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Schmid U, Galambos J, Pfaltz K, Hegyi I, Courvoisier S, Kempf W. Cutaneous Reactions after COVID-19 Vaccines: Analysis of the Clinical and Histopathological Spectrum-Case Series and Review of the Literature. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2024; 11:130-141. [PMID: 38534266 DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Various cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are observed with the implementation of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. To gain insight into the clinicopathologic features, we analyzed the correlation of histological and clinical data in 48 patients with these ADRs. (2) Methods: Single-center retrospective study in patients with ADRs after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination (mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccines). (3) Results: Distant generalized ADRs prevailed (91%), often appearing clinically as spongiotic dermatitis or maculopapular exanthema. Histopathological analysis revealed spongiotic changes (46%) and dermal superficial perivascular predominantly lymphocytic infiltrates (17%). Eosinophils were found in 66% of biopsies, neutrophils in 29%, and plasma cells only in 8% of biopsies. Most ADRs occurred after the second vaccine dose (44%). Histologically spongiotic changes were associated with clinical features of spongiotic dermatitis in only 50% of patients and maculopapular exanthema in the remaining patients. ADRs represented an aggravation of preexisting skin disease in 23% of patients. ADRs regressed within 28 days or less in 53% of patients and persisted beyond a month in the remaining patients. (4) Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a diverse spectrum of generalized ADRs, revealing correlations between histology and clinical features but also instances of divergence. Interestingly, in about half of our patients, ADRs were self-limited, whereas ADRs extended beyond a month in the other half.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursina Schmid
- Kempf und Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik, Affolternstrasse 56, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Galambos
- Kempf und Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik, Affolternstrasse 56, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Pfaltz
- Kempf und Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik, Affolternstrasse 56, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Hegyi
- Kempf und Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik, Affolternstrasse 56, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Werner Kempf
- Kempf und Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik, Affolternstrasse 56, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Fried I, Kasper RS, Hegyi I, Kempf W. Black dots in palmoplantar warts-challenging a concept: A histopathologic study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 79:380-382. [PMID: 29339243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Fried
- Kempf und Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Ivan Hegyi
- Kempf und Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Kempf
- Kempf und Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Roenneberg S, Hegyi I, Kempf W, Kerl K, Guenova E. Dome-shaped Papules on the Left Flank: A Quiz. Cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman Disease (sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Acta Derm Venereol 2018; 98:165-166. [PMID: 28795760 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Roenneberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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4
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Glauser S, Rutz M, Cazzaniga S, Hegyi I, Borradori L, Beltraminelli H. Diagnostic value of immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens for bullous pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:988-993. [PMID: 27105821 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct immunofluorescence microscopy (DIF) studies constitute the gold standard for diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid (BP) but depend on the availability of specialized laboratories and often on an additional skin biopsy specimen. OBJECTIVES To assess the value of immunohistochemical analyses (IHCA) in the diagnosis of BP using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens as an alternative to DIF; and to study the correlation between the results of IHCA and the presence of histological subepidermal blister formation and of circulating autoantibodies by indirect immunofluorescence studies using split skin or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. METHODS We included all patients newly diagnosed with BP evaluated between 2008 and 2010. There were 51 consecutive skin biopsy specimens obtained from 38 patients with BP with positive DIF. RESULTS By IHCA, deposits of immunoreactants were found in 45% of all tested cases. Deposits of C3d, IgG, IgM, IgE and IgA were found in 37%, 23%, 2%, 0% and 0% of cases, respectively. Deposits of C3d and/or IgG were found in 79% of the 24 cases with a blister and in 83% of the 12 cases with subepidermal blistering and positive immunoserological analyses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous studies, our findings in an unselected patient cohort indicate that IHCA are not sufficiently sensitive to replace DIF studies for confirming the diagnosis of BP. IHCA sensitivity significantly increases in the presence of histological blistering and/or of circulating autoantibodies. IHCA represents a potential rescue diagnostic technique only if specialized laboratories and/or a second biopsy specimen for DIF are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Glauser
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Rutz
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Cazzaniga
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy
| | - I Hegyi
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - L Borradori
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - H Beltraminelli
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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5
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Llamas-Velasco M, Hegyi I, Hesterberg U, Daudén E, Requena L, Kempf W. Regorafenib-induced hand-foot skin reaction with striking epidermal dysmaturation - a new histopathological pattern associated with the use of multi-kinase inhibitors. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:216-7. [PMID: 26801207 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Llamas-Velasco
- Kempf und Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik, Seminarstrasse 1, CH-8042, Zürich, Switzerland.,Hospital de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Hegyi
- Kempf und Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik, Seminarstrasse 1, CH-8042, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - E Daudén
- Hospital de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Requena
- Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - W Kempf
- Kempf und Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik, Seminarstrasse 1, CH-8042, Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Brandt S, Montagna C, Georgis A, Schüffler PJ, Bühler MM, Seifert B, Thiesler T, Curioni-Fontecedro A, Hegyi I, Dehler S, Martin V, Tinguely M, Soldini D. The combined expression of the stromal markers fibronectin and SPARC improves the prediction of survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Exp Hematol Oncol 2013; 2:27. [PMID: 24499539 PMCID: PMC3852975 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-2-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, gene expression profiling studies attributed a major biologic role to non-neoplastic cells of the tumour microenvironment as its composition and characteristics were shown to predict survival. In particular, the expression of selected genes encoding components of the extracellular matrix was reported to be associated with clinical outcome. Nevertheless, the translation of these data into robust, routinely applicable immunohistochemical markers is still warranted. Therefore, in this study, we analysed the combination of the expression of the extracellular matrix components Fibronectin and SPARC on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue derived