1
|
House IG, Derrick EB, Sek K, Chen AXY, Li J, Lai J, Todd KL, Munoz I, Michie J, Chan CW, Huang YK, Chan JD, Petley EV, Tong J, Nguyen D, Engel S, Savas P, Hogg SJ, Vervoort SJ, Kearney CJ, Burr ML, Lam EYN, Gilan O, Bedoui S, Johnstone RW, Dawson MA, Loi S, Darcy PK, Beavis PA. CRISPR-Cas9 screening identifies an IRF1-SOCS1-mediated negative feedback loop that limits CXCL9 expression and antitumor immunity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113793. [PMID: 38324452 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
|
2
|
House IG, Derrick EB, Sek K, Chen AXY, Li J, Lai J, Todd KL, Munoz I, Michie J, Chan CW, Huang YK, Chan JD, Petley EV, Tong J, Nguyen D, Engel S, Savas P, Hogg SJ, Vervoort SJ, Kearney CJ, Burr ML, Lam EYN, Gilan O, Bedoui S, Johnstone RW, Dawson MA, Loi S, Darcy PK, Beavis PA. CRISPR-Cas9 screening identifies an IRF1-SOCS1-mediated negative feedback loop that limits CXCL9 expression and antitumor immunity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113014. [PMID: 37605534 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCL9 expression is a strong predictor of response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Accordingly, we sought to develop therapeutic strategies to enhance the expression of CXCL9 and augment antitumor immunity. To perform whole-genome CRISPR-Cas9 screening for regulators of CXCL9 expression, a CXCL9-GFP reporter line is generated using a CRISPR knockin strategy. This approach finds that IRF1 limits CXCL9 expression in both tumor cells and primary myeloid cells through induction of SOCS1, which subsequently limits STAT1 signaling. Thus, we identify a subset of STAT1-dependent genes that do not require IRF1 for their transcription, including CXCL9. Targeting of either IRF1 or SOCS1 potently enhances CXCL9 expression by intratumoral macrophages, which is further enhanced in the context of immune checkpoint blockade therapy. We hence show a non-canonical role for IRF1 in limiting the expression of a subset of STAT1-dependent genes through induction of SOCS1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imran G House
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Emily B Derrick
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kevin Sek
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amanda X Y Chen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jasmine Li
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kirsten L Todd
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Isabelle Munoz
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica Michie
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Cheok Weng Chan
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yu-Kuan Huang
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jack D Chan
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Junming Tong
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - DatMinh Nguyen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sven Engel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Savas
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon J Hogg
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Conor J Kearney
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Marian L Burr
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Enid Y N Lam
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Omer Gilan
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A Dawson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lelliott EJ, Ramsbottom KM, Dowling MR, Shembrey C, Noori T, Kearney CJ, Michie J, Parish IA, Jordan MA, Baxter AG, Young ND, Brennan AJ, Oliaro J. NKG7 Enhances CD8+ T Cell Synapse Efficiency to Limit Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931630. [PMID: 35874669 PMCID: PMC9299089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are essential for anti-tumor immunity, and for effective responses to cancer immunotherapy. Natural killer cell granule protein 7 (NKG7) is expressed at high levels in cytotoxic lymphocytes infiltrating tumors from patients treated with immunotherapy, but until recently, the role of this protein in cytotoxic lymphocyte function was largely unknown. Unexpectedly, we found that highly CD8+ T cell-immunogenic murine colon carcinoma (MC38-OVA) tumors grew at an equal rate in Nkg7+/+ and Nkg7-/- littermate mice, suggesting NKG7 may not be necessary for effective CD8+ T cell anti-tumor activity. Mechanistically, we found that deletion of NKG7 reduces the ability of CD8+ T cells to degranulate and kill target cells in vitro. However, as a result of inefficient cytotoxic activity, NKG7 deficient T cells form a prolonged immune synapse with tumor cells, resulting in increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). By deleting the TNF receptor, TNFR1, from MC38-OVA tumors, we demonstrate that this hyper-secretion of TNF compensates for reduced synapse-mediated cytotoxic activity against MC38-OVA tumors in vivo, via increased TNF-mediated tumor cell death. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NKG7 enhances CD8+ T cell immune synapse efficiency, which may serve as a mechanism to accelerate direct cytotoxicity and limit potentially harmful inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Lelliott
