1
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Wilkinson SW, Hannan Parker A, Muench A, Wilson RS, Hooshmand K, Henderson MA, Moffat EK, Rocha PSCF, Hipperson H, Stassen JHM, López Sánchez A, Fomsgaard IS, Krokene P, Mageroy MH, Ton J. Long-lasting memory of jasmonic acid-dependent immunity requires DNA demethylation and ARGONAUTE1. Nat Plants 2023; 9:81-95. [PMID: 36604579 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Stress can have long-lasting impacts on plants. Here we report the long-term effects of the stress hormone jasmonic acid (JA) on the defence phenotype, transcriptome and DNA methylome of Arabidopsis. Three weeks after transient JA signalling, 5-week-old plants retained induced resistance (IR) against herbivory but showed increased susceptibility to pathogens. Transcriptome analysis revealed long-term priming and/or upregulation of JA-dependent defence genes but repression of ethylene- and salicylic acid-dependent genes. Long-term JA-IR was associated with shifts in glucosinolate composition and required MYC2/3/4 transcription factors, RNA-directed DNA methylation, the DNA demethylase ROS1 and the small RNA (sRNA)-binding protein AGO1. Although methylome analysis did not reveal consistent changes in DNA methylation near MYC2/3/4-controlled genes, JA-treated plants were specifically enriched with hypomethylated ATREP2 transposable elements (TEs). Epigenomic characterization of mutants and transgenic lines revealed that ATREP2 TEs are regulated by RdDM and ROS1 and produce 21 nt sRNAs that bind to nuclear AGO1. Since ATREP2 TEs are enriched with sequences from IR-related defence genes, our results suggest that AGO1-associated sRNAs from hypomethylated ATREP2 TEs trans-regulate long-lasting memory of JA-dependent immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Wilkinson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - A Hannan Parker
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Muench
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - R S Wilson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Hooshmand
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - M A Henderson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - E K Moffat
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P S C F Rocha
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - H Hipperson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J H M Stassen
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A López Sánchez
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - I S Fomsgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - P Krokene
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - M H Mageroy
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - J Ton
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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2
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Petley EV, Koay HF, Henderson MA, Sek K, Todd KL, Keam SP, Lai J, House IG, Li J, Zethoven M, Chen AXY, Oliver AJ, Michie J, Freeman AJ, Giuffrida L, Chan JD, Pizzolla A, Mak JYW, McCulloch TR, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Kearney CJ, Millen R, Ramsay RG, Huntington ND, McCluskey J, Oliaro J, Fairlie DP, Neeson PJ, Godfrey DI, Beavis PA, Darcy PK. MAIT cells regulate NK cell-mediated tumor immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4746. [PMID: 34362900 PMCID: PMC8346465 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in tumor immunity is unclear. Here we show that MAIT cell-deficient mice have enhanced NK cell-dependent control of metastatic B16F10 tumor growth relative to control mice. Analyses of this interplay in human tumor samples reveal that high expression of a MAIT cell gene signature negatively impacts the prognostic significance of NK cells. Paradoxically, pre-pulsing tumors with MAIT cell antigens, or activating MAIT cells in vivo, enhances anti-tumor immunity in B16F10 and E0771 mouse tumor models, including in the context of established metastasis. These effects are associated with enhanced NK cell responses and increased expression of both IFN-γ-dependent and inflammatory genes in NK cells. Importantly, activated human MAIT cells also promote the function of NK cells isolated from patient tumor samples. Our results thus describe an activation-dependent, MAIT cell-mediated regulation of NK cells, and suggest a potential therapeutic avenue for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin Sek
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsten L Todd
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Tumour Suppression and Cancer Sex Disparity Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Imran G House
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jasmine Li
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Magnus Zethoven
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda X Y Chen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda J Oliver
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Michie
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Freeman
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren Giuffrida
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack D Chan
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Angela Pizzolla
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy R McCulloch
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Conor J Kearney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rosemary Millen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert G Ramsay
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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3
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Mills JK, Henderson MA, Giuffrida L, Petrone P, Westwood JA, Darcy PK, Neeson PJ, Kershaw MH, Gyorki DE. Generating CAR T cells from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2021; 9:25151355211017119. [PMID: 34159293 PMCID: PMC8186112 DOI: 10.1177/25151355211017119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have demonstrated promising, though limited, efficacy against melanoma. Methods: We designed a model system to explore the efficacy of dual specific T cells derived from melanoma patient TILs by transduction with a Her2-specific CAR. Results: Metastatic melanoma cells in our biobank constitutively expressed Her2 antigen. CAR-TIL produced greater amounts of IFN compared with parental TIL, when co-cultured with Her2 expressing tumor lines, including autologous melanoma tumor lines, although no consistent increase in cytotoxicity by TIL was afforded by expression of a CAR. Results of an in vivo study in NSG mice demonstrated tumor shrinkage when CAR-TILs were used in an adoptive cell therapy protocol. Conclusion: Potential limitations of transduced TIL in our study included limited proliferative potential and a terminally differentiated phenotype, which would need addressing in further work before consideration of clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane K Mills
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lauren Giuffrida
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pasquale Petrone
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Westwood
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David E Gyorki
- Department of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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4
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Giuffrida L, Sek K, Henderson MA, House IG, Lai J, Chen AXY, Todd KL, Petley EV, Mardiana S, Todorovski I, Gruber E, Kelly MJ, Solomon BJ, Vervoort SJ, Johnstone RW, Parish IA, Neeson PJ, Kats LM, Darcy PK, Beavis PA. IL-15 Preconditioning Augments CAR T Cell Responses to Checkpoint Blockade for Improved Treatment of Solid Tumors. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2379-2393. [PMID: 32735774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has been highly successful in hematological malignancies leading to their US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. However, the efficacy of CAR T cells in solid tumors is limited by tumor-induced immunosuppression, leading to the development of combination approaches, such as adjuvant programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blockade. Current FDA-approved methods for generating CAR T cells utilize either anti-CD3 and interleukin (IL)-2 or anti-CD3/CD28 beads, which can generate a T cell product with an effector/exhausted phenotype. Whereas different cytokine preconditioning milieu, such as IL-7/IL-15, have been shown to promote T cell engraftment, the impact of this approach on CAR T cell responses to adjuvant immune-checkpoint blockade has not been assessed. In the current study, we reveal that the preconditioning of CAR T cells with IL-7/IL-15 increased CAR T cell responses to anti-PD-1 adjuvant therapy. This was associated with the emergence of an intratumoral CD8+CD62L+TCF7+IRF4- population that was highly responsive to anti-PD-1 therapy and mediated the vast majority of transcriptional and epigenetic changes in vivo following PD-1 blockade. Our data indicate that preservation of CAR T cells in a TCF7+ phenotype is crucial for their responsiveness to adjuvant immunotherapy approaches and should be a key consideration when designing clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Giuffrida
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kevin Sek
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Imran G House
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amanda X Y Chen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kirsten L Todd
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sherly Mardiana
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Izabela Todorovski
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Translational Haematology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Emily Gruber
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Translational Haematology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Madison J Kelly
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Translational Haematology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Solomon
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Translational Haematology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Translational Haematology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ian A Parish
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lev M Kats
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Translational Haematology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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5
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Lai J, Mardiana S, House IG, Sek K, Henderson MA, Giuffrida L, Chen AXY, Todd KL, Petley EV, Chan JD, Carrington EM, Lew AM, Solomon BJ, Trapani JA, Kedzierska K, Evrard M, Vervoort SJ, Waithman J, Darcy PK, Beavis PA. Adoptive cellular therapy with T cells expressing the dendritic cell growth factor Flt3L drives epitope spreading and antitumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:914-926. [PMID: 32424363 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapies using genetically engineered T cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor T cells are emerging forms of immunotherapy that redirect T cells to specifically target cancer. However, tumor antigen heterogeneity remains a key challenge limiting their efficacy against solid cancers. Here, we engineered T cells to secrete the dendritic cell (DC) growth factor Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L). Flt3L-secreting T cells expanded intratumoral conventional type 1 DCs and substantially increased host DC and T cell activation when combined with immune agonists poly (I:C) and anti-4-1BB. Importantly, combination therapy led to enhanced inhibition of tumor growth and the induction of epitope spreading towards antigens beyond those recognized by adoptively transferred T cells in solid tumor models of T cell receptor and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Our data suggest that augmenting endogenous DCs is a promising strategy to overcome the clinical problem of antigen-negative tumor escape following adoptive cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sherly Mardiana
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Imran G House
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin Sek
