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Basile MS, Cavalli E, McCubrey J, Hernández-Bello J, Muñoz-Valle JF, Fagone P, Nicoletti F. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: A potential pharmacological target in COVID-19. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:848-856. [PMID: 34763066 PMCID: PMC8574122 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a serious threat to global health. The disregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) cell signaling pathway observed in patients with COVID-19 has attracted attention for the possible use of specific inhibitors of this pathway for the treatment of the disease. Here, we review emerging data on the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the clinical studies investigating its tailored inhibition in COVID-19. Current in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data convergently support a role for the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in COVID-19 and suggest the use of specific inhibitors of this pathway that, by a combined mechanism entailing downregulation of excessive inflammatory reactions, cell protection, and antiviral effects, could ameliorate the course of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Basile
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Eugenio Cavalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody Medical Sciences Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Guadalajara, 44340 Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- University Center for Health Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco 49000, Mexico
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy,Corresponding author
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Bertacchini J, Mediani L, Beretti F, Guida M, Ghalali A, Brugnoli F, Bertagnolo V, Petricoin E, Poti F, Arioli J, Anselmi L, Bari A, McCubrey J, Martelli AM, Cocco L, Capitani S, Marmiroli S. Clusterin enhances AKT2‐mediated motility of normal and cancer prostate cells through a PTEN and PHLPP1 circuit. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11188-11199. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences Section of Morphology, Signal Transduction Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Laura Mediani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences Section of Morphology, Signal Transduction Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Francesca Beretti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, Dentistry, and Morphology University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Marianna Guida
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences Section of Morphology, Signal Transduction Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Aram Ghalali
- Institute of Environment Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Federica Brugnoli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine Section of Anatomy and Histology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Valeria Bertagnolo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine Section of Anatomy and Histology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Emanuel Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics & Molecular Medicine, GMU Fairfax Virginia
| | - Francesco Poti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery‐Unit of Neurosciences University of Parma Parma Italy
| | - Jessica Arioli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences Section of Morphology, Signal Transduction Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Laura Anselmi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences Section of Morphology, Signal Transduction Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Alessia Bari
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical Medicine and Public Health Program of Innovative Therapy in Oncology and Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville North Carolina
| | - Alberto M. Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine Section of Anatomy and Histology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences Section of Morphology, Signal Transduction Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
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Ramazzotti G, Fiume R, Chiarini F, Campana G, Ratti S, Billi AM, Manzoli L, Follo MY, Suh PG, McCubrey J, Cocco L, Faenza I. Phospholipase C-β1 interacts with cyclin E in adipose- derived stem cells osteogenic differentiation. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 71:1-9. [PMID: 30420274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are multipotent mesenchymal stem cells that have the ability to differentiate into several cell types, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and neural cells. Given their easy accessibility and abundance, they became an attractive source of mesenchymal stem cells, as well as candidates for developing new treatments for reconstructive medicine and tissue engineering. Our study identifies a new signaling pathway that promotes ADSCs osteogenic differentiation and links the lipid signaling enzyme phospholipase C (PLC)-β1 to the expression of the cell cycle protein cyclin E. During osteogenic differentiation, PLC-β1 expression varies concomitantly with cyclin E expression and the two proteins interact. These findings contribute to clarify the pathways involved in osteogenic differentiation and provide evidence to develop therapeutic strategies for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ramazzotti
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Fiume
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- Institute of Molecular Genetics - Bologna Unit, c/o Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1-10, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Campana
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Billi
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pann-Gill Suh
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Lucio Cocco
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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Leontovich AA, Jalalirad M, Salisbury JL, Mills L, Haddox C, Schroeder M, Tuma A, Guicciardi ME, Zammataro L, Gambino MW, Amato A, Di Leonardo A, McCubrey J, Lange CA, Liu M, Haddad T, Goetz M, Boughey J, Sarkaria J, Wang L, Ingle JN, Galanis E, D'Assoro AB. NOTCH3 expression is linked to breast cancer seeding and distant metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:105. [PMID: 30180881 PMCID: PMC6123953 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Development of distant metastases involves a complex multistep biological process termed the invasion-metastasis cascade, which includes dissemination of cancer cells from the primary tumor to secondary organs. NOTCH developmental signaling plays a critical role in promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, tumor stemness, and metastasis. Although all four NOTCH receptors show oncogenic properties, the unique role of each of these receptors in the sequential stepwise events that typify the invasion-metastasis cascade remains elusive. Methods We have established metastatic xenografts expressing high endogenous levels of NOTCH3 using estrogen receptor alpha-positive (ERα+) MCF-7 breast cancer cells with constitutive active Raf-1/mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling (vMCF-7Raf-1) and MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. The critical role of NOTCH3 in inducing an invasive phenotype and poor outcome was corroborated in unique TNBC cells resulting from a patient-derived brain metastasis (TNBC-M25) and in publicly available claudin-low breast tumor specimens collected from participants in the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium database. Results In this study, we identified an association between NOTCH3 expression and development of metastases in ERα+ and TNBC models. ERα+ breast tumor xenografts with a constitutive active Raf-1/MAPK signaling developed spontaneous lung metastases through the clonal expansion of cancer cells expressing a NOTCH3 reprogramming network. Abrogation of NOTCH3 expression significantly reduced the self-renewal and invasive capacity of ex vivo breast cancer cells, restoring a luminal CD44low/CD24high/ERαhigh phenotype. Forced expression of the mitotic Aurora kinase A (AURKA), which promotes breast cancer metastases, failed to restore the invasive capacity of NOTCH3-null cells, demonstrating that NOTCH3 expression is required for an invasive phenotype. Likewise, pharmacologic inhibition of NOTCH signaling also impaired TNBC cell seeding and metastatic growth. Significantly, the role of aberrant NOTCH3 expression in promoting tumor self-renewal, invasiveness, and poor outcome was corroborated in unique TNBC cells from a patient-derived brain metastasis and in publicly available claudin-low breast tumor specimens. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the key role of NOTCH3 oncogenic signaling in the genesis of breast cancer metastasis and provide a compelling preclinical rationale for the design of novel therapeutic strategies that will selectively target NOTCH3 to halt metastatic seeding and to improve the clinical outcomes of patients with breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-1020-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Leontovich
