 6). E171 used in this study formed agglomerates of 300 nm in water. E171 intragastric administration (5 mg/kg body weight/5 days/10 weeks) was unable to induce tumor formation but dysplastic alterations were observed in the distal colon but enhanced the tumor formation in distal colon (CAC + E171 group) measured by tumor progression markers. Some E171 particles were internalized in colonic cells of the E171 and CAC + E171 groups and both groups showed a decrease in goblet cells in the distal colon. However the CAC + E171 group showed a higher decrease of these cells that act as protection barrier in colon. These results suggest that E171 could worsen pre-existent intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael M Urrutia-Ortega
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 54059, Estado de México, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Luis G Garduño-Balderas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 54059, Estado de México, Mexico; Programa de Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Norma L Delgado-Buenrostro
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 54059, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Verónica Freyre-Fonseca
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 54059, Estado de México, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias en Alimentos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 11340, México DF, Mexico
| | - José O Flores-Flores
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria AP 70-186, CP 04510, México DF, Mexico
| | - Arturo González-Robles
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, CINVESTAV-IPN, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Laboratorio 209, Edificio F, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510, México DF, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México DF, 14000, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodríguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 54059, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Sonia León-Cabrera
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 54059, Estado de México, Mexico; Carrera De Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 54059, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Luis I Terrazas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 54059, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Henk van Loveren
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 54059, Estado de México, Mexico.
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Van Der Kraak L, Gros P, Beauchemin N. Colitis-associated colon cancer: Is it in your genes? World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11688-11699. [PMID: 26556996 PMCID: PMC4631970 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CA-CRC) is the cause of death in 10%-15% of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. CA-CRC results from the accumulation of mutations in intestinal epithelial cells and progresses through a well-characterized inflammation to dysplasia to carcinoma sequence. Quantitative estimates of overall CA-CRC risks are highly variable ranging from 2% to 40% depending on IBD severity, duration and location, with IBD duration being the most significant risk factor associated with CA-CRC development. Recently, studies have identified IBD patients with similar patterns of colonic inflammation, but that differ with respect to CA-CRC development, suggesting a role for additional non-inflammatory risk factors in CA-CRC development. One suggestion is that select IBD patients carry polymorphisms in various low penetrance disease susceptibility genes, which pre-dispose them to CA-CRC development, although these loci have proven difficult to identify in human genome-wide association studies. Mouse models of CA-CRC have provided a viable alternative for the discovery, validation and study of individual genes in CA-CRC pathology. In this review, we summarize the current CA-CRC literature with a strong focus on genetic pre-disposition and highlight an emerging role for mouse models in the search for CA-CRC risk alleles.
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White PE, Deng G, Kuykendall MK, Tadros AM, Dyroff SL, Honan RE, Robertson PM, Vincent JB, Rasco JF. Trivalent Chromium has no Effect on Delaying Azoxymethane-Induced Colorectal Cancer in FVB/NJ Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 168:221-6. [PMID: 25910900 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As Cr(III) compounds have been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and decrease plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in rodent models of diabetes and insulin resistance and as colorectal cancer risk has been associated with insulin resistance and diabetes, the effects of the Cr(III) compound Cr3 ([Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3](+)) were investigated in male and female FVB/NJ mice with azoxymethane-induced colorectal cancer. In contrast to a previous study on the effects of Cr3 on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in Sprague Dawley rats, no effects of Cr3 at daily doses of 1 and 10 mg Cr/kg body mass were observed, leaving in question whether administration of Cr(III) compounds can delay or prevent the onset of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandora E White
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA
| | - Ge Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA
| | - M Kaitlyn Kuykendall
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA
| | - Abbey M Tadros
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA
| | - Samantha L Dyroff
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA
| | - Rachel E Honan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA
| | - Preshus M Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA
| | - John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA.
