1
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de Guzman I, Elosegi A, von Schiller D, González JM, Paz LE, Gauzens B, Brose U, Antón A, Olarte N, Montoya JM, Larrañaga A. Treated and highly diluted, but wastewater still impacts diversity and energy fluxes of freshwater food webs. J Environ Manage 2023; 345:118510. [PMID: 37390732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have greatly improved water quality globally. However, treated effluents still contain a complex cocktail of pollutants whose environmental effects might go unnoticed, masked by additional stressors in the receiving waters or by spatiotemporal variability. We conducted a BACI (Before-After/Control-Impact) ecosystem manipulation experiment, where we diverted part of the effluent of a large tertiary WWTP into a small, unpolluted stream to assess the effects of a well-treated and highly diluted effluent on riverine diversity and food web dynamics. We sampled basal food resources, benthic invertebrates and fish to search for changes on the structure and energy transfer of the food web with the effluent. Although effluent toxicity was low, it reduced diversity, increased primary production and herbivory, and reduced energy fluxes associated to terrestrial inputs. Altogether, the effluent decreased total energy fluxes in stream food webs, showing that treated wastewater can lead to important ecosystem-level changes, affecting the structure and functioning of stream communities even at high dilution rates. The present study shows that current procedures to treat wastewater can still affect freshwater ecosystems and highlights the need for further efforts to treat polluted waters to conserve aquatic food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioar de Guzman
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Arturo Elosegi
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Daniel von Schiller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M González
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Tulipán S/n, 28933, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Laura E Paz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario Sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional Del Centro de La Provincia de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. C.C 712-1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Benoit Gauzens
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena- Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biodiversity, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena- Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biodiversity, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alvaro Antón
- Department of Mathematics and Experimental Sciences Didactics, Faculty of Education of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Nuria Olarte
- Department of Mathematics and Experimental Sciences Didactics, Faculty of Education of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - José M Montoya
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Center for Scientific Research, Moulis, France
| | - Aitor Larrañaga
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
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Álvarez‐Codesal S, Faillace CA, Garreau A, Bestion E, Synodinos AD, Montoya JM. Thermal mismatches explain consumer-resource dynamics in response to environmental warming. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10179. [PMID: 37325725 PMCID: PMC10264966 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing temperatures will impact food webs in ways we yet to fully understand. The thermal sensitivities of various physiological and ecological processes differ across organisms and study systems, hindering the generation of accurate predictions. One step towards improving this picture is to acquire a mechanistic understanding of how temperature change impacts trophic interactions before we can scale these insights up to food webs and ecosystems. Here, we implement a mechanistic approach centered on the thermal sensitivity of energetic balances in pairwise consumer-resource interactions, measuring the thermal dependence of energetic gain and loss for two resource and one consumer freshwater species. Quantifying the balance between energy gain and loss, we determined the temperature ranges where the balance decreased for each species in isolation (intraspecific thermal mismatch) and where a mismatch in the balance between consumer and resource species emerged (interspecific thermal mismatch). The latter reveals the temperatures for which consumer and resource energetic balances respond either differently or in the same way, which in turn informs us of the strength of top-down control. We found that warming improved the energetic balance for both resources, but reduces it for the consumer, due to the stronger thermal sensitivity of respiration compared to ingestion. The interspecific thermal mismatch yielded different patterns between the two consumer-resource pairs. In one case, the consumer-resource energetic balance became weaker throughout the temperature gradient, and in the other case it produced a U-shaped response. By also measuring interaction strength for these interaction pairs, we demonstrated the correspondence of interspecific thermal mismatches and interaction strength. Our approach accounts for the energetic traits of both consumer and resource species, which combined produce a good indication of the thermal sensitivity of interaction strength. Thus, this novel approach links thermal ecology with parameters typically explored in food-web studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cara A. Faillace
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology StationCNRSMoulisFrance
- Present address:
Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Elvire Bestion
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology StationCNRSMoulisFrance
| | | | - José M. Montoya
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology StationCNRSMoulisFrance
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3
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van Moorsel SJ, Thébault E, Radchuk V, Narwani A, Montoya JM, Dakos V, Holmes M, De Laender F, Pennekamp F. Predicting effects of multiple interacting global change drivers across trophic levels. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:1223-1238. [PMID: 36461630 PMCID: PMC7614140 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Global change encompasses many co-occurring anthropogenic drivers, which can act synergistically or antagonistically on ecological systems. Predicting how different global change drivers simultaneously contribute to observed biodiversity change is a key challenge for ecology and conservation. However, we lack the mechanistic understanding of how multiple global change drivers influence the vital rates of multiple interacting species. We propose that reaction norms, the relationships between a driver and vital rates like growth, mortality, and consumption, provide insights to the underlying mechanisms of community responses to multiple drivers. Understanding how multiple drivers interact to affect demographic rates using a reaction-norm perspective can improve our ability to make predictions of interactions at higher levels of organization-that is, community and food web. Building on the framework of consumer-resource interactions and widely studied thermal performance curves, we illustrate how joint driver impacts can be scaled up from the population to the community level. A simple proof-of-concept model demonstrates how reaction norms of vital rates predict the prevalence of driver interactions at the community level. A literature search suggests that our proposed approach is not yet used in multiple driver research. We outline how realistic response surfaces (i.e., multidimensional reaction norms) can be inferred by parametric and nonparametric approaches. Response surfaces have the potential to strengthen our understanding of how multiple drivers affect communities as well as improve our ability to predict when interactive effects emerge, two of the major challenges of ecology today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia J. van Moorsel
