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Shen J, Poole JC, Topel ML, Bidulescu A, Morris AA, Patel RS, Binongo JG, Dunbar SB, Phillips L, Vaccarino V, Gibbons GH, Quyyumi AA. Subclinical Vascular Dysfunction Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in African Americans and Whites. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:4231-9. [PMID: 26151335 PMCID: PMC4702465 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-4344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) identifies individuals at risk for developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. African Americans (AAs) have high rates of cardiovascular disease and subclinical vascular disease including arterial stiffness and microvascular dysfunction but have relatively low rates of MetS. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between MetS and vascular function in a biracial cohort with the hypothesis that the diagnosis of MetS underestimates subclinical vascular disease in AAs. DESIGN We measured components of MetS in a community-based cohort of 951 AAs and white subjects (aged 48.8 ± 11 y, 47% AA, 55% female). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Using digital pulse amplitude tonometry, we estimated the reactive hyperemia index (RHI), a measure of microvascular endothelial function. Using applanation tonometry (Sphygmocor), central augmentation index (CAIx) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured as indices of wave reflections and arterial stiffness, respectively. RESULTS MetS was present in 24.0% of subjects and was associated with increased PWV (P < .001) and CAIx (P < .001) and a trend to lower RHI (P = .068) in both races. However, in subjects without MetS, AAs had lower RHI (P < .001) and higher PWV (P = .003) and CAIx (P = .002) compared with white subjects. Addition of an extra MetS criterion point for AAs with hypertension eliminated the racial differences in PWV and CAIx but not RHI. CONCLUSION Although MetS is associated with microvascular dysfunction and increased arterial stiffness in both racial groups, AAs without MetS have greater vascular dysfunction compared with whites. Additional weighting for hypertension in AAs attenuated the racial differences in subclinical disease associated with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shen
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S., J.C.P., A.A.M., V.V., A.A.Q.), Emory University School of Medicine (M.L.T., L.P.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (J.G.B.), Emory Rollins School of Public Health, and Emory University, School of Nursing (S.B.D.), Atlanta, Georgia 30322; Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (R.S.P.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (G.H.G.), Bethesda, Maryland 20824
| | - Joseph C Poole
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S., J.C.P., A.A.M., V.V., A.A.Q.), Emory University School of Medicine (M.L.T., L.P.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (J.G.B.), Emory Rollins School of Public Health, and Emory University, School of Nursing (S.B.D.), Atlanta, Georgia 30322; Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (R.S.P.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (G.H.G.), Bethesda, Maryland 20824
| | - Matthew L Topel
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S., J.C.P., A.A.M., V.V., A.A.Q.), Emory University School of Medicine (M.L.T., L.P.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (J.G.B.), Emory Rollins School of Public Health, and Emory University, School of Nursing (S.B.D.), Atlanta, Georgia 30322; Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (R.S.P.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (G.H.G.), Bethesda, Maryland 20824
| | - Aurelian Bidulescu
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S., J.C.P., A.A.M., V.V., A.A.Q.), Emory University School of Medicine (M.L.T., L.P.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (J.G.B.), Emory Rollins School of Public Health, and Emory University, School of Nursing (S.B.D.), Atlanta, Georgia 30322; Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (R.S.P.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (G.H.G.), Bethesda, Maryland 20824
| | - Alanna A Morris
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S., J.C.P., A.A.M., V.V., A.A.Q.), Emory University School of Medicine (M.L.T., L.P.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (J.G.B.), Emory Rollins School of Public Health, and Emory University, School of Nursing (S.B.D.), Atlanta, Georgia 30322; Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (R.S.P.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (G.H.G.), Bethesda, Maryland 20824
| | - Riyaz S Patel
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S., J.C.P., A.A.M., V.V., A.A.Q.), Emory University School of Medicine (M.L.T., L.P.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (J.G.B.), Emory Rollins School of Public Health, and Emory University, School of Nursing (S.B.D.), Atlanta, Georgia 30322; Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (R.S.P.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (G.H.G.), Bethesda, Maryland 20824
| | - Jose G Binongo
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S., J.C.P., A.A.M., V.V., A.A.Q.), Emory University School of Medicine (M.L.T., L.P.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (J.G.B.), Emory Rollins School of Public Health, and Emory University, School of Nursing (S.B.D.), Atlanta, Georgia 30322; Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (R.S.P.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (G.H.G.), Bethesda, Maryland 20824
| | - Sandra B Dunbar
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S., J.C.P., A.A.M., V.V., A.A.Q.), Emory University School of Medicine (M.L.T., L.P.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (J.G.B.), Emory Rollins School of Public Health, and Emory University, School of Nursing (S.B.D.), Atlanta, Georgia 30322; Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (R.S.P.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (G.H.G.), Bethesda, Maryland 20824