| | - Jane F Rasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0344, USA
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Álvarez-González I, Islas-Islas V, Chamorro-Cevallos G, Barrios JP, Paniagua N, Vásquez-Garzón VR, Villa-Treviño S, Osiris-Madrigal-Santillán, Morales-González JA, Madrigal-Bujaidar E. Inhibitory Effect of Spirulina maxima on the Azoxymethane-induced Aberrant Colon Crypts and Oxidative Damage in Mice. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:S619-24. [PMID: 27013804 PMCID: PMC4787098 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.172973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spirulina maxima (Sm) is a cyanobacterium well known because of its high nutritive value, as well as its anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-genotoxic activities. OBJECTIVE To determine the capacity of Sm to inhibit the induction of aberrant colon crypts (AC), as well as the level of lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidative damage in mice treated with azoxymethane (AOM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sm (100, 400, and 800 mg/kg) was daily administered to animals by the oral route during 4 weeks, while AOM (10 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to mice twice in weeks 2 and 3 of the assay. We also included a control group of mice orally administered with distilled water along the assay, as well as other group orally administered with the high dose of Sm. RESULTS A significant decrease in the number of AC with the three tested doses of Sm, with a mean protection of 51.6% respect to the damage induced by AOM. Also, with the three doses of the alga, we found a reduction in the level of lipoperoxidation, as well as in regard to the percentage of the DNA adduct 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine. CONCLUSION Sm possesses anti-precarcinogenic potential in vivo, as well as capacity to reduce the oxidative damage induced by AOM. SUMMARY Azoxymethane (AOM) induced a high number of colon aberrant crypts in mouse. It also increased the level of peroxidation and of DNA oxidation in the same organ.Spirulina maxima significantly reduced the number of AOM-induced colon aberrant crypts in mouse. It also reduced the AOM-induced lipid and DNA oxidation in mouse.The results suggest a chemopreventive potential for the tested algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isela Álvarez-González
- Department of Morphology, Genetics Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México
| | - Víctor Islas-Islas
- Department of Morphology, Genetics Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México
| | - Germán Chamorro-Cevallos
- Department of Pharmacy, Preclinical Toxicology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México
| | - Juan Pablo Barrios
- Department of Pharmacy, Preclinical Toxicology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México
| | - Norma Paniagua
- Department of Physiology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México
| | - Verónica R. Vásquez-Garzón
- Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, D.F. 07360, México
- Cathedra-CONACYT, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University “Benito Juárez” of Oaxaca, Av. Universidad s/n, Exhacienda de Cinco Señores, Oaxaca de Juárez, 68120, México
| | - Saúl Villa-Treviño
- Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, D.F. 07360, México
| | - Osiris-Madrigal-Santillán
- Department of Conservation Medicine, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, D. F. 11340, México
| | - José Antonio Morales-González
- Department of Conservation Medicine, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, D. F. 11340, México
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Department of Morphology, Genetics Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México
- Correspondence: Dr. Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar, Genetics Laboratory, Department of Morphology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D.F. 07738, México E-mail:
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Odun-Ayo F, Mellem J, Naicker T, Reddy L. Chemoprevention of Azoxymethane-induced Colonic Carcinogenesis in Balb/c mice Using a Modified Pectin Alginate Probiotic. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:4765-4775. [PMID: 26254367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased intake of probiotic dietary fibre reduces colonic cancer risk. Modified citrus pectin (MCP) requires optimal bioactivity to inhibit galectin-3 (GAL-3) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This study evaluated the preventative effect of modified pectin alginate (MCPA) probiotic microbeads on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic carcinogenesis in Balb/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Optimization of AOM dose duration: 10-15 mg/kg was administered for 2-4 weeks. The optimal AOM dose was initiated prior to intake of MCPA, alginate probiotic (AP) microbeads and MCP in Balb/c mice for 16 weeks; samples were analyzed for colonic histopathology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AOM at 15 mg/kg for 4 weeks induced optimal GAL-3 and VEGF immunostaining. Furthermore, MCPA treatment reduced GAL-3 expression in the colon of AOM-treated mice compared to MCP. CONCLUSION MCPA probiotic microbeads increase bioactivity and chemopreventative effect against pre-cancerous colonic lesions and adenocarcinoma through inhibition of GAL-3 and VEGF in the Balb/c mouse model of colonic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Odun-Ayo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - John Mellem
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Image Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Lalini Reddy
- Faculty of Applied Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
