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Cao Z, Aharonian F, An Q, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai JT, Cao Q, Cao WY, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen ES, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen Y, Cheng HL, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Della Volpe D, Dong XQ, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng XT, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao LQ, Gao Q, Gao W, Gao WK, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He JY, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou BW, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu Q, Hu SC, Huang DH, Huang TQ, Huang WJ, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang Y, Huang ZC, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jia K, Jiang K, Jiang XW, Jiang ZJ, Jin M, Kang MM, Ke T, Kuleshov D, Kurinov K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li D, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Long WJ, Lu R, Luo Q, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Nan YC, Ou ZW, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Qi YQ, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Ruffolo D, Sáiz A, Shao CY, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang C, Wang CB, Wang GW, Wang HG, Wang HH, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang K, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang PH, Wang R, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu XF, Wu YS, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xiong Z, Xu DL, Xu RF, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yan T, Yang CW, Yang F, Yang FF, Yang HW, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Yue H, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhang B, Zhang BB, Zhang F, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang LX, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SB, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng JH, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X. A tera-electron volt afterglow from a narrow jet in an extremely bright gamma-ray burst. Science 2023:eadg9328. [PMID: 37289911 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg9328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have a tera-electron volt (TeV) afterglow, but the early onset of this has not been observed. We report observations with the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory of the bright GRB 221009A, which serendipitously occurred within the instrument field of view. More than 64,000 photons >0.2 TeV were detected within the first 3000 seconds. The TeV flux began several minutes after the GRB trigger, then rose to a peak about 10 seconds later. This was followed by a decay phase, which became more rapid ~650 seconds after the peak. We interpret the emission using a model of a relativistic jet with half-opening angle ~0.8°. This is consistent with the core of a structured jet and could explain the high isotropic energy of this GRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L X Bai
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q Cao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - W Y Cao
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - E S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - H L Cheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Z G Dai
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - X Q Dong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K K Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X T Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W K Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - F L Guo
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Y He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B W Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Hu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Q Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W J Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jia
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - X W Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Jin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Kang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Ke
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Kurinov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W L Li
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J S Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - S M Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - W J Long
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Q Luo
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z Min
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Y C Nan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z W Ou
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Qi
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - B Q Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J J Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Y Shao
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Y V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Su
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - C B Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G W Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H H Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J S Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - K Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y S Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S Q Xi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D X Xiao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G G Xin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Z Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R F Xu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J Z Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Yan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Yang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H W Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Yue
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z K Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhang
- Nevada Center for Astrophysics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S B Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - J H Zheng
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Zheng WZ, Han JY, Cheng HL, Chu WC, Chen KC, Lai YH. Comparing the performance of classic voice-driven assistive systems for dysarthric speech. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cheng HL, Han JY, Chu YC, Cheng YF, Lin CM, Chiang MC, Wu SL, Lai YH, Liao WH. Evaluating the hearing screening effectiveness of active noise cancellation technology among young adults: A pilot study. J Chin Med Assoc 2023; 86:105-112. [PMID: 36300992 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The population of young adults who are hearing impaired increases yearly, and a device that enables convenient hearing screening could help monitor their hearing. However, background noise is a critical issue that limits the capabilities of such a device. Therefore, this study evaluated the effectiveness of commercial active noise cancellation (ANC) headphones for hearing screening applications in the presence of background noise. In particular, six confounders were used for a comprehensive evaluation. METHODS We enrolled 12 young adults (a total of 23 ears with normal hearing) to participate in this study. A cross-sectional self-controlled study was conducted to explore the effectiveness of hearing screening in the presence of background noise, with a total of 240 test conditions (=3 ANC models × 2 ANC function statuses × 2 noise types × 5 noise levels × 4 frequencies) for each test ear. Subsequently, a linear regression model was used to prove the effectiveness of ANC headphones for hearing screening applications in the presence of background noise with six confounders. RESULTS The experimental results showed that, on average, the ANC function of headphones can improve the effectiveness of hearing screening tasks in the presence of background noise. Specifically, the statistical analysis showed that the ANC function enabled a significant 10% improvement ( p < 0.001) compared with no ANC function. CONCLUSION This study confirmed the effectiveness of ANC headphones for young adult hearing screening applications in the presence of background noise. Furthermore, the statistical results confirmed that as confounding variables, noise type, noise level, hearing screening frequency, ANC headphone model, and sex all affect the effectiveness of the ANC function. These findings suggest that ANC is a potential means of helping users obtain high-accuracy hearing screening results in the presence of background noise. Moreover, we present possible directions of development for ANC headphones in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Lien Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ji-Yan Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Chia Chu
- Department of Information Management, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Big Data Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Information Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Fu Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Mei Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Chang Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang-Liang Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Hui Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Medical Device Innovation & Translation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung, University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Huei Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Cao Z, Aharonian F, An Q, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai JT, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen ES, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen Y, Cheng HL, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, D'Ettorre Piazzoli B, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Della Volpe D, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fan ZX, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng XT, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao LQ, Gao Q, Gao W, Gao WK, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo JG, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He SL, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu Q, Hu S, Hu SC, Hu XJ, Huang DH, Huang WH, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang Y, Huang ZC, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jia K, Jiang K, Jiang ZJ, Jin M, Kang MM, Ke T, Kuleshov D, Levochkin K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li X, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Long WJ, Lu R, Luo Q, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Masood A, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Nan YC, Ou ZW, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Qi YQ, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Ruffolo D, Sáiz A, Shao CY, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shi JY, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang BD, Wang C, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang R, Wang RN, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang YP, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu XF, Wu YS, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xiong Z, Xu DL, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yang CW, Yang FF, Yang HW, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Yue H, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhai XX, Zhang BB, Zhang F, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang LX, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SB, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang YL, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng Y, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X, Ando S, Chianese M, Fiorillo DFG, Miele G, Ng KCY. Constraints on Heavy Decaying Dark Matter from 570 Days of LHAASO Observations. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:261103. [PMID: 36608208 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.261103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The kilometer square array (KM2A) of the large high altitude air shower observatory (LHAASO) aims at surveying the northern γ-ray sky at energies above 10 TeV with unprecedented sensitivity. γ-ray observations have long been one of the most powerful tools for dark matter searches, as, e.g., high-energy γ rays could be produced by the decays of heavy dark matter particles. In this Letter, we present the first dark matter analysis with LHAASO-KM2A, using the first 340 days of data from 1/2-KM2A and 230 days of data from 3/4-KM2A. Several regions of interest are used to search for a signal and account for the residual cosmic-ray background after γ/hadron separation. We find no excess of dark matter signals, and thus place some of the strongest γ-ray constraints on the lifetime of heavy dark matter particles with mass between 10^{5} and 10^{9} GeV. Our results with LHAASO are robust, and have important implications for dark matter interpretations of the diffuse astrophysical high-energy neutrino emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L X Bai
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - E S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H L Cheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B D'Ettorre Piazzoli
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Z G Dai
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K K Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z X Fan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X T Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W K Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - F L Guo
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - J G Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S L He
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Hu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Hu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X J Hu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W H Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jia
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Jin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Kang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Ke
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Levochkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J S Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S M Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - W J Long
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Q Luo
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - A Masood
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Min
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Y C Nan
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Z W Ou
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Qi
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - B Q Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J J Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - C Y Shao
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Y Shi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yu V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Su
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - B D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J S Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - R N Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y P Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y S Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S Q Xi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D X Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G G Xin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Z Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J Z Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H W Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Yue
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z K Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S B Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Y Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Ando
- GRAPPA Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (KavliIPMU,WPI), University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - M Chianese
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- INFN - Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - D F G Fiorillo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- INFN - Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Miele
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- INFN - Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - K C Y Ng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Cheng HL, Han JY, Zheng WZ, Cheng YF, Chu YC, Lin CM, Chiang MC, Liao WH, Lai YH. Objective Signal Analysis for Investigating Feasibility of Active Noise Cancellation in Hearing Screening. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7329. [PMID: 36236430 PMCID: PMC9572409 DOI: 10.3390/s22197329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the development of active noise cancellation (ANC) technology, ANC has been used to mitigate the effects of environmental noise on audiometric results. However, objective evaluation methods supporting the accuracy of audiometry for ANC exposure to different levels of noise have not been reported. Accordingly, the audio characteristics of three different ANC headphone models were quantified under different noise conditions and the feasibility of ANC in noisy environments was investigated. Steady (pink noise) and non-steady noise (cafeteria babble noise) were used to simulate noisy environments. We compared the integrity of pure-tone signals obtained from three different ANC headphone models after processing under different noise scenarios and analyzed the degree of ANC signal correlation based on the Pearson correlation coefficient compared to pure-tone signals in quiet. The objective signal correlation results were compared with audiometric screening results to confirm the correspondence. Results revealed that ANC helped mitigate the effects of environmental noise on the measured signal and the combined ANC headset model retained the highest signal integrity. The degree of signal correlation was used as a confidence indicator for the accuracy of hearing screening in noise results. It was found that the ANC technique can be further improved for more complex noisy environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Lien Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Yan Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zhong Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Fu Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chia Chu
- Information Management Office, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Big Data Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Information Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Mei Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hui Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation & Translation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
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Leong JL, Chen CH, Huang CY, Cheng HL, Chu YC, Chang CY, Cheng YF. Combination Therapy and Single-Modality Treatment for Acute Low-Tone Hearing Loss: A Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070866. [PMID: 35884673 PMCID: PMC9313060 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute low-tone hearing loss (ALHL) is a common clinical disease and was first proposed by Abe in 1981 as sensorineural hearing loss confined to low frequencies. The best strategy for initiating medication is still unclear, as the superiority of steroids and diuretics is still debated, and combination therapy might yield additional benefits. However, no study regarding combination therapy has been published. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of steroid therapy versus combination therapy of diuretics with steroids by conducting a systematic review with a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA). Studies enrolling patients with a diagnosis of acute low-tone hearing loss were considered eligible. After searching the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases from inception to 31 December 2021, five studies including 433 patients were enrolled. Overall, the comparison between combination therapy with steroids and diuretics and single-modality treatment with steroids (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.51 to 2.59; p = 0.74; I2 = 34%) and the comparison between combination therapy and treatment with diuretics alone (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 0.93 to 3.23; p = 0.09; I2 = 5%) showed that combination therapy did not confer significant benefits when compared to single-modality treatments. A trial sequential analysis (TSA) showed conclusive nonsignificant results of the comparison between the combination of steroids and diuretics and a single-modality treatment. In conclusion, we reported that the combination of steroids and diuretics did not yield significant benefits when compared to single-modality treatment with steroids or diuretics. We suggest that treatment should be initiated with steroids or diuretics alone to avoid potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Li Leong
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hao Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-L.C.)