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Giuffrida
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda X Y Chen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten L Todd
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jack D Chan
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma M Carrington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Solomon
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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6
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Huggins HP, Subash JS, Stoffel H, Henderson MA, Hoffman JL, Buckner DS, Sengupta MS, Boag PR, Lee MH, Keiper BD. Distinct roles of two eIF4E isoforms in the germline of Caenorhabditis elegans. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs237990. [PMID: 32079657 PMCID: PMC7132772 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ cells use both positive and negative mRNA translational control to regulate gene expression that drives their differentiation into gametes. mRNA translational control is mediated by RNA-binding proteins, miRNAs and translation initiation factors. We have uncovered the discrete roles of two translation initiation factor eIF4E isoforms (IFE-1, IFE-3) that bind 7-methylguanosine (m7G) mRNA caps during Caenorhabditiselegans germline development. IFE-3 plays important roles in germline sex determination (GSD), where it promotes oocyte cell fate and is dispensable for spermatogenesis. IFE-3 is expressed throughout the germline and localizes to germ granules, but is distinct from IFE-1 and PGL-1, and facilitates oocyte growth and viability. This contrasts with the robust expression in spermatocytes of IFE-1, the isoform that resides within P granules in spermatocytes and oocytes, and promotes late spermatogenesis. Each eIF4E is localized by its cognate eIF4E-binding protein (IFE-1:PGL-1 and IFE-3:IFET-1). IFE-3 and IFET-1 regulate translation of several GSD mRNAs, but not those under control of IFE-1. Distinct mutant phenotypes, in vivo localization and differential mRNA translation suggest independent dormant and active periods for each eIF4E isoform in the germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden P Huggins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Jacob S Subash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Hamilton Stoffel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Jenna L Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - David S Buckner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Madhu S Sengupta
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Peter R Boag
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Myon-Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Brett D Keiper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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7
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Wiede F, Lu KH, Du X, Liang S, Hochheiser K, Dodd GT, Goh PK, Kearney C, Meyran D, Beavis PA, Henderson MA, Park SL, Waithman J, Zhang S, Zhang ZY, Oliaro J, Gebhardt T, Darcy PK, Tiganis T. PTPN2 phosphatase deletion in T cells promotes anti-tumour immunity and CAR T-cell efficacy in solid tumours. EMBO J 2019; 39:e103637. [PMID: 31803974 PMCID: PMC6960448 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although adoptive T-cell therapy has shown remarkable clinical efficacy in haematological malignancies, its success in combating solid tumours has been limited. Here, we report that PTPN2 deletion in T cells enhances cancer immunosurveillance and the efficacy of adoptively transferred tumour-specific T cells. T-cell-specific PTPN2 deficiency prevented tumours forming in aged mice heterozygous for the tumour suppressor p53. Adoptive transfer of PTPN2-deficient CD8+ T cells markedly repressed tumour formation in mice bearing mammary tumours. Moreover, PTPN2 deletion in T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for the oncoprotein HER-2 increased the activation of the Src family kinase LCK and cytokine-induced STAT-5 signalling, thereby enhancing both CAR T-cell activation and homing to CXCL9/10-expressing tumours to eradicate HER-2+ mammary tumours in vivo. Our findings define PTPN2 as a target for bolstering T-cell-mediated anti-tumour immunity and CAR T-cell therapy against solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wiede
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Kun-Hui Lu
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Xin Du
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Shuwei Liang
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Katharina Hochheiser
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Garron T Dodd
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Pei K Goh
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Conor Kearney
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Deborah Meyran
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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8
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House IG, Savas P, Lai J, Chen AXY, Oliver AJ, Teo ZL, Todd KL, Henderson MA, Giuffrida L, Petley EV, Sek K, Mardiana S, Gide TN, Quek C, Scolyer RA, Long GV, Wilmott JS, Loi S, Darcy PK, Beavis PA. Macrophage-Derived CXCL9 and CXCL10 Are Required for Antitumor Immune Responses Following Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:487-504. [PMID: 31636098 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Response rates to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB; anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4) correlate with the extent of tumor immune infiltrate, but the mechanisms underlying the recruitment of T cells following therapy are poorly characterized. A greater understanding of these processes may see the development of therapeutic interventions that enhance T-cell recruitment and, consequently, improved patient outcomes. We therefore investigated the chemokines essential for immune cell recruitment and subsequent therapeutic efficacy of these immunotherapies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The chemokines upregulated by dual PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade were assessed using NanoString-based analysis with results confirmed at the protein level by flow cytometry and cytometric bead array. Blocking/neutralizing antibodies confirmed the requirement for key chemokines/cytokines and immune effector cells. Results were confirmed in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors using single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and paired survival analyses. RESULTS The CXCR3 ligands, CXCL9 and CXCL10, were significantly upregulated following dual PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade and both CD8+ T-cell infiltration and therapeutic efficacy were CXCR3 dependent. In both murine models and patients undergoing immunotherapy, macrophages were the predominant source of CXCL9 and their depletion abrogated CD8+ T-cell infiltration and the therapeutic efficacy of dual ICB. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of patient tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) revealed that CXCL9/10/11 was predominantly expressed by macrophages following ICB and we identified a distinct macrophage signature that was associated with positive responses to ICB. CONCLUSIONS These data underline the fundamental importance of macrophage-derived CXCR3 ligands for the therapeutic efficacy of ICB and highlight the potential of manipulating this axis to enhance patient responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran G House
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Peter Savas
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Amanda X Y Chen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Amanda J Oliver
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Zhi L Teo
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten L Todd
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lauren Giuffrida
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kevin Sek
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sherly Mardiana
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tuba N Gide
- The University of Sydney, Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Camelia Quek
- The University of Sydney, Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- The University of Sydney, Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- The University of Sydney, Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Mater Hospital, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- The University of Sydney, Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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9
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Tan L, Sandhu S, Lee RJ, Li J, Callahan J, Ftouni S, Dhomen N, Middlehurst P, Wallace A, Raleigh J, Hatzimihalis A, Henderson MA, Shackleton M, Haydon A, Mar V, Gyorki DE, Oudit D, Dawson MA, Hicks RJ, Lorigan P, McArthur GA, Marais R, Wong SQ, Dawson SJ. Prediction and monitoring of relapse in stage III melanoma using circulating tumor DNA. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:804-814. [PMID: 30838379 PMCID: PMC6551451 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of effective adjuvant therapies for patients with resected melanoma has highlighted the need to stratify patients based on risk of relapse given the cost and toxicities associated with treatment. Here we assessed circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) to predict and monitor relapse in resected stage III melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Somatic mutations were identified in 99/133 (74%) patients through tumor tissue sequencing. Personalized droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays were used to detect known mutations in 315 prospectively collected plasma samples from mutation-positive patients. External validation was performed in a prospective independent cohort (n = 29). RESULTS ctDNA was detected in 37 of 99 (37%) individuals. In 81 patients who did not receive adjuvant therapy, 90% of patients with ctDNA detected at baseline and 100% of patients with ctDNA detected at the postoperative timepoint relapsed at a median follow up of 20 months. ctDNA detection predicted patients at high risk of relapse at baseline [relapse-free survival (RFS) hazard ratio (HR) 2.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-5.6; P = 0.002] and postoperatively (HR 10; 95% CI 4.3-24; P < 0.001). ctDNA detection at baseline [HR 2.9; 95% CI 1.3-5.7; P = 0.003 and postoperatively (HR 11; 95% CI 4.3-27; P < 0.001] was also associated with inferior distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). These findings were validated in the independent cohort. ctDNA detection remained an independent predictor of RFS and DMFS in multivariate analyses after adjustment for disease stage and BRAF mutation status. CONCLUSION Baseline and postoperative ctDNA detection in two independent prospective cohorts identified stage III melanoma patients at highest risk of relapse and has potential to inform adjuvant therapy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Sandhu
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R J Lee
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - J Li
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Callahan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne
| | - S Ftouni
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne
| | - N Dhomen
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester
| | - P Middlehurst
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester
| | - A Wallace
- Genomic Diagnostics Laboratory, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - J Raleigh
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne
| | | | - M A Henderson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - V Mar
- The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne
| | - D E Gyorki
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne; Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D Oudit
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - M A Dawson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R J Hicks
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Lorigan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - G A McArthur