| | - Lawrence Phillips
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S., J.C.P., A.A.M., V.V., A.A.Q.), Emory University School of Medicine (M.L.T., L.P.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (J.G.B.), Emory Rollins School of Public Health, and Emory University, School of Nursing (S.B.D.), Atlanta, Georgia 30322; Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (R.S.P.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (G.H.G.), Bethesda, Maryland 20824
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S., J.C.P., A.A.M., V.V., A.A.Q.), Emory University School of Medicine (M.L.T., L.P.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (J.G.B.), Emory Rollins School of Public Health, and Emory University, School of Nursing (S.B.D.), Atlanta, Georgia 30322; Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (R.S.P.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (G.H.G.), Bethesda, Maryland 20824
| | - Gary H Gibbons
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S., J.C.P., A.A.M., V.V., A.A.Q.), Emory University School of Medicine (M.L.T., L.P.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (J.G.B.), Emory Rollins School of Public Health, and Emory University, School of Nursing (S.B.D.), Atlanta, Georgia 30322; Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (R.S.P.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (G.H.G.), Bethesda, Maryland 20824
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S., J.C.P., A.A.M., V.V., A.A.Q.), Emory University School of Medicine (M.L.T., L.P.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (J.G.B.), Emory Rollins School of Public Health, and Emory University, School of Nursing (S.B.D.), Atlanta, Georgia 30322; Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (R.S.P.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (G.H.G.), Bethesda, Maryland 20824
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Neuman RB, Hayek SS, Poole JC, Rahman A, Menon V, Kavtaradze N, Polhemus D, Veledar E, Lefer DJ, Quyyumi AA. Nitric Oxide Contributes to Vasomotor Tone in Hypertensive African Americans Treated With Nebivolol and Metoprolol. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2015; 18:223-31. [PMID: 26285691 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is more prevalent in African Americans (AAs) compared with whites. The authors hypothesized that nebivolol, a selective β1 -antagonist that stimulates nitric oxide (NO), will improve endothelial function in AAs with hypertension when compared with metoprolol. In a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, 19 AA hypertensive patients were randomized to a 12-week treatment period with either nebivolol 10 mg or metoprolol succinate 100 mg daily. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured using plethysmography at rest and after intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside to estimate endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation, respectively. Physiologic vasodilation was assessed during hand-grip exercise. Measurements were repeated after NO blockade with L-N(G) -monomethylarginine (L-NMMA) and after inhibition of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) with tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA). NO blockade with L-NMMA produced a trend toward greater vasoconstriction during nebivolol compared with metoprolol treatment (21% vs 12% reduction in FBF, P=.06, respectively). This difference was more significant after combined administration of L-NMMA and TEA (P<.001). Similarly, there was a contribution of NO to exercise-induced vasodilation during nebivolol but not during metoprolol treatment. There were significantly greater contributions of NO and EDHF to resting vasodilator tone and of NO to exercise-induced vasodilation with nebivolol compared with metoprolol in AAs with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Neuman
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Salim S Hayek
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Joseph C Poole
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ayaz Rahman
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Vivek Menon
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Nino Kavtaradze
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - David Polhemus
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Emir Veledar
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - David J Lefer
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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3
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Hayek SS, Poole JC, Neuman R, Morris AA, Khayata M, Kavtaradze N, Topel ML, Binongo JG, Li Q, Jones DP, Waller EK, Quyyumi AA. Differential effects of nebivolol and metoprolol on arterial stiffness, circulating progenitor cells, and oxidative stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:206-13. [PMID: 25681236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Unlike traditional beta receptor antagonists, nebivolol activates nitric oxide. We hypothesized that therapy with nebivolol compared with metoprolol would improve arterial stiffness, increase levels of circulating progenitor cells (PC), and decrease oxidative stress (OS). In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study, 30 hypertensive subjects received either once daily nebivolol or metoprolol succinate for 3 months each. Pulse wave velocity and augmentation index were measured using tonometry. Flow cytometry was used to measure circulating PC. OS was measured as plasma aminothiols. Measurements were performed at baseline, and repeated at 3 and 6 months. No significant differences were present between the levels of OS, arterial stiffness, and PC numbers during treatment with metoprolol compared with nebivolol. In subgroup analyses of beta-blocker naïve subjects (n = 19), nebivolol reduced pulse wave velocity significantly compared with metoprolol (-1.4 ± 1.9 vs. -0.1 ± 2.2; P = .005). Both nebivolol and metoprolol increased circulating levels of CD34+/CD133 + PC similarly (P = .05), suggesting improved regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim S Hayek