| | - Chii-Yuan Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-L.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Lien Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-L.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chia Chu
- Information Management Office, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Medical AI Development Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Information Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Fu Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-L.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Chen CH, Huang CY, Cheng HL, Lin HYH, Chu YC, Chang CY, Lai YH, Wang MC, Cheng YF. Comparison of personal sound amplification products and conventional hearing aids for patients with hearing loss: A systematic review with meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 46:101378. [PMID: 35434580 PMCID: PMC9006672 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hearing loss is a common morbidity that requires a hearing device to improve quality of life and prevent sequelae, such as dementia, depression falls, and cardiovascular disease. However, conventional hearing aids have some limitations, including poor accessibility and unaffordability. Consequently, personal sound amplification products (PSAPs) are considered a potential first-line alternative remedy for patients with hearing loss. The main objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of PSAPs and conventional hearing aids regarding hearing benefits in patients with hearing loss. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Five databases and reference lists were searched from inception to January 12, 2022. Studies including randomised, controlled trials; nonrandomised, controlled trials; or observational studies comparing PSAPs and hearing aids with regard to hearing gain performance (e.g., speech intelligence) were considered eligible. The review was registered prospectively on PROSPERO (CRD42021267187). FINDINGS Of 599 records identified in the preliminary search, five studies were included in the review and meta-analysis. A total of 124 patients were divided into the PSAP group and the conventional hearing aid group. Five studies including seven groups compared differences for speech intelligence in the signal-noise ratio (SNR) on the hearing in noise test (HINT) between PSAPs and conventional hearing aids. The pooled results showed nonsignificant differences in speech intelligence (SMD, 0.14; 95% CI, -0.19 to 0.47; P = .41; I 2=65%), sound quality (SMD, -0.37; 95% CI, -0.87 to 0.13; P = .15; I 2=77%) and listening effort (SMD 0.02; 95% CI, -0.24 to 0.29; P = .86; I 2=32%). Nonsignificant results were also observed in subsequent analyses after excluding patients with moderately severe hearing loss. Complete sensitivity analyses with all of the possible combinations suggested nonsignificant results in most of the comparisons between PSAPs and conventional hearing aids. INTERPRETATION PSAPs are potentially beneficial as conventional hearing aids are in patients with hearing loss. The different features among PSAPs should be considered for patients indicated for hearing devices. FUNDING This work was supported by grants from Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST-10-2622-8-075-001) and Veterans General Hospitals and University System of Taiwan Joint Research Program (VGHUST111-G6-11-2 and VGHUST111c-140).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Yuan Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Lien Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Yu Haley Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chia Chu
- Department of Information Management, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Medical AI Development Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Information Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hui Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation & Translation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Che Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Fu Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Sec. 2, Shi-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Corresponding author at: Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 201, Sec. 2, Shi-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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Chen YC, Huang CY, Lee YT, Wu CH, Chang SK, Cheng HL, Chang PH, Niu DM, Cheng YF. Audiological and otologic manifestations of glutaric aciduria type I. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:337. [PMID: 33256818 PMCID: PMC7706203 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA-1) is a rare disease connected with speech delay and neurological deficits. However, the audiological and otologic profiles of GA-1 have not yet been fully characterized. To our knowledge, this is the largest study of comprehensive audiological and otologic evaluation in patients with GA-1 to date.
Methods Thirteen patients diagnosed with GA-1 between January 1994 and December 2019 with audiological, radiological and genetic manifestations were retrospectively analyzed. Hearing tests were performed in all patients. MRI was performed for radiological evaluation. Results Hearing loss was found in 76.9% (10/13) of GA-1 patients, including slight hearing loss in 46.1% (6/13) of patients, mild hearing loss in 15.4% (2/13) of patients, and moderate hearing loss in 7.7% (1/13) of patients. Normal hearing thresholds were seen in 23% (3/13) of patients. Patients with intensive care unit (ICU) admission history showed significantly worse hearing than those without (29.17 ± 12.47 vs 13.56 ± 3.93 dB HL, 95% CI 2.92–24.70, p = 0.0176). One patient had moderate sensorineural hearing loss and a past history of acute encephalopathic crisis. No usual causative gene mutations associated with hearing loss were found in these patients. MRI showed a normal vestibulocochlear apparatus and cochlear nerve. One patient with extensive injury of the basal ganglia on MRI after acute encephalopathic crisis was found to have moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Two patients with disability scores above 5 were found to have mild to moderate hearing impairment. No obvious correlation between macrocephaly and hearing loss was found. Conclusion A high prevalence of hearing impairment is found in GA-1 patients. Adequate audiological evaluation is essential for these patients, especially for those after encephalopathic crises or with ICU admission history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chi Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaoshiung Municipal Gangshan Hospital (Outsourceded by Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital), Kaoshiung, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Yuan Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kai Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Lien Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiung Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dau-Ming Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Fu Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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9
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Lin HYH, Chu YC, Lai YH, Cheng HL, Lai F, Cheng YF, Liao WH. A Smartphone-Based Approach to Screening for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Cross-Sectional Validity Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e23047. [PMID: 33174845 PMCID: PMC7688380 DOI: 10.2196/23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is an otologic emergency that warrants urgent management. Pure-tone audiometry remains the gold standard for definitively diagnosing SSNHL. However, in clinical settings such as primary care practices and urgent care facilities, conventional pure-tone audiometry is often unavailable. Objective This study aimed to determine the correlation between hearing outcomes measured by conventional pure-tone audiometry and those measured by the proposed smartphone-based Ear Scale app and determine the diagnostic validity of the hearing scale differences between the two ears as obtained by the Ear Scale app for SSNHL. Methods This cross-sectional study included a cohort of 88 participants with possible SSNHL who were referred to an otolaryngology clinic or emergency department at a tertiary medical center in Taipei, Taiwan, between January 2018 and June 2019. All participants underwent hearing assessments with conventional pure-tone audiometry and the proposed smartphone-based Ear Scale app consecutively. The gold standard for diagnosing SSNHL was defined as the pure-tone average (PTA) difference between the two ears being ≥30 dB HL. The hearing results measured by the Ear Scale app were presented as 20 stratified hearing scales. The hearing scale difference between the two ears was estimated to detect SSNHL. Results The study sample comprised 88 adults with a mean age of 46 years, and 50% (44/88) were females. PTA measured by conventional pure-tone audiometry was strongly correlated with the hearing scale assessed by the Ear Scale app, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of .88 (95% CI .82-.92). The sensitivity of the 5–hearing scale difference (25 dB HL difference) between the impaired ear and the contralateral ear in diagnosing SSNHL was 95.5% (95% CI 87.5%-99.1%), with a specificity of 66.7% (95% CI 43.0%-85.4%). Conclusions Our findings suggest that the proposed smartphone-based Ear Scale app can be useful in the evaluation of SSNHL in clinical settings where conventional pure-tone audiometry is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yu Haley Lin
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chia Chu
- Information Management Office, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Big Data Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics & Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hui Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Lien Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feipei Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics & Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Fu Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We developed an easy and minimally invasive method of transmeatal tympanoplasty using meatal areolar tissue (MAT) grafts to achieve less postoperative morbidity or surgical scarring. We compared the functional and anatomical results of the developed method with conventional endaural tympanoplasty with a temporalis fascia (TF) graft. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, 58 patients (59 ears) with simple chronic otitis media who underwent type I tympanoplasty between January 2016 and August 2018 were included. All surgeries were performed in a tertiary referral hospital and by the same senior surgeon. The tympanic membrane (TM) was repaired with either a TF or an MAT graft. RESULTS Healing of the perforated TM and improvement in a hearing test by air-bone gap (ABG) closure were identified. Postoperative wound conditions were also evaluated. Twenty-eight ears were grafted with MAT, and 31 ears were grafted with TF. Graft success was observed in 26 patients (92.9%) in the MAT group and 28 patients (90.3%) in the TF group. Both groups showed functional improvement compared with the preoperative measurements. The postoperative pure tone audiogram (p = 0.737), ABG closure (p = 0.547), and graft success rate (p = 0.726) were not significantly different between the two groups. Neither wound dehiscence nor keloid formation was observed in our patients. CONCLUSION Both MAT and TF grafts revealed satisfactory surgical and functional results. Compared with the conventional endaural approach with TF grafts, the new transmeatal approach method with an MAT graft causes relatively minimal trauma and results in better wound cosmetics. This method represents an easy, minimally invasive surgery and shows comparatively good results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chi Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chii-Yuan Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Ju Kuo