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mohammad Jalalirad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Salisbury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lisa Mills
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Candace Haddox
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark Schroeder
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ann Tuma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria E Guicciardi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Luca Zammataro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario W Gambino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Angela Amato
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Leonardo
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Carol A Lange
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Minetta Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tufia Haddad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew Goetz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Judy Boughey
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jann Sarkaria
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James N Ingle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Antonino B D'Assoro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
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5
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Opyrchal M, Gil M, Salisbury JL, Goetz MP, Suman V, Degnim A, McCubrey J, Haddad T, Iankov I, Kurokawa CB, Shumacher N, Ingle JN, Galanis E, D’Assoro AB. Molecular targeting of the Aurora-A/SMAD5 oncogenic axis restores chemosensitivity in human breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91803-91816. [PMID: 29207686 PMCID: PMC5710966 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the majority of breast cancers initially respond to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents, most breast cancer patients experience tumor relapse and ultimately die because of drug resistance. Breast cancer cells undergoing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) acquire a CD44+/CD24-/ALDH1+ cancer stem cell-like phenotype characterized by an increased capacity for tumor self-renewal, intrinsic drug resistance and high proclivity to develop distant metastases. We uncovered in human breast tumor xenografts a novel non-mitotic role of Aurora-A kinase in promoting breast cancer metastases through activation of EMT and expansion of breast tumor initiating cells (BTICs). In this study we characterized the role of the Aurora-A/SMAD5 oncogenic axis in the induction of chemoresistance. Breast cancer cells overexpressing Aurora-A showed resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents, while treatment with alisertib, a selective Aurora-A kinase inhibitor, restored chemosensitivity. Significantly, SMAD5 expression was required to induce chemoresistance and maintain a breast cancer stem cell-like phenotype, indicating that the Aurora-A/SMAD5 oncogenic axis promotes chemoresistance through activation of stemness signaling. Taken together, these findings identified a novel mechanism of drug resistance through aberrant activation of the non-canonical Aurora-A/SMAD5 oncogenic axis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Opyrchal
- 5 Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Malgorzata Gil
- 5 Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Salisbury
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mathew P. Goetz
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vera Suman
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amy Degnim
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James McCubrey
- 4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Tufia Haddad
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ianko Iankov
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chenye B. Kurokawa
- 3 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nicole Shumacher
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James N. Ingle
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,3 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Antonino B. D’Assoro
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Leontovich A, Salisbury J, Haddox CL, Mills L, Haddad T, McCubrey J, Goetz M, Ingle J, Galanis E, D'Assoro AB. Abstract 4851: NOTCH signaling promotes metastatic seeding and growth of human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: NOTCH oncogenic signaling induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and
tumor stemness that play a critical role in driving tumor progression. Following interaction of NOTCH
receptors (NOTCH 1, 2, 3, and 4) with their ligands (DELTA-LIKE 1, 3, 4 and JAGGED 1, 2), γ-
secretase complex performs an intra-membrane cleavage releasing the NOTCH intracellular domain
(NNICD). NNICD translocates to the nucleus and induces the expression of HEY1 and HES1
transcription factors that in turn orchestrate NOTCH-mediated EMT and stemness reprogramming.
Materials and Methods: Parental MCF-7 and unique metastatic MCF-7RAF-1 xenografts with
constitutively active MAPK signaling (D’Assoro et al., Oncogene 2014: 33:599-610) were used to define
the extent to which increased expression of NOTCH signaling was linked to distant metastases. SKY
analysis was performed to assess the grade of chromosomal instability (CIN) in tumor xenografts.
Stemness activity was assessed by culturing breast cancer cells under non-adherent conditions to
generate mammospheres. Expression of CD24 luminal marker was characterized by FACS analysis
and immunofluorescence. Global transcriptome analysis was performed using Affymetrix® microarray.
Highly invasive MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells were used to perform a tail vein cancer cell-seeding
assay. The LY411575 γ-secretase inhibitor (Pan-NOTCH inhibitor) was used to block NOTCH signaling
in MDA-MB 231 cells.
Results: Metastasis Initiating Cells (MICs) isolated from the lungs of nude mice carrying MCF-7RAF-1
xenografts exhibited a higher degree of genomic stability than primary tumor xenografts that was
characterized by the absence of centrosome amplification and non-clonal chromosomal abnormalities.
MICs also showed higher mammosphere forming capacity that was linked to lower expression of luminal
marker CD24. Significantly, global transcriptome analysis showed that expression of NOTCH3 and
HES1 stemness genes was increased in MICs. To corroborate the role of NOTCH signaling in inducing
metastatic seeding, MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells were pre-treated with 1 µM of LY411575 After 72
hours viable cells were injected into the tail vein of immune-compromised mice to develop lung
metastases. While animals injected with untreated MDA-MB 231 cells developed lung metastases,
those injected with the LY411575-treated MDA-MB 231 cells failed to develop lung metastatic lesions.
Conclusions: These preliminary findings demonstrate the role of NOTCH stemness signaling in
promoting metastatic seeding of breast cancer cells. Since NOTCH signaling is a “druggable target”,
these results also provide the rationale to develop novel NOTCH-targeted therapies to inhibit tumor
stemness and early onset of distant metastases.
Citation Format: Alexey Leontovich, Jeffrey Salisbury, Candace L. Haddox, Lisa Mills, Tufia Haddad, James McCubrey, Matthew Goetz, James Ingle, Evanthia Galanis, Antonino B. D'Assoro. NOTCH signaling promotes metastatic seeding and growth of human breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4851. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4851
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa Mills
- Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | - James Ingle
- Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, MN
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Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Fagone P, McCubrey J, Bendtzen K, Mijatovic S, Nicoletti F. HIV-protease inhibitors for the treatment of cancer: Repositioning HIV protease inhibitors while developing more potent NO-hybridized derivatives? Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1713-1726. [PMID: 27870005 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The possible use of HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PI) as new therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer primarily originated from their success in treating HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). While these findings were initially attributed to immune reconstitution and better control of oncogenic viral infections, the number of reports on solid tumors, KS, lymphoma, fibrosarcoma, multiple myeloma and prostate cancer suggest other mechanisms for the anti-neoplastic activity of PIs. However, a major drawback for the possible adoption of HIV-PIs in the therapy of cancer relies on their relatively weak anticancer potency and important side effects. This has propelled several groups to generate derivatives of HIV-PIs for anticancer use, through modifications such as attachment of different moieties, ligands and transporters, including saquinavir-loaded folic acid conjugated nanoparticles and nitric oxide (NO) derivatives of HIV-PIs. In this article, we discuss the current preclinical and clinical evidences for the potential use of HIV-PIs, and of novel derivatives, such as saquinavir-NO in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Maksimovic-Ivanic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Belgrade University, Serbia