from 173 patients with DLBCL in order to recapitulate gene expression profiling data. Results The expression of Fibronectin and SPARC was detected in 77/173 (44.5%) and 125/173 (72.3%) cases, respectively, and 55/173 (31.8%) cases were double positive. Patients with lymphomas expressing Fibronectin showed significantly longer overall survival when compared to negative ones (6.3 versus 3.6 years). Moreover, patients with double positive lymphomas also presented with significantly longer overall survival when compared with the remaining cases (11.6 versus 3.6 years) and this combined expression of both markers results in a better association with overall survival data than the expression of SPARC or Fibronectin taken separately (Hazard ratio 0.41, 95% confidence interval 0.17 to 0.95, p = 0.037). Finally, neither Fibronectin nor SPARC expression was associated with any of the collected clinico-pathological parameters. Conclusions The combined immunohistochemical assessment of Fibronectin and SPARC, two components of the extracellular matrix, represents an important tool for the prediction of survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Our study suggests that translation of gene expression profiling data on tumour microenvironment into routinely applicable immunohistochemical markers is a useful approach for a further characterization of this heterogeneous type of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brandt
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Montagna
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antoin Georgis
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marco M Bühler
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhardt Seifert
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thore Thiesler
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ivan Hegyi
- Institute of Pathology, Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Dehler
- Cancer Registry, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marianne Tinguely
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Kempf and Pfaltz, Histologische Diagnostik, Zurich 8042, Switzerland
| | - Davide Soldini
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Yayli S, della Torre R, Hegyi I, Schneiter T, Beltraminelli H, Borradori L, Fux C. Late secondary syphilis with nodular lesions mimicking Kaposi sarcoma in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus. Int J Dermatol 2013; 53:e71-3. [PMID: 23556485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Savas Yayli
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey and Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, SwitzerlandDepartment of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 3010 BernDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Surovy AM, Pelivani N, Hegyi I, Buettiker U, Beltraminelli H, Borradori L. Giant Cellulitis-like Sweet Syndrome, a New Variant of Neutrophilic Dermatosis. JAMA Dermatol 2013; 149:79-83. [DOI: 10.1001/2013.jamadermatol.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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9
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Oberholzer PA, Hegyi I, Borradori L, Beltraminelli H. Extra-nodal non-Hodgkin-lymphoma with an acneiform eruption: folliculotropic mycosis fungoides. Eur J Haematol 2011; 87:189-90. [PMID: 21554402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Oberholzer
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital-University Hospital of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Huber GF, Albinger-Hegyi A, Soltermann A, Roessle M, Graf N, Haerle SK, Holzmann D, Moch H, Hegyi I. Expression patterns of Bmi-1 and p16 significantly correlate with overall, disease-specific, and recurrence-free survival in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 2011; 117:4659-70. [PMID: 21448927 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to link expression patterns of B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi-1) and p16 to patient outcome (recurrence and survival) in a cohort of 252 patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OSCC). METHODS Expression levels of Bmi-1 and p16 in samples from 252 patients with OSCC were evaluated immunohistochemically using the tissue microarray method. Staining intensity was determined by calculating an intensity reactivity score (IRS). Staining intensity and the localization of expression within tumor cells (nuclear or cytoplasmic) were correlated with overall, disease-specific, and recurrence-free survival. RESULTS The majority of cancers were localized in the oropharynx (61.1%). In univariate analysis, patients who had OSCC and strong Bmi-1 expression (IRS >10) had worse outcomes compared with patients who had low and moderate Bmi-1 expression (P = .008; hazard ratio [HR], 1.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.167-2.838); this correlation was also observed for atypical cytoplasmic Bmi-1 expression (P = .001; HR, 2.164; 95% CI, 1.389-3.371) and for negative p16 expression (P < .001; HR, 0.292; 95% CI, 0.178-0.477). The combination of both markers, as anticipated, had an even stronger correlation with overall survival (P < .001; HR, 8.485; 95% CI, 4.237-16.994). Multivariate analysis demonstrated significant results for patients with oropharyngeal cancers, but not for patients with oral cavity tumors: Tumor classification (P = .011; HR, 1.838; 95%CI, 1.146-2.947) and the combined marker expression patterns (P < .001; HR, 6.254; 95% CI, 2.869-13.635) were correlated with overall survival, disease-specific survival (tumor classification: P = .002; HR, 2.807; 95% CI, 1.477-5.334; combined markers: P = .002; HR, 5.386; 95% CI, 1.850-15.679), and the combined markers also were correlated with recurrence-free survival (P = .001; HR, 8.943; 95% CI, 2.562-31.220). CONCLUSIONS Cytoplasmic Bmi-1 expression, an absence of p16 expression, and especially the combination of those 2 predictive markers were correlated negatively with disease-specific and recurrence-free survival in patients with oropharyngeal cancer. Therefore, the current results indicate that these may be applicable as predictive markers in combination with other factors to select patients for more aggressive treatment and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard F Huber
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Lee HY, Pelivani N, Beltraminelli H, Hegyi I, Yawalkar N, Borradori L. Amicrobial Pustulosis-Like Rash in a Patient with Crohn’s Disease under Anti-TNF-Alpha Blocker. Dermatology 2011; 222:304-10. [DOI: 10.1159/000329428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Cueni LN, Hegyi I, Shin JW, Albinger-Hegyi A, Gruber S, Kunstfeld R, Moch H, Detmar M. Tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis to lymph nodes induced by cancer cell expression of podoplanin. Am J Pathol 2010; 177:1004-16. [PMID: 20616339 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The membrane glycoprotein podoplanin is expressed by several types of human cancers and might be associated with their malignant progression. Its exact biological function and molecular targets are unclear, however. Here, we assessed the relevance of tumor cell expression of podoplanin in cancer metastasis to lymph nodes, using a human MCF7 breast carcinoma xenograft model. We found that podoplanin expression promoted tumor cell motility in vitro and, unexpectedly, increased tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis to regional lymph nodes in vivo, without promoting primary tumor growth. Importantly, high cancer cell expression levels of podoplanin correlated with lymph node metastasis and reduced survival times in a large cohort of 252 oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Based on comparative transcriptional profiling of tumor xenografts, we identified endothelin-1, villin-1, and tenascin-C as potential mediators of podoplanin-induced tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis. These unexpected findings identify a novel mechanism of tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis induced by cancer cell expression of podoplanin, suggesting that reagents designed to interfere with podoplanin function might be developed as therapeutics for patients with advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah N Cueni