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiu-Lien Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Fu Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Address correspondence: Dr. Yen-Fu Cheng and Dr Wen Huei Liao, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Section 2, Shi-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail address: (Y.-F. Cheng); (W.H. Liao)
| | - Wen Huei Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Address correspondence: Dr. Yen-Fu Cheng and Dr Wen Huei Liao, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Section 2, Shi-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail address: (Y.-F. Cheng); (W.H. Liao)
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11
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Cheng KKF, Cheng HL, Wong WH, Koh C. A mixed-methods study to explore the supportive care needs of breast cancer survivors. Psychooncology 2017; 27:265-271. [PMID: 28727224 DOI: 10.1002/pon.4503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Needs assessment is the essence of quality cancer survivorship care. The aim of this study was to explore the supportive care needs of breast cancer survivors (BCS) in the first 5 years post treatment. METHODS A mixed-methods approach was employed. A quantitative study included a Supportive Care Needs Survey, which was completed by 250 BCS to identify the level of their needs for help. The quantitative data informed semistructured qualitative interviews undertaken with 60 BCS to explore in detail their posttreatment needs and experiences. RESULTS 32.4% and 16.8% reported 1 to 5 and greater than or equal to 6 needs for help, respectively. The regression analyses revealed that women within 2 years posttreatment and with higher educational level had higher levels of Psychological and Health Care System/Information needs. The qualitative data revealed "continuity of care" and "lifestyle advice and self-management" as prominent survivorship concerns. It was shown that determination to continue normal life, social support, and feeling overwhelmed by information were all experienced as important influences on survivors' need for help. CONCLUSIONS Posttreatment needs vary with BCS characteristics and to the domains concerned. The approach to posttreatment care needs to be personalized and viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K F Cheng
- National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge Road, Singapore
| | - H L Cheng
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - W H Wong
- National University Hospital, Kent Ridge Road, Singapore
| | - C Koh
- National University Hospital, Kent Ridge Road, Singapore
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12
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Griffin HJ, Cheng HL, O'Connor HT, Rooney KB, Petocz P, Steinbeck KS. Higher protein diet for weight management in young overweight women: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:572-5. [PMID: 23279557 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clinical research on weight management in young women is limited. This randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy of two iso-energetically restricted (5600 kJ) diets [higher protein (HP): 32% protein, 41% carbohydrate, 25% fat or higher carbohydrate (HC): 20, 58, 21%, respectively] in 71 (HP: n = 36; HC: n = 35) young healthy women (18-25 years; body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m2) for weight (kg; percent weight loss), body composition, metabolic and iron changes assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. DATA mean (95% CI). In HP completers at 6 months, percent weight loss was higher [HP: 9.3 (5.6-13.1); HC: 5.1 (2.3-7.9)%; p = 0.06]; although, this did not reach statistical significance. Absolute weight [HP: 8.9 (5.3-12.5); HC: 4.6 (2.2-7.0) kg; p = 0.034] and fat loss [HP: 8.0 (4.4-11.5); HC: 3.4 (1.3-5.6) kg; p = 0.022] were significantly greater. No significant between-diet differences were observed at 12 months. Biochemistry remained within normal ranges with HP showing superior preservation of ferritin at 6 months [HP: 53 (40-66); HC: 46 (30-61) µg/l; p = 0.029]. Both diets supported clinically meaningful weight loss with HP tending to be more effective in the medium-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Griffin
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Loai Y, Sakib N, Janik R, Foltz WD, Cheng HL. Human Aortic Endothelial Cell Labeling with Positive Contrast Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles for Cellular Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla. Mol Imaging 2012. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2011.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive T1 contrast using gadolinium (Gd) contrast agents can potentially improve detection of labeled cells on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recently, gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) nanoparticles have shown promise as a sensitive T1 agent for cell labeling at clinical field strengths compared to conventional Gd chelates. The objective of this study was to investigate Gado CELLTrack, a commercially available Gd2O3 nanoparticle, for cell labeling and MRI at 7 T. Relaxivity measurements yielded r1 = 4.7 s−1 mM−1 and r2/ r1 = 6.2. Human aortic endothelial cells were labeled with Gd2O3 at various concentrations and underwent MRI from 1 to 7 days postlabeling. The magnetic resonance relaxation times T1 and T2 of labeled cell pellets were measured. Cellular contrast agent uptake was quantified by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy, which showed very high uptake compared to conventional Gd compounds. MRI demonstrated significant positive T1 contrast and stable labeling on cells. Enhancement was optimal at low Gd concentrations, attained in the 0.02 to 0.1 mM incubation concentration range (corresponding cell uptake was 7.26 to 34.1 pg Gd/cell). Cell viability and proliferation were unaffected at the concentrations tested and up to at least 3 days postlabeling. Gd2O3 is a promising sensitive and stable positive contrast agent for cellular MRI at 7 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Loai
- From the Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto; Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network; and Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Nurus Sakib
- From the Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto; Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network; and Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Rafal Janik
- From the Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto; Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network; and Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Warren D. Foltz
- From the Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto; Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network; and Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - HL Cheng
- From the Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto; Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network; and Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
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14
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Abstract
A growing number of studies suggest a potential link between obesity and altered iron metabolism. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine existing literature on iron status in obese populations. A comprehensive literature search was conducted. Included studies recruited participants ≥ 18 years with a body mass index ≥ 30 kg m(-2) and provided descriptive statistics for haemoglobin or ferritin at a minimum. There were 25 studies meeting all eligibility criteria, of these 10 examined iron status in free-living obese individuals and 15 reported baseline iron biomarkers from bariatric surgery candidates. Non-obese comparison groups were used by 10 (40%) articles. In these, seven obese groups reported higher mean haemoglobin concentration; six reported significantly higher ferritin concentration; and four significantly lower transferrin saturation. Due to insufficient data, it was not possible to make conclusions regarding mean differences for soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), hepcidin or C-reactive protein. Existing evidence suggests a tendency for higher haemoglobin and ferritin concentration and lower transferrin saturation in obesity. Alternation of iron biomarkers in obese populations may be a result of obesity-related inflammation and/or related comorbidities. Further research incorporating measurement of inflammatory cytokines, sTfR and hepcidin is required to confirm the impact of obesity on iron status.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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15
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Huang SC, Cheng HL, Chen YF, Su KW, Chen YF, Huang KF. Diode-pumped passively mode-locked 1,342 nm Nd:YVO4 laser with an AlGaInAs quantum-well saturable absorber. Opt Lett 2009; 34:2348-2350. [PMID: 19649093 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.002348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate what we believe to be the first use of AlGaInAs quantum wells (QWs) as a saturable absorber for a diode-pumped passively mode locked Nd:YVO(4) laser at 1342 nm. The QWs are grown on a Fe-doped InP substrate that is transparent at lasing wavelength. At an incident pump power of 13.5 W an average output power of 1.05 W with a continuous mode-locked pulse duration of 26.4 ps at a repetition rate of 152 MHz was generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Huang
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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16