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Klaus Bendtzen
- Institute for Inflammation Research (IIR), Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanja Mijatovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Belgrade University, Serbia
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
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8
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Buontempo F, Orsini E, Lonetti A, Cappellini A, Chiarini F, Evangelisti C, Evangelisti C, Pession A, Bertaina A, Locatelli F, McCubrey J, Martelli A. 3232 Synergistic cytotoxic effects of bortezomib and ck2 inhibitor cx-4945 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: turning off the prosurvival er chaperone BIP/GRP78 and turning on the proapoptotic NF-κb. Eur J Cancer 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)31809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mojic M, Bulatovic M, Radojkovic M, Kuzmanovic M, Ristic S, Stosic-Grujicic S, Miljkovic D, Cavalli E, Libra M, Fagone P, McCubrey J, Nicoletti F, Mijatovic S. The NO-modified HIV protease inhibitor as a valuable drug for hematological malignancies: Role of p70S6K. Leuk Res 2015. [PMID: 26220866 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of NO to the first approved HIV protease inhibitor Saquinavir (Saq-NO) expands the therapeutic potential of the original drug. Apart from retained antiviral activity, the modified drug exerts strong antitumor effects and lower toxicity. In the present study, we have evaluated the sensitivity of different hematological malignancies to Saq-NO. Saq-NO efficiently diminished the viability of Jurkat, Raji, HL-60 and K562 cells. While Jurkat and Raji cells (established from pediatric patients) displayed abrogated proliferative potential, HL-60 and K652 cells (originated from adults) exposed to Saq-NO treatment underwent caspase dependent apoptosis. In addition, similar sensitivity to Saq-NO was observed in mononuclear blood cells obtained from pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Western blot analysis indicated p70S6 kinase as a possible intracellular target of Saq-NO action. Moreover, the addition of a NO moiety to Lopinavir resulted in improved antitumor potential as compared to the parental compound, suggesting that NO-derived HIV protease inhibitors are a potential new source of anticancer drugs with unique mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Maksimovic-Ivanic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mojic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirna Bulatovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Radojkovic
- Clinical Center "Dr Dragisa Misovic", Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Kuzmanovic
- Institute for Health Care of Mother and Child of Serbia "Dr Vukan Cupic", Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Ristic
- Clinical Center "Dr Dragisa Misovic", Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stanislava Stosic-Grujicic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje Miljkovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eugenio Cavalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Sanja Mijatovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
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10
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Opyrchal M, Salisbury JL, Iankov I, Goetz MP, McCubrey J, Gambino MW, Malatino L, Puccia G, Ingle JN, Galanis E, D'Assoro AB. Inhibition of Cdk2 kinase activity selectively targets the CD44⁺/CD24⁻/Low stem-like subpopulation and restores chemosensitivity of SUM149PT triple-negative breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1193-9. [PMID: 24970653 PMCID: PMC4121417 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an angioinvasive and most aggressive type of advanced breast cancer characterized by rapid proliferation, chemoresistance, early metastatic development and poor prognosis. IBC tumors display a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) phenotype characterized by centrosome amplification, high grade of chromosomal instability (CIN) and low levels of expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER-2 tyrosine kinase receptor. Since the TNBC cells lack these receptors necessary to promote tumor growth, common treatments such as endocrine therapy and molecular targeting of HER-2 receptor are ineffective for this subtype of breast cancer. To date, not a single targeted therapy has been approved for non-inflammatory and inflammatory TNBC tumors and combination of conventional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents remains the standard therapy. IBC tumors generally display activation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is functionally linked to a CD44+/CD24-/Low stem-like phenotype. Development of EMT and consequent activation of stemness programming is responsible for invasion, tumor self-renewal and drug resistance leading to breast cancer progression, distant metastases and poor prognosis. In this study, we employed the luminal ER+ MCF-7 and the IBC SUM149PT breast cancer cell lines to establish the extent to which high grade of CIN and chemoresistance were mechanistically linked to the enrichment of CD44+/CD24low/- CSCs. Here, we demonstrate that SUM149PT cells displayed higher CIN than MCF-7 cells characterized by higher percentage of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations. Moreover, centrosome amplification, cyclin E overexpression and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) were restricted to the stem-like CD44+/CD24-/Low subpopulation isolated from SUM149PT cells. Significantly, CD44+/CD24-/Low CSCs displayed resistance to conventional chemotherapy but higher sensitivity to SU9516, a specific cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) inhibitor, demonstrating that aberrant activation of cyclin E/Cdk2 oncogenic signaling is essential for the maintenance and expansion of CD44+/CD24-/Low CSC subpopulation in IBC. In conclusion, our findings propose a novel therapeutic approach to restore chemosensitivity and delay recurrence of IBC tumors based on the combination of conventional chemotherapy with small molecule inhibitors of the Cdk2 cell cycle kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Opyrchal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Salisbury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ianko Iankov
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mathew P Goetz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Mario W Gambino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lorenzo Malatino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Puccia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - James N Ingle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Antonino B D'Assoro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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Opyrchal M, Salisbury JL, Zhang S, McCubrey J, Hawse J, Goetz MP, Haddad TC, Degnim AC, Lange CA, Ingle JN, Galanis E, D'Assoro A. Aurora-A mitotic kinase and induction of endocrine resistance through downregulation of erα expression in initially erα+ breast cancer cells. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carol A. Lange
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
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12
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Opyrchal M, Salisbury JL, Zhang S, McCubrey J, Hawse J, Goetz MP, Lomberk GA, Haddad T, Degnim A, Lange C, Ingle JN, Galanis E, D'Assoro AB. Aurora-A mitotic kinase induces endocrine resistance through down-regulation of ERα expression in initially ERα+ breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96995. [PMID: 24816249 PMCID: PMC4016211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of endocrine resistance during tumor progression represents a major challenge in the management of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) positive breast tumors and is an area under intense investigation. Although the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood, many studies point towards the ‘cross-talk’ between ERα and MAPK signaling pathways as a key oncogenic axis responsible for the development of estrogen-independent growth of breast cancer cells that are initially ERα+ and hormone sensitive. In this study we employed a metastatic breast cancer xenograft model harboring constitutive activation of Raf-1 oncogenic signaling to investigate the mechanistic linkage between aberrant MAPK activity and development of endocrine resistance through abrogation of the ERα signaling axis. We demonstrate for the first time the causal role of the Aurora-A mitotic kinase in the development of endocrine resistance through activation of SMAD5 nuclear signaling and down-regulation of ERα expression in initially ERα+ breast cancer cells. This contribution is highly significant for the treatment of endocrine refractory breast carcinomas, because it may lead to the development of novel molecular therapies targeting the Aurora-A/SMAD5 oncogenic axis. We postulate such therapy to result in the selective eradication of endocrine resistant ERαlow/− cancer cells from the bulk tumor with consequent benefits for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Opyrchal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Salisbury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mattew P. Goetz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gwen A. Lomberk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tufia Haddad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Amy Degnim