- Division of Cardiology, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph C Poole
- Division of Cardiology, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Neuman
- Division of Cardiology, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alanna A Morris
- Division of Cardiology, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed Khayata
- Division of Cardiology, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nino Kavtaradze
- Division of Cardiology, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew L Topel
- Division of Cardiology, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jose G Binongo
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qunna Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Cardiology, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edmund K Waller
- Division of Cardiology, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Division of Cardiology, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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4
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Neuman R, Hayek S, Rahman A, Poole JC, Menon V, Sher S, Newman JL, Karatela S, Polhemus D, Lefer DJ, De Staercke C, Hooper C, Quyyumi AA, Roback JD. Effects of storage-aged red blood cell transfusions on endothelial function in hospitalized patients. Transfusion 2014; 55:782-90. [PMID: 25393772 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and animal studies indicate that transfusions of older stored red blood cells (RBCs) impair clinical outcomes as compared to fresh RBC transfusions. It has been suggested that this effect is due to inhibition of nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation after transfusion of older RBC units. However, to date this effect has not been identified in human transfusion recipients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Forty-three hospitalized patients with transfusion orders were randomly assigned to receive either fresh (<14 days) or older stored (>21 days) RBC units. Before transfusion, and at selected time points after the start of transfusion, endothelial function was assessed using noninvasive flow-mediated dilation assays. RESULTS After transfusion of older RBC units, there was a significant reduction in NO-mediated vasodilation at 24 hours after transfusion (p = 0.045), while fresh RBC transfusions had no effect (p = 0.231). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests for the first time a significant inhibitory effect of transfused RBC units stored more than 21 days on NO-mediated vasodilation in anemic hospitalized patients. This finding lends further support to the hypothesis that deranged NO signaling mediates adverse clinical effects of older RBC transfusions. Future investigations will be necessary to address possible confounding factors and confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Neuman
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Salim Hayek
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ayaz Rahman
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joseph C Poole
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vivek Menon
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Salman Sher
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James L Newman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sulaiman Karatela
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David Polhemus
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - David J Lefer
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Christine De Staercke
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Division of Blood Disorders, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Craig Hooper
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Division of Blood Disorders, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John D Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Civilian mass casualty incidents may occur infrequently and suddenly, and are caused by accidents, natural disasters or human terrorist incidents. Most reports deal with trauma centre management in large cities, and data from small local hospitals are scarce. A rural hospital response to a mass casualty incident caused by a terrorist shooting spree was evaluated. METHODS An observational study was undertaken to evaluate the triage, diagnosis and management of all casualties received from the Utøya youth camp in Norway on 22 July 2011 by a local hospital, using data from the hospital's electronic records. Descriptive data are presented for patient demographics, injuries and patient flow. RESULTS The shooting on Utøya youth camp left 69 people dead and 60 wounded. A rural hospital (Ringerike Hospital) triaged 35 patients, of whom 18 were admitted. During the main surge, the hospital triaged and treated 22 patients within 1 h, of whom 13 fulfilled the criteria for activating the hospital trauma team, including five with critical injuries (defined as an Injury Severity Score above 15). Ten computed tomography scans, two focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) scans and 25 conventional X-rays were performed. During the first 24 h, ten surgical procedures were performed and four chest drains inserted. No patient died. CONCLUSION Critical deviation from the major incident plan was needed, and future need for revision is deemed necessary based on the experience. Communication systems and the organization of radiological services proved to be most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Waage
- Department of Surgery, Vestre Viken HE Ringerike Hospital, Hønefoss, Norway.