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Chan JYH, Chan SHH, Dai KY, Cheng HL, Chou JLJ, Chang AYW. Cholinergic-receptor-independent dysfunction of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential and ATP depletion underlie necrotic cell death induced by the organophosphate poison mevinphos. Neuropharmacology 2006; 51:1109-19. [PMID: 16984802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of the nature of cell death that is associated with fatal organophosphate poisoning and the underlying cellular mechanisms is surprisingly limited. Taking advantage of the absence in an in vitro system of acetylcholinesterase, the pharmacological target of organophosphate compounds, the present study evaluated the hypothesis that the repertoire of cholinergic receptor-independent cellular events that underlie fatal organophosphate poisoning entails induction of mitochondrial dysfunction, followed by bioenergetic failure that leads to necrotic cell death because of ATP depletion. Pheochromocytoma PC12 cells incubated with the organophosphate pesticide mevinphos (0.4 or 4mumol) for 1 or 3h underwent a dose-related and time-dependent loss of cell viability that was not reversed by muscarinic (atropine) or nicotinic (mecamylamine) blockade. This was accompanied by depressed NADH cytochrome c reductase, succinate cytochrome c reductase or cytochrome c oxidase activity in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential, decreased ATP concentration, elevated ADP/ATP ratio, increased lactate dehydrogenase release and necrotic cell death. We conclude that Mev induces cholinergic receptor-independent necrotic cell death by depressing the activity of Complexes I to IV in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, eliciting reduction in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, depleting intracellular ATP contents and damaging cell membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y H Chan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81346, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Zeng Q, Zhu JG, Cheng HL, Xie ZB, Chu HY. Phytotoxicity of lanthanum in rice in haplic acrisols and cambisols. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2006; 64:226-33. [PMID: 16406581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth and physiological responses of rice to lanthanum were studied to elucidate the function of lanthanum in plants and its critical concentration relative to environmental safety. Shoot La content increased with the increasing added La concentrations. When shoot La content exceeded a toxic value, plant growth and chlorophyll a/b decreased and peroxidase (POD) activity, cell membrane permeability, and content of proline in the leaf increased. Leaf chlorophyll a/b and POD activity might provide useful criteria for early diagnoses of phytotoxicity of soil contaminated by La. In the present study, the critical concentration of La for rice relative to environmental safety was suggested to be 42.03 mg kg(-1) in red soil and 83.33 mg kg(-1) in paddy soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zeng
- Institute of Soil Science, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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18
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Chan JYH, Chan SHH, Li FCH, Tsai CY, Cheng HL, Chang AYW. Phasic cardiovascular responses to mevinphos are mediated through differential activation of cGMP/PKG cascade and peroxynitrite via nitric oxide generated in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla by NOS I and II isoforms. Neuropharmacology 2005; 48:161-72. [PMID: 15617736 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The organophosphate insecticide mevinphos (Mev) acts on the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), where sympathetic vasomotor tone originates, to elicit phasic cardiovascular responses via nitric oxide (NO) generated by NO synthase (NOS) I and II. We evaluated the contribution of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/protein kinase G (PKG) cascade and peroxynitrite in this process. PKG expression in ventrolateral medulla of Sprague-Dawley rats manifested an increase during the sympathoexcitatory phase (Phase I) of cardiovascular responses induced by microinjection of Mev bilaterally into the RVLM that was antagonized by co-administration of 7-nitroindazole or Nomega-propyl-L-arginine, two selective NOS I inhibitors or 1-H-[1,2,4]oxadiaolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a selective sGC antagonist. Co-microinjection of ODQ or two PKG inhibitors, KT5823 or Rp-8-Br-cGMPS, also blunted the Mev-elicited sympathoexcitatory effects. However, the increase in nitrotyrosine, a marker for peroxynitrite, and the sympathoinhibitory circulatory actions during Phase II Mev intoxication were antagonized by co-administration of S-methylisothiourea, a selective NOS II inhibitor, Mn(III)-tetrakis-(4-benzoic acid) porphyrin, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-N-methyl-4'-pyridyl)-porphyrinato iron (III), a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, or L-cysteine, a peroxynitrite scavenger. We conclude that sGC/cGMP/PKG cascade and peroxynitrite formation may participate in Mev-induced phasic cardiovascular responses as signals downstream to NO generated respectively by NOS I and II in the RVLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y H Chan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, Republic of China
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19
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Tsai YS, Lin JS, Tong YC, Tzai TS, Yang WH, Chang CC, Cheng HL, Lin YM, Jou YC. Transurethral microwave thermotherapy for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: long-term durability with Prostcare. Eur Urol 2001; 39:688-92; discussion 693-4. [PMID: 11464059 DOI: 10.1159/000052528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the long-term durability of transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) with Prostcare for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PATIENTS AND METHODS From August 1993 to July 1994, a total of 65 patients with symptomatic BPH who underwent TUMT using the Prostcare apparatus (Bruker Spectospin, Wissembourg, France) with low-energy protocol (maximal power 52 W) were enrolled into a short-term evaluation. Subsequent follow-up information was collected in July 1999. If patients had had any further therapy for BPH, the date of retreatment was considered as an endpoint of TUMT efficacy. If no further therapy for BPH had been needed, they were re-assessed for overall satisfaction. RESULTS The median follow-up period was 49 months. Twenty patients were excluded for various reasons, including 17 with loss of follow-up and 3 with new diseases that could affect the voiding status. Thirty-eight (84.4%) of 45 valuable patients had received further therapy for BPH, including medication (n = 21, 46.7%), and endoscopic surgery (n = 17, 37.7%). The times to pharmacologic or endoscopic retreatment after TUMT were 8.9+/-11.1 and 23.0+/-14.4 months, respectively (p = 0.0003, log rank test). Only 7 (15.5%) patients had no further treatment, with 3 having satisfactory improvements, but 4 feel dissatisfied yet not needing any further therapy. In addition, 2 patients complained of erectile dysfunction after TUMT and 1 was diagnosed with prostate cancer 50 months after TUMT. In addition, there was no significant difference for all baseline values among three groups with no retreatment or retreatment with medication or endoscopic surgery. CONCLUSION At the 5-year follow-up, the long-term durability of low-energy TUMT with Prostcare is only exhibited in a few patients and the overall retreatment rate was 84.4%. Thus, patient should be informed of the high probability of supplementary treatment after TUMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Tsai
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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20
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Abstract
The functional consequence of the casein kinase I-catalyzed phosphorylation of the lens gap junctional protein connexin49 was investigated using a sheep primary lens cell culture system. To determine whether the phosphorylation of connexin49 catalyzed by endogenous casein kinase I results in an altered junctional communication between lens cells, the effect of the casein kinase I-specific inhibitor CKI-7 on Lucifer Yellow dye transfer between cells in the lens culture was examined. Dye transfer was analyzed in cultures of different ages because we have demonstrated previously that the expression of connexin49 increases as the cultures age while that of connexin43, which is likely not a substrate for casein kinase I, has been shown to decrease [Yang & Louis (1999) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41: 2568-2564]. In 9-day old lens cultures, in which gap junctions are composed primarily of connexin43, CKI-7 had little effect on the rate of dye transfer between lens cells. In contrast, treatment of 15-day and 28-day old cultures with CKI-7 resulted in a significant increase in the rate of dye transfer. Thus, the extent of this CKI-7-dependent increase in cell-to-cell communication was positively correlated with the level of expression of connexin49, the major casein kinase I substrate in lens plasma membranes. These results suggest that the casein kinase I-catalyzed phosphorylation of connexin49 decreases cell communication between connexin49-containing gap junctions in the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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21
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Liao CF, Lai JL, Chen JA, Chen HT, Cheng HL, Her GR, Su JK, Wang Y, Lee GH, Wang CC. Proton-lithium binding behavior of tris(2-((pyrid-2-ylmethyl)uredio)ethyl)amine. J Org Chem 2001; 66:2566-71. [PMID: 11304172 DOI: 10.1021/jo001221q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tris(2-((pyrid-2-ylmethyl)uredio)ethyl)amine (2) and its perchlorate salt, 2.HClO(4), bind with Li+ in nitromethane in a 1:1 fashion. The stability constants of K(Li+) and K(H)(Li+) were found to be 112 +/- 25 and 130 +/- 30 M(-)(1) in CD(3)NO(2), respectively. Formation of the 1:1 complexes were further evidenced by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The slight increase, or at least the same order of magnitude, of K(H)(Li+) compared to K(Li+) points to a remarkable preorganization of the protonated podand in 2.HClO(4), that essentially overcomes the increased Columbic repulsion occurring on complexation to Li+.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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22
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Sekiguchi JM, Gao Y, Gu Y, Frank K, Sun Y, Chaudhuri J, Zhu C, Cheng HL, Manis J, Ferguson D, Davidson L, Greenberg ME, Alt FW. Nonhomologous end-joining proteins are required for V(D)J recombination, normal growth, and neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2001; 64:169-81. [PMID: 11232282 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1999.64.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Sekiguchi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Center for Blood Research, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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23