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Dubey V, Ghosh AR, Bishayee K, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus strain GS4 alleviates azoxymethane-induced toxicity in mice. Nutr Res 2015; 35:921-929. [PMID: 26319614 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic treatment has been gaining attention due to its remarkable effects in alleviating toxicity and carcinogenesis. The novel strain Pediococcus pentosaceus GS4 has been reported for probiotic, survivability in simulated gastrointestinal fluid, and antioxidative and biohydrogenation properties. Therefore, we hypothesize that this specific strain might be able to assuage the effect of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced toxicity in mice. Twenty-eight Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 groups and were studied for 32 weeks. Azoxymethane (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered intraperitoneally twice (0th and 14th days), and probiotic GS4 (1.1 × 10(9) colony-forming unit/mL) was given orally for the respective groups. Mice who served as the normal control received only normal saline. GS4-intervened AOM-induced mice showed marked improvement at the histopathologic level, in the liver and kidney. Moreover, probiotic GS4 intervention in AOM-induced mice exhibited a significant reduction in the liver function biomarker when compared with the AOM-induced mice. Probiotic GS4 intervention reduced the intestinal structural deformities as evident from the elevated brush border membrane-associated disaccharidases (sucrase, lactase) and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activities, which were found disrupted by AOM intoxication. Fecal bacterial load was found to be reduced in AOM-induced mice which were subsequently replenished by the probiotic GS4 intervention as apparent from the enhanced fecal bacterial load. There were no adverse effects observed in the probiotic control group. Conclusively, novel probiotic strain GS4 exhibited safe and beneficial effects against the toxicity threats posed by AOM. Thus, GS4 could be considered as a potential food supplement/additive for therapeutic purposes in gastrointestinal disorders related to inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Dubey
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Control, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asit R Ghosh
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Control, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kausik Bishayee
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Anisur R Khuda-Bukhsh
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India
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Kikuchihara Y, Onda N, Kimura M, Kangawa Y, Mizukami S, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Induction of duodenal mucosal tumors of intestinal epithelial cell origin showing frequent nuclear β-catenin accumulation similar to the concurrently induced colorectal tumors in rats after treatment with azoxymethane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:349-53. [PMID: 25899166 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Azoxymethane (AOM) is a potent carcinogen used for induction of colon tumors in rats and mice. It is also known that AOM treatment induces small bowel tumors in addition to colorectal tumors in rats. The present study examined the histogenesis of AOM-induced rat duodenal tumors in comparison with concurrently induced colorectal tumors by histochemical and immunohistochemical approaches. Duodenal and colorectal tumors were positive for both periodic acid-Schiff reaction and Alcian blue staining. Immunohistochemically, duodenal tumors were positive for intestinal epithelial markers such as cytokeratin (CK) 20 (100%) and mucin (MUC) 2 (91.7%) but negative for pancreaticobiliary markers such as CK7 (100%) and MUC1 (100%). All colorectal tumors were also negative for CK7 and MUC1 but positive for CK20. Eighty percent of colorectal tumors were positive for MUC2. In addition, nuclear accumulation of β-catenin was found in duodenal tumors (70.8%), which was similar to colorectal tumors (90.0%). These results indicate that duodenal tumors induced by AOM treatment of rats were derived from intestinal epithelium. Similar to colorectal tumors, nuclear accumulation of β-catenin indicates activation of Wnt signaling as a driving force for tumor progression in AOM-induced duodenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Kikuchihara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Onda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Corporate R&D Center, Olympus Corporation, 2-3 Kuboyama-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-8512, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yumi Kangawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Sayaka Mizukami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Abstract
A role of inflammation in the etiology of cancer is attributed to the production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species that can damage DNA. To test this hypothesis, we determined the mutation frequency (MF) in colonic stem cells in C57Bl/6 mice exposed to azoxymethane (AOM), dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and a combination of AOM and DSS (AOM+DSS). AOM+DSS efficiently and rapidly produces colon tumors in B6 mice. AOM produces promutagenic O(6)-methylguanine lesions in DNA but does not induce colon tumors in C57Bl/6 mice as a single agent. DSS produces inflammation in the colon but does not produce tumors except upon multiple cycles of treatment in some DNA repair deficient mouse models. In addition, using TCRβ null mice we tested whether α/β T cells have any effect on the colonic stem cell MF in mice treated with AOM, DSS and AOM+DSS. The TCRβ(-/-) mice are devoid of the critical receptor required for normal cytolytic and regulatory α/β T-cell functions. The MF in the untreated and DSS treated WT and TCRβ(-/-) mice was the same (<10(-5)) indicating that DSS and subsequent inflammation does not generate stem cell mutations in mice that are WT for DNA repair. AOM yielded mutant crypts in WT and TCRβ(-/-) mice with MF's of ∼4×10(-4) and 2×10(-4), respectively, which represents a statistically significant decrease in the MF in the immune compromised mice. The combined treatment of AOM+DSS afforded fully mutated crypts in both strains with a statistically significant lower MF in the TCRβ(-/-) mice. In addition, the MF in both strains of mice after the combination of AOM+DSS is lower than observed with AOM alone indicating that DSS inflammation destroyed pre-existing AOM mutated crypts. Using the MF in WT mice, the efficiency for the conversion of promutagenic O(6)-methylguanine lesions into a stem cell mutations was calculated to be ∼0.