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly M Ramsbottom
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark R Dowling
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolyn Shembrey
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tahereh Noori
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Conor J Kearney
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Michie
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian A Parish
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret A Jordan
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan G Baxter
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Amelia J Brennan
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wellinger LC, Hogg SJ, Newman DM, Friess T, Geiss D, Michie J, Ramsbottom KM, Bacac M, Fauti T, Marbach D, Jarassier L, Thienger P, Paehler A, Cluse LA, Kearney CJ, Vervoort SJ, Trapani JA, Oliaro J, Shortt J, Ruefli-Brasse A, Rohle D, Johnstone RW. BET Inhibition Enhances TNF-Mediated Anti-Tumor Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 10:87-107. [PMID: 34782346 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting chromatin binding proteins and modifying enzymes can concomitantly affect tumor cell proliferation and survival, as well as enhance anti-tumor immunity and augment cancer immunotherapies. By screening a small-molecule library of epigenetics-based therapeutics, BET (Bromo- and Extra-Terminal domain) inhibitors (BETi) were identified as agents that sensitize tumor cells to the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T cells. BETi modulated tumor cells to be sensitized to the cytotoxic effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF. By preventing the recruitment of BRD4 to p65-bound cis-regulatory elements, BETi suppressed the induction of inflammatory gene expression, including the key NF-κB target genes BIRC2 (cIAP1) and BIRC3 (cIAP2). Disruption of pro-survival NF-κB signaling by BETi led to unrestrained TNF-mediated activation of the extrinsic apoptotic cascade and tumor cell death. Administration of BETi in combination with T-cell bispecific antibodies (TCB) or immune checkpoint blockade increased bystander killing of tumor cells and enhanced tumor growth inhibition in vivo in a TNF-dependent manner. This novel epigenetic mechanism of immunomodulation may guide future use of BETi as adjuvants for immune oncology agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon J Hogg
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Dane M Newman
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | - Thomas Friess
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg
| | - Daniela Geiss
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg
| | | | | | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich
| | - Tanja Fauti
- Oncology DTA, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, pRED
| | | | | | | | - Axel Paehler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, PS, RICB
| | - Leonie A Cluse
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | | | | | | | - Jane Oliaro
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | - Jake Shortt
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Freeman AJ, Vervoort SJ, Michie J, Ramsbottom KM, Silke J, Kearney CJ, Oliaro J. HOIP limits anti-tumor immunity by protecting against combined TNF and IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e53391. [PMID: 34467615 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer immunotherapy is limited to a subset of patients, highlighting the need to identify the processes by which tumors evade immunity. Using CRISPR/Cas9 screening, we reveal that melanoma cells lacking HOIP, the catalytic subunit of LUBAC, are highly susceptible to both NK and CD8+ T-cell-mediated killing. We demonstrate that HOIP-deficient tumor cells exhibit increased sensitivity to the combined effect of the inflammatory cytokines, TNF and IFN-γ, released by NK and CD8+ T cells upon target recognition. Both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of HOIP augment tumor cell sensitivity to combined TNF and IFN-γ. Together, we unveil a protective regulatory axis, involving HOIP, which limits a transcription-dependent form of cell death that engages both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic machinery upon exposure to TNF and IFN-γ. Our findings highlight HOIP inhibition as a potential strategy to harness and enhance the killing capacity of TNF and IFN-γ during immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Freeman
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Translational Haematology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jessica Michie
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Kelly M Ramsbottom
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - John Silke
- Inflammation Department, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Conor J Kearney