- Department of General Surgery, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Carol Lange
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - James N. Ingle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ABD); (EG)
| | - Antonino B. D'Assoro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College Of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ABD); (EG)
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13
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Leontovich AA, Salisbury JL, Veroux M, Tallarita T, Billadeau D, McCubrey J, Ingle J, Galanis E, D'Assoro AB. Inhibition of Cdk2 activity decreases Aurora-A kinase centrosomal localization and prevents centrosome amplification in breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1785-8. [PMID: 23446853 PMCID: PMC3658847 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosome amplification plays a key role in the origin of chromosomal instability (CIN) during cancer development and progression. In this study, MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines harboring abrogated p53 function (vMCF-7DNp53) were employed to investigate the relationship between induction of genotoxic stress, activation of cyclin-A/Cdk2 and Aurora-A oncogenic signalings and development of centrosome amplification. Introduction of genotoxic stress in the vMCF-7DNp53 cell line by treatment with hydroxyurea (HU) induced centrosome amplification that was mechanistically linked to Aurora-A kinase activity. In cells carrying defective p53, the development of centrosome amplification also occurred following treatment with another DNA damaging agent, methotrexate. Importantly, we demonstrated that Aurora-A kinase-induced centrosome amplification was mediated by Cdk2 kinase since molecular inhibition of Cdk2 activity by SU9516 suppressed Aurora-A centrosomal localization and consequent centrosome amplification. In addition, we employed vMCF-7DRaf-1 cells that display high levels of endogenous cyclin-A and demonstrated that molecular targeting of Aurora-A by Alisertib reduces cyclin-A expression. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a novel positive feed-back loop between cyclin-A/Cdk2 and Aurora-A pathways in the development of centrosome amplification in breast cancer cells. They also provide the translational rationale for targeting ‘druggable cell cycle regulators’ as an innovative therapeutic strategy to inhibit centrosome amplification and CIN in breast tumors resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Leontovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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14
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McCubrey J, Steelman L, Wang X, Algate P, Hoyle P, White C, Davidian E, Prevost K, Robbins P, Mylott D, White M. Differential-effects of viral and cellular oncogenes on the growth factor-dependency of hematopoietic-cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 7:295-310. [PMID: 21552839 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.7.2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of different viral and cellular oncogenes on the cytokine-dependency of murine hematopoietic cell lines were compared. The myeloid FDC-P1 cell line was sensitive to abrogation of growth factor-dependency by the constitutive expression of viral oncogenes (v-abl, v-src, v-Ha-ras, and v-fms) and the activated cellular oncogene BCR-ABL and Delta Nraf. The Delta Nraf encoded serine-threonine kinase was approximately 100-fold less efficient in relieving the factor-dependency of FDC-P1 cells than the other oncogenes examined. The synthesis of autocrine cytokines was not detected in the factor-independent FDC-P1 lines, indicating that the oncogene-mediated transformation occurred by a non-autocrine mechanism. A low frequency of cells were isolated after infection with the chronic retrovirus, murine leukemia virus and approximately 40% of these clones synthesized the autocrine lymphokine, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. In contrast, only the v-abl and BCR-ABL oncogenes relieved the cytokine-dependency of the lymphoid FL5.12 cell line. In all the transformed cell lines, the rate of glucose transport was elevated above the basal level seen in uninfected cells indicating that this pivotal growth-regulated protein was associated with malignant transformation. In summary, these cell lines varied with respect to abrogation of growth factor-dependency as the myeloid FDC-P1 line was sensitive to transformation by all oncogenes examined whereas only the abl-family members would relieve the cytokine-requirement of lymphoid FL5.12 cells.
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15
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Leontovich AA, Zhang S, Quatraro C, Iankov I, Veroux PF, Gambino MW, Degnim A, McCubrey J, Ingle J, Galanis E, D'Assoro AB. Raf-1 oncogenic signaling is linked to activation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition pathway in metastatic breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 40:1858-64. [PMID: 22447278 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Raf/MEK/MAPK pathway plays a key role in breast cancer development and progression. Dysregulation of Raf/MEK/MAPK oncogenic signaling often results from overexpression of the HER-2/Neu tyrosine kinase receptor leading to chemoendocrine resistance, development of distant metastases and ultimately poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. HER-2/Neu overexpression is also linked to activation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway, loss of adhesion molecules and metastasis. Recently, it has been demonstrated that cancer cells that undergo EMT acquire a CD44+/CD24-/low basal cancer stem cell-like phenotype and are characterized by activation of HER-2/Neu and TGFβ oncogenic signaling pathways with increased capacity of self-renewal, drug resistance, invasion and distant metastases. Following metastatic dissemination, cancer cells re-activate certain epithelial properties through mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) to establish neoplastic lesions at secondary sites, although the molecular mechanisms regulating MET remain elusive. In this study we demonstrate that constitutive activation of Raf-1 oncogenic signaling induces HER-2/Neu overexpression leading to the development of distant metastases in ERα+ MCF-7 breast cancer xenografts. Importantly, development of distant metastases in xenograft models was linked to activation of the MET pathway characterized by reduced expression of EMT inducer genes (TGFB2, TWIST1 and FOXC1) and overexpression of BMB7, CXCR7 and EGR family of transcription factors. In summary, our results demonstrate for the first time that amplification of Raf/MEK/MAPK oncogenic signaling during tumor growth promotes the genesis of metastatic lesions from primary tumors by activating the mesenchymal epithelial transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Leontovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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16
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Nicoletti F, Fagone P, Meroni P, McCubrey J, Bendtzen K. mTOR as a multifunctional therapeutic target in HIV infection. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:715-21. [PMID: 21624501 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Patients undergoing long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy treatment are probably at a higher risk of various HIV-related complications. Hyperactivation of The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been found to contribute to dysregulated apoptosis and autophagy which determine CD4(+)-T-cell loss, impaired function of innate immunity and development of neurocognitive disorders. Dysregulated mTOR activation has also been shown to play a key part in the development of nephropathy and in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated malignancies. These studies strongly support a multifunctional key role for mTOR in the pathogenesis of HIV-related disorders and suggest that specific mTOR inhibitors could represent a novel approach for the prevention and treatment of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy.