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Albinger-Hegyi A, Stoeckli SJ, Schmid S, Storz M, Iotzova G, Probst-Hensch NM, Rehrauer H, Tinguely M, Moch H, Hegyi I. Lysyl oxidase expression is an independent marker of prognosis and a predictor of lymph node metastasis in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2653-62. [PMID: 19816945 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family are important modulators of the extracellular matrix. However, they have an important role in the tumour development as well as in tumour progression. To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of the LOX protein in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) we performed QRT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis on two tissue microarrays (622 tissue samples in total). Significantly higher LOX expression was detected in high grade dysplastic oral mucosa as well as in OSCC when compared to normal oral mucosa (P < 0.001). High LOX expression was correlated with clinical TNM stage (P = 0.020), lymph node metastases for the entire cohort (P < 0.001), as well as in the subgroup of small primary tumours (T1/T2, P < 0.001). Moreover, high LOX expression was correlated with poor overall survival (P = 0.004) and disease specific survival (P = 0.037). In a multivariate analysis, high LOX expression was an independent prognostic factor, predicting unfavourable overall survival. In summary, LOX expression is an independent prognostic biomarker and a predictor of lymph node metastasis in OSCC. Moreover, LOX overexpression may be an early phenomenon in the pathogenesis of OSCC and thus an attractive novel target for chemopreventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Albinger-Hegyi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ghadjar P, Blank-Liss W, Simcock M, Hegyi I, Beer KT, Moch H, Aebersold DM, Zimmer Y. MET Y1253D-activating point mutation and development of distant metastasis in advanced head and neck cancers. Clin Exp Metastasis 2009; 26:809-15. [PMID: 19639388 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-009-9280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated if the MET-activating point mutation Y1253D influences clinical outcomes in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). The study population consisted of 152 HNSCC patients treated by hyperfractionated radiotherapy alone or concomitant with chemotherapy between September 1994 and July 2000. Tumors were screened for the presence of the MET-activating point mutation Y1253D. Seventy-eight patients (51%) received radiotherapy alone, 74 patients (49%) underwent radiotherapy concomitant with chemotherapy. Median patient age was 54 years and median follow-up was 5.5 years. Distant metastasis-free survival, local relapse-free survival and overall survival were compared with MET Y1253D status. During follow-up, 29 (19%) patients developed distant metastasis. MET Y1253D was detected in tumors of 21 out of 152 patients (14%). Distant metastasis-free survival (P = 0.008) was associated with MET Y1253D. In a multivariate Cox regression model, adjusted for T-category, only presence of MET Y1253D was associated with decreased distant metastasis-free survival: hazard ratio = 2.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.1, 5.8). The observed association between MET Y1253D-activating point mutation and decreased distant metastasis-free survival in advanced HNSCC suggests that MET may be a potential target for specific treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirus Ghadjar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
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Holzmann D, Hegyi I, Rajan GP, Harder-Ruckstuhl M. Management of benign inverted sinonasal papilloma avoiding external approaches. J Laryngol Otol 2006; 121:548-54. [PMID: 17076932 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215106004075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Even though endoscopic removal of inverted papillomas has gained popularity, many studies advocate supplementary external approaches. The impact of including the current surgical staging system into the pre-operative clinical and radiological assessment has not been systematically evaluated. We present our experience with total endoscopic management of inverted papillomas and compare the accuracy of the pre-operative predicted extent of surgery, with the actually performed surgery.From 1997 to 2005 data from 51 patients with inverted papillomas were prospectively collected and subsequently reviewed. All have been operated on endoscopically without an external approach.The overall recurrence rate was 3.9 per cent. Pre-operative prediction of extent of surgery was accurate in 26 of 51 (51 per cent). The main reasons for the inaccurate pre-operative prediction were the variable sizes and locations of the inverted papilloma bases, particularly in the maxillary sinus and the frontal recess. Our results encourage us to recommend endoscopic management as the standard treatment of benign inverted papillomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Holzmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland.
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16
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Kovács GG, Head MW, Hegyi I, Bunn TJ, Flicker H, Hainfellner JA, McCardle L, László L, Jarius C, Ironside JW, Budka H. Immunohistochemistry for the prion protein: comparison of different monoclonal antibodies in human prion disease subtypes. Brain Pathol 2006; 12:1-11. [PMID: 11770893 PMCID: PMC8095765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Demonstration of the abnormal form of the prion protein (PrP) in the brain confirms the diagnosis of human prion disease (PrD). Using immunohistochemistry, we have compared ten monoclonal antibodies in PrD subtypes including sporadic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), fatal familial insomnia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and control brains. CJD subgroups were determined using Western blot analysis for the protease-resistant PrP type in combination with sequencing to determine the genotype at the methionine/valine polymorphism at codon 129 of the prion protein gene. None of the antibodies labeled given subgroups exclusively, but the intensity of immunoreactivity varied among morphologically distinct types of deposit. Fine granular or synaptic PrP deposits stained weakly or not at all with antibodies against the N-terminus of PrP, and were visible in one case only with 12F10 and SAF54. Coarser and plaque type deposits were immunolabeled with all antibodies. The immunostaining patterns appear characteristic for the disease subgroups. Labeling of certain neurons in all cases irrespective of disease, and staining at the periphery and/or throughout the senile plaques of AD patients were also noted. Antibodies such as 6H4 and 12F10 failed to give this type of labeling and are therefore less likely to recognise non-pathological PrP material in immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor G. Kovács
- Institute of Neurology, University of Vienna, and Austrian Reference Centre for Human Prion Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark W. Head
- National CJD Surveillance Unit and Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ivan Hegyi
- Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tristan J. Bunn
- National CJD Surveillance Unit and Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helga Flicker
- Institute of Neurology, University of Vienna, and Austrian Reference Centre for Human Prion Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A. Hainfellner
- Institute of Neurology, University of Vienna, and Austrian Reference Centre for Human Prion Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Linda McCardle
- National CJD Surveillance Unit and Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lajos László
- Department of General Zoology, Eötvös University of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christa Jarius
- Institute of Neurology, University of Vienna, and Austrian Reference Centre for Human Prion Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - James W. Ironside
- National CJD Surveillance Unit and Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Herbert Budka
- Institute of Neurology, University of Vienna, and Austrian Reference Centre for Human Prion Diseases, Vienna, Austria