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - S Q Wong
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne
| | - S-J Dawson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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10
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Halse H, Colebatch AJ, Petrone P, Henderson MA, Mills JK, Snow H, Westwood JA, Sandhu S, Raleigh JM, Behren A, Cebon J, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH, McArthur GA, Gyorki DE, Neeson PJ. Multiplex immunohistochemistry accurately defines the immune context of metastatic melanoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11158. [PMID: 30042403 PMCID: PMC6057961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28944-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A prospective study explored the heterogeneous nature of metastatic melanoma using Multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry (FACS). Multiplex IHC data quantitated immune subset number present intra-tumoral (IT) vs the tumor stroma, plus distance of immune subsets from the tumor margin (TM). In addition, mIHC showed a close association between the presence of IT CD8+ T cells and PDL1 expression in melanoma, which was more prevalent on macrophages than on melanoma cells. In contrast, FACS provided more detailed information regarding the T cell subset differentiation, their activation status and expression of immune checkpoint molecules. Interestingly, mIHC detected significantly higher Treg numbers than FACS and showed preferential CD4+ T cell distribution in the tumor stroma. Based on the mIHC and FACS data, we provide a model which defines metastatic melanoma immune context into four categories using the presence or absence of PDL1+ melanoma cells and/or macrophages, and their location within the tumor or on the periphery, combined with the presence or absence of IT CD8+ T cells. This model interprets melanoma immune context as a spectrum of tumor escape from immune control, and provides a snapshot upon which interpretation of checkpoint blockade inhibitor (CBI) therapy responses can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Halse
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - A J Colebatch
- Division of Cancer Medicine Melanoma Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - P Petrone
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - M A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - J K Mills
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - H Snow
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - J A Westwood
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - S Sandhu
- Division of Cancer Medicine Melanoma Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - J M Raleigh
- Division of Cancer Medicine Melanoma Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - A Behren
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, 3086, Australia
| | - J Cebon
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, 3086, Australia
| | - P K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - M H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - G A McArthur
- Division of Cancer Medicine Melanoma Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - D E Gyorki
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - P J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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11
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Beavis PA, Henderson MA, Giuffrida L, Davenport AJ, Petley EV, House IG, Lai J, Sek K, Milenkovski N, John LB, Mardiana S, Slaney CY, Trapani JA, Loi S, Kershaw MH, Haynes NM, Darcy PK. Dual PD-1 and CTLA-4 Checkpoint Blockade Promotes Antitumor Immune Responses through CD4 +Foxp3 - Cell-Mediated Modulation of CD103 + Dendritic Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1069-1081. [PMID: 30018045 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is widely accepted as a powerful new treatment modality for the treatment of cancer. The most successful form of immunotherapy to date has been the blockade of the immune checkpoints PD-1 and CTLA-4. Combining inhibitors of both PD-1 and CTLA-4 increases the proportion of patients who respond to immunotherapy. However, most patients still do not respond to checkpoint inhibitors, and prognostic biomarkers are currently lacking. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanism by which these checkpoint inhibitors enhance antitumor immune responses is required to more accurately predict which patients are likely to respond and further enhance this treatment modality. Our current study of two mouse tumor models revealed that CD4+Foxp3- cells activated by dual PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade modulated the myeloid compartment, including activation of conventional CD103+ dendritic cells (DC) and expansion of a myeloid subset that produces TNFα and iNOS (TIP-DCs). CD4+Foxp3- T cell-mediated activation of CD103+ DCs resulted in enhanced IL12 production by these cells and IL12 enhanced the therapeutic effect of dual PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade. Given the importance of these myeloid subsets in the antitumor immune response, our data point to a previously underappreciated role of CD4+Foxp3- cells in modulating this arm of the antitumor immune response. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(9); 1069-81. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Giuffrida
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander J Davenport
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Imran G House
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin Sek
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Milenkovski
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liza B John
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sherly Mardiana
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Keippel AE, Henderson MA, Golbeck AL, Gallup T, Duin DK, Hayes S, Alexander S, Ciemins EL. Healthy by Design: Using a Gender Focus to Influence Complete Streets Policy. Womens Health Issues 2018; 27 Suppl 1:S22-S28. [PMID: 29050655 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health leaders in Yellowstone County, Montana, formed an alliance to address community-wide issues. One such issue is Complete Streets, with its vision of safe streets for all. This case study focuses on development and adoption of a Complete Streets policy. It examines how a community coalition, Healthy By Design, infused a gender focus into the policymaking process. METHODS An incremental and nonlinear policymaking process was aided by a focus on gender and health equity. The focus on a large constituency helped to frame advocacy in terms of a broad population's needs, not just special interests. RESULTS The city council unanimously adopted a Complete Streets resolution, informed by a gender lens. Healthy By Design further used gender information to successfully mobilize the community in response to threats of repeal of the policy, and then influenced the adoption of a revised policy. CONCLUSIONS Policies developed with a focus on equity, including gender equity, may have broader impact on the community. Such policies may pave the way for future policies that seek to transform gender norms toward building a healthier community for all residents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda L Golbeck
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | - Diane K Duin
- Montana State University-Billings, College of Allied Health Professions, Billings, Montana
| | - Stephen Hayes
- Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Stephanie Alexander
- Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, District of Columbia.
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13
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Dushyanthen S, Teo ZL, Caramia F, Savas P, Mintoff CP, Virassamy B, Henderson MA, Luen SJ, Mansour M, Kershaw MH, Trapani JA, Neeson PJ, Salgado R, McArthur GA, Balko JM, Beavis PA, Darcy PK, Loi S. Agonist immunotherapy restores T cell function following MEK inhibition improving efficacy in breast cancer. Nat Commun 2017; 8:606. [PMID: 28928458 PMCID: PMC5605577 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancers is correlated with improved outcomes. Ras/MAPK pathway activation is associated with significantly lower levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancers and while MEK inhibition can promote recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to the tumor, here we show that MEK inhibition adversely affects early onset T-cell effector function. We show that α-4-1BB and α-OX-40 T-cell agonist antibodies can rescue the adverse effects of MEK inhibition on T cells in both mouse and human T cells, which results in augmented anti-tumor effects in vivo. This effect is dependent upon increased downstream p38/JNK pathway activation. Taken together, our data suggest that although Ras/MAPK pathway inhibition can increase tumor immunogenicity, the negative impact on T-cell activity is functionally important. This undesirable impact is effectively prevented by combination with T-cell immune agonist immunotherapies resulting in superior therapeutic efficacy.MEK inhibition in breast cancer is associated with increased tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), however, MAPK activity is required for T cells function. Here the authors show that TILs activity following MEK inhibition can be enhanced by agonist immunotherapy resulting in synergic therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi Ling Teo
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Franco Caramia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Peter Savas
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Stephen J Luen
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Mariam Mansour
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institute Jules Bordet, Brussels, 1000, Belgium
| | | | - Justin M Balko
- Breast Cancer Research Program and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Centre and Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Sherene Loi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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14
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Burr ML, Sparbier CE, Chan YC, Williamson JC, Woods K, Beavis PA, Lam EYN, Henderson MA, Bell CC, Stolzenburg S, Gilan O, Bloor S, Noori T, Morgens DW, Bassik MC, Neeson PJ, Behren A, Darcy PK, Dawson SJ, Voskoboinik I, Trapani JA, Cebon J, Lehner PJ, Dawson MA. CMTM6 maintains the expression of PD-L1 and regulates anti-tumour immunity. Nature 2017; 549:101-105. [PMID: 28813417 PMCID: PMC5706633 DOI: 10.1038/nature23643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells exploit the expression of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligand 1 (PD-L1) to subvert T-cell-mediated immunosurveillance. The success of therapies that disrupt PD-L1-mediated tumour tolerance has highlighted the need to understand the molecular regulation of PD-L1 expression. Here we identify the uncharacterized protein CMTM6 as a critical regulator of PD-L1 in a broad range of cancer cells, by using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen. CMTM6 is a ubiquitously expressed protein that binds PD-L1 and maintains its cell surface expression. CMTM6 is not required for PD-L1 maturation but co-localizes with PD-L1 at the plasma membrane and in recycling endosomes, where it prevents PD-L1 from being targeted for lysosome-mediated degradation. Using a quantitative approach to profile the entire plasma membrane proteome, we find that CMTM6 displays specificity for PD-L1. Notably, CMTM6 depletion decreases PD-L1 without compromising cell surface expression of MHC class I. CMTM6 depletion, via the reduction of PD-L1, significantly alleviates the suppression of tumour-specific T cell activity in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide insights into the biology of PD-L1 regulation, identify a previously unrecognized master regulator of this critical immune checkpoint and highlight a potential therapeutic target to overcome immune evasion by tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L. Burr
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Christina E. Sparbier
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Yih-Chih Chan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - James C. Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Katherine Woods