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Elisa Thébault
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES‐Paris)ParisFrance
| | - Viktoriia Radchuk
- Department of Ecological DynamicsLeibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife ResearchBerlinGermany
| | - Anita Narwani
- Department of Aquatic EcologyEawagDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - José M. Montoya
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology StationCNRSMoulisFrance
| | - Vasilis Dakos
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM)Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHEMontpellierFrance
| | - Mark Holmes
- Namur Institute for Complex Systems (naXys), Institute of Life, Earth, and Environment (ILEE), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Frederik De Laender
- Namur Institute for Complex Systems (naXys), Institute of Life, Earth, and Environment (ILEE), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Frank Pennekamp
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Sentis A, Haegeman B, Montoya JM. Stoichiometric constraints modulate temperature and nutrient effects on biomass distribution and community stability. OIKOS 2022; 2022:oik.08601. [PMID: 36644620 PMCID: PMC7614052 DOI: 10.1111/oik.08601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and nutrients are two of the most important drivers of global change. Both can modify the elemental composition (i.e. stoichiometry) of primary producers and consumers. Yet their combined effect on the stoichiometry, dynamics and stability of ecological communities remains largely unexplored. To fill this gap, we extended the Rosenzweig-MacArthur consumer-resource model by including thermal dependencies, nutrient dynamics and stoichiometric constraints on both the primary producer and the consumer. We found that stoichiometric and nutrient conservation constraints dampen the paradox of enrichment and increased persistence at high nutrient levels. Nevertheless, stoichiometric constraints also reduced consumer persistence at extreme temperatures. Finally, we also found that stoichiometric constraints and nutrient dynamics can strongly influence biomass distribution across trophic levels by modulating consumer assimilation efficiency and resource growth rates along the environmental gradients. In the Rosenzweig-MacArthur model, consumer biomass exceeded resource biomass for most parameter values whereas, in the stoichiometric model, consumer biomass was strongly reduced and sometimes lower than resource biomass. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for stoichiometric constraints as they can mediate the temperature and nutrient impact on the dynamics and functioning of ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS Moulis France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., UMR RECOVER Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - Bart Haegeman
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS Moulis France
| | - José M. Montoya
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS Moulis France
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5
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de Guzman I, Altieri P, Elosegi A, Pérez-Calpe AV, von Schiller D, González JM, Brauns M, Montoya JM, Larrañaga A. Water diversion and pollution interactively shape freshwater food webs through bottom-up mechanisms. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:859-876. [PMID: 34862833 PMCID: PMC7614049 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Water diversion and pollution are two pervasive stressors in river ecosystems that often co-occur. Individual effects of both stressors on basal resources available to stream communities have been described, with diversion reducing detritus standing stocks and pollution increasing biomass of primary producers. However, interactive effects of both stressors on the structure and trophic basis of food webs remain unknown. We hypothesized that the interaction between both stressors increases the contribution of the green pathway in stream food webs. Given the key role of the high-quality, but less abundant, primary producers, we also hypothesized an increase in food web complexity with larger trophic diversity in the presence of water diversion and pollution. To test these hypotheses, we selected four rivers in a range of pollution subject to similar water diversion schemes, and we compared food webs upstream and downstream of the diversion. We characterized food webs by means of stable isotope analysis. Both stressors directly changed the availability of basal resources, with water diversion affecting the brown food web by decreasing detritus stocks, and pollution enhancing the green food web by promoting biofilm production. The propagation of the effects at the base of the food web to higher trophic levels differed between stressors. Water diversion had little effect on the structure of food webs, but pollution increased food chain length and trophic diversity, and reduced trophic redundancy. The effects at higher trophic levels were exacerbated when combining both stressors, as the relative contribution of biofilm to the stock of basal resources increased even further. Overall, we conclude that moderate pollution increases food web complexity and that the interaction with water abstraction seems to amplify this effect. Our study shows the importance of assessing the interaction between stressors to create predictive tools for a proper management of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioar de Guzman
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Paula Altieri
- Instituto de Limnología Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet, Laboratorio de Bentos, CCT La Plata-CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo/FCNyM, Universidad Nacional de La Plata/UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arturo Elosegi
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana Victoria Pérez-Calpe
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Daniel von Schiller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M. González
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Mario Brauns