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17
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Donia M, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mijatovic S, Mojic M, Miljkovic D, Timotijevic G, Fagone P, Caponnetto S, Al-Abed Y, McCubrey J, Stosic-Grujicic S, Nicoletti F. In vitro and in vivo anticancer action of Saquinavir-NO, a novel nitric oxide-derivative of the protease inhibitor saquinavir, on hormone resistant prostate cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:492-9. [PMID: 21270522 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.3.14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The NO-derivative of the HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir (Saq-NO) is a nontoxic variant of the parental drug with enhanced anticancer activity on several cell lines. However, it is still unclear whether the p53 status of the target cell might influence the sensitivity to Saq-NO. In this study we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo activity of Saq-NO on the p53-deficient hormone resistant prostate cancer PC-3 cells. We demonstrate that the absence of functional p53 is not essential for the capacity of Saq-NO to reduce prostate cancer cell growth. In contrast to its previously described cytostatic action in B16 and C6 cell lines, Saq-NO exerted cytotoxic effects in PC-3 cells leading to dominant induction of apoptosis and enhanced production of proapoptotic Bim. In addition, differently from saquinavir, Saq-NO restored TRAIL sensitivity that was correlated with increased expression of DR5 independent from ROS/RNS production and YY1 repression. NF-κB activation may be responsible of the Saq-NO induced DR5 expression. Moreover, Saq-NO but not saquinavir, exerted synergistic activity with conventional cytostatic therapy. In agreement with these in vitro studies, Saq-NO inhibited the in vivo growth of PC-3 cells xenotransplants to a greater extent than the parental compound. Taken together, these data indicate that Saq-NO possesses powerful and suitable in vitro and in vivo chemotherapeutic potential to be further studied as a novel drug for the treatment of prostate cancer in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Donia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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18
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Mijatovic S, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Timotijevic G, Miljkovic D, Donia M, Libra M, Coco M, McCubrey J, Al-Abed Y, Korac A, Stosic-Grujicic S, Nicoletti F. Induction of caspase-independent apoptotic-like cell death of mouse mammary tumor TA3Ha cells in vitro and reduction of their lethality in vivo by the novel chemotherapeutic agent GIT-27NO. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:1090-9. [PMID: 20114073 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The new chemical entity GIT-27NO was created by the covalent linkage of a NO moiety to the anti-inflammatory isoxazoline VGX-1027. The compound has been shown to possess powerful anticancer effects both in vitro and in vivo. However, its effects on nonsolid and metastatic forms of tumors have not yet been investigated. We have studied the effects of GIT-27NO on the highly invasive mouse mammary TA3Ha cell line in vitro and in vivo. In contrast to the conventional exogenous NO donor sodium nitroprusside, GIT-27NO successfully enhanced intracellular NO concentration in TA3Ha cells. Intracellular accumulation of NO was followed by marked decrease in TA3Ha cell viability accompanied by typical apoptotic features. Interestingly, inverted membrane phosphatidylserine residues, reduced volume of nucleus, condensed chromatin, and terminal fragmentation of DNA were associated with inhibited caspase-3 activity and transcription of the genes encoding caspase-3, -8, and -9. In parallel, GIT-27NO rapidly but transiently prevented the loss of p53 through phosphorylation on Ser 20 and provided the necessary signals for the execution of downstream processes without p53 de novo synthesis. The caspase-independent apoptotic-like death process triggered by GIT-27NO could be mediated by markedly down-regulated expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 molecule observed in TA3Ha cells exposed to GIT-27NO. In agreement with these in vitro data, GIT-27NO efficiently suppressed the growth of the ascites form and associated lethality of tumor induced by TA3Ha cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Mijatovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, Belgrade University, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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19
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Ciuffreda L, McCubrey J, Milella M. Signaling Intermediates (PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK Pathways) as Therapeutic Targets for Anti-Cancer and Anti-Angiogenesis Treatments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2174/157436209788167466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Konkimalla V, McCubrey J, Efferth T. The Role of Downstream Signaling Pathways of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor for Artesunates Activity in Cancer Cells. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2009; 9:72-80. [DOI: 10.2174/156800909787314020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Ligresti G, Libra M, Militello L, Clementi S, Donia M, Imbesi R, Malaponte G, Cappellani A, McCubrey J, Stivala F. Breast cancer: Molecular basis and therapeutic strategies (Review). Mol Med Rep 2008. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.1.4.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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22
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McCubrey J, Bonati A, Libra M, Stivala F, Martelli A, Franklin R, Navolanic P, Steelman L. Combining chemo-, hormonal and targeted therapies to treat breast cancer (Review). Mol Med Rep 2008. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.1.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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23
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Ciuffreda L, Desideri M, Trisciuoglio D, Steelman L, Anichini A, Cognetti F, McCubrey J, Zupi G, Del Bufalo D, Milella M. 565 POSTER Growth-inhibitory and anti-angiogenic effects of the novel MEK inhibitor PD0325901 in preclinical models of human malignant melaoma. EJC Suppl 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(06)70570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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24
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Konopleva M, Contractor R, Tsao T, Samudio I, Ruvolo PP, Kitada S, Deng X, Zhai D, Shi YX, Sneed T, Verhaegen M, Soengas M, Ruvolo VR, McQueen T, Schober WD, Watt JC, Jiffar T, Ling X, Marini FC, Harris D, Dietrich M, Estrov Z, McCubrey J, May WS, Reed JC, Andreeff M. Mechanisms of apoptosis sensitivity and resistance to the BH3 mimetic ABT-737 in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Cell 2006; 10:375-88. [PMID: 17097560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 819] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BCL-2 proteins are critical for cell survival and are overexpressed in many tumors. ABT-737 is a small-molecule BH3 mimetic that exhibits single-agent activity against lymphoma and small-cell lung cancer in preclinical studies. We here report that ABT-737 effectively kills acute myeloid leukemia blast, progenitor, and stem cells without affecting normal hematopoietic cells. ABT-737 induced the disruption of the BCL-2/BAX complex and BAK-dependent but BIM-independent activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. In cells with phosphorylated BCL-2 or increased MCL-1, ABT-737 was inactive. Inhibition of BCL-2 phosphorylation and reduction of MCL-1 expression restored sensitivity to ABT-737. These data suggest that ABT-737 could be a highly effective antileukemia agent when the mechanisms of resistance identified here are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Konopleva
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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25
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Milella M, Ricciardi M, Gregorj C, Abrams S, Steelman L, Chiaretti S, Cognetti F, Foà R, McCubrey J, Tafuri A. 566 POSTER Anti-leukemic activity of the novel MEK inhibitor PD0325901. EJC Suppl 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(06)70571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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26
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Asano T, Yao Y, Shin S, McCubrey J, Abbruzzese JL, Reddy SAG. Insulin receptor substrate is a mediator of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation in quiescent pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9164-8. [PMID: 16230374 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is activated in pancreatic cancer cells and plays a central role in their proliferation, survival, and drug resistance. Although the mechanism is unclear, PI3K activation in these cells could be due to physical interaction between its regulatory subunit (p85) and specific tyrosine kinases or their mediators. Consistent with this possibility, PI3K was precipitated with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies and Akt phosphorylation was blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors SU6656 and PD158780 in quiescent pancreatic cancer cells. Pull-down assays with a fusion protein (GST-p85NC-SH2), and coimmunoprecipitation studies, indicated that the insulin receptor substrate (IRS), and not the epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor receptors or the Src tyrosine kinase, was physically associated with PI3K in these cells. Our data also indicated that SU6656 and PD158780 inhibited Akt activation in pancreatic cancer cells by interfering with the ability of IRS-1 to recruit PI3K. Furthermore, IRS-1 was phosphorylated on a p85-binding site (Y(612)), and IRS-specific small interfering RNA potently inhibited activation of PI3K and Akt in transfected cells. Taken together, these observations indicate that IRS is a mediator of PI3K activation in quiescent pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Asano