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Albinger-Hegyi A, Hegyi I, Nagy I, Bodmer M, Schmid S, Bodmer D. Alteration of activator protein 1 DNA binding activity in gentamicin-induced hair cell degeneration. Neuroscience 2006; 137:971-80. [PMID: 16338090 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is often associated with damage of cochlear hair cells and/or of the neurons of the auditory pathway. This damage can result from a variety of causes, e.g. genetic disorders, aging, exposure to certain drugs such as aminoglycosides, infectious disease and intense sound overexposure. Intracellular events that mediate aspects of aminoglycoside-mediated damage to hair cells have been partially unraveled. Several independent research groups have demonstrated a crucial role of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are important mediators of signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Jun N-terminal kinases, members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, are strongly activated in cell culture conditions by stress inducing stimuli, including ultraviolet light, heat shock and tumor necrosis factor; therefore they are also referred to as stress-activated protein kinases. In hair cells aminoglycoside treatment was shown to activate the Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway. Activation of Jun N-terminal kinase leads to phosphorylation and thereby activation of transcription factors and consequently to altered gene expression. There are many nuclear Jun N-terminal kinase substrates including c-Jun, ATF-2, and Elk-1 proteins. One of the downstream targets of Jun N-terminal kinase is the transcription factor activating protein-1. Activating protein-1 is a dimeric complex composed of members of the Fos and Jun proteins. A variety of different stimuli is known to induce activating protein-1 activity. Induction of activating protein-1 is thought to play a central role in reprogramming gene expression in response to external stimuli. In this study we have analyzed the effect of gentamicin treatment on the downstream targets of Jun N-terminal kinase. Our results demonstrate that gentamicin treatment of explants of organ of Corti results in increased activating protein-1 binding activity. The main component of these activating protein-1 complexes is the c-Fos protein. Moreover, we show that the activating protein-1 induction is transient and occurs exclusively in hair cells of rat organ of Corti explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Albinger-Hegyi
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Frauenklinikstr. 24, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Le Hir M, Hegyi I, Cueni-Loffing D, Loffing J, Kaissling B. Characterization of renal interstitial fibroblast-specific protein 1/S100A4-positive cells in healthy and inflamed rodent kidneys. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 123:335-46. [PMID: 15856273 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is considered as a central factor in the loss of renal function in chronic kidney diseases. The origin of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts that accumulate in the interstitium of the diseased kidney is still a matter of debate. It has been shown that accumulation of myofibroblasts in inflamed and fibrotic kidneys is associated with upregulation of fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1, S100A4), not only in the renal interstitium but also in the injured renal epithelia. The tubular expression of FSP1 has been taken as evidence of myofibroblast formation by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The identity of FSP1/S100A4 cells has not been defined in detail. We originally intended to use FSP1/S100A4 as a marker of putative EMT in a model of distal tubular injury. However, since the immunoreactivity of FSP1 did not seem to fit with the distribution and shape of fibroblasts or myofibroblasts, we undertook the characterization of FSP1/S100A4-expressing cells in the interstitium of rodent kidneys. We performed immunolabeling for FSP1/S100A4 on thin cryostat sections of perfusion-fixed rat and mouse kidneys with peritubular inflammation, induced by thiazides and glomerulonephritis, respectively, in combination with ecto-5'-nucleotidase (5'NT), recognizing local cortical peritubular fibroblasts, with CD45, MHC class II, CD3, CD4 and Thy 1, recognizing mononuclear cells, with alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA), as marker for myofibroblasts, and vimentin for intracellular intermediate filaments in cells of mesenchymal origin. In the healthy interstitium of rodents the rare FSP1/S100A4+ cells consistently co-expressed CD45 or lymphocyte surface molecules. Around the injured distal tubules of rats treated for 3-4 days with thiazides, FSP1+/S100A4+, 5'NT+, alphaSMA+, CD45+ and MHC class II+ cells accumulated. FSP1+/S100A4+ cells consistently co-expressed CD45. In the inflamed regions, alphaSMA was co-expressed by 5'NT+ cells. In glomerulonephritic mice, FSP1+/S100A4+ cells co-expressed Thy 1, CD4 or CD3. Thus, in the inflamed interstitium around distal tubules of rats and of glomerulonephritic mice, the majority of FSP1+ cells express markers of mononuclear cells. Consequently, the usefulness of FSP1/S100A4 as a tool for detection of (myo)fibroblasts in inflamed kidneys and of EMT in vivo is put into question. In the given rat model the consistent co-expression of alphaSMA and 5'NT suggests that myofibroblasts originate from resident peritubular fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Le Hir
- Anatomical Institute, Division of Vegetative Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Lardinois D, Vogt P, Yang L, Hegyi I, Baslam M, Weder W. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease the quality of pleurodesis after mechanical pleural abrasion. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004; 25:865-71. [PMID: 15082296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Revised: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often applied for pain management after thoracic surgery. Since these drugs diminish collagen deposition through inhibition of the prostaglandin synthesis, we investigated their effects on adhesion formation after endoscopic mechanical pleural abrasion, which is often applied in the therapy of pneumothorax. METHODS Mechanical pleural abrasion was performed unilaterally by the use of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery technique in an established pig model. Ten animals (41.3+/-3.4 kg) were divided into a treatment group and a control group. In the treatment group, animals received 100 mg diclofenac (2 mg/kg body weight) orally daily for 3 weeks after surgery. At 3 weeks, all animals were sacrificed and efficacy of pleurodesis was macroscopically assessed by three independent reviewers blinded to the treatment of animals using a five-point severity pleurodesis score (from 0, no adhesions to 4, complete symphisis) and obliteration grade rating the distribution of adhesions (from 0, no adhesions to 4, adhesions in the whole chest). Microscopic evaluation was performed by two pathologists blinded to the study groups as well. A four-point score assessed the amount of collagen deposition (from 1, a few collagen fibers to 4, scar). RESULTS Gross observation showed more dense adhesions in control animals with a median pleurodesis score of 3.67+/-1.0 in comparison to 2+/-2.2 in the treatment group (P = 0.01 *, Mann-Whitney non-parametric test). Distribution of adhesions was comparable in both groups with a median obliteration score of 3.67+/-1.3. Histopathologic examination showed a higher amount of collagen deposition in the control group, suggesting more dense adhesions, whereas in the treatment group there was loose granulation tissue (score of 4.0+/-0.8 vs. 2.3+/-1.0 in the treatment group, P = 0.06). The degree of inflammatory reaction was comparable in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that perioperative use of NSAIDs highly affects the quality of pleural adhesions obtained after mechanical abrasion in this pig model, which further suggests that these drugs should be avoided for pain management when a pleurodesis is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lardinois