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Translational Haematology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Petley EV, Koay HF, Henderson MA, Sek K, Todd KL, Keam SP, Lai J, House IG, Li J, Zethoven M, Chen AXY, Oliver AJ, Michie J, Freeman AJ, Giuffrida L, Chan JD, Pizzolla A, Mak JYW, McCulloch TR, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Kearney CJ, Millen R, Ramsay RG, Huntington ND, McCluskey J, Oliaro J, Fairlie DP, Neeson PJ, Godfrey DI, Beavis PA, Darcy PK. MAIT cells regulate NK cell-mediated tumor immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4746. [PMID: 34362900 PMCID: PMC8346465 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in tumor immunity is unclear. Here we show that MAIT cell-deficient mice have enhanced NK cell-dependent control of metastatic B16F10 tumor growth relative to control mice. Analyses of this interplay in human tumor samples reveal that high expression of a MAIT cell gene signature negatively impacts the prognostic significance of NK cells. Paradoxically, pre-pulsing tumors with MAIT cell antigens, or activating MAIT cells in vivo, enhances anti-tumor immunity in B16F10 and E0771 mouse tumor models, including in the context of established metastasis. These effects are associated with enhanced NK cell responses and increased expression of both IFN-γ-dependent and inflammatory genes in NK cells. Importantly, activated human MAIT cells also promote the function of NK cells isolated from patient tumor samples. Our results thus describe an activation-dependent, MAIT cell-mediated regulation of NK cells, and suggest a potential therapeutic avenue for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin Sek
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsten L Todd
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Tumour Suppression and Cancer Sex Disparity Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Imran G House
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jasmine Li
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Magnus Zethoven
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda X Y Chen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda J Oliver
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Michie
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Freeman
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren Giuffrida
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack D Chan
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Angela Pizzolla
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy R McCulloch
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Conor J Kearney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rosemary Millen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert G Ramsay
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lelliott EJ, Cullinane C, Martin CA, Walker R, Ramsbottom KM, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Abuhammad S, Michie J, Kirby L, Young RJ, Slater A, Lau P, Meeth K, Oliaro J, Haynes N, McArthur GA, Sheppard KE. A novel immunogenic mouse model of melanoma for the preclinical assessment of combination targeted and immune-based therapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1225. [PMID: 30718660 PMCID: PMC6361951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been used successfully to treat melanoma, but the development of resistance and poor response rates to the individual therapies has limited their success. Designing rational combinations of targeted therapy and immunotherapy may overcome these obstacles, but requires assessment in preclinical models with the capacity to respond to both therapeutic classes. Herein, we describe the development and characterization of a novel, immunogenic variant of the BrafV600ECdkn2a−/−Pten−/− YUMM1.1 tumor model that expresses the immunogen, ovalbumin (YOVAL1.1). We demonstrate that, unlike parental tumors, YOVAL1.1 tumors are immunogenic in vivo and can be controlled by immunotherapy. Importantly, YOVAL1.1 tumors are sensitive to targeted inhibitors of BRAFV600E and MEK, responding in a manner consistent with human BRAFV600E melanoma. The YOVAL1.1 melanoma model is transplantable, immunogenic and sensitive to clinical therapies, making it a valuable platform to guide strategic development of combined targeted therapy and immunotherapy approaches in BRAFV600E melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Lelliott
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire A Martin
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachael Walker
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly M Ramsbottom
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fernando Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shatha Abuhammad
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Michie
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura Kirby
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J Young
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alison Slater
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Lau
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrina Meeth
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole Haynes
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant A McArthur
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen E Sheppard