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Paul A. Beavis
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Enid Y. N. Lam
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Melissa A. Henderson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Charles C. Bell
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sabine Stolzenburg
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Omer Gilan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stuart Bloor
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Tahereh Noori
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - David W. Morgens
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael C. Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Paul J. Neeson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Phillip K. Darcy
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah-Jane Dawson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Trapani
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mark A. Dawson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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15
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Beavis PA, Henderson MA, Giuffrida L, Mills JK, Sek K, Cross RS, Davenport AJ, John LB, Mardiana S, Slaney CY, Johnstone RW, Trapani JA, Stagg J, Loi S, Kats L, Gyorki D, Kershaw MH, Darcy PK. Targeting the adenosine 2A receptor enhances chimeric antigen receptor T cell efficacy. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:929-941. [PMID: 28165340 DOI: 10.1172/jci89455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been highly successful in treating hematological malignancies, including acute and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia. However, treatment of solid tumors using CAR T cells has been largely unsuccessful to date, partly because of tumor-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms, including adenosine production. Previous studies have shown that adenosine generated by tumor cells potently inhibits endogenous antitumor T cell responses through activation of adenosine 2A receptors (A2ARs). Herein, we have observed that CAR activation resulted in increased A2AR expression and suppression of both murine and human CAR T cells. This was reversible using either A2AR antagonists or genetic targeting of A2AR using shRNA. In 2 syngeneic HER2+ self-antigen tumor models, we found that either genetic or pharmacological targeting of the A2AR profoundly increased CAR T cell efficacy, particularly when combined with PD-1 blockade. Mechanistically, this was associated with increased cytokine production of CD8+ CAR T cells and increased activation of both CD8+ and CD4+ CAR T cells. Given the known clinical relevance of the CD73/adenosine pathway in several solid tumor types, and the initiation of phase I trials for A2AR antagonists in oncology, this approach has high translational potential to enhance CAR T cell efficacy in several cancer types.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
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16
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Mardiana S, John LB, Henderson MA, Slaney CY, von Scheidt B, Giuffrida L, Davenport AJ, Trapani JA, Neeson PJ, Loi S, Haynes NM, Kershaw MH, Beavis PA, Darcy PK. A Multifunctional Role for Adjuvant Anti-4-1BB Therapy in Augmenting Antitumor Response by Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1296-1309. [PMID: 28082401 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy utilizing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has demonstrated high success rates in hematologic cancers, but results against solid malignancies have been limited to date, due in part to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Activation of the 4-1BB (CD137) pathway using an agonistic α-4-1BB antibody is known to provide strong costimulatory signals for augmenting and diversifying T-cell responses. We therefore hypothesized that a combination of α-4-1BB and CAR T-cell therapy would result in improved antitumor responses. Using a human-Her2 self-antigen mouse model, we report here that α-4-1BB significantly enhanced CAR T-cell efficacy directed against the Her2 antigen in two different established solid tumor settings. Treatment also increased the expression of IFNγ and the proliferation marker Ki67 in tumor-infiltrating CAR T cells when combined with α-4-1BB. Strikingly, α-4-1BB significantly reduced host immunosuppressive cells at the tumor site, including regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, correlating with an increased therapeutic response. We conclude that α-4-1BB has a multifunctional role for enhancing CAR T-cell responses and that this combination therapy has high translational potential, given current phase I/II clinical trials with α-4-1BB against various types of cancer. Cancer Res; 77(6); 1296-309. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Mardiana
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liza B John
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bianca von Scheidt
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lauren Giuffrida
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexander J Davenport
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Friday AJ, Henderson MA, Morrison JK, Hoffman JL, Keiper BD. Spatial and temporal translational control of germ cell mRNAs mediated by the eIF4E isoform IFE-1. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4487-98. [PMID: 26542024 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.172684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated mRNA translation is vital for germ cells to produce new proteins in the spatial and temporal patterns that drive gamete development. Translational control involves the de-repression of stored mRNAs and their recruitment by eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) to ribosomes. C. elegans expresses five eIF4Es (IFE-1-IFE-5); several have been shown to selectively recruit unique pools of mRNA. Individual IFE knockouts yield unique phenotypes due to inefficient translation of certain mRNAs. Here, we identified mRNAs preferentially translated through the germline-specific eIF4E isoform IFE-1. Differential polysome microarray analysis identified 77 mRNAs recruited by IFE-1. Among the IFE-1-dependent mRNAs are several required for late germ cell differentiation and maturation. Polysome association of gld-1, vab-1, vpr-1, rab-7 and rnp-3 mRNAs relies on IFE-1. Live animal imaging showed IFE-1-dependent selectivity in spatial and temporal translation of germline mRNAs. Altered MAPK activation in oocytes suggests dual roles for IFE-1, both promoting and suppressing oocyte maturation at different stages. This single eIF4E isoform exerts positive, selective translational control during germ cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Friday
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - J Kaitlin Morrison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Jenna L Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Brett D Keiper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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18
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Chew GL, Huo CW, Huang D, Hill P, Cawson J, Frazer H, Hopper JL, Haviv I, Henderson MA, Britt K, Thompson EW. Increased COX-2 expression in epithelial and stromal cells of high mammographic density tissues and in a xenograft model of mammographic density. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 153:89-99. [PMID: 26227474 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammographic density (MD) adjusted for age and body mass index is one of the strongest known risk factors for breast cancer. Given the high attributable risk of MD for breast cancer, chemoprevention with a safe and available agent that reduces MD and breast cancer risk would be beneficial. Cox-2 has been implicated in MD-related breast cancer risk, and was increased in stromal cells in high MD tissues in one study. Our study assessed differential Cox-2 expression in epithelial and stromal cells in paired samples of high and low MD human breast tissue, and in a validated xenograft biochamber model of MD. We also examined the effects of endocrine treatment upon Cox-2 expression in high and low MD tissues in the MD xenograft model. Paired high and low MD human breast tissue samples were immunostained for Cox-2, then assessed for differential expression and staining intensity in epithelial and stromal cells. High and low MD human breast tissues were separately maintained in biochambers in mice treated with Tamoxifen, oestrogen or placebo implants, then assessed for percentage Cox-2 staining in epithelial and stromal cells. Percentage Cox-2 staining was greater for both epithelial (p = 0.01) and stromal cells (p < 0.0001) of high compared with low MD breast tissues. In high MD biochamber tissues, percentage Cox-2 staining was greater in stromal cells of oestrogen-treated versus placebo-treated tissues (p = 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Chew
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,
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19
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Beavis PA, Slaney CY, Milenkovski N, Henderson MA, Loi S, Stagg J, Kershaw MH, Darcy PK. CD73: A potential biomarker for anti-PD-1 therapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1046675. [PMID: 26451321 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1046675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In our recent study, we show that tumoral CD73 expression limits the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy, and this is rescued by concomitant A2A blockade. Since CD73 is known to be overexpressed in several human cancers and A2A antagonists have undergone clinical trials for Parkinson's Disease, this combination warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre ; East Melbourne, VIC Australia ; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; The University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Australia ; Department of Immunology; Monash University ; Clayton, Australia
| | - Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunology Program; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre ; East Melbourne, VIC Australia ; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; The University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Australia ; Department of Immunology; Monash University ; Clayton, Australia
| | - Nicole Milenkovski
- Cancer Immunology Program; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre ; East Melbourne, VIC Australia ; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; The University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Australia ; Department of Immunology; Monash University ; Clayton, Australia
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Program; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre ; East Melbourne, VIC Australia ; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; The University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Australia ; Department of Immunology; Monash University ; Clayton, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Cancer Immunology Program; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre ; East Melbourne, VIC Australia ; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; The University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Australia ; Department of Immunology; Monash University ; Clayton, Australia
| | - John Stagg
- Department of Immunology; Monash University ; Clayton, Australia ; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Faculté de Pharmacie et Institut du Cancer de Montréal ; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre ; East Melbourne, VIC Australia ; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; The University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Australia ; Department of Immunology; Monash University ; Clayton, Australia ; Department of Pathology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre ; East Melbourne, VIC Australia ; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; The University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Australia ; Department of Immunology; Monash University ; Clayton, Australia ; Department of Pathology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Australia