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Chiou YY, Chiu NT, Chen MJ, Cheng HL. Role of beta 2-microglobulinuria and microalbuminuria in pediatric febrile urinary tract infection. Acta Paediatr Taiwan 2001; 42:84-9. [PMID: 11355070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Urinary beta-2-microglobulin (beta 2M) and microalbumin concentrations were analyzed in 61 pediatric patients with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). The results were compared with those of technetium-99m-labeled dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Noninvasive evaluations were made to localize the site of the UTI. Increased urinary beta 2M/Creatinine (Cr) or microalbumin/Cr quotients were not associated with renal inflammation, as defined by a positive renal scan. Increased urinary microalbumin/Cr is associated with UTI in febrile patients regardless of the level of infection (scan status), and may be an informative indicator of UTI. When microalbumin/Cr was > or = 0.03, its sensitivity and specificity to predict UTI in febrile patients, regardless of the site of the infection, were 95.65% and 51.79%, respectively, and its positive predictive value was 62.0%. On the other hand, urinary beta 2M/Cr (> or = 0.13) demonstrates a statistically significant correlation with the presentation of a high grade of vesicoureteral reflux (p = 0.02). We suggest that a prompt renal imaging study is warranted when the urinary beta 2M/Cr ratio is high (> or = 0.13).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.
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24
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Chen JS, Chang YL, Cheng HL, Chang YC, Lee YC. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for the diagnosis of patients with hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. J Formos Med Assoc 2001; 100:213-6. [PMID: 11393119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In areas where tuberculosis (TB) is rare, cases of hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy are often attributed to the diagnosis of sarcoidosis or a malignant process. However, these manifestations have been only sparsely reported in countries with high rates of TB. The role of simultaneous lung biopsy in the differential diagnosis of these patients using a thoracoscopic approach is also undetermined. In this prospective study, 15 adult patients with hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy were evaluated using video-assisted thoracoscopy during the period from May 1995 through September 1999. Biopsy of the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes was undertaken in all 15 patients, and a wedge biopsy of the lungs was performed whenever frozen section of the nodes disclosed granulomatous inflammation. The final diagnoses included sarcoidosis (10 patients), TB (2), metastatic small cell carcinoma (2), and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (1). No morbidity or mortality was associated with the operation. In patients with sarcoidosis and TB, most of the lymph node biopsy specimens disclosed extensive hyaline fibrosis. Lung biopsy specimens presented small non-necrotizing granulomas with multinucleated giant cells even in the absence of demonstrable parenchymal lesions. In the two patients with TB, identification of acid-fast bacilli and growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis occurred only in lung specimens and not in specimens from lymph nodes. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is a safe, simple, and effective procedure for the diagnosis of patients with hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Our results suggest that for a better differentiation between TB and sarcoidosis, an additional lung biopsy could be undertaken to provide specimens for microscopic examination and culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Tsai YS, Lin JS, Tong YC, Tzai TS, Yang WH, Chang CC, Cheng HL, Lin YM, Jou YC. Transurethral microwave thermotherapy for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: short-term experience with Prostcare. Urol Int 2001; 65:89-94. [PMID: 11025430 DOI: 10.1159/000064846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess our short-term experience with transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PATIENTS AND METHODS From August 1993 through July 1994, in total 65 patients with symptomatic BPH were enrolled into this study. The patients' ages ranged from 56 to 95 years with a mean of 70 years. Under local anesthesia with intraurethral instillation of Xylocaine jelly only, all patients received one session of TUMT for up to 60 min with Prostcare equipment. Uroflowmetry was performed and international prostatic symptom score (IPSS) determined before 3 and 6 months after TUMT for assessment of efficacy. All adverse events were recorded and evaluated for clinical relevance. RESULTS At 3 and 6 months following TUMT, the mean IPSS decreased from 19.7 +/- 6.8 (baseline) to 12.8 +/- 8.2 (-46%) and to 15.5 +/- 9.0 (-21%), respectively; the maximal urine flow rate at 3 and 6 months increased from 9.1 +/- 4.8 ml/s (baseline) to 11.0 +/- 4.9 ml/s (+21%) and to 10.9 +/- 5.6 ml/s (+19%), respectively. During TUMT, burning sensation was the most frequent complaint (38.5%), followed by urethral discomfort (29.2%) and urgency (9.2%). Two patients (3.1%) interrupted TUMT, because of intolerable pain. Following TUMT micturition pain (73.8%) and gross hematuria (45.9%) were the most adverse events. Most of these adverse events disappeared within 2 weeks. One patient suffered from skin erosion over the penoscrotal junction 1 week later. None had retrograde ejaculation; 1 patient complained of erectile dysfunction. CONCLUSION Although the efficacy of TUMT with Prostcare became less prominent 6 months after TUMT, TUMT was still a tolerable, safe alternative treatment of BPH, especially in patients who were not suitable for transurethral resection of the prostate or anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Tsai
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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26
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Delaney CL, Russell JW, Cheng HL, Feldman EL. Insulin-like growth factor-I and over-expression of Bcl-xL prevent glucose-mediated apoptosis in Schwann cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001; 60:147-60. [PMID: 11273003 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/60.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs), the myelinating cells of the peripheral nervous system, are lost or damaged in patients suffering from diabetic neuropathy. In the current study, 2 model systems are used to study the mechanism of SC damage in diabetic neuropathy: the streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic rat and cultures of purified SCs in vitro. Electron microscopy of dorsal root ganglia from STZ-treated rats reveals classic ultrastructural features of apoptosis in SCs, including chromatin clumping and prominent vacuolation. Bisbenzamide staining of SCs cultured in hyperglycemic defined media shows nuclear blebbing of apoptotic cells. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is protective. LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) inhibitor, blocks the effect of IGF-I. High glucose induces caspase cleavage in apoptotic SCs--an effect that is blocked by bok-asp-fmk (BAF), a caspase inhibitor. Although Bcl-xL expression remains unchanged in experimental conditions, over-expression of Bcl-xL protects SCs from apoptosis. In summary, hyperglycemia induces caspase activation and morphologic changes in SCs consistent with apoptotic death, both in vivo and in vitro. Over-expression of Bcl-xL, or IGF-I, signaling via PI 3-kinase, protects SCs from glucose-mediated apoptosis in vitro. IGF-I may be useful in preventing hyperglycemia-induced damage to SCs in patients suffering from diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Delaney
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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27
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Cheng HL, Steinway ML, Xin X, Feldman EL. Insulin-like growth factor-I and Bcl-X(L) inhibit c-jun N-terminal kinase activation and rescue Schwann cells from apoptosis. J Neurochem 2001; 76:935-43. [PMID: 11158266 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that Schwann cells undergo apoptosis after serum withdrawal. Insulin-like growth factor-I, via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, inhibits caspase activation and rescues Schwann cells from serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis. In this study, we examined the role of c-jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) in Schwann cell apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal. Activation of both JNK1 and JNK2 was detected 1 h after serum withdrawal with the maximal level detected at 2 h. A dominant negative JNK mutant, JNK (APF), blocked JNK activation induced by serum withdrawal and Schwann cell apoptosis, suggesting JNK activation participates in Schwann cell apoptosis. Serum withdrawal-induced JNK activity was caspase dependent and inhibited by a caspase 3 inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-CHO. Because insulin-like growth factor-I and Bcl-X(L) are both Schwann cell survival factors, we tested their effects on JNK activation during apoptosis. Insulin-like growth factor-I treatment decreased both JNK1 and JNK2 activity induced by serum withdrawal. LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor, blocked insulin-like growth factor-I inhibition on JNK activation, suggesting that phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase mediates the effects of insulin-like growth factor-I. Overexpression of Bcl-X(L) also resulted in less Schwann cell death and inhibition of JNK activation after serum withdrawal. Collectively, these results suggest JNK activation is involved in Schwann cell apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal. Insulin-like growth factor-I and Bcl family proteins rescue Schwann cells, at least in part, by inhibition of JNK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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28
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Cheng HL, Tong YC, Tzai TS, Weng CL, Ho CL, Yang WH, Lin JS, Chow NH. Expression of nm23-H1 in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Oncol Rep 2001. [DOI: 10.3892/or.8.1.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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29