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Michie J, Beavis PA, Freeman AJ, Vervoort SJ, Ramsbottom KM, Narasimhan V, Lelliott EJ, Lalaoui N, Ramsay RG, Johnstone RW, Silke J, Darcy PK, Voskoboinik I, Kearney CJ, Oliaro J. Antagonism of IAPs Enhances CAR T-cell Efficacy. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:183-192. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Kearney CJ, Vervoort SJ, Hogg SJ, Ramsbottom KM, Freeman AJ, Lalaoui N, Pijpers L, Michie J, Brown KK, Knight DA, Sutton V, Beavis PA, Voskoboinik I, Darcy PK, Silke J, Trapani JA, Johnstone RW, Oliaro J. Tumor immune evasion arises through loss of TNF sensitivity. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:3/23/eaar3451. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aar3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
10
|
Kearney CJ, Vervoort SJ, Ramsbottom KM, Freeman AJ, Michie J, Peake J, Casanova JL, Picard C, Tangye SG, Ma CS, Johnstone RW, Randall KL, Oliaro J. DOCK8 Drives Src-Dependent NK Cell Effector Function. J Immunol 2017; 199:ji1700751. [PMID: 28794229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) gene cause an autosomal recessive form of hyper-IgE syndrome, characterized by chronic immunodeficiency with persistent microbial infection and increased incidence of malignancy. These manifestations suggest a defect in cytotoxic lymphocyte function and immune surveillance. However, how DOCK8 regulates NK cell-driven immune responses remains unclear. In this article, we demonstrate that DOCK8 regulates NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production in response to target cell engagement or receptor ligation. Genetic ablation of DOCK8 in human NK cells attenuated cytokine transcription and secretion through inhibition of Src family kinase activation, particularly Lck, downstream of target cell engagement or NKp30 ligation. PMA/Ionomycin treatment of DOCK8-deficient NK cells rescued cytokine production, indicating a defect proximal to receptor ligation. Importantly, NK cells from DOCK8-deficient patients had attenuated production of IFN-γ and TNF-α upon NKp30 stimulation. Taken together, we reveal a novel molecular mechanism by which DOCK8 regulates NK cell-driven immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Kearney
- Immune Defence Laboratory, Cancer Immunology Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kelly M Ramsbottom
- Immune Defence Laboratory, Cancer Immunology Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew J Freeman
- Immune Defence Laboratory, Cancer Immunology Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jessica Michie
- Immune Defence Laboratory, Cancer Immunology Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jane Peake
- University of Queensland and Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Necker Medical School, University Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
- Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics and Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Necker Medical School, University Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics and Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Katrina L Randall
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; and
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Immune Defence Laboratory, Cancer Immunology Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia;
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Michie J, Akudugu J, Binder A, Van Rensburg CE, Böhm L. Flow cytometric evaluation of apoptosis and cell viability as a criterion of anti-tumour drug toxicity. Anticancer Res 2003; 23:2675-9. [PMID: 12894557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of the drug concentration required to kill 50% of the tumour cells (EC50) does not take into account the propensity of cells to undergo apoptosis and necrosis. These 2 parameters and the viable cells are here assessed by a flow cytometric (FC) approach using propidium iodide (PI) and FITC-Annexin V staining. MATERIALS AND METHODS A number of carcinoma cell lines of defined p53 status were exposed to cis-PtII for 24 hours, stained with PI and FITC-Annexin V and analyzed by FC. Unstained viable cells, early apoptotic cells and necrotic cells were scored separately in dual parameter plots of green fluorescence (FITC) against red fluorescence (PI) to generate dose response curves. RESULTS EC50 values for cell viability were found to be 1-4 times higher than survival data from colony assays resembling data obtained by MTT or Crystal Violet vital dye staining. Percentage apoptosis measured by Annexin V binding was in agreement with microscopic scoring of apoptotic cells after Acridine Orange staining. CONCLUSION The FC assay described gives a good estimate of cell viability resembling data from vital dye staining assays and provides additional information on apoptosis and necrosis. FC data from Annexin V binding and microscopic scoring after Acridine Orange staining were in excellent agreement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Michie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Stellenbosch, Faculty of Health, Tygerberg Hospital, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jones BL, Gorman LJ, Simpson J, Curran ET, McNamee S, Lucas C, Michie J, Platt DJ, Thakker B. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens in two neonatal intensive care units. J Hosp Infect 2000; 46:314-9. [PMID: 11170764 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.2000.0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of infection in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) due to Serratia marcescens are well recognized. In some outbreaks no point source has been found, whereas in others cross-infection has been associated with contaminated ventilator equipment, disinfectants, hands and breast pumps. We report an outbreak due to S. marcescens that involved two geographically distinct NICUs. The outbreak occurred over a six week period; 17 babies were colonized, 12 at Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital (GRMH) and five at the Queen Mothers Hospital (QMH). At GRMH three babies developed septicaemia, of whom two died. The outbreak isolates were of the same serotype and phage type and were indistinguishable on the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. During the outbreak, two babies shown consistently to be negative on screening, were transferred between the two units. In addition, two members of medical staff attended both units. In QMH no means of cross infection was identified. However, in GRMH the outbreak strain of S. marcescens was isolated from a laryngoscope blade and a sample of expressed breast milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B L Jones
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, Scotland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Michie J, Janssens D, Cilliers J, Smit BJ, Böhm L. Assessment of electroporation by flow cytometry. Cytometry 2000; 41:96-101. [PMID: 11002264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroporation accomplishes transient permeabilization of cells and thus aids in the uptake of drugs. The method has been employed clinically in the treatment of dermatological tumors with bleomycin. The conditions of electroporation are still largely empirical and information is lacking as to the interrelationships among voltage pulse height, pulse number and toxicity, cell permeation, drug uptake, and effects on drug toxicity. We used propidium iodide (PI) and flow cytometry to define cell permeation into cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments to determine the improvements of drug toxicity that can be accomplished by electroporation. METHODS Human squamous carcinoma cells of defined TP53 status and normal human epithelial cells were subjected to electroporation using a square wave pulse generator in the range of 0-5,000 V/cm. Flow cytometry served to establish entry of the drug reporter, PI, into the cytoplasm and nucleus. A dye staining method served to establish cell survival and to determine the toxicity of bleomycin alone, electroporation alone, and electroporation with bleomycin. RESULTS The electric field intensity (EFI) required to produce 50% permeabilization (EP(50)) is cell type dependent. The EP(50) varied from 1,465 to 2,027 V/cm. An EFI below 900 V/cm is growth stimulatory whereas an EFI in excess of 1,000 V/cm is growth inhibitory. An EFI of 1,000 V/cm is sufficient to increase bleomycin toxicity by a factor of 2-3. A differential electroporation efficiency is observed between normal and tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Tumor cells can be targeted preferentially at electroporation voltages where normal cells are less permeable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Michie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Shaw R, Coia JE, Michie J. Use of bar code readers and programmable keypads to improve the speed and accuracy of manual data entry in the clinical microbiology laboratory: experience of two laboratories. J Clin Pathol 1999; 52:54-60. [PMID: 10343613 PMCID: PMC501008 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.52.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effect of the use of bar code readers and programmable keypads for entry of specimen details and results in two microbiology laboratories. METHODS The solutions selected in each laboratory are described. The benefits resulting from the implementation were measured in two ways. The speed of data entry and error reduction were measured by observation. A questionnaire was completed by users of bar codes. RESULTS There were savings in time and in reduced data entry errors. Average time to enter a report by keyboard was 21.1 s v 14.1 s for bar coded results entry. There were no observed errors with the bar code readers but 55 errors with keystroke entries. The laboratory staff of all grades found the system fast, easy to use, and less stressful than conventional keyboard entry. CONCLUSIONS Indirect time savings should accrue from the observed reduction in incorrectly entered data. Any microbiology laboratory seeking to improve the accuracy and efficiency of data entry into their laboratory information systems should consider the adoption of this technology which can be readily interfaced to existing terminals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Shaw