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Navolanic P, McCubrey J. Pharmacological breast cancer therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.27.5.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Lee J, Steelman L, McCubrey J. Modulation of Raf/MEK/ERK kinase activity does not affect the chemoresistance profile of advanced prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.26.6.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Navolanic P, Steelman L, McCubrey J. EGFR family signaling and its association with breast cancer development and resistance to chemotherapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2003. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.22.2.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Saleh O, Blalock W, Burrows C, Steelman L, Doshi P, McKearn J, McCubrey J. Enhanced ability of the progenipoietin-1 to suppress apoptosis in human hematopoietic cells. Int J Mol Med 2002. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.10.4.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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McCubrey J, Blalock W, Pearce M, Steelman L, Moye P, Burrows C, Saleh O, Smith W, Doshi P, McKearn J. Enhanced ability of myelopoietins, dual receptor agonists for human IL-3 and g-csf receptors and the IL-3 receptor agonist, daniplestim, to suppress apoptosis and stimulate cytokine-inducible gene expression. Exp Hematol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pohnert S, Moye P, Blalock W, Steelman L, Burrows C, McMahon M, Mirza A, McCubrey J. Synergistic effects of akt on abrogation of cytokine-dependency induced by raf and mek. Exp Hematol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang X, McCubrey J. Regulation of interleukin 3 expression in normal and autocrine transformed hematopoietic cells (Review). Int J Oncol 1997; 10:989-1001. [PMID: 21533475 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.10.5.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the regulation of cytokine expression has been intensively studied. Control of cytokine expression has important clinical implications. Cytokine therapy has been utilized in the treatment of many diseases including: cancer, bone marrow transplantation, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and AIDS. Interleukin 3 (IL-3) affects the growth of hematopoietic, neurological, as well as other cells. This review will focus on understanding the regulation of IL-3 in normal and autocrine transformed cells. The mechanisms by which IL-3 transduces its growth and survival functions in appropriate target cells will also be discussed. An understanding of the means by which IL-3 and other hematopoietic cytokines exert their effects will aid our understanding of normal and abnormal cell growth as well as providing novel treatments for patients who suffer from hematopoietic, neurological, as well as many other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- E CAROLINA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,GREENVILLE,NC 27858
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White M, McCubrey J. Changes in glucose-transport associated with malignant transformation (review). Int J Oncol 1995; 7:701-712. [PMID: 21552893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been known for many years that changes in glucose metabolism are associated with neoplasia and research on this phenomenon has focused on the enhancement of glucose transport by malignant transformation. Viral transformation of fibroblastic cells provided the first system in which this enhancement could be studied using non-metabolizable glucose analogs. Kinetic and immunological analyses demonstrated that this was due to an increase in the number of glucose carriers at the plasma membrane. In the last 10 years glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins have been characterized by molecular cloning allowing direct examination of the molecular mechanisms of induction of transporter expression. GLUT proteins are a family of at least six separate isoforms which are encoded by distinct genes and differ in tissue distribution and regulation. Two of these isoforms, GLUT1 and GLUT3, are responsible for the changes associated with malignant transformation. The processes involved in the disregulation of these isoforms in the transformation of cultured fibroblastic and hematopoietic cells are described. Analysis of clinical samples indicates that GLUT1 and GLUT3 are often overexpressed in malignant tissue where they may aid tumor growth.
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McCubrey J, Steelman L, Wang X, Davidian E, Hoyle P, White C, Prevost K, Algate P, Robbins P, Mylott D, White M. Autocrine growth-factor secretion after transformation of human cytokine-dependent cells by viral and cellular oncogenes. Int J Oncol 1995; 7:573-86. [PMID: 21552876 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.7.3.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of viral and cellular oncogenes on a human erythroleukemic cell line (TF-1) were investigated. The TF-1 cell line required granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for growth but this factor-dependency was abrogated by the constitutive expression of either viral (v-fms, v-Ha-ras and v-src) or cellular oncogenes (BCR-ABL and Delta N-raf). Furthermore the overexpression of the human insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor could substitute the dependency on GM-CSF with a requirement for either IGF-1 or insulin as a proliferative signal. An autocrine cytokine, (GM-CSF) was found in the supernatant of cells transformed by Delta N-raf (and to a lesser extent in cells infected with other oncogenes. The level of GM-CSF secreted by the Delta N-raf transformants was sufficient to support the proliferation of the parental cell line. GM-CSF mRNA transcripts were detected in the Delta N-raf-infected but not in the parental cells. No structural alterations of the GMCSF locus were seen in these cells. Together these observations indicated that overexpression of a raf oncogene resulted in the expression of GM-CSF transcripts. The rates of glucose transport were elevated above basal levels by GMCSF and by oncogene expression indicating that this pivotal control point of metabolism correlated with mitogenesis and malignant transformation. These studies indicate the importance of raf in growth regulation as its deregulation can lead to autocrine synthesis of cytokines in certain hematopoietic cells. Furthermore these results suggest a synergy between oncogene and cytokine gene regulation leading to autocrine growth factor expression and tumor progression.
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McCubrey J, Algate P, Mayo M, Arana G, Wang X, Prevost K, White M, Steelman L. Differential-effects of tumor promoters and cytokines on protooncogene expression in a hematopoietic cytokine-dependent cell-line. Oncol Rep 1994; 1:285-300. [PMID: 21607354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the mechanisms by which cytokines and tumor promoters stimulate cell growth, the expression of genes implicated in the regulation of cellular proliferation were examined in an interleukin-3 (IL-3) dependent hematopoietic cell line. Upon stimulation of factor-deprived cells with IL-3, mRNA transcripts encoding the immediate-early genes: c-myc, jun-B, krox-20, beta-actin, and the cytokine genes: IL-4 and IL-6 were detected within 1 h. In contrast mRNA transcripts encoding the delayed-early genes: ornithine decarboxylase, p53, the IL-2 receptor-alpha, IL-4 receptor, and the T cell receptor c-gamma chains were observed at highest levels later. The tumor promoter, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate also stimulated the expression of many immediate-early genes, however, c-myc and the delayed-early genes were only detected when IL-3 was present. We conclude that cytokines and tumor promoters have distinct effects on proto-oncogene expression in hematopoietic cells which may affect the ability of these agents to promote cellular growth versus differentiation.
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White M, Devente J, Robbins P, Canupp D, Mayo M, Steelman L, McCubrey J. Differential regulation of glucose-transporter expression in hematopoietic-cells by oncogenic transformation and cytokine stimulation. Oncol Rep 1994; 1:17-26. [PMID: 21607300 DOI: 10.3892/or.1.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation by the v-src oncogene and mitogenic stimulation by interleukin-3 (IL-3) both increased glucose transport into a hematopoietic cell line. These increases were additive and correlated with elevations in the level of GLUT1 mRNA. Glucose transport and GLUT1 mRNA were dependent on the presence of a functional v-src gene product in the absence of IL-3. Nuclear run-on analyses and mRNA turnover experiments demonstrated that GLUT1 gene transcription was enhanced by v-src while IL-3 stabilized GLUT1 mRNA. Introduction of retroviruses overexpressing GLUT1 into factor-dependent cells did not abrogate factor-dependency. Thus, GLUT1 induction is necessary but not sufficient for mitogenesis.