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Whetstone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Barry Gold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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Nasuno M, Arimura Y, Nagaishi K, Isshiki H, Onodera K, Nakagaki S, Watanabe S, Idogawa M, Yamashita K, Naishiro Y, Adachi Y, Suzuki H, Fujimiya M, Imai K, Shinomura Y. Mesenchymal stem cells cancel azoxymethane-induced tumor initiation. Stem Cells 2015; 32:913-25. [PMID: 24715689 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in tumorigenesis remains controversial. Therefore, our goal was to determine whether exogenous MSCs possess intrinsic antineoplastic or proneoplastic properties in azoxymethane (AOM)-induced carcinogenesis. Three in vivo models were studied: an AOM/dextran sulfate sodium colitis-associated carcinoma model, an aberrant crypt foci model, and a model to assess the acute apoptotic response of a genotoxic carcinogen (AARGC). We also performed in vitro coculture experiments. As a result, we found that MSCs partially canceled AOM-induced tumor initiation but not tumor promotion. Moreover, MSCs inhibited the AARGC in colonic epithelial cells because of the removal of O(6)-methylguanine (O(6) MeG) adducts through O(6) MeG-DNA methyltransferase activation. Furthermore, MSCs broadly affected the cell-cycle machinery, potentially leading to G1 arrest in vivo. Coculture of IEC-6 rat intestinal cells with MSCs not only arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase, but also induced apoptosis. The anti-carcinogenetic properties of MSCs in vitro required transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling because such properties were completely abrogated by absorption of TGF-β under indirect coculture conditions. MSCs inhibited AOM-induced tumor initiation by preventing the initiating cells from sustaining DNA insults and subsequently inducing G1 arrest in the initiated cells that escaped from the AARGC. Furthermore, tumor initiation perturbed by MSCs might potentially dysregulate WNT and TGF-β-Smad signaling pathways in subsequent tumorigenesis. Obtaining a better understanding of MSC functions in colon carcinogenesis is essential before commencing the broader clinical application of promising MSC-based therapies for cancer-prone patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Nasuno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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McMillin M, Galindo C, Pae HY, Frampton G, Di Patre PL, Quinn M, Whittington E, DeMorrow S. Gli1 activation and protection against hepatic encephalopathy is suppressed by circulating transforming growth factor β1 in mice. J Hepatol 2014; 61:1260-6. [PMID: 25046848 PMCID: PMC4253574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurologic disorder that develops during liver failure. Few studies exist investigating systemic-central signalling during HE outside of inflammatory signalling. The transcription factor Gli1, which can be modulated by hedgehog signalling or transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) signalling, has been shown to be protective in various neuropathies. We measured Gli1 expression in brain tissues from mice and evaluated how circulating TGFβ1 and canonical hedgehog signalling regulate its activation. METHODS Mice were injected with azoxymethane (AOM) to induce liver failure and HE in the presence of Gli1 vivo-morpholinos, the hedgehog inhibitor cyclopamine, Smoothened vivo-morpholinos, a Smoothened agonist, or TGFβ-neutralizing antibodies. Molecular analyses were used to assess Gli1, hedgehog signalling, and TGFβ1 signalling in the liver and brain of AOM mice and HE patients. RESULTS Gli1 expression was increased in brains of AOM mice and in HE patients. Intra-cortical infusion of Gli1 vivo-morpholinos exacerbated the neurologic deficits of AOM mice. Measures to modulate hedgehog signalling had no effect on HE neurological decline. Levels of TGFβ1 increased in the liver and serum of mice following AOM administration. TGFβ neutralizing antibodies slowed neurologic decline following AOM administration without significantly affecting liver damage. TGFβ1 inhibited Gli1 expression via a SMAD3-dependent mechanism. Conversely, inhibiting TGFβ1 increased Gli1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Cortical activation of Gli1 protects mice from induction of HE. TGFβ1 suppresses Gli1 in neurons via SMAD3 and promotes the neurologic decline. Strategies to activate Gli1 or inhibit TGFβ1 signalling might be developed to treat patients with HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McMillin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Cheryl Galindo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Hae Yong Pae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Pier Luigi Di Patre
- Department of Pathology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States; Department of Pathology, Baylor Scott & White Health, TX, United States
| | - Matthew Quinn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Eric Whittington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States; Digestive Disease Research Center, TX, United States; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States.