- Microbiology Department, Yorkhill NHS Trust, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Anderson K, Morris G, Kennedy H, Croall J, Michie J, Richardson MD, Gibson B. Aspergillosis in immunocompromised paediatric patients: associations with building hygiene, design, and indoor air. Thorax 1996; 51:256-61. [PMID: 8779127 PMCID: PMC1090635 DOI: 10.1136/thx.51.3.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nosocomial aspergillosis is a well known complication of immunosuppression in cancer patients and those undergoing transplantation and has usually been associated with major building construction or demolition. An observational study is reported of the hospital environment associated with an outbreak of aspergillosis in a paediatric oncology ward. METHODS All cases of aspergillosis were identified from the hospital records and categorised as definite or probable according to the extent of supportive clinical and laboratory findings. All relevant aspects of building ventilation, air filtration, and aerosol generation considered relevant were examined and air samples for fungi were taken in triplicate at 25 sites using a slit sampler with appropriate culture media. RESULTS Six cases of aspergillosis were identified over one year out of the 148 patients who attended the unit - the only part of the hospital where cases were found. Examination of the building services and function suggested that the cause or source was isolated to this paediatric oncology/haematology ward and may have been attributed to a defective disposal conduit door as well as the dispersal of a contaminated aerosol from the ward vacuum cleaner which had the highest measured concentrations of Aspergillus fumigatus in or around the building (65 colony forming units (cfu)/m3 compared with 0-6 cfu/m3 elsewhere). No further cases were identified in the two years after these hygiene arrangements were changed. CONCLUSIONS The investigation of this outbreak of nosocomial aspergillosis identified several possible sources of fungally contaminated aerosol which could have been implicated as the cause. Their modification was followed by a reduction in the incidence of further cases. Each should be incorporated as an issue of importance in hospital building design and hygiene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Anderson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Western Infirmary, Glasgow
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Michie J. Physical Therapy for the Cancer Patient: Clinics in Physical Therapy No 23. Physiotherapy 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9406(10)61361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
18
|
Nackerdien Z, Michie J, Böhm L. Chromatin decondensed by acetylation shows an elevated radiation response. Radiat Res 1989; 117:234-44. [PMID: 2922469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
V-79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts exposed to 5 mM n-sodium butyrate were irradiated with 60Co gamma rays and cell survival was determined by the cell colony assay. In a separate set of experiments the acetylated chromatin obtained from these cells was irradiated and the change of molecular weight of the DNA was evaluated by alkaline sucrose density centrifugation. At a survival level of 10(-2) to 10(-4) cells exposed to butyrate were found to be 1.3-1.4 times more radiosensitive than control cells. Exposure of isolated chromatin to 100 Gy of 60Co gamma irradiation generated 0.9 +/- 0.03 single-strand breaks (ssb) per 10 Gy per 10(8) Da and 2.0 +/- 0.3 ssb/10 Gy/10(8) Da for control and acetylated chromatin, respectively. The elevated radiation sensitivity of chromatin relaxed by acetylation is in good agreement with previous results on chromatin expanded by histone H1 depletion [Heussen et al., Radiat. Res. 110, 84-94 (1987)]. Packing and accessibility of DNA in chromatin appear to be major factors which influence the radiation sensitivity. The intrinsic radiation sensitivity of chromatin in various packing states is discussed in light of the variation of radiation sensitivity of whole cells in the cell cycle which incorporates repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Nackerdien
- Department of Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Henderson HE, Landon SV, Michie J, Berger GM. Association of a DNA polymorphism in the apolipoprotein C-III gene with diverse hyperlipidaemic phenotypes. Hum Genet 1987; 75:62-5. [PMID: 2879788 DOI: 10.1007/bf00273841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We found an increased prevalence of an Sst-1 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), localized to the apolipoprotein C-III gene, in lipid clinic patients with diverse hyperlipidaemic phenotypes. Studies on a normolipidaemic control population confirmed previous reports of differing frequencies of the RFLP in different racial groups. Reexamination of the patient data, taking into account racial composition, provided further support for an association of the Sst-1 RFLP with primary hypercholesterolaemia, type III hyperlipoproteinaemia, as well as with hypertriglyceridaemia as had previously been observed. These results suggest that the Sst-1 site is linked to a gene defect with a minor or subtle phenotypic effect which enhances the expression of a co-existent major monogenic defect of lipoprotein transport.
Collapse
|
21
|
Michie J, Leakey J, Stansfield DA. Proceedings: Multiple forms of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase in bovine corpus luteum. Biochem Soc Trans 1974; 2:438-40. [PMID: 4375050 DOI: 10.1042/bst0020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|