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20
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Beavis PA, Milenkovski N, Henderson MA, John LB, Allard B, Loi S, Kershaw MH, Stagg J, Darcy PK. Adenosine Receptor 2A Blockade Increases the Efficacy of Anti–PD-1 through Enhanced Antitumor T-cell Responses. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:506-17. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Morrison JK, Friday AJ, Henderson MA, Hao E, Keiper BD. Induction of cap-independent BiP (hsp-3) and Bcl-2 (ced-9) translation in response to eIF4G (IFG-1) depletion in C. elegans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2:e28935. [PMID: 26779406 PMCID: PMC4705828 DOI: 10.4161/trla.28935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During apoptosis, activated caspases cleave the translation initiation factor eIF4G. This cleavage disrupts cap-dependent mRNA translation initiation within the cell. However, a specific subset of mRNAs can still be recruited for protein synthesis in a cap-independent manner by the residual initiation machinery. Many of these mRNAs, including cell death related mRNAs, contain internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes) that promote their enhanced translation during apoptosis. Still other mRNAs have little dependence on the cap recognition mechanism. The expression of the encoded proteins, both anti- and pro-apoptotic, allows for an initial period of attempted cell survival, then commitment to cell death when damage is extensive. In this study we address the translational regulation of the stress and apoptosis-related mRNAs in C. elegans: BiP (hsp-3) (hsp-4), Hif-1 (hif-1), p53 (cep-1), Bcl-2 (ced-9) and Apaf-1 (ced-4). Altered translational efficiency of these messages was observed upon depletion of cap-dependent translation and induction of apoptosis within the C. elegans gonad. Our findings suggest a physiological link between the cap-independent mechanism and the enhanced translation of hsp-3 and ced-9. This increase in the efficiency of translation may be integral to the stress response during the induction of physiological apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kaitlin Morrison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - Andrew J Friday
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine; Lincoln Memorial University; Harrogate, TN USA
| | - Enhui Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - Brett D Keiper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
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22
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Huo CW, Chew GL, Britt KL, Ingman WV, Henderson MA, Hopper JL, Thompson EW. Mammographic density-a review on the current understanding of its association with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 144:479-502. [PMID: 24615497 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been considerable recent interest in the genetic, biological and epidemiological basis of mammographic density (MD), and the search for causative links between MD and breast cancer (BC) risk. This report will critically review the current literature on MD and summarize the current evidence for its association with BC. Keywords 'mammographic dens*', 'dense mammary tissue' or 'percent dens*' were used to search the existing literature in English on PubMed and Medline. All reports were critically analyzed. The data were assigned to one of the following aspects of MD: general association with BC, its relationship with the breast hormonal milieu, the cellular basis of MD, the generic variations of MD, and its significance in the clinical setting. MD adjusted for age, and BMI is associated with increased risk of BC diagnosis, advanced tumour stage at diagnosis and increased risk of both local recurrence and second primary cancers. The MD measures that predict BC risk have high heritability, and to date several genetic markers associated with BC risk have been found to also be associated with these MD risk predictors. Change in MD could be a predictor of the extent of chemoprevention with tamoxifen. Although the biological and genetic pathways that determine and perhaps modulate MD remain largely unresolved, significant inroads are being made into the understanding of MD, which may lead to benefits in clinical screening, assessment and treatment strategies. This review provides a timely update on the current understanding of MD's association with BC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Huo
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia,
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Henderson MA, Yong CSM, Duong CPM, Davenport AJ, John LB, Devaud C, Neeson P, Westwood JA, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. Chimeric antigen receptor-redirected T cells display multifunctional capacity and enhanced tumor-specific cytokine secretion upon secondary ligation of chimeric receptor. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:577-90. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the current study was to fully elucidate the functions of T cells genetically modified with an erbB2-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Material & methods: In this study, key functional parameters of CAR T cells were examined following antigen-specific stimulation of the chimeric anti-erbB2 receptor. Results: Gene-modified T cells produced the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-17, and the chemokine RANTES upon CAR ligation. A multifunctional capacity of these CAR T cells was also demonstrated, where 13.7% of cells were found to simultaneously express IFN-γ and CD107a, indicative of cytolytic granule release. In addition, the CAR T cells were able to respond to a greater degree on the second ligation of CAR, which has not been previously shown. IFN-γ secretion levels were significantly higher on second ligation than those secreted following initial ligation. CAR-expressing T cells were also demonstrated to lyze erbB2-expressing tumor cells in the absence of activity against bystander cells not expressing the erbB2 antigen, thereby demonstrating exquisite specificity. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the specificity of CAR gene-engineered T cells and their capacity to deliver a wide range of functions against tumor cells with an enhanced response capability after initial receptor engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carmen SM Yong
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Connie PM Duong
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alexander J Davenport
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Liza B John
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christel Devaud
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Westwood
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Prahran Victoria 3181, Australia
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Prahran Victoria 3181, Australia
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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24
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Henderson MA, Sanchez ZC, Koegel KA, Zawacki L, Martinez G, Ingram M. Community Profiles. CALIF J HEALTH PROMOT 2012. [DOI: 10.32398/cjhp.v10isi-latino.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Latinos in the US experience health disparities in obesity and related disease outcomes. There is national recognition that modifiable risk factors are influenced by the places that people work, live and play. Latinos are more likely to live in areas with limited access to affordable healthy food and recreational facilities. Design: This paper describes the development and use of neighborhood profiles as a tool for (1) assessing neighborhood built environments and (2) planning for neighborhood-based efforts focused on systems and environmental change. Our neighborhood profiles united four diverse data sources: secondary data, observational assessments, neighborhood connector interviews and resident surveys. Subjects: Twelve mostly urban, largely Latino neighborhoods of high economic disparity in Pima County, Arizona were included. Analysis: Secondary data was analyzed to describe sociodemographic characteristics of neighborhoods, while observational assessments were used to quantify and qualify aspects of the built environment. Neighborhood surveys and connector interviews were analyzed using frequency distributions and content analysis. Results: Neighborhoods varied in healthy food availability and physical activity infrastructure. Overall, residents indicated that community gardens and healthy food options in local stores are priorities. Conclusion: Neighborhood profiles demonstrated potential as an evaluation and community-planning tool to assist communities to create healthy environments.
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25
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Reed NP, Henderson MA, Oltz EM, Aune TM. Reciprocal regulation of Rag expression in thymocytes by the zinc-finger proteins, Zfp608 and Zfp609. Genes Immun 2012; 14:7-12. [PMID: 23076336 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recombination-activating gene 1 (Rag1) and Rag2 enzymes are required for T cell receptor assembly and thymocyte development. The mechanisms underlying the transcriptional activation and repression of Rag1 and Rag2 are incompletely understood. The zinc-finger protein, Zfp608, represses Rag1 and Rag2 expression when expressed in thymocytes blocking T-cell maturation. Here we show that the related zinc-finger protein, Zfp609, is necessary for Rag1 and Rag2 expression in developing thymocytes. Zfp608 represses Rag1 and Rag2 expression indirectly by repressing the expression of Zfp609. Thus, the balance of Zfp608 and Zfp609 plays a critical role in regulating Rag1 and Rag2 expression, which may manifest itself not only during development of immature thymocytes into mature T cells but also in generation of the T-cell arm of the adaptive immune system, which does not fully develop until after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Reed
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Collins PL, Henderson MA, Aune TM. Lineage-specific adjacent IFNG and IL26 genes share a common distal enhancer element. Genes Immun 2012; 13:481-8. [PMID: 22622197 PMCID: PMC4180225 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Certain groups of physically linked genes remain linked over long periods of evolutionary time. The general view is that such evolutionary conservation confers 'fitness' to the species. Why gene order confers 'fitness' to the species is incompletely understood. For example, linkage of IL26 and IFNG is preserved over evolutionary time yet Th17 lineages express IL26 and Th1 lineages express IFNG. We considered the hypothesis that distal enhancer elements may be shared between adjacent genes, which would require linkage be maintained in evolution. We test this hypothesis using a bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic model with deletions of specific conserved non-coding sequences. We identify one enhancer element uniquely required for IL26 expression but not for IFNG expression. We identify a second enhancer element positioned between IL26 and IFNG required for both IL26 and IFNG expression. One function of this enhancer is to facilitate recruitment of RNA polymerase II to promoters of both genes. Thus, sharing of distal enhancers between adjacent genes may contribute to evolutionary preservation of gene order.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Collins
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2681, USA
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27