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - José M. Montoya
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Center for Scientific Research, Moulis, France
| | - Aitor Larrañaga
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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6
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Faillace CA, Sentis A, Montoya JM. Eco-evolutionary consequences of habitat warming and fragmentation in communities. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1933-1950. [PMID: 33998139 PMCID: PMC7614044 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Eco-evolutionary dynamics can mediate species and community responses to habitat warming and fragmentation, two of the largest threats to biodiversity and ecosystems. The eco-evolutionary consequences of warming and fragmentation are typically studied independently, hindering our understanding of their simultaneous impacts. Here, we provide a new perspective rooted in trade-offs among traits for understanding their eco-evolutionary consequences. On the one hand, temperature influences traits related to metabolism, such as resource acquisition and activity levels. Such traits are also likely to have trade-offs with other energetically costly traits, like antipredator defences or dispersal. On the other hand, fragmentation can influence a variety of traits (e.g. dispersal) through its effects on the spatial environment experienced by individuals, as well as properties of populations, such as genetic structure. The combined effects of warming and fragmentation on communities should thus reflect their collective impact on traits of individuals and populations, as well as trade-offs at multiple trophic levels, leading to unexpected dynamics when effects are not additive and when evolutionary responses modulate them. Here, we provide a road map to navigate this complexity. First, we review single-species responses to warming and fragmentation. Second, we focus on consumer-resource interactions, considering how eco-evolutionary dynamics can arise in response to warming, fragmentation, and their interaction. Third, we illustrate our perspective with several example scenarios in which trait trade-offs could result in significant eco-evolutionary dynamics. Specifically, we consider the possible eco-evolutionary consequences of (i) evolution in thermal performance of a species involved in a consumer-resource interaction, (ii) ecological or evolutionary changes to encounter and attack rates of consumers, and (iii) changes to top consumer body size in tri-trophic food chains. In these scenarios, we present a number of novel, sometimes counter-intuitive, potential outcomes. Some of these expectations contrast with those solely based on ecological dynamics, for example, evolutionary responses in unexpected directions for resource species or unanticipated population declines in top consumers. Finally, we identify several unanswered questions about the conditions most likely to yield strong eco-evolutionary dynamics, how better to incorporate the role of trade-offs among traits, and the role of eco-evolutionary dynamics in governing responses to warming in fragmented communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A. Faillace
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France,Address for correspondence (Tel: +33 5 61 04 05 89; )
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France,INRAE, Aix Marseille University, UMR RECOVER, 3275 Route de Cézanne- CS 40061, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 5, 13182, France
| | - José M. Montoya
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
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7
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Synodinos AD, Haegeman B, Sentis A, Montoya JM. Theory of temperature-dependent consumer-resource interactions. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1539-1555. [PMID: 34120390 PMCID: PMC7614043 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Changes in temperature affect consumer-resource interactions, which underpin the functioning of ecosystems. However, existing studies report contrasting predictions regarding the impacts of warming on biological rates and community dynamics. To improve prediction accuracy and comparability, we develop an approach that combines sensitivity analysis and aggregate parameters. The former determines which biological parameters impact the community most strongly. The use of aggregate parameters (i.e., maximal energetic efficiency, ρ, and interaction strength, κ), that combine multiple biological parameters, increases explanatory power and reduces the complexity of theoretical analyses. We illustrate the approach using empirically derived thermal dependence curves of biological rates and applying it to consumer-resource biomass ratio and community stability. Based on our analyses, we generate four predictions: (1) resource growth rate regulates biomass distributions at mild temperatures, (2) interaction strength alone determines the thermal boundaries of the community, (3) warming destabilises dynamics at low and mild temperatures only and (4) interactions strength must decrease faster than maximal energetic efficiency for warming to stabilise dynamics. We argue for the potential benefits of directly working with the aggregate parameters to increase the accuracy of predictions on warming impacts on food webs and promote cross-system comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart Haegeman
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- INRAE, Aix Marseille University, UMR RECOVER, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - José M. Montoya
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France
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8
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Bastazini VAG, Galiana N, Hillebrand H, Estiarte M, Ogaya R, Peñuelas J, Sommer U, Montoya JM. The impact of climate warming on species diversity across scales: Lessons from experimental meta-ecosystems. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 2021; 30:1545-1554. [PMID: 36618082 PMCID: PMC7614025 DOI: 10.1111/geb.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim was to evaluate the effects of climate warming on biodiversity across spatial scales (i.e., α-, β- and γ-diversity) and the effects of patch openness and experimental context on diversity responses. LOCATION Global. TIME PERIOD 1995-2017. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED Fungi, invertebrates, phytoplankton, plants, seaweed, soil microbes and zooplankton. METHODS We compiled data from warming experiments and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of warming on different components of diversity (such as species richness and equivalent numbers) at different spatial scales (α-, β- and γ-diversity, partitioning β-diversity into species turnover and nestedness components). We also investigated how these effects were modulated by system openness, defined as the possibility of replicates being colonized by new species, and experimental context (duration, mean temperature change and ecosystem type). RESULTS Experimental warming did not affect local species richness (α-diversity) but decreased effective numbers of species by affecting species dominance. Warming increased species spatial turnover (β-diversity), although no significant changes were detected at the regional scale (γ-diversity). Site openness and experimental context did not significantly affect our results, despite significant heterogeneity in the effect sizes of α- and β-diversity. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis shows that the effects of warming on biodiversity are scale dependent. The local and regional inventory diversity remain unaltered, whereas species composition across temperature gradients and the patterns of species dominance change with temperature, creating novel communities that might be harder to predict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius A. G. Bastazini