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Cheng HL, Tong YC, Tzai TS, Weng CL, Ho CL, Yang WH, Lin JS, Chow NH. Expression of nm23-H1 in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Oncol Rep 2001; 8:193-6. [PMID: 11115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract is an uncommon neoplasm. Relatively little information is available regarding the clinical relevance of molecular markers. This study was performed to examine the importance of nm23-H1 gene expression (NM23-H1) in this type of tumors. Immunohistochemical expression of NM23-H1 was analyzed in 90 cases of upper urinary tract cancer, and was compared for its prognostic significance with conventional biological indicators. High expression of NM23-H1 was found in 7 cases (8%), intermediate expression in 32 cases (36%), and low expression in 51 cases (57%). Reduced NM23-H1 (defined as intermediate or low level of expression) was associated with a higher histological grading (p=0.002), invasive tumor growth (p=0. 002), or an increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index (p=0.004). NM23-H1 tended to inversely relate to later recurrence or long-term survival (p=0.06), but, only tumor staging was found to be significant in predicting clinical outcome (p=0.002). nm23-H1 appears to function as a tumor suppressor for upper urinary tract cancer, however, evaluation of NM23-H1 provides limited prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Urology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 704, R.O.C
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30
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Cheng HL, Tseng MC, Tsai PL, Her GR. Analysis of synthetic chemical drugs in adulterated Chinese medicines by capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2001; 15:1473-1480. [PMID: 11507761 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen synthetic chemical drugs, often found in adulterated Chinese medicines, were studied by capillary electrophoresis/UV absorbance (CE/UV) and capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE/ESI-MS). Only nine peaks were detected with CZE/UV, but on-line CZE/MS provided clear identification for most compounds. For a real sample of a Chinese medicinal preparation, a few adulterants were identified by their migration times and protonated molecular ions. For coeluting compounds, more reliable identification was achieved by MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring mode. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) provided better separation than capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), and, under optimal conditions, fourteen peaks were detected using UV detection. In ESI, the interference of SDS was less severe in positive ion mode than in negative ion mode. Up to 20 mM SDS could be used in direct coupling of MEKC with ESI-MS if the mass spectrometer was operated in positive ion mode. Because of better resolution in MEKC, adulterants can be identified without the use of MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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31
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Abstract
We previously reported insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) promotes Schwann cell (SC) motility and rescues SC from apoptosis induced by serum deprivation. This effect is mediated by phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase. In the current study, we examined the role of Akt, a downstream kinase of PI-3K, in SC motility and IGF-I mediated protection from apoptosis. IGF-I induces Akt phosphorylation at Ser473, an event which may be blocked by pretreatment with a PI-3K inhibitor, LY294002. In dominant negative K179M Akt (K179M) transfected SC, however, Akt is not activated in response to IGF-I. In addition, IGF-I is unable to promote SC motility and survival in K179M SC. These results suggest a critical role for Akt in IGF-I mediated motility and survival in SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 200 Zina Pitcher Place, 4414 Kresge III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0588, USA
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32
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Cheng HL, Steinway ML, Russell JW, Feldman EL. GTPases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase are critical for insulin-like growth factor-I-mediated Schwann cell motility. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:27197-204. [PMID: 10829021 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002534200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) promotes motility and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation in neuronal cells. In the current study, we examined the role of IGF-I in Schwann cell (SC) motility. IGF-I increases SC process extension and motility. In parallel, IGF-I activates IGF-I receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI-3)-kinase, and FAK. LY294002, a PI-3 kinase inhibitor, blocks IGF-I-induced motility and FAK phosphorylation. The Rho family of GTPases is important in the regulation of the cytoskeleton. Overexpression of constitutively active Leu-61 Cdc42 and Val-12 Rac1 enhances SC motility which is unaffected by LY294002. In parallel, stable transfection of SC with dominant negative Asn-17 Rac1 blocks IGF-I-mediated SC motility and FAK phosphorylation, implying Rac is an upstream regulator of FAK. Collectively our results suggest that IGF-I regulates SC motility by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton via the downstream activation of a PI-3 kinase, small GTPase, and FAK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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33
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in vivo or in the presence of other permissive factors can promote myelination in the central nervous system. In the current study, we examine the role of IGF-I in the myelination of peripheral nerves. In rat cocultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and Schwann cells (SC) grown in serum- and insulin-free defined medium, IGF-I induces a dose dependent upregulation in myelin proteins such as P0, corresponding to maximal SC ensheathment. Furthermore, IGF-I is essential in promoting a dose-dependent, long-term myelination of DRG sensory axons. In the absence of IGF-I, axons and SC survive, but fail to myelinate. In the presence of 10 nM IGF-I, 59% of axons are myelinated at 21 days, whereas in the absence of IGF-I myelination fails to occur. Maximum SC ensheathment occurs 48 hours after addition of IGF-I. If IGF-I is withdrawn at 48 hours, axon segregation by SC persists, however, most axons and SC do not exhibit a one-to-one relationship and little myelination is observed. IGF-I is important in myelination and is critical not only for initial SC ensheathment of the axon and upregulation of myelin proteins, but also for sustained myelination. Furthermore, IGF-I associated axonal size is not the sole determinant for myelination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Fetus/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/embryology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Microscopy, Electron
- Myelin P0 Protein/biosynthesis
- Myelin Sheath/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/physiology
- Neurons, Afferent/ultrastructure
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Schwann Cells/drug effects
- Schwann Cells/physiology
- Schwann Cells/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Russell
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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Chow NH, Tzai TS, Cheng HL, Liu HS, Chan SH, Tong YC. The clinical value of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in superficial bladder cancer. Anticancer Res 2000; 20:1173-6. [PMID: 10810417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The clinical value of p21WAF1/CIP1 in superficial bladder cancer remains controversial. To address the question, we examined the expression patterns of p21 and p53 gene products and compared for their significance in a total of 89 cases of superficial (pTa/pT1) bladder cancer. Over-expression of p21 was detected in 32 of 89 (36%) tumors. But, the expression status did not correlate with biological indicators or clinical outcome (p > 0.1, respectively). Factors predicting clinical outcome were multiplicity for tumor recurrence (p = 0.0002) or patient survival (p = 0.03), and the histological grading for disease progression (p = 0.02) or patient survival (p = 0.05). Taking into account the p53 status, a trend approaching better prognosis for p53+p21+ tumors was observed compared with that of p53+p21- bladder cancer (p = 0.08). Our data indicate that evaluation of p21 status does not provide better prognostic information compared with conventional biological indicators of superficial bladder cancer. Maintenance of p21 appears to abrogate the deleterious effects of p53 alterations in the tumorigenesis of human bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Chow
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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35
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to determine whether there is an increased incidence of urothelial cancer, especially transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), in uremic patients on dialysis. METHODS Retrospective chart analyses were completed for 1,910 uremic patients undergoing maintenance dialysis between January 1987 and December 1997. The incidence of urinary tract cancer was assessed. Only the patients with cancers diagnosed after start of dialysis were enrolled in the study. RESULTS Of the 1,910 patients, 70 had concomitant urinary tract cancers. Nineteen patients (0.99%), including 17 patients with TCC and 2 patients with renal cell carcinoma, were diagnosed after the initiation of dialysis. The average duration from dialysis to TCC diagnosis was 38.3 (range 2-144) months. Painless gross hematuria was the cardinal symptom in 16 of the 17 patients with TCC. In the 17 patients with TCC, no distant metastases were found at the time of diagnosis. Fourteen patients (82.3%) were stage 0 or A, and 1 patient was stage B1. CONCLUSIONS The 0.89% incidence of TCC in our dialysis patients was high as compared with that of the general population. The risks of developing urinary TCC in dialysis patients were examined, and we suggest that immunosuppressive stage, dialysis procedure, and chronic bladder irritation (decreased urinary wash effect) may play a part in the development of urinary TCC in dialysis patients. Early detection of hematuria due to regular visits and decreased exposure of urinary tract epithelium to carcinogens from urine may explain why early-stage TCC was seen in most of our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Ou
- National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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36
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Abstract