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Du Y, Petrik NG, Deskins NA, Wang Z, Henderson MA, Kimmel GA, Lyubinetsky I. Hydrogen reactivity on highly-hydroxylated TiO2(110) surfaces prepared via carboxylic acid adsorption and photolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 14:3066-74. [PMID: 22108618 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22515d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Combined scanning tunneling microscopy, temperature programmed desorption, photo stimulated desorption, and density functional theory studies have probed the formation and reactivity of highly-hydroxylated rutile TiO(2)(110) surfaces, which were prepared via a novel, photochemical route using trimethyl acetic acid (TMAA) dissociative adsorption and subsequent photolysis at 300 K. Deprotonation of TMAA molecules upon adsorption produces both surface bridging hydroxyls (OH(b)) and bidentate trimethyl acetate (TMA) species with a saturation coverage of nearly 0.5 monolayers (ML). Ultra-violet light irradiation selectively removes TMA species, producing a highly-hydroxylated surface with up to ~0.5 ML OH(b) coverage. At high coverages, the OH(b) species typically occupy second-nearest neighbor sites along the bridging oxygen row locally forming linear (2 × 1) structures of different lengths, although the surface is less ordered on a long scale. The annealing of the highly-hydroxylated surface leads to hydroxyl recombination and H(2)O desorption with ~100% yield, thus ruling out the diffusion of H into the bulk that has been suggested in the literature. In agreement with experimental data, theoretical results show that the recombinative H(2)O desorption is preferred over both H bulk diffusion and H(2) desorption processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Du
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory and Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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28
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Tossberg JT, Crooke PS, Henderson MA, Sriram S, Mrelashvili D, Chitnis S, Polman C, Vosslamber S, Verweij CL, Olsen NJ, Aune TM. Gene-expression signatures: biomarkers toward diagnosing multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2011; 13:146-54. [PMID: 21938015 PMCID: PMC3291793 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Identification of biomarkers contributing to disease diagnosis, classification or prognosis could be of considerable utility. For example, primary methods to diagnose multiple sclerosis (MS) include magnetic resonance imaging and detection of immunological abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid. We determined whether gene-expression differences in blood discriminated MS subjects from comparator groups, and identified panels of ratios that performed with varying degrees of accuracy depending upon complexity of comparator groups. High levels of overall accuracy were achieved by comparing MS with homogeneous comparator groups. Overall accuracy was compromised when MS was compared with a heterogeneous comparator group. Results, validated in independent cohorts, indicate that gene-expression differences in blood accurately exclude or include a diagnosis of MS and suggest that these approaches may provide clinically useful prediction of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Tossberg
- Research Department, ArthroChip, LLC, Franklin, TN, USA
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29
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Henderson MA, Gleason EJ, Hartley PD, Kroft TL, Long Y, Kaila V, Wang E, L'Hernault SW. The Role of the V-ATPase B Subunit in the Acidification of Sperm Secretory Vesicles in C. elegans. Biol Reprod 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/biolreprod/85.s1.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
The management of vascular disease requires knowledge of clinical assessment, pharmacotherapeutics, endovascular procedures and vascular surgery. In Canada, interventional cardiology, vascular surgery, interventional radiology and neurosurgery specialists may be involved in the care of patients with vascular disease, and they all claim to have expertise and an advantage in treating specific patients. The present article identifies the sources of the potential 'turf war' in vascular medicine, and proposes some possible solutions through reorganization of vascular care, with particular reference to the modern era of Canadian medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Chan
- Department of Cardiovascular Services, Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada.
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Henderson MA, Cronland E, Dunkelbarger S, Contreras V, Strome S, Keiper BD. A germline-specific isoform of eIF4E (IFE-1) is required for efficient translation of stored mRNAs and maturation of both oocytes and sperm. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:1529-39. [PMID: 19383718 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.046771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fertility and embryonic viability are measures of efficient germ cell growth and development. During oogenesis and spermatogenesis, new proteins are required for both mitotic expansion and differentiation. Qualitative and quantitative changes in protein synthesis occur by translational control of mRNAs, mediated in part by eIF4E, which binds the mRNAs 5' cap. IFE-1 is one of five eIF4E isoforms identified in C. elegans. IFE-1 is expressed primarily in the germ line and associates with P granules, large mRNPs that store mRNAs. We isolated a strain that lacks IFE-1 [ife-1(bn127)] and demonstrated that the translation of several maternal mRNAs (pos-1, pal-1, mex-1 and oma-1) was inefficient relative to that in wild-type worms. At 25 degrees C, ife-1(bn127) spermatocytes failed in cytokinesis, prematurely expressed the pro-apoptotic protein CED-4/Apaf-1, and accumulated as multinucleate cells unable to mature to spermatids. A modest defect in oocyte development was also observed. Oocytes progressed normally through mitosis and meiosis, but subsequent production of competent oocytes became limiting, even in the presence of wild-type sperm. Combined gametogenesis defects decreased worm fertility by 80% at 20 degrees C; ife-1 worms were completely sterile at 25 degrees C. Thus, IFE-1 plays independent roles in late oogenesis and spermatogenesis through selective translation of germline-specific mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Henderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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32
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Parker BS, Ciocca DR, Bidwell BN, Gago FE, Fanelli MA, George J, Slavin JL, Möller A, Steel R, Pouliot N, Eckhardt BL, Henderson MA, Anderson RL. Primary tumour expression of the cysteine cathepsin inhibitor Stefin A inhibits distant metastasis in breast cancer. J Pathol 2007; 214:337-46. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Raison CL, Woolwine BJ, Demetrashvili MF, Borisov AS, Weinreib R, Staab JP, Zajecka JM, Bruno CJ, Henderson MA, Reinus JF, Evans DL, Asnis GM, Miller AH. Paroxetine for prevention of depressive symptoms induced by interferon-alpha and ribavirin for hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25:1163-74. [PMID: 17451562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether antidepressants prevent depression during interferon-alpha/ribavirin treatment for hepatitis C virus infection has yet to be established. AIM To investigate the use of paroxetine in a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study for this indication. METHODS Sixty-one hepatitis C virus-infected patients were randomly assigned to the antidepressant, paroxetine (n = 28), or placebo (n = 33), begun 2 weeks before and continued for 24 weeks during interferon-alpha/ribavirin treatment. Primary endpoints included development of major depression and severity of depressive symptoms measured by the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). RESULTS Rates of major depression during the study were low (17%) and did not differ between groups. Nevertheless, using published MADRS cut-off scores, the percent of subjects who met criteria for mild, moderate or severe depression during interferon-alpha/ribavirin therapy was significantly lower in paroxetine- vs. placebo-treated subjects (P = 0.02, Fisher's exact test). Assignment to paroxetine was also associated with significantly reduced depressive symptom severity. This effect was largely accounted for by participants with depression scores above the median (MADRS > 3) at baseline in whom paroxetine was associated with a maximal reduction in MADRS scores of 10.3 (95% CI: 2.1-18.5) compared with placebo at 20 weeks (P < 0.01). Study limitations included a small sample size and high drop-out rate. CONCLUSION This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial provides preliminary data in support of antidepressant pre-treatment in hepatitis C virus patients with elevated depressive symptoms at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Raison
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Sauter O, Coda S, Goodman TP, Henderson MA, Behn R, Bottino A, Fable E, Martynov A, Nikkola P, Zucca C. Inductive current density perturbations to probe electron internal transport barriers in tokamaks. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:105002. [PMID: 15783491 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Improved electron energy confinement in tokamak plasmas, related to internal transport barriers, has been linked to nonmonotonic current density profiles. This is difficult to prove experimentally since usually the current profiles evolve continuously and current injection generally requires significant input power. New experiments are presented, in which the inductive current is used to generate positive and negative current density perturbations in the plasma center, with negligible input power. These results demonstrate unambiguously for the first time that the electron confinement can be modified significantly solely by perturbing the current density profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sauter
- Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas, Association EURATOM-Confédération Suisse, EPFL, PPB-Sation 13, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Henderson MA, Camenen Y, Coda S, Goodman TP, Nikkola P, Pochelon A, Sauter O. Rapid and localized electron internal-transport-barrier formation during shear inversion in fully noninductive TCV discharges. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:215001. [PMID: 15601020 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.215001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clear evidence is reported for the first time of a rapid localized reduction of core electron energy diffusivity during the formation of an electron internal-transport barrier. The transition occurs rapidly (approximately = 3 ms), during a slow (approximately = 200 ms) self-inductive evolution of the magnetic shear. This crucial observation, and the correlation of the transition with the time and location of the magnetic shear reversal, lend support to models attributing the reduced transport to the local properties of a zero-shear region, in contrast to models predicting a gradual reduction due to a weak or negative shear.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Henderson
- Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Association EURATOM, Confédération Suisse, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Scott CI, Iorgulescu DG, Thorne HJ, Henderson MA, Phillips KA. Clinical, pathological and genetic features of women at high familial risk of breast cancer undergoing prophylactic mastectomy. Clin Genet 2003; 64:111-21. [PMID: 12859406 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic mastectomy (PM) is a risk-management option for women at high familial risk of breast cancer (BC). This study describes the PM experience of women enrolled in a large observational cohort study involving families with a history of hereditary breast cancer. Within 357 multiple-case BC families [119 (33%) BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation positive], identified via family cancer clinics, 49 cases of PM [21 (43%) BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation positive] were identified and their clinical, pathological and genetic features reviewed. Families with at least one incidence of PM displayed stronger breast/ovarian cancer histories than did families without PM. Median age at time of PM was 45 years (range 28-58). Ten cases (21%) were bilateral PMs in unaffected women and 39 cases were contralateral PMs in women with prior invasive BC (71%) or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (8%). Most (88%) underwent total mastectomy. Unnecessary axillary surgery occurred in eight subjects (16%). Malignant histology was found in three PM specimens (6%). Prior to genetic testing, PM was performed in two women who were subsequently shown not to carry the mutation specific to their family. Optimal utilization of genetic testing to guide surgical decision making, appropriate surgical technique and careful pathology examination of PM specimens, are important issues to consider prior to PM in women at high familial risk of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Scott