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Dembić Z, Haas W, Weiss S, McCubrey J, Kiefer H, von Boehmer H, Steinmetz M. Transfer of specificity by murine alpha and beta T-cell receptor genes. Nature 1986; 320:232-8. [PMID: 2421164 DOI: 10.1038/320232a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor alpha- and beta-chain genes were isolated from a class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic T-cell clone and transferred by protoplast fusion into another cytolytic T-cell clone of different specificity. Expression of the transfected alpha and beta genes endowed the recipient cell with the specificity of the donor cell.
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Green PL, Holland GD, Kaehler D, McKearn J, McCubrey J, Risser R. Determinants of Abelson murine leukemia virus pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1986; 132:62-74. [PMID: 3024924 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71562-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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McCubrey J, McKearn JP, Köhler G. Transformation of B and non-B cell lines with the 2,4,6,-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific immunoglobulin genes. Eur J Immunol 1985; 15:1117-24. [PMID: 2415367 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830151110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rearranged mu and kappa genes from the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific hybridoma Sp6 have been introduced into B cells from three different stages of differentiation as well as 5 non-B cell lines to determine the levels and modes of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene expression. In pre-B cells transformed with the mu and kappa genes, low levels of Sp6-specific mu RNA were produced and approximately 210-fold less mu and 800-fold less kappa proteins were produced than in the hybridoma Sp6. The Ig proteins were present intracellularly, but were not detected on the cell membrane. In mature surface sIg+ B cell transformants, higher levels of mu Sp6 and kappa Sp6 proteins and RNA were produced than in the pre-B cell transformants (12 X mu, 70 X kappa). These transformants displayed the mu Sp6 and kappa Sp6 proteins on the cell membrane and also secreted the transfected Ig product. Plasma cell transformants produced the highest amounts of mu Sp6 and kappa Sp6 proteins. These transformants secreted pentameric IgM but did not display detectable amounts of these proteins on the cell membrane. T cell and one fibroblast transformant produced Ig as normal sized mu Sp6 and kappa Sp6 proteins. All other mu Sp6 and kappa Sp6 non-B cell transformants (melanoma, teratoma and macrophage) failed to produce enough Ig to determine whether the Ig proteins were of the correct molecular weights. The T cell and fibroblast transformants that produced Ig proteins did not secrete or display detectable Ig on the cell membrane. The expression of Ig did not inhibit the expression of the T cell antigen Thy-1 in the T cell transformants.
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McKearn JP, McCubrey J, Fagg B. Enrichment of hematopoietic precursor cells and cloning of multipotential B-lymphocyte precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:7414-8. [PMID: 3933007 PMCID: PMC391355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.21.7414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple one-step isolation technique significantly enriched mouse fetal liver cells that respond to interleukin 3 (IL-3), a multilineage hematopoietic growth factor. The fetal liver cell subpopulation isolated with monoclonal antibody AA4 contained 50- to 100-fold higher frequencies of multipotential (CFU-mix) or restricted (CFU-G/M, BFU-E) erythroid/myeloid precursors as well as precursors that differentiate to become mature B lymphocytes [CFU-mix = erythroid and myeloid colony-forming unit(s); CFU-G/M = CFU-granulocyte/macrophage; BFU-E = burst-forming unit-erythroid]. The B-lymphocyte precursors could be cloned in single-cell cultures when IL-3-containing supernatants were present. Growth of these clones was supported by purified IL-3 but not by purified IL-2. Stable growth has been maintained for greater than 6 mo in the presence of IL-3. Such clones express on their cell surface low amounts of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens and high amounts of AA4, GF1, and leukocyte common glycoprotein 200 antigens. They lack detectable rearrangements of their Ig-encoding genes [joining region heavy and light (kappa, lambda) chain genes], even after subcloning, but maintain their capacity to differentiate to mature B lymphocytes committed to multiple Ig specificities.
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Köhler G, Baumann B, Iglesias A, McCubrey J, Potash MJ, Traunecker A, Zhu D. Different ways to modify monoclonal antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984; 1:227-33. [PMID: 6544903 DOI: 10.1007/bf02934528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we summarize experiments which were undertaken to create altered antibody molecules. Three different approaches were used. Established hybridoma lines were re-hybridized to mouse spleen cells to generate arrays of secondary hybridomas which express one particular heavy chain and one specificity together with a multitude of different light chains. In such hybrids the influence of light chains to the antibody combining site and the influence of affinity to antibody effector functions can be studied. Another way to obtain altered antibodies was the selection of cells producing less lytic IgM. With this technique we obtained (among many other variants) a series of mu-deletion products which were used to map the fine specificity of rat anti-mouse mu monoclonal antibodies. Both the anti-mu antibodies and the deletion variants were used to assign the Clq binding to the fourth C mu-domain demonstrating the power of mutant IgM in the structure-function analysis. In a third series of experiments we show the feasibility of generating new antibody combining sites by the methods of molecular genetics. The variable region gene of a heavy chain was placed in front of a kappa-constant region gene. The plasmid construct was transferred into mouse myeloma lines which stably express a variable heavy-constant light chain protein. Upon fusion with a light chain producing line, chimaeric light chain dimers with a functional antibody combining site were secreted. These experiments demonstrate that new series of man-made antibody molecules can be made in the future.