Both neurons and glia succumb to programmed cell death (PCD) when deprived of growth factors at critical periods in development or following injury. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) prevents apoptosis in neurons in vitro. To investigate whether IGF-I can protect Schwann cells (SC) from apoptosis, SC were harvested from postnatal day 3 rats and maintained in serum-containing media until confluency. When cells were switched to serum-free defined media (DM) for 12-72 h, they underwent PCD. Addition of insulin or IGF-I prevented apoptosis. Bisbenzamide staining revealed nuclear condensation and formation of apoptotic bodies in SC grown in DM alone, but SC grown in DM plus IGF-I had normal nuclear morphology. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) inhibitor LY294002 blocked IGF-I-mediated protection. Caspase-3 activity was rapidly activated upon serum withdrawal in SC, and the caspase inhibitor BAF blocked apoptosis. These results suggest that IGF-I rescues SC from apoptosis via PI 3-K signaling which is upstream from caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Delaney
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 200 Zina Pitcher Place, 4414 Kresge III, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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37
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Tsai YS, Cheng HL, Lin JS, Tong YC, Chang KC. Retroperitoneal plasmacytoma associated with hyperamylasemia. J Urol 1999; 162:1681-2. [PMID: 10524899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Tsai
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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38
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Abstract
We have reported that immortalized Schwann cells (SC) express the insulin-like growth factor I receptor and IGF-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5). IGF-I promotes SC survival and protects IGFBP-5 in SC-conditioned medium from proteolysis. In the current study we examined the roles of IGF-I and IGFBP-5 in primary SC. IGF-I enhances primary SC differentiation and gene and protein expression of IGFBP-5 and the myelinating protein, P0. SC that stably overexpress human IGFBP-5 also have higher levels of P0 gene expression. The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor (LY294002), but not the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor (PD98059), blocks IGF-I enhancement of IGFBP-5 gene and protein expression. Collectively, these results suggest that IGF-I promotes SC differentiation, and this may occur in part by enhancing IGFBP-5 expression via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase activation. These data support a link between enhanced IGFBP-5 expression and cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0588, USA
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39
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Cheng HL, Russell JW, Feldman EL. IGF-I promotes peripheral nervous system myelination. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 883:124-30. [PMID: 10586238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) promotes the proliferation and differentiation of Schwann cells (SC). We use SC/dorsal root ganglion neuron (DRG) cocultures to examine the effects of IGF-I on the interaction between axons and SC. As SC extend processes toward the axon in the presence of IGF-I, these processes attach to and ensheath axons. Continued IGF-I exposure leads to enhanced P0 expression and long-term myelination. No myelination occurs in the absence of IGF-I. These data imply that IGF-I is critical not only for SC attachment and ensheathment of axons but also for long-term myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0588, USA
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40
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Chow NH, Liu HS, Chan SH, Cheng HL, Tzai TS. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in primary superficial bladder cancer. Anticancer Res 1999; 19:4593-7. [PMID: 10650816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is of vital importance during the development and progression of solid tumors. This study was performed to test the clinical significance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in primary superficial bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHOD A cohort of 185 cases of pTa/pT1 transitional cell bladder cancer and six cases of normal urothelium were studied by immunohistochemistry. Expression of VEGF was correlated with biological indicators of bladder cancer and examined for their prognostic value. RESULTS Variable amounts of VEGF were detected in 35 cases (18.9%), with 17.9% and 20.3% in pTa and pT1 tumors respectively. There was a positive association of VEGF expression with histological grading (p = 0.03). Otherwise, no apparent correlation was observed with remaining biopathological indicators (p > 0.1, respectively). Risk factors in predicting tumor recurrence were multiple tumors at diagnosis and lamina propria invasion (p < 0.05, respectively). Patients with multiple tumors also had a lower survival rate than those with a solitary tumor (p = 0.0008). However, expression of VEGF was not correlated with risk of tumor recurrence or patient survival (p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS Expression of VEGF is one of the characteristics of tumor dedifferentiation and may play a role in the development of a subset of superficial bladder cancer. Evaluation of VEGF expression dose not provide independent prognostic information for patients with superficial bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Chow
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Taiwan, ROC.
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41
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Mikol DD, Hong HL, Cheng HL, Feldman EL. Caveolin-1 expression in Schwann cells. Glia 1999; 27:39-52. [PMID: 10401631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Caveolae are non-clathrin-coated invaginations of the plasma membrane, which are present in most cell types. An integral component of caveolae is the caveolin family of related proteins, which not only forms the structural framework of caveolae, but also likely subserves its functional roles, including regulation of signal transduction and cellular transport, in particular, cholesterol trafficking. Although caveolae have been identified ultrastructurally in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), caveolin expression has not previously been studied. To date, three caveolin genes have been reported. Here, we show for the first time that caveolin-1 is expressed by Schwann cells (SC) as well as several SC-derived cell lines. Caveolin-1 is enriched in the buoyant, detergent-insoluble membranes of rat sciatic nerve (SN) and SC, a hallmark of the caveolar compartment. Caveolin-1 exists as both soluble and insoluble forms in rat SN and SC, and localizes to SC cytoplasm and abaxonal myelin. SC caveolin-1 decreases after axotomy, when SC revert to a premyelinating phenotype. We speculate that caveolin-1 may regulate signal transduction and/or cholesterol transport in myelinating SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Mikol
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
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42
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Abstract
The lens fiber cell-specific gap junction protein connexin49 is a substrate for a membrane-associated Ser/Thr protein kinase that can be extracted from lens cell membranes by 0.6 M KCl. However, the identity of this protein kinase has not been defined. In this report, evidence is presented indicating that it is casein kinase I. Thus, connexin49 was shown to be a substrate for purified casein kinase I but not for casein kinase II; the endogenous connexin49 protein kinase activity extracted from lens membranes with KCl was inhibited by the casein kinase I-specific inhibitor, N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-chloroisoquinoline-8-sulfonamide (CKI-7); the connexin49 protein kinase activity in the lens membrane KCl extract, which could be partially purified by gel filtration and affinity purification with a casein-Sepharose 4B column, copurified with casein kinase activity; phosphopeptide analysis showed that casein kinase I and the connexin49 protein kinase activity in the lens membrane KCl extract probably share the same phosphorylation sites in connexin49. Reverse transcription-PCR using total ovine lens RNA and casein kinase I isoform-specific oligonucleotide primers resulted in the amplification of cDNAs encoding casein kinase I-alpha and -gamma, while an in-gel casein kinase assay indicated casein kinase activity in the lens membrane KCl extract was associated with a major 39.2-kDa species, which is consistent with the 36 to 40-kDa size of casein kinase I-alpha in other animal species. These results demonstrate that the protein kinase activity present in the lens membrane 0.6 M KCl extract that catalyzes the phosphorylation of connexin49 is casein kinase I, probably the alpha isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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43
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Cheng HL, Lee WJ, Lai IR, Yuan RH, Yu SC. Laparoscopic wedge resection of benign gastric tumor. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46:2100-4. [PMID: 10430405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In the past 2 years, 9 patients diagnosed as benign gastric tumor pre-operatively underwent laparoscopic wedge resection of stomach at National Taiwan University Hospital. Among them, 6 were females and 3 were males. METHODOLOGY Histopathologically, 7 of 9 cases were of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). The clinical characteristics of this group were retrospectively reviewed and compared with another 12 cases of benign gastric tumor receiving open wedge resection in the same period. RESULTS There were no differences in sex, age, and pre-operative diagnosis in these two groups. It took a significantly longer operation time in the laparoscopic group than it did in the open group (205.71 vs. 97.5 min, p<0.05). However, the patients of the laparoscopic group started post-operative oral intake earlier (4.0 vs. 5.58 days, p<0.05), had shorter hospital stays (6.67 vs. 10.77 days, p<0.05), and lower analgesic usage rate (55% vs. 100%). There were no differences in operative complication rates. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic resection of benign-gastric tumor is recommended as a minimally invasive procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
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44
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Abstract