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Oshima CTF, Landman G, Paiotti APR, Artigiani Neto R, Silva RM, Campanholo VMDLP, Gollucke APB, Ribeiro DA, Forones NM. Grape juice concentrate (G8000™) modulates apoptosis but not oxidative stress following rat colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 25:91-7. [PMID: 25421551 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.989556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate if grape juice concentrate is able to protect against experimental colon carcinogenesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this purpose, a total of 35 male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into seven groups: G1: SHAM animals receiving only saline; G2: animals receiving 15 mg/kg azoxymethane (AOM); G3: animals receiving 1% grape juice concentrate 2 weeks before the administration of AOM; G4: animals receiving 2% grape juice concentrate 2 weeks before the administration of AOM; G5: animals receiving 1% grape juice concentrate 4 weeks after the last administration of AOM; G6: animals receiving 2% grape juice concentrate 4 weeks after the last administration of AOM; G7: animals receiving only 2% grape juice concentrate. RESULTS The group that received 2% grape juice concentrate before induction with AOM showed the decreased expression of Bcl-2 compared to those animals that were induced by AOM (positive control). Regarding Bax, animals that received grape juice at 2% decreased Bax immunoexpression when compared to AOM group. Furthermore, animals that intake grape juice at 1% after induced by AOM decreased Bax immunoexpression as well. 8-OHdGLI did not show significant statistically differences (p > 0.05) among groups. CONCLUSION In summary, our results demonstrate that grape juice is able to modulate rat colon carcinogenesis as a result of induction of apoptosis.
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Bu SY, Kwon H, Sung MK. Supplementation of Seaweeds Extracts Suppresses Azoxymethane-induced Aberrant DNA Methylation in Colon and Liver of ICR Mice. J Cancer Prev 2014; 19:216-23. [PMID: 25337591 PMCID: PMC4189504 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2014.19.3.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Seamustard and seatangle are commonly consumed seaweeds in Korea and rich sources of non-digestible polysaccharides which possess biological activities. However anti-mutagenic and anti-cancer activities of these seaweeds under physiological condition have not been clarified yet. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of seaweeds consumption on azoxymethane (AOM) -induced DNA methylation at N7 and O6 position of guanine base, an indicator of DNA damage related to cancer initiation. Methods: Thirty ICR mice were divided into five groups and fed one of the following diets for two weeks: control diet, diet containing 10% water-soluble or water-insoluble fraction of seamustard or seatangle. After two weeks of experimental diet AOM was injected at 6 hours before sacrifice and N7-methylguanine (N7-meG) and O6-methylguanine (O6-meG) from the colon and liver DNA were quantified using a gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Results: Water-soluble fractions of both seamustard and seatangle significantly reduced AOM-induced production of N7-meG guanine in colon and liver. Also water-soluble fractions of these seaweeds suppressed the level of methylation at O6-guanine of colon and liver directly responsible for tumorigenesis. While water-insoluble fraction of seamustard suppressed the production of N7-meG in liver this seaweed fraction decreased O6-meG and the ratio of O6/N7-meG in liver. Water insoluble fraction of seatangle decreased both O6- and N7-meG in colon and liver. Supplementation of all seaweeds extracts increased fecal weight of animals and the increase of fecal weight by water-insoluble fraction of seaweeds were higher than that by water-soluble fraction. Conclusion: Seamustard and seatangle intake may effectively prevent colon and liver carcinogenesis by decreasing DNA damage and the mechanism of inhibiting carcinogenesis by seaweeds in a long term study are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Bu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Hoonjeong Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Pandurangan AK, Kumar SAS, Dharmalingam P, Ganapasam S. Luteolin, a bioflavonoid inhibits azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis: Involvement of iNOS and COX-2. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S306-10. [PMID: 24991108 PMCID: PMC4078326 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.133285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer (CRC) is a serious health problem through worldwide. Development of novel drug without side effect for this cancer was crucial. Luteolin (LUT), a bioflavonoid has many beneficial effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative properties. Azoxymethane (AOM), a derivative of 1, 2-Dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) was used for the induction of CRC in Balb/C mice. CRC was induced by intraperitoneal injection of AOM to mice at the dose of 15 mg/body kg weight for 3 weeks. Mouse was treated with LUT at the dose of 1.2 mg/body kg weight orally until end of the experiment. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygense (COX)-2 were analyzed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The expressions of iNOS and COX-2 were increased in the case of AOM induction. Administration of LUT effectively reduced the expressions of iNOS and COX-2. The present study revealed that, LUT suppresses both iNOS and COX-2 expressions and act as an anti-inflammatory role against CRC.