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Abstract
The earlier demonstration that genes of the mouse greatly influenced the spontaneous incidence of lymphoma was among the more persistent barriers to general acceptance of a viral etiology of this disease. We now can be fairly certain that some of those mouse genes are the DNA life phase of a class of retrovirus known as murine leukemia virus. These MuLV, although related in sequence to each other, are a collection of viruses that show diverse patterns of host range and tissue tropisms. The host-range properties of MuLV serve as means of classifying them into related families known as ecotropic, xenotropic, and amphotropic, and are probably dictated by determinants on gp70. The preferential abilities to replicate in different tissues, on the other hand, may be dictated by the controlling sequences located at the 3' end of the genome, known as U3. MuLV genomes are located at many different sites in the mouse genome. The viral genomes found at those sites can be induced to be expressed with different efficiencies spontaneously in vivo, by chemicals in vitro, or by DNA transfection. Certain MuLV genomes can also interact to increase expression perhaps by recombination or trans complementation. Although the molecular mechanisms that explain these phenomena are not yet clear, the phenomenon of differential expression has important pathological consequences, particularly in the development of lymphoma. The complex process by which endogenous MuLV induce leukemia appears to involve the expression and interaction of multiple MuLV genomes. It seems apparent that expression of an MCF-like gp70 is an invariant aspect of this process, and that observation suggests that this molecule, like the SFFV gp52, may indeed serve to stimulate cell proliferation. The most common means of expressing such a molecule at elevated levels appears to involve recombining it into an ecotropic genome that replicates with high efficiency. Thus, the viral requirements for leukemogenesis may depend on both efficient and perhaps tissue tropic replication as well as on the expression of a particular gp70.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Abstract
We studied the infectivity of endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus genomes contained in high-molecular-weight DNA prepared from virus-free cells of the AKR-2B line, and from RF, BALB/c, B6, and (BALB/c x B6)F(1) mouse embryo cells. When DNA prepared from virus-free AKR-2B cells was transfected into NIH-3T3 cells, no virus-positive cultures were observed, a result consistent with previous reports. However, when DNAs from virus-free AKR-2B cells or virus-free cells containing the RF/J or BALB/c ecotropic proviruses were transfected into chicken embryo cells that were then cocultivated with SC-1 (mouse) cells, virus-positive cultures were recovered. The specific infectivities of the AKR provirus(es) contained in virus-free cells and the molecularly cloned Akv-1 provirus were similar when chicken embryo cells were used as primary recipients. Virus-positive cultures were also observed when secondary mouse embryo cells were used as recipients for DNA from virus-free AKR-2B and RF/J cells. The transfected chicken embryo-SC-1 cultures produced XC-positive murine leukemia virus that is N-tropic. Virus-positive recipient cultures were observed 10- to 100-fold more frequently when AKR-2B DNA was used than when BALB/c DNA was used as the donor DNA. Our studies indicate that some nonexpressed ecotropic murine leukemia virus proviruses are activated upon transfection into chicken embryo cells. Such studies suggest that there are different factors governing the expression of murine leukemia virus after transfection into established cell lines (NIH-3T3) and into nonestablished secondary cultures (chicken and mouse).
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Abstract
High leukemic mouse strains possess proviral genomes that are more inducible for virus expression by halogenated pyrimidines than the proviral genomes harbored by low leukemic mice. We investigated the induction and arrangement of ecotropic proviruses in RF mice, a strain of mouse that develops a moderate incidence of leukemia late in life. We found that RF mice, unlike either high or low leukemic inbred strains, carried both a gene for high efficiency virus induction (Rjv-1) and a gene for low efficiency virus induction (Rjv-2). Virus induction from mice that contained Rjf-2 alone was observed only in crosses with two other strains that carried ecotropic proviruses, i.e., DBA/2 and C57BL/6, and not in crosses performed with mice that lacked ecotropic proviruses, i.e., 129, SWR, and NFS. Inheritance of the Rjv-1 gene frequently resulted in viremia when a virus-suppressive gene(s) of RF (most likely Fv-1) was not present in the same individual. Rjv-1 and Rjv-2 virus induction genes co-segregated with ecotropic proviruses integrated in different cellular DNA sequences. Rjv-2, the less inducible ecotropic provirus in RF mice, is located in cellular DNA sequences very similar to those found adjacent to the ecotropic provirus of BALB/c. These results document a second system of virus interaction or complementation and demonstrate that ecotropic proviruses of different phenotypes can be found within an individual mouse strain.
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Abstract
The spontaneous expression of ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) in spleen cells of BALB/c, C57BL/6 (B6), and derivative mice was examined as a function of age. The patterns of spontaneous virus induction in vivo correlate with the patterns of virus induction in vitro, which result from the action of two loci, Inc-l and Inb-l (7). Whereas mice carrying Inc-l or Inb-l have similar phenotypes in vitro, they have significantly different phenotypes in vivo. Mice of the Inb-l+/+ genotype, e.g., B6, rarely expressed MuLV, and the titer of MuLV recovered from rare MuLV-positive mice of this genotype was usually low. Mice of the Inc-l+/+ genotype, e.g., BALB/c, expressed low amounts of MuLV early in life, however, from 6-12 mo of age approximately one-half of the Inc-l+/+ mice expressed virus, frequently of high titer. Equal numbers of N-tropic and B-tropic MuLV were recovered from Inb-l+ mice, but predominantly N-tropic MuLV was recovered from Inc-l+ mice. Strains that carry dominant (+) alleles at both Inc-l and Inb-l show higher titers of MuLV earlier in life than strains that carry only Inc-l or Inb-l. The presence of dominant alleles at both loci results in the appearance of predominantly N-tropic virus early in life. These results demonstrate that the principal determinants of spontaneous virus expression in these low leukemic strains of mice are the In loci or genes linked to them. A further inference that can be drawn from these studies is that the appearance of B-tropic virus is by no means a random process but rather results from predictable patterns of MuLV expression and alteration.
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Abstract
Previously, we identified two genes, termed Inc-1 and Inb-1, that interact to enhance ecotropic murine leukemia virus induction in low virus strains of mice. Mice related to BALB/c in origin carry a locus termed Inc-1, whereas mice related to B6 carry an Inb-1 locus. Mice that carry both Inc-1 and Inb-1 yield 10- to 50-fold more virus-producing cells than parental strains on induction with halogenated pyrimidines in vitro and demonstrate enhanced murine leukemia virus production in vivo. Here, we show that mice related to BALB/c in origin, i.e., A, C3H/He, and SEC, have an Inc-1 locus that is allelic with that of BALB/c. The C57BR mouse strain has an Inb-1 locus that is allelic with that of B6, located on chromosome 8, 30 cM from Es-1. We also show that the Inc-1 locus of BALB/c mice is located on chromosome 5, 24 cM from Pgm-1 and 43 cM from Gus. Kozak and Rowe (6,8) and Ihle and co-workers (3) have shown that the ecotropic virus-inducing genes in BALB/c and B10 mice are located on chromosomes 5 and 8, respectively, with similar distances from the previously mentioned biochemical markers. Our data are consistent with two possibilities: Inc-1 and Inb-1 are part of the virus-inducing genes Cv-1 and Bv-1, respectively , or Inc-1 and Inb2-1 are tightly linked regulatory genes.
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Abstract
The frequency of ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) production in cells induced with halogenated pyrimidines has been investigated in several low leukemic strains of mice. Very few BALB/c or C57BL/6 (B6) induced embryo cells produce MuLV; this low frequency increases 10 to 50 fold in cells of the BALB/c x B6 F1 hybrid. Data from back-crosses of the F1 hybrid to each parent and from BALB/c x B6 recombinant inbred strains indicate that the phenotype of enhanced MuLV production results from interaction of two unlinked loci, dominant (+/+) alleles of which are carried by either parent. Genetic tests with BALB/c x B6 recombinant inbred strains confirm this two-locus model. The loci are designated Inc-1 and Inb-1 to signify their phenotypic detection by induction and the BALB/c or B6 strain of origin, respectively. Examination of hybrids of BALB/c and of B6 with other strains indicates that strains related in pedigree to BALB/c carry Inc-1, whereas those related to B6 carry Inb-1. Identification of genetic loci that specifically interact to enhance MuLV production after exposure to halogenated pyrimidines indicates the existence of mechanisms that regulate the induction or intracellular expression of endogenous MuLV.
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