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Familial Cancer Center, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled chest wall disease due to breast cancer is a highly morbid condition causing pain, ulceration, malodour and the need for frequent dressings. Aggressive surgical approaches are rarely justified because most patients will succumb to metastatic breast cancer within a short period. A highly selected group of patients with minimal or no evidence of metastatic disease and good performance status may benefit from radical chest wall surgery. Omental transposition flaps are ideal for reconstructing extensive surgical defects following chest wall surgery. METHODS A retrospective review was carried out of 61 female patients treated consecutively between 1980 and 1995. The surgical technique is described herein. RESULTS All patients were symptomatic preoperatively. Symptoms included ulceration (80%), pain (44%) and malodour (40%). Twenty-nine patients had uncontrolled local recurrence following initial treatment for locally advanced breast cancer and 32 patients developed uncontrolled recurrence after treatment for operable breast cancer by mastectomy or conservation surgery. Median survival following chest wall surgery was 21 months and the median local recurrence-free interval was 20 months. Morbidity was -limited. There were no cases of major flap loss. Twenty-nine patients (48%) had no further local disease. Eighteen patients (30%) developed soft-tissue recurrence at the edge of the omental flap or in surrounding skin and 14 (23%) developed recurrence beneath the flap. CONCLUSION In a highly selected group of patients with symptomatic uncontrolled chest wall recurrence who are fit and have an expectation of at least moderate-term survival, radical chest wall surgery and omental flap transposition offers excellent palliation and local control in the majority of patients
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Henderson
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery St Vincent's Hospital, Plastic Surgery Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
The effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on presentation and diagnoses of post-menopausal women has been examined by a retrospective review of patients presenting to a symptomatic Breast Clinic over a 5-year period. Sixty-seven post-menopausal women aged less than 65 years taking hormone replacement therapy for more than 6 months were compared with 144 post-menopausal women aged less than 65 years not taking hormone replacement therapy. There was no difference in the pattern of presentation, rate of intervention or final diagnoses between these two groups. HRT does not appear to effect the pattern of presentation of benign breast disease in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Finkelde
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery and Breast Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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39
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Pietrzyk ZA, Angioni C, Behn R, Coda S, Goodman TP, Henderson MA, Hofmann F, Sauter O. Long-pulse improved central electron confinement in the TCV tokamak with electron cyclotron heating and current drive. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:1530-1533. [PMID: 11290185 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Current profile tailoring by electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and current drive (ECCD) is used to improve central electron energy confinement in the TCV tokamak. Counter-ECCD on axis alone achieves this goal in a transient manner only. A stable scenario is obtained by a two-step sequence of off-axis ECH, which stabilizes magnetohydrodynamics modes, and on-axis counter-ECCD, which generates a flat or inverted current profile. This high-confinement regime, with central temperatures up to 9 keV (at a normalized beta(N) approximately 0.6), has been sustained for the entire duration of the heating pulse, or over 200 electron energy confinement times and 5 current redistribution times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Pietrzyk
- Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Association EURATOM-Confédération Suisse, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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40
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Kitchen PR, Smith TH, Henderson MA, Goldhirsch A, Castiglione-Gertsch M, Coates AS, Gusterson B, Brown RW, Gelber RD, Collins JP. Tubular carcinoma of the breast: prognosis and response to adjuvant systemic therapy. ANZ J Surg 2001; 71:27-31. [PMID: 11167594 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1622.2001.02022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubular carcinoma of the breast is an uncommon and usually small tumour, and is thought to have a favourable prognosis. The present study examined the long-term prognosis of patients with tubular breast carcinoma and the roles of axillary dissection and adjuvant therapy. METHODS Eighty-six tubular cases were identified from a large worldwide database of 9520 breast carcinoma patients entered into randomized adjuvant therapy trials run by the International Breast Cancer Study Group from 1978 to 1999. These patients were followed for a median of 12 years. RESULTS Forty-two (49%) cases were node-positive, of which 33 (79%) had 1-3 nodes involved. Ten (32%) of the 31 smaller tumours (< or = 1 cm in size) were node-positive. Patients with node-positive tubular carcinoma had a significantly better 10-year relapse-free survival (P = 0.006) and survival (P < 0.0001) compared with non-tubular node-positive cases. Overall survival was similar for node-positive and node-negative tubular carcinoma. Overall, 71 patients (83%) received some form of adjuvant systemic therapy. Of the 86 cases, 43 (50%) received more than one course of chemotherapy. There was an 85% decrease in the risk of death for patients who received more than one course of chemotherapy compared to those who did not (hazard ratio 0.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03-0.82; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Compared to other histological types of breast cancer, tubular carcinoma has a better long-term prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy may further improve prognosis and involvement of axillary nodes may not be an indicator for early death due to breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Kitchen
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia.
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41
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Finkelde DT, Hicks RJ, Wolf M, Henderson MA. Handheld gamma probe localization of accessory splenic tissue in recurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Arch Surg 2000; 135:1112-3. [PMID: 10982520 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.135.9.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura due to residual splenic tissue after splenectomy is uncommon. Location of the offending splenic tissue can be technically demanding. A small accessory spleen was localized intraoperatively with a handheld gamma probe after standard technetium-labeled heat-damaged red blood cell scan of the liver and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Finkelde
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Victoria 3000, Australia
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42
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Kitchen PR, Cawson JN, Krishnan CM, Barbetti TM, Henderson MA. Axillary dissection and ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a change in practice. Aust N Z J Surg 2000; 70:419-22. [PMID: 10843396 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1622.2000.01860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axillary dissection may be associated with significant morbidity and, while it is necessary in the treatment of invasive breast cancer, is not indicated for the treatment of pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), although it is being performed in a significant number of cases. The present study examined the incidence of elective axillary dissection in the treatment of DCIS cases detected in a mammographic screening programme over a 4-year period, and whether surgeons have changed their practice in this respect. METHODS BreastScreen Victoria records were examined retrospectively for the period from January 1995 to December 1998 to identify patients treated for DCIS. The incidence and indications for axillary surgery were investigated. RESULTS There were 579 cases of DCIS and 93 (16%) had some form of axillary surgery, which was thought to be inappropriate in 57 (10%), the latter being performed by 21 city surgeons and 20 rural surgeons. Before surgery, 36 (63%) cases were diagnosed by core biopsy or excision, and 21 (37%) had imaging and cytology alone for diagnosis. The rate of unnecessary axillary dissections dropped steadily from 14% in 1995 to 4% in 1998, a significant reduction (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION The incidence of axillary dissection for DCIS has dropped significantly over the last 4 years in Victoria, possibly due to increased awareness through education and guidelines. Surgeons are now more aware that in situ lesions do not need axillary dissection, and that axillary dissection should not be performed for breast cancer unless invasion has been proved histologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Kitchen
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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43
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Fisher JL, Field CL, Zhou H, Harris TL, Henderson MA, Choong PF. Urokinase plasminogen activator system gene expression is increased in human breast carcinoma and its bone metastases--a comparison of normal breast tissue, non-invasive and invasive carcinoma and osseous metastases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 61:1-12. [PMID: 10930085 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-004-6659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system has been widely associated with the development of breast carcinoma. However, the role of the urokinase pathway in the development of osseous breast cancer metastases has been largely overlooked. We studied the expression of uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)- and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in human breast carcinomas and their bone metastases, using in situ hybridisation. Studies were performed using paraffin-embedded tissue from 13 ductal carcinomas, 23 invasive ductal carcinomas, five normal breasts and 25 bone metastases. The majority of the tumours examined expressed low to moderate levels of uPA mRNA and low to high levels of uPAR and PAI-1 mRNA, which was predominantly localised to the epithelial tumour cells. There was slight over-expression of uPA and PAI-1 mRNA and a marked increase in uPAR mRNA expression in the malignant tumours compared with benign tissue. Overall, uPAR and PAI-1 mRNA expression was found to be more variable than uPA mRNA, suggesting a possible role of the receptor and inhibitor in the regulation of uPA activity. Increased alpha1(I) procollagen (COL) and osteopontin (OPN) mRNA expression was detected, primarily in the stromal cells, in malignant tumours compared with the benign tissue. The increased expression of the components of the uPA system on the epithelial tumour cells may account for the activation of the proteolytic cascade that occurs during breast cancer metastasis to bone. Furthermore, the over-expression of COL and OPN suggests a possible interaction between these matrix proteins and the uPA system.