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Center for Scientific Research and Paul Sabatier University, Moulis, France
| | - Núria Galiana
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Center for Scientific Research and Paul Sabatier University, Moulis, France
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Marc Estiarte
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Romá Ogaya
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ulrich Sommer
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - José M. Montoya
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Center for Scientific Research and Paul Sabatier University, Moulis, France
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9
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Galiana N, Barros C, Braga J, Ficetola GF, Maiorano L, Thuiller W, Montoya JM, Lurgi M. The spatial scaling of food web structure across European biogeographical regions. Ecography 2021; 44:653-664. [PMID: 36620425 PMCID: PMC7614028 DOI: 10.1111/ecog.05229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The species-area relationship (SAR) is one of the most well-established scaling patterns in ecology. Its implications for understanding how communities change across spatial gradients are numerous, including the effects of habitat loss on biodiversity. However, ecological communities are not mere collections of species. They are the result of interactions between these species forming complex networks that tie them together. Should we aim to grasp the spatial scaling of biodiversity as a whole, it is fundamental to understand the changes in the structure of interaction networks with area. In spite of a few empirical and theoretical studies that address this challenge, we still do not know much about how network structure changes with area, or what are the main environmental drivers of these changes. Here, using the meta-network of potential interactions between all terrestrial vertebrates in Europe (1140 species and 67 201 feeding interactions), we analysed network-area relationships (NARs) that summarize how network properties scale with area. We do this across ten biogeographical regions, which differ in environmental characteristics. We found that the spatial scaling of network complexity strongly varied across biogeographical regions. However, once the variation in SARs was accounted for, differences in the shape of NARs vanished. On the other hand, the proportion of species across trophic levels remained remarkably constant across biogeographical regions and spatial scales, despite the great variation in species richness. Spatial variation in mean annual temperature and habitat clustering were the main environmental determinants of the shape of both SARs and NARs across Europe. Our results suggest new avenues in the exploration of the effects of environmental factors on the spatial scaling of biodiversity. We argue that NARs can provide new insights to analyse and understand ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Galiana
- Centre for Biodiversity Modelling and Theory, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS and Paul Sabatier Univ., Moulis, France
| | - Ceres Barros
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LECA (Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine), Grenoble, France; Dept of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - João Braga
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LECA (Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine), Grenoble, France
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LECA (Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine), Grenoble, France; Dept of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Univ. degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria
| | - Luigi Maiorano
- Dept of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Univ. di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italia
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LECA (Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine), Grenoble, France
| | - José M Montoya
- Centre for Biodiversity Modelling and Theory, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS and Paul Sabatier Univ., Moulis, France
| | - Miguel Lurgi
- Centre for Biodiversity Modelling and Theory, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS and Paul Sabatier Univ., Moulis, France; Dept of Biosciences, Swansea Univ., Swansea, UK
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10
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Raffard A, Cucherousset J, Montoya JM, Richard M, Acoca-Pidolle S, Poésy C, Garreau A, Santoul F, Blanchet S. Intraspecific diversity loss in a predator species alters prey community structure and ecosystem functions. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001145. [PMID: 33705375 PMCID: PMC7987174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss in intraspecific diversity can alter ecosystem functions, but the underlying mechanisms are still elusive, and intraspecific biodiversity-ecosystem function (iBEF) relationships have been restrained to primary producers. Here, we manipulated genetic and functional richness of a fish consumer (Phoxinus phoxinus) to test whether iBEF relationships exist in consumer species and whether they are more likely sustained by genetic or functional richness. We found that both genotypic and functional richness affected ecosystem functioning, either independently or interactively. Loss in genotypic richness reduced benthic invertebrate diversity consistently across functional richness treatments, whereas it reduced zooplankton diversity only when functional richness was high. Finally, losses in genotypic and functional richness altered functions (decomposition) through trophic cascades. We concluded that iBEF relationships lead to substantial top-down effects on entire food chains. The loss of genotypic richness impacted ecological properties as much as the loss of functional richness, probably because it sustains "cryptic" functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Raffard
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Cucherousset
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, UMR-5174 EDB (Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique), Toulouse, France
| | - José M. Montoya
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
| | - Murielle Richard