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Manna SK, Tanaka N, Krausz KW, Haznadar M, Xue X, Matsubara T, Bowman ED, Fearon ER, Harris CC, Shah YM, Gonzalez FJ. Biomarkers of coordinate metabolic reprogramming in colorectal tumors in mice and humans. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1313-24. [PMID: 24440673 PMCID: PMC3992178 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There are no robust noninvasive methods for colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. Metabolomic and gene expression analyses of urine and tissue samples from mice and humans were used to identify markers of colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS Mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis of urine and tissues from wild-type C57BL/6J and Apc(Min/+) mice, as well as from mice with azoxymethane-induced tumors, was employed in tandem with gene expression analysis. Metabolic profiling was also performed on colon tumor and adjacent nontumor tissues from 39 patients. The effects of β-catenin activity on metabolic profiles were assessed in mice with colon-specific disruption of Apc. RESULTS Thirteen markers were found in urine associated with development of colorectal tumors in Apc(Min/+) mice. Metabolites related to polyamine metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, and methylation, identified tumor-bearing mice with 100% accuracy, and also accurately identified mice with polyps. Changes in gene expression in tumor samples from mice revealed that derangement of metabolites were a reflection of coordinate metabolic reprogramming in tumor tissue. Similar changes in urinary metabolites were observed in mice with azoxymethane-induced tumors and in mice with colon-specific activation of β-catenin. The metabolic alterations indicated by markers in urine, therefore, appear to occur during early stages of tumorigenesis, when cancer cells are proliferating. In tissues from patients, tumors had stage-dependent increases in 17 metabolites associated with the same metabolic pathways identified in mice. Ten metabolites that were increased in tumor tissues, compared with nontumor tissues (proline, threonine, glutamic acid, arginine, N1-acetylspermidine, xanthine, uracil, betaine, symmetric dimethylarginine, and asymmetric-dimethylarginine), were also increased in urine from tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression and metabolomic profiles of urine and tissue samples from mice with colorectal tumors and of colorectal tumor samples from patients revealed pathways associated with derangement of specific metabolic pathways that are indicative of early-stage tumor development. These urine and tissue markers might be used in early detection of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen K. Manna
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Majda Haznadar
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xiang Xue
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Tsutomu Matsubara
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Elise D. Bowman
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Eric R. Fearon
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pathology and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Curtis C. Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yatrik M. Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892,Corresponding Author: Frank J. Gonzalez, Laboratory of Metabolism, Tel: 301-496-9067, Fax: 301-496-8419,
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Pandurangan AK, Dharmalingam P, Sadagopan SKA, Ganapasam S. Luteolin inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 9 and 2 in azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 33:1176-85. [PMID: 24532706 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114522502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation deals with the antimetastatic role of luteolin (LUT) by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and -2 in azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis in Balb/C mice. Animals received AOM at a dosage of 15 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally once a week for 3 weeks. AOM-induced mice was treated with LUT (1.2 mg of LUT/kg body weight/day orally). After the experimental period, the tumor markers such as γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), 5' nucleotidase (5'ND), cathepsin-D (Cat-D), and carcinoembroyonic antigen (CEA) were elevated upon induction with AOM. Subsequent treatment with LUT results in the reduction of the tumor markers was recorded. The expressions of MMP-9 and MMP-2 were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence methods. The expressions of MMP-9 and MMP-2 were increased during AOM induction and upon treatment with LUT reduced the expressions. RT-PCR analysis of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 was limited during AOM-induced colorectal cancer (CRC). Supplementation of LUT increased the expression of TIMP-2. To conclude, LUT acts as an antimetastatic agent by suppressing MMP-9 and MMP-2 productions and upregulating TIMP-2 expression, thereby suggesting that LUT can be a chemotherapeutic agent against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Pandurangan
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Dharmalingam
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S K A Sadagopan
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Ganapasam