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MESH Headings
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/secondary
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Osteopontin
- Paraffin Embedding
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/genetics
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/metabolism
- Procollagen/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
- Sialoglycoproteins/metabolism
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/genetics
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fisher
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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44
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Sauter O, Henderson MA, Hofmann F, Goodman T, Alberti S, Angioni C, Appert K, Behn R, Blanchard P, Bosshard P, Chavan R, Coda S, Duval BP, Fasel D, Favre A, Furno I, Gorgerat P, Hogge J, Isoz P, Joye B, Lavanchy P, Lister JB, Llobet X, Magnin J, Mandrin P, Manini A. Steady-state fully noninductive current driven by electron cyclotron waves in a magnetically confined plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 84:3322-3325. [PMID: 11019080 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A steady-state, fully noninductive plasma current has been sustained for the first time in a tokamak using electron cyclotron current drive only. In this discharge, 123 kA of current have been sustained for the entire gyrotron pulse duration of 2 s. Careful distribution across the plasma minor radius of the power deposited from three 0. 5-MW gyrotrons was essential for reaching steady-state conditions. With central current drive, up to 153 kA of current have been fully replaced transiently for 100 ms. The noninductive scenario is confirmed by the ability to recharge the Ohmic transformer. The dependence of the current drive efficiency on the minor radius is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sauter
- Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas, Association Euratom-Confederation Suisse, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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45
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Rankin JM, Spinelli JJ, Carere RG, Ricci DR, Penn IM, Hilton JD, Henderson MA, Hayden RI, Buller CE. Improved clinical outcome after widespread use of coronary-artery stenting in Canada. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1957-65. [PMID: 10607812 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199912233412602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction and refinement of coronary-artery stenting dramatically changed the practice of percutaneous coronary revascularization in the mid-1990s. We analyzed one-year follow-up data for all percutaneous coronary interventions performed in a large, unselected population in Canada to determine whether the use of coronary stenting has been associated with improved outcomes. METHODS Prospectively collected data on all percutaneous coronary interventions performed on residents of British Columbia, Canada, between April 1994 and June 1997 were linked to province-wide health care data bases to provide the date of the following end points: subsequent target-vessel revascularization, myocardial infarction, and death. Baseline characteristics and procedural variables were identified and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for 9594 procedures divided into seven groups, one for each sequential half-year period. RESULTS The overall burden of coexisting illnesses remained stable throughout the study period. A large increase in the rate of coronary stenting (from 14.2 percent in the period from April to June 1994 to 58.7 percent in the period from January to June 1997) was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of adverse cardiac events at one year (from 28.8 percent to 22.8.percent; adjusted relative risk, 0.79; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.69 to 0.90; P<0.001). This reduction in adverse events was exclusively due to a large reduction in subsequent target-vessel revascularization (from 24.4 percent to 17.0 percent; adjusted relative risk, 0.72; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.62 to 0.83; P<0.001) without significant changes in the overall rates of myocardial infarction (5.4 percent, P=0.28) or death (3.9 percent, P=0.65). CONCLUSIONS The need for target-vessel revascularization during one year of follow-up decreased after percutaneous coronary intervention during the mid-1990s. The reduction was coincident with the introduction and subsequent widespread use of coronary stenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rankin
- Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada
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46
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Sharp JA, Sung V, Slavin J, Thompson EW, Henderson MA. Tumor cells are the source of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein expression in human breast cancer. J Transl Med 1999; 79:869-77. [PMID: 10418827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (OPN) are secreted glycoproteins with a conserved Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) integrin-binding motif and are expressed predominantly in bone. The RGD tripeptide is commonly present in extracellular attachment proteins and has been shown to mediate the attachment of osteosarcoma cells and osteoclasts. To determine the origin and incidence of BSP and OPN mRNA expression in primary tumor, a cohort of archival, primary invasive breast carcinoma specimens was analyzed. BSP transcripts were detected in 65% and OPN transcripts in 77% of breast cancers examined. In general, BSP and OPN transcripts were detected in both invasive and in situ carcinoma components. The transcripts were not detected in surrounding stromal cells or in peritumoral macrophages. Despite its abundance in carcinomas, BSP expression was not detected in a panel of 11 human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T47D, SK-Br-3, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436, BT549, MCF-7ADR, Hs578T, MDA-MB-435, and LCC15-MB) and OPN expression was detected only in two of these (MDA-MB-435 and LCC15-MB). To examine the possibility that expression of these genes was down-regulated in cell culture, several cell lines were grown as nude mouse xenografts in vivo; however, these tumors also failed to express BSP. OPN expression was identified in all cell lines grown as nude mouse xenografts. Our data suggest that in human primary breast tumors, the origin of BSP and OPN mRNA is predominantly the breast cancer cells and that expression of these transcripts is influenced by the tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sharp
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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47
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Kitchen PR, Cawson JN, Winch KL, Henderson MA. Characteristics and treatment of breast cancers 10 mm or less detected by a mammographic screening programme. Aust N Z J Surg 1998; 68:45-9. [PMID: 9440456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1998.tb04636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small invasive breast cancers up to 10 mm in size have an excellent prognosis and are being detected in increasing numbers by mammographic screening, yet optimal treatment remains controversial. METHODS A review was made of pathology and treatment data relating to 100 consecutive invasive breast cancers up to 10 mm in size detected among 52,126 women who were screened over a 32-month period. RESULTS The most common radiological finding was a stellate lesion (44%). Thirty-three cases had an extensive in situ component in addition to the invasive tumour, and included among these were seven ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cases with microinvasion. Of 79 patients who had axillary dissections, seven (9%) were node-positive. Tumours < or = 5 mm were as likely to be node-positive (11%) as those 6-10 mm in size (8%). Positive nodes were found only in patients with more than five nodes excised. Breast conservation surgery was performed in 84% of patients treated by surgeons associated with the programme, and 63% of patients were treated by other surgeons (P = 0.054, exact test). Breast radiation after breast conservation surgery was used in 44% of the cases, but was almost twice as likely to be used if the tumours were > 5 mm (51%) than if the tumours were < or = 5 mm (29%). Adjuvant tamoxifen was given to 61% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS We found that small invasive breast cancers are commonly treated by breast conservation, which usually includes axillary dissection. Even the smallest may be node-positive, and there is uncertainty about the place of adjuvant radiation therapy and tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Kitchen
- City and North-Eastern BreastScreen, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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48
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Singh KK, Barry MK, Ralston P, Henderson MA, McCormick JS, Walls AD, Auld CD. Audit of colorectal cancer surgery by non-specialist surgeons. Br J Surg 1997. [PMID: 9117304 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800840323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some authorities recommend that colorectal cancer should be treated in specialist units but evidence that non-specialist units demonstrate comparatively poor results may be lacking. METHODS Between 1987 and 1991, 267 patients were operated on by four general surgeons, none of whom was a specialist in colorectal surgery. Procedure-related complications, postoperative mortality and disease-related survival rates were analysed. RESULTS There were four cases of intraperitoneal sepsis (1 per cent) and five of 189 patients (3 per cent) had clinical anastomotic dehiscence; there was no case of wound dehiscence. The postoperative mortality rate after elective and emergency surgery was 2 and 13 per cent respectively. The 5-year disease-related survival rate for curative and palliative surgery was 67 and 9 per cent respectively. There were no significant differences between the surgeons. CONCLUSION Disease-related variables such as early-stage disease and fewer patients presenting as emergencies may have a greater favourable influence on ultimate survival than surgeon-related variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Singh
- Department of Surgery, Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, UK
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49
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Henderson MA. Malignant soft tissue tumours of the trunk and retroperitoneum. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1997; 273:108-11. [PMID: 9057598 DOI: 10.1080/17453674.1997.11744713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Henderson
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Australia
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50
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Beadle GF, Henderson MA, Rodger A. Managing early breast cancer. Med J Aust 1995; 163:546-50. [PMID: 8538528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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