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Flechsig E, Hegyi I, Leimeroth R, Zuniga A, Rossi D, Cozzio A, Schwarz P, Rülicke T, Götz J, Aguzzi A, Weissmann C. Expression of truncated PrP targeted to Purkinje cells of PrP knockout mice causes Purkinje cell death and ataxia. EMBO J 2003; 22:3095-101. [PMID: 12805223 PMCID: PMC162137 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PrP knockout mice with disruption of only the PrP-encoding region (Zürich I-type) remain healthy, whereas mice with deletions extending upstream of the PrP-encoding exon (Nagasaki-type) suffer Purkinje cell loss and ataxia, associated with ectopic expression of Doppel in brain, particularly in Purkinje cells. The phenotype is abrogated by co-expression of full-length PrP. Doppel is 25% similar to PrP, has the same globular fold, but lacks the flexible N-terminal tail. We now show that in Zürich I-type PrP-null mice, expression of N-terminally truncated PrP targeted to Purkinje cells also leads to Purkinje cell loss and ataxia, which are reversed by PrP. Doppel and truncated PrP probably cause Purkinje cell degeneration by the same mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard Flechsig
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Albinger-Hegyi A, Hochreutener B, Abdou MT, Hegyi I, Dours-Zimmermann MT, Kurrer MO, Heitz PU, Zimmermann DR. High frequency of t(14;18)-translocation breakpoints outside of major breakpoint and minor cluster regions in follicular lymphomas: improved polymerase chain reaction protocols for their detection. Am J Pathol 2002; 160:823-32. [PMID: 11891181 PMCID: PMC1867177 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The detection of t(14;18) translocations is widely used for the diagnosis and monitoring of follicular lymphomas displaying a high prevalence for this aberration. Cytogenetics, Southern blotting, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are commonly used techniques. It is generally believed that the vast majority of the breakpoints occurs on chromosome 18 in the major breakpoint region (mbr) and the minor cluster region (mcr). Yet, by improving long-distance PCR protocols we identified half of the breakpoints outside of these clusters. Our study included biopsies from 59 patients with follicular lymphoma. Seventy-one percent carried translocations detectable with our long-distance PCR protocol. The novel primer sets were derived from the hitherto uncharacterized 25-kb-long stretch between mbr and mcr that we have sequenced for this purpose. Sequence analysis of the novel breakpoints reveals a wide distribution between mbr and mcr displaying some clustering 16 kb downstream from the BCL2 gene. By including a primer for this intermediate cluster region in standard PCRs we could also improve the detection of t(14;18) translocations in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsies. Our new PCRs are highly sensitive, easy to perform, and thus well suited for routine analysis of t(14;18) translocations for the primary diagnosis of follicular lymphoma and surveillance of minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Albinger-Hegyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of ClinicalPathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Hess C, Vuong V, Hegyi I, Riesterer O, Wood J, Fabbro D, Glanzmann C, Bodis S, Pruschy M. Effect of VEGF receptor inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584 [correction of ZK222548] combined with ionizing radiation on endothelial cells and tumour growth. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:2010-6. [PMID: 11747347 PMCID: PMC2364010 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor is a major target for anti-angiogenesis-based cancer treatment. Here we report the treatment effect of ionizing radiation in combination with the novel orally bioavailable VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584 on endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and with tumour xenografts in vivo. Combined treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with increasing doses of PTK787/ZK222584 and ionizing radiation abrogated VEGF-dependent proliferation in a dose-dependent way, but inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation was not due to apoptosis induction. In vivo, a combined treatment regimen of PTK787/ZK222584 (4 x 100 mg/kg) during 4 consecutive days in combination with ionizing radiation (4 x 3 Gy) exerted a substantial tumour growth delay for radiation-resistant p53-dysfunctional tumour xenografts derived from SW480 colon adenocarcinoma cells while each treatment modality alone had only a minimal effect on tumour size and neovascularization. SW480 tumours from animals that received a combined treatment regimen, displayed not only an extended tumour growth delay but also a significant decrease in the number of microvessels in the tumour xenograft. These results support the model of a cooperative anti-tumoral effect of angiogenesis inhibitor and irradiation and show that the orally bioavailable VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584 is suitable for combination therapy with irradiation.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/radiotherapy
- Administration, Oral
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Colonic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/radiation effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/radiotherapy
- Phthalazines/administration & dosage
- Phthalazines/pharmacology
- Phthalazines/therapeutic use
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyridines
- Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hess
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Flechsig E, Hegyi I, Enari M, Schwarz P, Collinge J, Weissmann C. Transmission of scrapie by steel-surface-bound prions. Mol Med 2001; 7:679-84. [PMID: 11713367 PMCID: PMC1949999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prions are unusually resistant to conventional disinfection procedures. An electrode used intracerebrally on a Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) patient transmitted the disease to two patients in succession and finally to a chimpanzee, despite attempted disinfection. Concerns that surgical instruments may transmit variant CJD have been raised by the finding of PrP(Sc), a surrogate marker for infectivity, in various tissues other than brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stainless steel wire was exposed to scrapie-infected brain or brain homogenate, washed exhaustively and inserted into the brain of indicator mice to measure infectivity. RESULTS A contact time of 5 min with scrapie-infected mouse brain suffices to render steel wire highly infectious and insertion of infectious wire into the brain of an indicator mouse for 30 min suffices to cause disease. Infectivity bound to wires persists far longer in the brain than when injected as homogenate, which can explain the extraordinary efficiency of wire-mediated infection. No detectable amounts of PrP could be eluted with NaOH, however the presence of PrP on infectious wires was demonstrated by chemiluminescence. Several recommended sterilisation procedures inactivated wire-bound mouse prions, but exposure to 10% formaldehyde was insufficient. CONCLUSIONS Prions are readily and tightly bound to stainless steel surfaces and can transmit scrapie to recipient mice after short exposure times. This system mimics contaminated surgical instruments and will allow an assessment of sterilisation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Flechsig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's, London, UK
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25
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Abstract
Following intracerebral or peripheral inoculation of mice with scrapie prions, infectivity accumulates first in the spleen and only later in the brain. In the spleen of scrapie-infected mice, prions were found in association with T and B lymphocytes and to a somewhat lesser degree with the stroma, which contains the follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) but not with non-B, non-T cells; strikingly, no infectivity was found in lymphocytes from blood of the same mice. Transgenic PrP knockout mice expressing PrP restricted to either B or T lymphocytes show no prion replication in the lymphoreticular system. Therefore, splenic lymphocytes either acquire prions from another source or replicate them in dependency on other PrP-expressing cells. The essential role of FDCs in prion replication in spleen was shown by treating mice with soluble lymphotoxin-beta receptor, which led to disappearance of mature FDCs from the spleen and concomitantly abolished splenic prion accumulation and retarded neuroinvasion following intraperitoneal scrapie inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weissmann