The major substrates for the type I insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) receptor are Shc and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins. In the current study, we report that IGF-I induces a sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc and its association with Grb2 in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. The time course of Shc tyrosine phosphorylation parallels the time course of IGF-I-stimulated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Transfection of SH-SY5Y cells with a p52 Shc mutant decreases Shc tyrosine phosphorylation and Shc-Grb2 association. This results in the inhibition of IGF-I-mediated ERK tyrosine phosphorylation and neurite outgrowth. In contrast, IGF-I induces a transient tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2 and an association of IRS-2 with Grb2. The time course of IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation and IRS-2-Grb2 and IRS-2-p85 association closely resembles the time course of IGF-I-mediated membrane ruffling. Treating cells with the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 blocks IGF-I-induced membrane ruffling. The ERK kinase inhibitor PD98059, as well as transfection with the p52 Shc mutant, has no effect on IGF-I-mediated membrane ruffling. Immunolocalization studies show IRS-2 and Grb2, but not Shc, concentrated at the tip of the extending growth cone where membrane ruffling is most active. Collectively, these results suggest that the association of Shc with Grb2 is essential for IGF-I-mediated neurite outgrowth, whereas the IRS-2-Grb2-phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase complex may regulate growth cone extension and membrane ruffling.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kim
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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45
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Frank KM, Sekiguchi JM, Seidl KJ, Swat W, Rathbun GA, Cheng HL, Davidson L, Kangaloo L, Alt FW. Late embryonic lethality and impaired V(D)J recombination in mice lacking DNA ligase IV. Nature 1998; 396:173-7. [PMID: 9823897 DOI: 10.1038/24172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-end-joining reactions used for repair of double-strand breaks in DNA and for V(D)J recombination, the process by which immunoglobulin and T-cell antigen-receptor genes are assembled from multiple gene segments, use common factors. These factors include components of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), namely DNA-PKcs and the Ku heterodimer, Ku70-Ku80, and XRCC4. The precise function of XRCC4 is unknown, but it interacts with DNA ligase IV. Ligase IV is one of the three known mammalian DNA ligases; however, the in vivo functions of these ligases have not been determined unequivocally. Here we show that inactivation of the ligase IV gene in mice leads to late embryonic lethality. Lymphopoiesis in these mice is blocked and V(D)J joining does not occur. Ligase IV-deficient embryonic fibroblasts also show marked sensitivity to ionizing radiation, growth defects and premature senescence. All of these phenotypic characteristics, except embryonic lethality, resemble those associated with Ku70 and Ku80 deficiencies, indicating that they may result from an impaired end-joining process that involves both Ku subunits and ligase IV. However, Ku-deficient mice are viable, so ligase IV must also be required for processes and/or in cell types in which Ku is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Frank
- The Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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46
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Abstract
We have previously shown that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) activation of the IGF-I receptor rescues SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells from high glucose-mediated programmed cell death (PCD). In the current study, we further explored the potential points in the cell death cascade where IGF-I receptor activation may afford neuroprotection. As an initial step, we examined the effects of the PCD stimulus, high glucose, on stress-activated protein kinases, specifically the two mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). High glucose treatment activated the tyrosine phosphorylation of both p38 kinase and JNK in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. We next examined the effects of IGF-I on JNK and p38 kinase under normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. IGF-I activated p38 kinase alone and had additive effects on glucose-induced p38 kinase phosphorylation. In contrast, IGF-I inhibited glucose activation of JNK phosphorylation and JNK activity. IGF-I also inhibited the glucose-induced nuclear translocation of JNK, but did not effect glucose-induced translocation of p38 kinase. Finally, IGF-I inhibition of JNK phosphorylation was blocked by the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor, PD98059. Collectively, these data imply cross-talk between the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and JNK and suggest that IGF-I activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases interferes with JNK activation and protects cells from PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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47
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Cheng HL, Yang MS. [The comparative study of the quality of life for outpatient care versus community rehabilitation program schizophrenic patients]. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 1997; 13:748-56. [PMID: 9436347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of demographic variables, illness factors and symptom factors on the quality of life in schizophrenic patients. Data were collected by personal interview and self-report questionnaire druing the month from February to March in 1995. A total of 155 schizophrenic patients purposefully selected from a psychiatric teaching hospital in Kaohsiung participated in the study. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The quality of life was assessed in terms the following five parameters: activity, family support, psychological well-being, physical well-being, and economic function. In addition, the work status, subjective deficits symptoms and type of treatment program were uses as predictors of the total quality of life. These parameters shared 38% of their variance in stepwise multiple regression analysis. The findings indicated that schizophrenic patients who had participated in a rehabilitation program could maintain a well quality of life than in outpatient care only.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Nursing, Foo Yin Institute of Technology, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China
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48
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Gu Y, Seidl KJ, Rathbun GA, Zhu C, Manis JP, van der Stoep N, Davidson L, Cheng HL, Sekiguchi JM, Frank K, Stanhope-Baker P, Schlissel MS, Roth DB, Alt FW. Growth retardation and leaky SCID phenotype of Ku70-deficient mice. Immunity 1997; 7:653-65. [PMID: 9390689 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ku70, Ku80, and DNA-PKcs are subunits of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), an enzyme implicated in DNA double-stranded break repair and V(D)J recombination. Our Ku70-deficient mice were about 50% the size of control littermates, and their fibroblasts were ionizing radiation sensitive and displayed premature senescence associated with the accumulation of nondividing cells. Ku70-deficient mice lacked mature B cells or serum immunoglobulin but, unexpectedly, reproducibly developed small populations of thymic and peripheral alpha/beta T lineage cells and had a significant incidence of thymic lymphomas. In association with B and T cell developmental defects, Ku70-deficient cells were severely impaired for joining of V(D)J coding and recombination signal sequences. These unanticipated features of the Ku70-deficient phenotype with respect to lymphocyte development and V(D)J recombination may reflect differential functions of the three DNA-PK components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gu
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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49
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Abstract
XRCC4 is a generally expressed protein of 334 amino acids that is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and in V(D)J recombination, but its function is unknown. In this study, we have used a mutational approach and the yeast two-hybrid method to perform an initial characterization of this protein. We show that the XRCC4 protein is located in the nucleus. We also demonstrate that several potential phosphorylation sites are not required for XRCC4 function in a transient V(D)J recombination assay. In addition, we show that XRCC4 forms a homodimer in vivo with the homodimerization domain being located within amino acids 115-204. Finally, we define a core domain of XRCC4 that functions in V(D)J recombination and comprises amino acids 18-204. Potential functions of XRCC4 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mizuta
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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50
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Cheng HL, Chow NH, Tzai TS, Tong YC, Lin JS, Chan SH, Yang WH, Chang CC, Lin YM. Prognostic significance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Anticancer Res 1997; 17:2789-93. [PMID: 9252716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haphazard cell proliferation is a fundamental biologic defect in cancer. Thus, assessment of the growth fraction provides a valuable index of biological property for human neoplasm. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression has been used to estimate the growth fraction of human cancer, and its prognostic value. Information in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract, however, is very few. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 73 patients with TCC of the upper urinary tract was collected between July 1988 and December 1995 for this study. The labeling index of PCNA immunostaining was correlated with clinicopathologic factors and compared for its prognostic value with a median follow-up of 54 months. RESULTS The PCNA index was positively associated with histological grading, tumor stage and patient prognosis (P = 0.00, respectively). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that significant factors in relation to patient survival were tumor stage (P = 0.01), followed by PCNA index (P = 0.04) and gender of patients (P = 0.04). Multiple comparison revealed that PCNA index set at 0.30 had prognostic value in terms of patient survival (P = 0.00), and the risk of metachronous bladder recurrence (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our data suggested that assessment of PCNA index may be used as an adjuvant prognostic factor for patients with TCC of the upper urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Urology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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