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Shwter AN, Abdullah NA, Alshawsh MA, Alsalahi A, Hajrezaei M, Almaqrami AA, Salem SD, Abdulla MA. Chemoprevention of colonic aberrant crypt foci by Gynura procumbens in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 151:1194-1201. [PMID: 24393787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gynura procumbens is commonly used as a traditional medicinal plant in Malaysia for treatment of many diseases. To investigate the chemopreventive properties of Gynura procumbens on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats. METHODS Five groups of adult male rats were used in this experiment. Normal/control group; the rats were injected subcutaneously with 15 mg/kg of sterile normal saline once a week for two weeks, and orally administered with 10% Tween 20 (5 mL/kg). Carcinogen and treatment groups; the rats were injected subcutaneously each with 15 mg/kg body weight AOM once a week for 2 weeks and were continued to be fed for two months, respectively with 10% Tween 20, 500 and 250mg/kg body weight plant extracts. Reference group; the rats were injected subcutaneously with 15 mg/kg body weight AOM once a week for 2 weeks, and injected intraperitoneally with fluorouracil 35 mg/kg body weight for five consecutive days. RESULT Total ACF detected in methylene blue stained whole mounts of rat colon were 21, 23and 130 in rats fed with 500, 250 mg/kg body weight treatment and carcinogen groups, respectively. Treatment with high and low doses of the plant extract led to83.6% and 82.2% decrease in the total crypts in the groups fed 500 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg Gynura procumbens respectively compared to carcinogen group. Immunohistochemical staining of ACF showed suppressed azoxymethane induced colonic cell proliferation and Bcl-2 expression. Glutathione-S-transfarase and superoxide dismutase activities were higher in treated rats compared to carcinogen groups. CONCLUSION Gynura procumbens reduced the incidence of AOM induced ACF. The findings showed that Gynura procumbens may have antiproliferative and antioxidative properties. Moreover, Gynura procumbens possesses the medicinal properties to prevent colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdrabuh N Shwter
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azizan Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed A Alshawsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdulsamd Alsalahi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Hajrezaei
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amel A Almaqrami
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sameer D Salem
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahmood A Abdulla
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Sebastian S, Hernández V, Myrelid P, Kariv R, Tsianos E, Toruner M, Marti-Gallostra M, Spinelli A, van der Meulen-de Jong AE, Yuksel ES, Gasche C, Ardizzone S, Danese S. Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: results of the 3rd ECCO pathogenesis scientific workshop (I). J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:5-18. [PMID: 23664897 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrate an increased risk of colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A detailed literature review was conducted on epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, chemoprevention and outcomes of colorectal cancer (CRC) in IBD as part of the 3rd ECCO scientific pathogenesis workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaji Sebastian
- Hull & East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom.
| | - Vincent Hernández
- Gastroenterology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Pär Myrelid
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Revital Kariv
- Service for Gastrointestinal Malignancies, Department of Gastroenterology & Liver Disease, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - Epameinondas Tsianos
- University of Ioannina, 1st Division of Internal Medicine and Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit, Greece
| | - Murat Toruner
- Ankara University Medical School, Ibni Sina Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marc Marti-Gallostra
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital of Valle de Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonino Spinelli
- Dipartimento e Cattedra di Chirurgia Generale, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Elif Sarıtas Yuksel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Research and Teaching Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Christoph Gasche
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandro Ardizzone
- Chair of Gastroenterology, "L. Sacco" University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Milan, Italy.
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Lahouar L, Ghrairi F, Arem AE, Sghaeir W, Felah ME, Salem HB, Sriha B, Achour L. Attenuation of histopathological alterations of colon, liver and lung by dietary fibre of barley Rihane in azoxymethane-treated rats. Food Chem 2013; 149:271-6. [PMID: 24295706 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary fibre (DF) of barley Rihane (BR) in the attenuation of colon, liver and lung histopathology alterations induced by azoxymethane (AOM) in rats. Rats were fed a control (C) or experimental diet containing 30% of BR. The intended rats for cancer treatment received two successive subcutaneous injections of azoxymethane (AOM) at 20mg/kg body weight. The colons were analyzed for crypt multiplicity after 12 weeks of treatment. A histological study of the colon, liver and lungs was determined. The results showed that the BR diet significantly reduced the number of aberrant crypt per focus and altered their distribution. In addition, DF of BR increased significantly the mucus secretion compared to control group. The use of the AOM as colon specific carcinogen substance altered the liver and lung architectures, whereas the presence of DF of BR could be a protective factor for these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Lahouar
- Unité de Recherche 03/UR/09-01 «Génome, Diagnostic Immunitaire et valorisation», Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Avenue Tahar Haddad, BP 74, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