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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26
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Zaugg K, Rocha S, Resch H, Hegyi I, Oehler C, Glanzmann C, Fabbro D, Bodis S, Pruschy M. Differential p53-dependent mechanism of radiosensitization in vitro and in vivo by the protein kinase C-specific inhibitor PKC412. Cancer Res 2001; 61:732-8. [PMID: 11212276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The cellular response to ionizing radiation is governed by the DNA-damage recognition process but is also modulated by cytoplasmic signal transduction cascades that are part of the cellular stress response. Growth-promoting protein kinase C activity antagonizes irradiation-induced cell death, and, therefore, protein kinase C inhibitors might be potent radiosensitizers. The antiproliferative and radiosensitizing effect of the novel N-benzoylated staurosporine analogue PKC412 was tested in vitro against genetically defined p53-wild type (+/+) and p53-deficient (-/-) murine fibrosarcoma cells and in vivo against radioresistant p53-/- murine fibrosarcoma and human colon adenocarcinoma tumor xenograft (SW480, p53-mutated). PKC412 sensitized both p53+/+ and p53-/- tumor cells in vitro and in vivo for treatment with ionizing radiation but with a different mechanism of radiosensitization depending on the p53 status. In p53+/+, cells combined treatment with PKC412 and ionizing radiation drastically induced apoptotic cell death, whereas no apoptosis induction could be observed in p53-deficient cells in vitro and in histological tumor sections. Combined treatment resulted in an increased G2 cell cycle distribution in p53-/- cells at PKC412 concentrations that did not alter cell cycle distribution when applied alone. In vivo, a minimal treatment regimen during 4 consecutive days of PKC412 (4 x 100 mg/kg) in combination with ionizing radiation (4 x 3 Gy) exerted a substantial tumor growth delay for both p53-disfunctional tumor xenografts and showed that the clinically relevant protein kinase C inhibitor PKC412 is a promising new radiosensitizer with a potentially broad therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zaugg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Abstract
Some of the early events following scrapie infection take place in the lymphoreticular system (LRS) and result in significant replication of prions in lymphoid organs. The identity of the cells in the LRS that produce prions and their role in neuroinvasion are still unknown. We find that in the spleen of scrapie-infected mice, prions are associated with T and B cells and to a somewhat lesser degree with the stroma, which contains the follicular dendritic cells (FDC's); curiously, no infectivity was found in lymphocytes from blood of the same mice. Thus, splenic lymphocytes either replicate prions or acquire them from another source. Studies on PrP knockout mice with ectopic expression of PrP restricted to only B or T lymphocytes suggest that neither of these by themselves are competent for prion replication. To determine whether B and T cells are able to pick up prions from other sources, irradiated wild-type mice were reconstituted with PrP-deficient lymphohaematopoietic stem cells. Following intraperitoneal inoculation of these mice, no infectivity was found on splenic lymphocytes whereas the stroma (comprising the radiation-resistant, PrP-expressing FDC's) contained prions. These results imply that splenic lymphocytes can acquire prions, possibly from FDC's, but only if they express PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Raeber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
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28
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Flechsig E, Shmerling D, Hegyi I, Raeber AJ, Fischer M, Cozzio A, von Mering C, Aguzzi A, Weissmann C. Prion protein devoid of the octapeptide repeat region restores susceptibility to scrapie in PrP knockout mice. Neuron 2000; 27:399-408. [PMID: 10985358 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mice devoid of PrP are resistant to scrapie and fail to replicate the agent. Introduction of transgenes expressing PrP into such mice restores susceptibility to scrapie. We find that truncated PrP devoid of the five copper binding octarepeats still sustains scrapie infection; however, incubation times are longer and prion titers and protease-resistant PrP are about 30-fold lower than in wild-type mice. Surprisingly, brains of terminally ill animals show no histopathology typical for scrapie. However, in the spinal cord, infectivity, gliosis, and motor neuron loss are as in scrapie-infected wild-type controls. Thus, while the region comprising the octarepeats is not essential for mediating pathogenesis and prion replication, it modulates the extent of these events and of disease presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Flechsig
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Abteilung I, Universität Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Frigg R, Klein MA, Hegyi I, Zinkernagel RM, Aguzzi A. Scrapie pathogenesis in subclinically infected B-cell-deficient mice. J Virol 1999; 73:9584-8. [PMID: 10516067 PMCID: PMC112993 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.11.9584-9588.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/1999] [Accepted: 07/26/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion infections can present without clinical manifestations. B-cell deficiency may be a model for subclinical transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, since it protects mice from disease upon intraperitoneal administration of scrapie prions; however, a proportion of B-cell-deficient mice accumulate protease-resistant prion protein in their brains. Here, we have characterized this subclinical disease. In addition, we have studied the possibility that a neurotoxic factor secreted by B cells may contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Frigg
- Institutes of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Aguzzi A, Klein MA, Musahl C, Raeber AJ, Blättler T, Hegyi I, Frigg R, Brandner S. Use of brain grafts to study the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Essays Biochem 1999; 33:133-47. [PMID: 10488447 DOI: 10.1042/bse0330133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For the study of prion neurotoxicity, we used neural-grafting techniques: mice devoid of the normal host prion protein (Prnp% mice) received a neural graft and were intracerebrally infected with mouse prions. The growth and differentiation properties of neural grafts were defined. Growth of embryonic neuroectodermal tissue was optimal at gestational days 12.5-13.5. The blood-brain barrier is reconstituted after 7 weeks in most animals. Scrapie-infected PrPC-expressing grafts develop a severe spongiform encephalopathy and contain proteinase-resistant protein and infectivity. Infected grafts deliver high amounts of prions to the host brain without eliciting disease. Infected grafts show a progressive disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Following intraocular prion inoculation of a transplanted Prnp% mouse, prions do not reach the intracerebral graft, indicating that PrP expression is required for propagation along the optic tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aguzzi
- Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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31