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
| | - Samson Acoca-Pidolle
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
| | - Camille Poésy
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
| | - Alexandre Garreau
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
| | - Frédéric Santoul
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Blanchet
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
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11
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Abstract
"Sustainability", "resilience", and other terms group under the heading of "stability." Their ubiquity speaks to a vital need to characterise changes in complex social and environmental systems. In a bewildering array of terms, practical measurements are essential to permit comparisons and so untangle underlying relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L. Pimm
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Ian Donohue
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - José M. Montoya
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecological Station, CNRS, UPS, Moulis, France
| | - Michel Loreau
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecological Station, CNRS, UPS, Moulis, France
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12
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Galiana N, Hawkins BA, Montoya JM. The geographical variation of network structure is scale dependent: understanding the biotic specialization of host-parasitoid networks. Ecography 2019; 42:1175-1187. [PMID: 31857742 PMCID: PMC6923145 DOI: 10.1111/ecog.03684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Research on the structure of ecological networks suggests that a number of universal patterns exist. Historically, biotic specialization has been thought to increase towards the Equator. Yet, recent studies have challenged this view showing non-conclusive results. Most studies analysing the geographical variation in biotic specialization focus, however, only on the local scale. Little is known about how the geographical variation of network structure depends on the spatial scale of observation (i.e., from local to regional spatial scales). This should be remedied, as network structure changes as the spatial scale of observation changes, and the magnitude and shape of these changes can elucidate the mechanisms behind the geographical variation in biotic specialization. Here we analyse four facets of biotic specialization in host-parasitoid networks along gradients of climatic constancy, classifying the networks according to their spatial extension (local or regional). Namely, we analyse network connectance, consumer diet overlap, consumer diet breadth, and resource vulnerability at both local and regional scales along the gradients of both current climatic constancy and historical climatic change. While at the regional scale none of the climatic variables are associated to biotic specialization, at the local scale, network connectance, consumer diet overlap, and resource vulnerability decrease with current climatic constancy, whereas consumer generalism increases (i.e., broader diet breadths in tropical areas). Similar patterns are observed along the gradient of historical climatic change. We provide an explanation based on different beta-diversity for consumers and resources across the geographical gradients. Our results show that the geographical gradient of biotic specialization is not universal. It depends on both the facet of biotic specialization and the spatial scale of observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Galiana
- Ecological Networks and Global Change Group, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS and Paul Sabatier University, Moulis, France
| | - Bradford A. Hawkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - José M. Montoya
- Ecological Networks and Global Change Group, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS and Paul Sabatier University, Moulis, France
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13
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Montoya JM, Donohue I, Pimm SL. Why a Planetary Boundary, If It Is Not Planetary, and the Boundary Is Undefined? A Reply to Rockström et al. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:234. [PMID: 29422347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José M Montoya
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS-UPS, Moulis, France.
| | - Ian Donohue
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stuart L Pimm
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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14
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Montoya JM, Donohue I, Pimm SL. Planetary Boundaries for Biodiversity: Implausible Science, Pernicious Policies. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:71-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Donohue I, Hillebrand H, Montoya JM, Petchey OL, Pimm SL, Fowler MS, Healy K, Jackson AL, Lurgi M, McClean D, O'Connor NE, O'Gorman EJ, Yang Q. Navigating the complexity of ecological stability. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1172-85. [PMID: 27432641 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human actions challenge nature in many ways. Ecological responses are ineluctably complex, demanding measures that describe them succinctly. Collectively, these measures encapsulate the overall 'stability' of the system. Many international bodies, including the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, broadly aspire to maintain or enhance ecological stability. Such bodies frequently use terms pertaining to stability that lack clear definition. Consequently, we cannot measure them and so they disconnect from a large body of theoretical and empirical understanding. We assess the scientific and policy literature and show that this disconnect is one consequence of an inconsistent and one-dimensional approach that ecologists have taken to both disturbances and stability. This has led to confused communication of the nature of stability and the level of our insight into it. Disturbances and stability are multidimensional. Our understanding of them is not. We have a remarkably poor understanding of the impacts on stability of the characteristics that define many, perhaps all, of the most important elements of global change. We provide recommendations for theoreticians, empiricists and policymakers on how to better integrate the multidimensional nature of ecological stability into their research, policies and actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Donohue
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - José M Montoya
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecological Station, CNRS, UPS, Moulis, France
| | - Owen L Petchey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stuart L Pimm
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mike S Fowler
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Wales, UK
| | - Kevin Healy
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew L Jackson
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Miguel Lurgi
- Environment Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Deirdre McClean