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Imchen T, Manasse J, Min KW, Baek SJ. Characterization of PPAR dual ligand MCC-555 in AOM-induced colorectal tumorigenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:919-24. [PMID: 23369238 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists represent a potentially important family of chemopreventive/therapeutic compounds for cancer treatment by affecting cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Dual ligands for PPARα and PPARγ, such as netoglitazone (MCC-555), have been developed to improve treatment of metabolic syndromes, including hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Interestingly, these dual ligands also possess anti-proliferative activities against a variety of cancer cell lines with a greater potency than conventional PPARγ specific ligands. In this study, chemopreventive properties of MCC-555 in colorectal tumorigenesis were evaluated using azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in A/J mice. We found that MCC-555 suppressed AOM-induced ACF in A/J mice, compared to the control group. Administration of MCC-555 resulted in decreased mitoses and increased apoptotic cells in the colon. Furthermore, expression of tumor suppressor protein MUC2 was increased in MCC-555 treated mice. Our data clearly suggest that MCC-555 has an effect on the early events of colon carcinogenesis, thus providing evidence that MCC-555 could be a potential preventive compound for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temjenmongla Imchen
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Faseehuddin Shakir KA, Madhusudhan B. Effects of flaxseed(Linum usitatissimum) chutney on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and micronuclei profile in azoxymethane treated rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2007; 22:129-31. [PMID: 23105699 DOI: 10.1007/BF02913330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant property of flaxseed chutney was evident by decreasing lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and predictor enzyme γ-glutamyl transpeptidase profile and micronuclei formation in azoxymethane treated rats. After 10 weeks, rats fed with either fiber-free basal diet or Antioxidant diet exhibited over sevenfold increase in γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity and nearly fourfold increase in micronuclei load in comparison to controls (p<0.001). A significant reduction in both γ-glutamyl transpeptidase level (52%) and micronuclei formation (47%) was observed in fiber-free basal diet/Antioxidant diet/flaxseed chutney diet fed rats. Relative to rats fed fiber-free basal diet, the profile of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and micronuclei load was not significantly altered.
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of colon cancer involves sequential and multistep progression of epithelial cells initiated to a cancerous state with defined precancerous intermediaries. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) represent the earliest identifiable intermediate precancerous lesions during colon carcinogenesis in both laboratory animals and humans. ACF are easily induced by colon-specific carcinogens in rodents and can be used to learn more about the process of colon carcinogenesis. For over two decades, since its first discovery, azoxymethane (AOM)-induced rodent ACF have served as surrogate biomarkers in the screening of various anticarcinogens and carcinogens. Several dietary constituents and phytochemicals have been tested for their colon cancer chemopreventive efficacy using the ACF system. There has been substantial effort in defining and refining ACF in terms of understanding their molecular make-up, and extensive research in this field is currently in progress. In chemoprevention studies, AOM-induced rat ACF have been very successful as biomarkers, and have provided several standardized analyses of data. There have been several studies that have reported that ACF data do not correlate to actual colon tumor outcome, however, and hence there has been an ambiguity about their role as biomarkers. The scope of this mini-review is to provide valuable insights and limitations of AOM-induced rat ACF as biomarkers in colon cancer chemoprevention studies. The role of the dynamics and biological heterogeneity of ACF is critical in understanding them as biomarkers in chemoprevention studies.
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Nishihara T, Baba M, Matsuda M, Inoue M, Nishizawa Y, Fukuhara A, Araki H, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Tamura S, Hayashi N, Iishi H, Shimomura I. Adiponectin deficiency enhances colorectal carcinogenesis and liver tumor formation induced by azoxymethane in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:6473-80. [PMID: 19030198 PMCID: PMC2773332 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.6473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the causal relationship between hypoadiponectinemia and colorectal carcinogenesis in in vivo experimental model, and to determine the contribution of adiponectin deficiency to colorectal cancer development and proliferation.
METHODS: We examined the influence of adiponectin deficiency on colorectal carcinogenesis induced by the administration of azoxymethane (AOM) (7.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection once a week for 8 wk), by using adiponectin-knockout (KO) mice.
RESULTS: At 53 wk after the first AOM treatment, KO mice developed larger and histologically more progressive colorectal tumors with greater frequency compared with wild-type (WT) mice, although the tumor incidence was not different between WT and KO mice. KO mice showed increased cell proliferation of colorectal tumor cells, which correlated with the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the colorectal tumors. In addition, KO mice showed higher incidence and frequency of liver tumors after AOM treatment. Thirteen percent of WT mice developed liver tumors, and these WT mice had only a single tumor. In contrast, 50% of KO mice developed liver tumors, and 58% of these KO mice had multiple tumors.
CONCLUSION: Adiponectin deficiency enhances colorectal carcinogenesis and liver tumor formation induced by AOM in mice. This study strongly suggests that hypoadiponectinemia could be involved in the pathogenesis for colorectal cancer and liver tumor in human subjects.
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