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Alperovitch A, Zerr I, Pocchiari M, Mitrova E, de Pedro Cuesta J, Hegyi I, Collins S, Kretzschmar H, van Duijn C, Will RG. Codon 129 prion protein genotype and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Lancet 1999; 353:1673-4. [PMID: 10335789 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Raeber AJ, Sailer A, Hegyi I, Klein MA, Rülicke T, Fischer M, Brandner S, Aguzzi A, Weissmann C. Ectopic expression of prion protein (PrP) in T lymphocytes or hepatocytes of PrP knockout mice is insufficient to sustain prion replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:3987-92. [PMID: 10097150 PMCID: PMC22407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular form of the Prion protein (PrPC) is necessary for prion replication in mice. To determine whether it is also sufficient, we expressed PrP under the control of various cell- or tissue-specific regulatory elements in PrP knockout mice. The interferon regulatory factor-1 promoter/Emu enhancer led to high PrP levels in the spleen and low PrP levels in the brain. Following i.p. scrapie inoculation, high prion titers were found in the spleen but not in the brain at 2 weeks and 6 months, showing that the lymphoreticular system by itself is competent to replicate prions. PrP expression directed by the Lck promoter resulted in high PrP levels on T lymphocytes only but, surprisingly, did not allow prion replication in the thymus, spleen, or brain following i.p. inoculation. A third transgenic line, which expressed PrP in the liver under the control of the albumin promoter/enhancer-albeit at low levels-also failed to replicate prions. These results show that expression of PrP alone is not sufficient to sustain prion replication and suggest that additional components are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Raeber
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Abteilung I, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Klein MA, Frigg R, Raeber AJ, Flechsig E, Hegyi I, Zinkernagel RM, Weissmann C, Aguzzi A. PrP expression in B lymphocytes is not required for prion neuroinvasion. Nat Med 1998; 4:1429-33. [PMID: 9846583 DOI: 10.1038/4022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are typically initiated by infection of peripheral sites, as in the case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru and most cases of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In mouse scrapie, prion infectivity accumulates in lymphoid organs, and the absence of mature B lymphocytes prevents peripherally administered prions from inducing central nervous system disease. We have now assessed whether expression of the cellular prion protein, PrPc, is required for B lymphocytes to mediate neuroinvasion. We found that repopulation of SCID and Rag-1(-/-) mice with fetal liver cells from either PrP-expressing or PrP-deficient mice and from T-cell deficient mice, but not from B-cell deficient mice, is equally efficient in restoring neuroinvasion after intraperitoneal inoculation of scrapie prions. These results indicate that cells whose maturation depends on B cells or their products, such as follicular dendritic cells, may enhance neuroinvasion. Alternatively, B cells may transport prions to the nervous system by a PrP-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Klein
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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34
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Aguzzi A, D'Angelo MG, Klein MA, Frigg R, Fischer MB, Raeber AJ, Röckl C, Musahl C, Hegyi I, Brandner S. [The new research frontier on prion disease]. Pathologica 1998; 90:743-52. [PMID: 10220993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
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Abstract
A patient with histopathologically verified sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) presented initially with diplopia, sleep disturbances, and L-dopa-responsive parkinsonism. After more than a year of slow progression, he did not become demented, and failed to fulfill the clinical criteria for possible CJD. No clinical examinations currently proposed to detect CJD showed the disease. CJD should be in the differential diagnosis of "parkinson plus" syndromes until a different etiology has been found or a histopathologic examination performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Vingerhoets
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
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Zanusso G, Liu D, Ferrari S, Hegyi I, Yin X, Aguzzi A, Hornemann S, Liemann S, Glockshuber R, Manson JC, Brown P, Petersen RB, Gambetti P, Sy MS. Prion protein expression in different species: analysis with a panel of new mAbs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:8812-6. [PMID: 9671761 PMCID: PMC21159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
By immunizing prion knockout mice (Prnp-/-) with recombinant murine prion protein (PrPc), we obtained a panel of mAbs specific for murine PrPc. These mAbs can be applied to immunoblotting, cell surface immunofluorescent staining, and immunohistochemistry at light and electron microscopy. These mAbs recognize both the normal (PrPc) and protease-resistant (PrPres) isoforms of PrP. Some mAbs are species restricted, while others react with PrP from a broad range of mammals including mice, humans, monkeys, cows, sheep, squirrels, and hamsters. Moreover, some of the mAbs selectively recognize different PrP glycoforms as well as the metabolic fragments of PrPc. These newly generated PrPc antibodies will help to explore the biology of PrPc and to establish the diagnosis of prion diseases in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zanusso
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44120, USA
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Shmerling D, Hegyi I, Fischer M, Blättler T, Brandner S, Götz J, Rülicke T, Flechsig E, Cozzio A, von Mering C, Hangartner C, Aguzzi A, Weissmann C. Expression of amino-terminally truncated PrP in the mouse leading to ataxia and specific cerebellar lesions. Cell 1998; 93:203-14. [PMID: 9568713 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The physiological role of prion protein (PrP) remains unknown. Mice devoid of PrP develop normally but are resistant to scrapie; introduction of a PrP transgene restores susceptibility to the disease. To identify the regions of PrP necessary for this activity, we prepared PrP knockout mice expressing PrPs with amino-proximal deletions. Surprisingly, PrP lacking residues 32-121 or 32-134, but not with shorter deletions, caused severe ataxia and neuronal death limited to the granular layer of the cerebellum as early as 1-3 months after birth. The defect was completely abolished by introducing one copy of a wild-type PrP gene. We speculate that these truncated PrPs may be nonfunctional and compete with some other molecule with a PrP-like function for a common ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shmerling
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Abteilung I, Universität Zürich, Switzerland
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Marxer-Meier A, Hegyi I, Loffing J, Kaissling B. Postnatal maturation of renal cortical peritubular fibroblasts in the rat. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1998; 197:143-53. [PMID: 9497157 DOI: 10.1007/s004290050126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The stromal cells in the renal cortex and medulla of adult rats reveal different phenotypes. Cortical peritubular fibroblasts are ecto-5'nucleotidase (5'NT)-positive and lack alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) and vimentin immunoreactivity, whereas medullary fibroblasts are 5'NT-negative and vimentin-positive. We have studied by immunohistochemistry the postnatal (neonatal up to 8 weeks) development of renal cortical stromal cells with respect to 5'NT and to the cytoskeletal proteins alphaSMA and vimentin. Both alphaSMA and vimentin are characteristic for the renal myofibroblasts that replace stromal fibroblasts in interstitial nephritis. In new-born and 1-week-old rats, stromal cells in the cortex and medulla display alphaSMA and vimentin, but lack 5'NT. During the second postnatal week, alphaSMA and vimentin immunoreactivity in cortical interstitial cells gradually declines, whereas 5'NT reactivity becomes progressively apparent between the convoluted tubules in the juxtamedullary labyrinth. For a short time, all three proteins are found to be coexpressed in the same cells. At the end of the third week, interstitial 5'NT-immunoreactivity becomes evident also in the superficial cortical labyrinth, and alphaSMA and vimentin are no longer detectable in cortical peritubular cells. From the fourth week on, the distribution pattern and phenotype of 5'NT-positive cortical fibroblasts correspond to that in adult rats. The temporal pattern of maturation of cortical peritubular fibroblasts seems to parallel the functional maturation of cortical tubules. It is suggested that the local phenotype of peritubular fibroblasts in healthy and possibly also in injured kidneys may be controlled, at least in part, by the local tubular environment, conditioned by tubular metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marxer-Meier