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nessa E O'Connor
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Eoin J O'Gorman
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Qiang Yang
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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17
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Lurgi M, Montoya D, Montoya JM. The effects of space and diversity of interaction types on the stability of complex ecological networks. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-015-0264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Microbes are known to form intricate and intimate relationships with most animal and plant taxa. Microbe--host symbiotic associations are poorly explored in comparison with other species interaction networks. The current paradigm on symbiosis research stems from species-poor systems where pairwise and reciprocally specialized interactions between a single microbe and a single host that coevolve are the norm. These symbioses involving just a few species are fascinating in their own right, but more diverse and complex host-associated microbial communities are increasingly found, with new emerging questions that require new paradigms and approaches. Here we adopt an intermediate complexity approach to study the specificity, phylogenetic community structure, and temporal variability of the subset of the most abundant bacteria associated with different sponge host species with diverse eco-evolutionary characteristics. We do so by using a monthly resolved annual temporal series of host-associated and free-living bacteria. Bacteria are very abundant and diverse within marine sponges, and these symbiotic interactions are hypothesized to have a very ancient origin. We show that host-bacteria reciprocal specialization depends on the temporal scale and level of taxonomic aggregation considered. Sponge hosts with similar eco-evolutionary characteristics (e.g., volume of tissue corresponding to microbes, water filtering rates, and microbial transmission type) have similar bacterial phylogenetic community structure when looking at interactions aggregated over time. In general, sponge hosts hypothesized to form more intricate relationships with bacteria show a remarkably persistent bacterial community over time. Other hosts, however, show a large turnover similar to that observed for free-living bacterioplankton. Our study highlights the importance of exploring temporal variability in host--microbe interaction networks if we aim to determine how specific and persistent these poorly explored but extremely common interactions are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes R Björk
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Díez-Vives
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafel Coma
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEAB-CSIC), Accés Cala Sant Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes, Spain
| | - Marta Ribes
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Montoya
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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20
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Abstract
Climate change is generating novel communities composed of new combinations of species. These result from different degrees of species adaptations to changing biotic and abiotic conditions, and from differential range shifts of species. To determine whether the responses of organisms are determined by particular species traits and how species interactions and community dynamics are likely to be disrupted is a challenge. Here, we focus on two key traits: body size and ecological specialization. We present theoretical expectations and empirical evidence on how climate change affects these traits within communities. We then explore how these traits predispose species to shift or expand their distribution ranges, and associated changes on community size structure, food web organization and dynamics. We identify three major broad changes: (i) Shift in the distribution of body sizes towards smaller sizes, (ii) dominance of generalized interactions and the loss of specialized interactions, and (iii) changes in the balance of strong and weak interaction strengths in the short term. We finally identify two major uncertainties: (i) whether large-bodied species tend to preferentially shift their ranges more than small-bodied ones, and (ii) how interaction strengths will change in the long term and in the case of newly interacting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lurgi
- Ecological Networks and Global Change Group, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Lurgi M, López BC, Montoya JM. Climate change impacts on body size and food web structure on mountain ecosystems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3050-7. [PMID: 23007094 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current distribution of climatic conditions will be rearranged on the globe. To survive, species will have to keep pace with climates as they move. Mountains are among the most affected regions owing to both climate and land-use change. Here, we explore the effects of climate change in the vertebrate food web of the Pyrenees. We investigate elevation range expansions between two time-periods illustrative of warming conditions, to assess: (i) the taxonomic composition of range expanders; (ii) changes in food web properties such as the distribution of links per species and community size-structure; and (iii) what are the specific traits of range expanders that set them apart from the other species in the community-in particular, body mass, diet generalism, vulnerability and trophic position within the food web. We found an upward expansion of species at all elevations, which was not even for all taxonomic groups and trophic positions. At low and intermediate elevations, predator : prey mass ratios were significantly reduced. Expanders were larger, had fewer predators and were, in general, more specialists. Our study shows that elevation range expansions as climate warms have important and predictable impacts on the structure and size distribution of food webs across space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lurgi
- CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalunya, Spain
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22
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Donohue I, Petchey OL, Montoya JM, Jackson AL, McNally L, Viana M, Healy K, Lurgi M, O'Connor NE, Emmerson MC. On the dimensionality of ecological stability. Ecol Lett 2013; 16:421-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Donohue
- School of Natural Sciences; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
| | - Owen L. Petchey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - José M. Montoya
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar; Agencia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Barcelona Spain
| | - Andrew L. Jackson
- School of Natural Sciences; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
| | - Luke McNally
- School of Natural Sciences; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
| | - Mafalda Viana