- Anatomisches Institut der Universität Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
The physical nature of the agent that causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (the 'prion'), is the subject of passionate controversy. Investigation of it has benefited tremendously from the use of transgenic and knockout technologies. However, prion diseases present several other enigmas, including the mechanism of brain damage and how the affinity of the agent for the central nervous system is controlled. Here we show that such questions can be effectively addressed in transgenic and knockout systems, and that pathogenesis may be clarified even before we can be certain about the nature of the infectious agent. Availability of mice overexpressing the Prnp gene (which encodes the normal prion protein) and Prnp knockout mice allows for selective reconstitution experiments aimed at expressing PrP in specific portions of the brain or in selected populations of hemato- and lymphopoietic origin. We summarize how such studies can offer insights into how prions administered to peripheral sites can gain access to central nervous tissue, and into the molecular requirements for spongiform brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology (Dept. of Pathology), University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Loffing J, Loffing-Cueni D, Hegyi I, Kaplan MR, Hebert SC, Le Hir M, Kaissling B. Thiazide treatment of rats provokes apoptosis in distal tubule cells. Kidney Int 1996; 50:1180-90. [PMID: 8887276 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1996.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of inhibition of apical NaCl entry on the structural correlates for electrolyte transport in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of rats. Thiazide diuretics were used to block NaCl entry specifically in the DCT. Metolazone or hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were applied for three days subcutaneously via osmotic minipumps. The renal epithelial structure of control and treated rats was studied by light and electron microscopy. Distribution of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (rTSC1), calbindin D28K and Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase was examined by immunohistochemistry, and the content of rTSC1 transcripts by Northern blot and in situ hybridization. In treated rats the DCT epithelium had lost the structural characteristics of electrolyte transporting epithelia and the cells were in different stages of apoptosis. In damaged cells calbindin D28K and Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase were strongly decreased; the rTSC1 was shifted from the luminal membrane to the basal cell half and was found additionally in small membrane vesicles in intercellular and peritubular spaces. Transcripts of rTSC1 were drastically reduced in homogenates of kidney cortex and almost absent in damaged DCT cells. All other tubular segments were unaffected by the treatment. Focal inflammatory infiltrates were found to be specifically surrounding DCT profiles. Thus, inhibition by thiazides of apical NaCl entry into DCT cells is associated with apoptosis of DCT cells and focal peritubular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Loffing
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Renal interstitial cells play an important role in renal function and renal diseases. We describe the morphology of renal interstitial cells in the healthy kidney. We distinguish within the renal interstitium (1) renal fibroblasts and (2) cells of the immune system. Fibroblasts are in the majority and constitute the scaffold of the kidney; they are interconnected by junctions, and are attached to tubules and vessels. Although the phenotype of fibroblasts shows some variation depending on their location in the kidney and on their functional stage, their recognition as fibroblasts is possible on account of structural features. Among the cell types of the second group, antigen-presenting dendritic cells are the most abundant in in the peritubular interstitial spaces of healthy kidneys. Their incidence is highest in the inner stripe of the outer medulla. They share some morphological features with fibroblasts but lack others--junctional complexes, morphologically defined connections with tubules and vessels, and the prominent layer of actin filaments under the plasma membrane--that are characteristic for fibroblasts. Dendritic cells in healthy kidneys are morphologically different from macrophages, which are characterized by abundant primary and secondary lysosomes. In healthy kidneys macrophages are restricted to the connective tissue of the renal capsule and the pelvic wall, and to the periarterial connective tissue. Lymphocytes are rare in healthy kidneys. The distinction of cell types by morphology is supported by differences of membrane proteins. Among all interstitial cells in the renal cortex, fibroblasts alone exhibit ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Dendritic cells constitutively have a high abundance of MHC class II protein. Both proteins are mutually exclusive. Rat macrophages display the membrane antigen ED 2 and lymphocytes exhibit specific surface antigens, depending on their type and functional stage, e.g., CD4 or CD8.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kaissling
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Zurich, Switzerland. bkaissl@ anatomie.unizh.ch
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Schricker K, Hegyi I, Hamann M, Kaissling B, Kurtz A. Tonic stimulation of renin gene expression by nitric oxide is counteracted by tonic inhibition through angiotensin II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:8006-10. [PMID: 7644529 PMCID: PMC41275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.17.8006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the possible involvement of prostaglandins and nitric oxide (NO) in the renin stimulatory effect of angiotensin II (AngII) antagonists. To this end, plasma renin activities (PRAs) and renal renin mRNA levels were assayed in rats that were treated with the Ang-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril or with the AngII AT1-receptor antagonist losartan. Ramipril and losartan increased PRA values from 7.5 +/- 1.6 to 86 +/- 6 and 78 +/- 22 ng of AngI per h per ml and renin mRNA levels from 112 +/- 9% to 391 +/- 20% and 317 +/- 10%, respectively. Inhibition of prostaglandin formation with indomethacin did not influence basal or ramipril-affected PRA. Basal renin mRNA levels also were unchanged by indomethacin, while increases in renin mRNA levels after ramipril treatment were slightly reduced by indomethacin. Inhibition of NO synthase by nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) reduced PRA values to 3.2 +/- 0.9, 34 +/- 13, and 12.1 +/- 2.7 ng of AngI per h per ml in control, ramipril-treated, and losartan-treated animals, respectively. Renin mRNA levels were reduced to 77 +/- 14% under basal conditions and ramipril- and losartan-induced increases in renin mRNA levels were completely blunted after addition of L-NAME. The AngII antagonists, furthermore, induced an upstream recruitment of renin-expressing cells in the renal afferent arterioles, which was also blunted by L-NAME. These findings suggest that renin mRNA levels are tonically increased by NO and that the action of NO is counteracted by AngII.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schricker
- Physiologisches Institut der Universität Regensburg, Germany
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Huttl T, Hegyi I, Sótonyi P, Somogyi E. [Forensic and ballistic examination of the surface of gunshot wounds]. Morphol Igazsagugyi Orv Sz 1981; 21:113-9. [PMID: 7266540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
When investigating a gun-shot wound the forensic scientist gets the largest number of informations from the examination of the surface of it. After summarizing classical methods of the fire-arms examiner, authors report findings of the scanning electron microscopic examination of the entrance wound and the damaged clothing. Various alterations found characterize different factors of the shooting. Their presence and relation to each other may help to determine the fact of the shot itself and estimate the range at which the weapon was fired.
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