- School of Natural Sciences; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
| | - Kevin Healy
- School of Natural Sciences; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
| | - Miguel Lurgi
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar; Agencia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Barcelona Spain
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Nessa E. O'Connor
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast UK
| | - Mark C. Emmerson
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast UK
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23
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Yvon-Durocher G, Caffrey JM, Cescatti A, Dossena M, Giorgio PD, Gasol JM, Montoya JM, Pumpanen J, Staehr PA, Trimmer M, Woodward G, Allen AP. Reconciling the temperature dependence of respiration across timescales and ecosystem types. Nature 2012; 487:472-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Dossena M, Yvon-Durocher G, Grey J, Montoya JM, Perkins DM, Trimmer M, Woodward G. Warming alters community size structure and ecosystem functioning. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3011-9. [PMID: 22496185 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming can affect all levels of biological complexity, though we currently understand least about its potential impact on communities and ecosystems. At the ecosystem level, warming has the capacity to alter the structure of communities and the rates of key ecosystem processes they mediate. Here we assessed the effects of a 4°C rise in temperature on the size structure and taxonomic composition of benthic communities in aquatic mesocosms, and the rates of detrital decomposition they mediated. Warming had no effect on biodiversity, but altered community size structure in two ways. In spring, warmer systems exhibited steeper size spectra driven by declines in total community biomass and the proportion of large organisms. By contrast, in autumn, warmer systems had shallower size spectra driven by elevated total community biomass and a greater proportion of large organisms. Community-level shifts were mirrored by changes in decomposition rates. Temperature-corrected microbial and macrofaunal decomposition rates reflected the shifts in community structure and were strongly correlated with biomass across mesocosms. Our study demonstrates that the 4°C rise in temperature expected by the end of the century has the potential to alter the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems profoundly, as well as the intimate linkages between these levels of ecological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Dossena
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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25
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Abstract
Climate change is real. The wrangling debates are over, and we now need to move onto a predictive ecology that will allow managers of landscapes and policy makers to adapt to the likely changes in biodiversity over the coming decades. There is ample evidence that ecological responses are already occurring at the individual species (population) level. The challenge is how to synthesize the growing list of such observations with a coherent body of theory that will enable us to predict where and when changes will occur, what the consequences might be for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and what we might do practically in order to maintain those systems in as good condition as possible. It is thus necessary to investigate the effects of climate change at the ecosystem level and to consider novel emergent ecosystems composed of new species assemblages arising from differential rates of range shifts of species. Here, we present current knowledge on the effects of climate change on biotic interactions and ecosystem services supply, and summarize the papers included in this volume. We discuss how resilient ecosystems are in the face of the multiple components that characterize climate change, and suggest which current ecological theories may be used as a starting point to predict ecosystem-level effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Montoya
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Sarmento H, Montoya JM, Vázquez-Domínguez E, Vaqué D, Gasol JM. Warming effects on marine microbial food web processes: how far can we go when it comes to predictions? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:2137-49. [PMID: 20513721 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previsions of a warmer ocean as a consequence of climatic change point to a 2-6 degrees C temperature rise during this century in surface oceanic waters. Heterotrophic bacteria occupy the central position of the marine microbial food web, and their metabolic activity and interactions with other compartments within the web are regulated by temperature. In particular, key ecosystem processes like bacterial production (BP), respiration (BR), growth efficiency and bacterial-grazer trophic interactions are likely to change in a warmer ocean. Different approaches can be used to predict these changes. Here we combine evidence of the effects of temperature on these processes and interactions coming from laboratory experiments, space-for-time substitutions, long-term data from microbial observatories and theoretical predictions. Some of the evidence we gathered shows opposite trends to warming depending on the spatio-temporal scale of observation, and the complexity of the system under study. In particular, we show that warming (i) increases BR, (ii) increases bacterial losses to their grazers, and thus bacterial-grazer biomass flux within the microbial food web, (iii) increases BP if enough resources are available (as labile organic matter derived from phytoplankton excretion or lysis), and (iv) increases bacterial losses to grazing at lower rates than BP, and hence decreasing the proportion of production removed by grazers. As a consequence, bacterial abundance would also increase and reinforce the already dominant role of microbes in the carbon cycle of a warmer ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Sarmento
- Institut de Ciències del Mar-CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Montoya
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Reiss J, Bridle JR, Montoya JM, Woodward G. Emerging horizons in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research. Trends Ecol Evol 2009; 24:505-14. [PMID: 19595476 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Ings TC, Montoya JM, Bascompte J, Blüthgen N, Brown L, Dormann CF, Edwards F, Figueroa D, Jacob U, Jones JI, Lauridsen RB, Ledger ME, Lewis HM, Olesen JM, van Veen FJF, Warren PH, Woodward G. Ecological networks--beyond food webs. J Anim Ecol 2009; 78:253-69. [PMID: 19120606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. A fundamental goal of ecological network research is to understand how the complexity observed in nature can persist and how this affects ecosystem functioning. This is essential for us to be able to predict, and eventually mitigate, the consequences of increasing environmental perturbations such as habitat loss, climate change, and invasions of exotic species. 2. Ecological networks can be subdivided into three broad types: 'traditional' food webs, mutualistic networks and host-parasitoid networks. There is a recent trend towards cross-comparisons among network types and also to take a more mechanistic, as opposed to phenomenological, perspective. For example, analysis of network configurations, such as compartments, allows us to explore the role of co-evolution in structuring mutualistic networks and host-parasitoid networks, and of body size in food webs. 3. Research into ecological networks has recently undergone a renaissance, leading to the production of a new catalogue of evermore complete, taxonomically resolved, and quantitative data. Novel topological patterns have been unearthed and it is increasingly evident that it is the distribution of interaction strengths and the configuration of complexity, rather than just its magnitude, that governs network stability and structure. 4. Another significant advance is the growing recognition of the importance of individual traits and behaviour: interactions, after all, occur between individuals. The new generation of high-quality networks is now enabling us to move away from describing networks based on species-averaged data and to start exploring patterns based on individuals. Such refinements will enable us to address more general ecological questions relating to foraging theory and the recent metabolic theory of ecology. 5. We conclude by suggesting a number of 'dead ends' and 'fruitful avenues' for future research into ecological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Ings
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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Manrique JE, Montoya JM. Heridas del uretero en el curso de las operaciones abdominales: Uretero-visto-neostomia y anastomosis uretero-uretral. Repert Med Cir 2007. [DOI: 10.31260/repertmedcir.v16.n2.2007.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
Darwin used the metaphor of a 'tangled bank' to describe the complex interactions between species. Those interactions are varied: they can be antagonistic ones involving predation, herbivory and parasitism, or mutualistic ones, such as those involving the pollination of flowers by insects. Moreover, the metaphor hints that the interactions may be complex to the point of being impossible to understand. All interactions can be visualized as ecological networks, in which species are linked together, either directly or indirectly through intermediate species. Ecological networks, although complex, have well defined patterns that both illuminate the ecological mechanisms underlying them and promise a better understanding of the relationship between complexity and ecological stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Montoya
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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33
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34
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Solé RV, Montoya JM, Erwin DH. Recovery after mass extinction: evolutionary assembly in large-scale biosphere dynamics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2002; 357:697-707. [PMID: 12079530 PMCID: PMC1692978 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2001.0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic recoveries following mass extinctions are characterized by a process in which whole ecologies are reconstructed from low-diversity systems, often characterized by opportunistic groups. The recovery process provides an unexpected window to ecosystem dynamics. In many aspects, recovery is very similar to ecological succession, but important differences are also apparently linked to the innovative patterns of niche construction observed in the fossil record. In this paper, we analyse the similarities and differences between ecological succession and evolutionary recovery to provide a preliminary ecological theory of recoveries. A simple evolutionary model with three trophic levels is presented, and its properties (closely resembling those observed in the fossil record) are compared with characteristic patterns of ecological response to disturbances in continuous models of three-level ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard V Solé
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.
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Abstract
A detailed analysis of three species-rich ecosystem food webs has shown that they display skewed distributions of connections. Such graphs of interaction are, in fact, shared by a number of biological and technological networks, which have been shown to display a very high homeostasis against random removals of nodes. Here, we analyse the responses of these ecological graphs to both random and selective perturbations (directed against the most-connected species). Our results suggest that ecological networks are very robust against random removals but can be extremely fragile when selective attacks are used. These observations have important consequences for biodiversity dynamics and conservation issues, current estimations of extinction rates and the relevance and definition of keystone species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Solé
- Complex Systems Research Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Campus Nord B4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Mori M, Rothman AL, Kurane I, Montoya JM, Nolte KB, Norman JE, Waite DC, Koster FT, Ennis FA. High levels of cytokine-producing cells in the lung tissues of patients with fatal hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:295-302. [PMID: 9878011 DOI: 10.1086/314597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is characterized by the rapid onset of pulmonary edema and a high case-fatality rate. Hantavirus antigens have been demonstrated in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells, but the mechanisms causing capillary leakage remain unclear. Immunohistochemical staining was used to enumerate cytokine-producing cells (monokines: interleukin [IL]-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha; lymphokines: interferon-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, and TNF-beta) in tissues obtained at autopsy from subjects with HPS. High numbers of cytokine-producing cells were seen in the lung and spleen tissues of HPS patients, but only low numbers in the livers and kidneys. A modest increase in the numbers of cytokine-producing cells was detected in the lungs of patients who died with non-HPS acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and very few (or no) cytokine-producing cells were detected in the lungs of patients who died of causes other than ARDS. These results suggest that local cytokine production may play an important role in the pathogenesis of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mori
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Montoya JM. American pharmacy in the 1970's. J Am Pharm Assoc 1968; 8:434-6 passim. [PMID: 5661989 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-0465(16)30716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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