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Clement-Guinaudeau S, Topel ML, Ali A, Poole JC, Rocco E, Khan SA, Zhong X, Epstein FH, Kramer CM, Quyyumi AA, Oshinski JN. MR-based calf muscle perfusion index correlates with treadmill exercise test parameters in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013. [PMCID: PMC3559560 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-s1-o58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Abstract
Background—
Cross-sectional studies demonstrated ethnic and gender differences in ambulatory blood pressure patterns, but little is known about the longitudinal development of these differences.
Methods and Results—
Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure was measured up to 12 times (5 times on average) over a 15-year period in 312 African Americans (AAs) and 351 European Americans aged 7 to 30 years. Multivariate individual growth curves across age were created for daytime and nighttime blood pressure jointly. For both daytime and nighttime systolic blood pressure (SBP), AAs and males had higher levels (
P
<0.001) than European Americans and females. Males also showed a greater increase with age (
P
<0.001) than females. For nighttime SBP, a faster increase of SBP with age (
P
<0.01) in AAs was additionally observed. The ethnic difference in nighttime SBP levels and its increase with age were significantly larger than in daytime SBP. For daytime and nighttime diastolic blood pressure, AAs had higher levels than European Americans (
P
<0.001), and this difference was significantly larger at night. From late adolescence onward, males showed a greater increase in diastolic blood pressure with age than females. Ethnic and gender differences persisted after adjustment for height, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and stress-related coping styles. Family history of essential hypertension explained ethnic differences in daytime SBP.
Conclusions—
We observed significant ethnic and gender differences in longitudinal trajectories of ambulatory blood pressure in youth and young adults. The blunted nocturnal decline and its exacerbation with age in AAs corroborate and extend findings of cross-sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Prevention Institute, Bldg HS-1640, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Poole
- Division of Laboratories, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine how variation in the beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB2), in combination with the moderating influences of race, body mass index (BMI), and anger expression style (anger-in, anger-out), affects blood pressure (BP) at rest and in response to acute laboratory stress. METHODS Four hundred fifty adolescents (mean age = 18.5 +/- 2.7 years; 228 [124 males] whites and 222 [110 males] blacks completed two stressors (video game challenge, forehead cold pressor). Hemodynamic measures were taken before, during, and after each stressor. Stressors were separated by a 20-minute rest period. RESULTS Frequency of detrimental haplotype (Gly16/Glu27) carrier status was greater among whites than blacks (p < .05). A significant three-way interaction among haplotype, BMI, and race for resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) found the highest BP level to be among high BMI carriers, but only for whites. A separate three-way interaction was found to be significant for haplotype, anger-in and race such that high anger-in carriers showed the highest level of resting SBP (p < .05) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) (p < .05) and the greatest TPR reactivity to the cold pressor task (p < .01). Post hoc analyses revealed these interactions with anger-in were only present among blacks. No significant interactions with anger-out for either ethnic group were observed. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates modulating influences of BMI and anger expression styles on ADRB2 gene associations with hemodynamic function at rest and in response to laboratory stress. These findings support the hypothesis that consideration of gene-environment interactions may better characterize the role of ADRB2 variation in the development of stress-induced essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Poole
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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11
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Abstract
The case for a gene-environment interaction model of stress-induced hypertension is detailed in this paper. We hypothesize that repeated exposure to stress in combination with an environmentally and/or genetically mediated susceptibility may lead to the development of essential hypertension. Previously, we reviewed the evidence for a genetic influence on the two major intermediate phenotypes of our model: cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress and stress-induced sodium retention, representing the cardiovascular and renal stress response, respectively. Here we first describe how genes underlying the physiological systems mediating the stress response of heart, vasculature, and kidney (i.e., the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system and sodium reabsorption, and the endothelial system) may increase vulnerability to stress and confer susceptibility to development of essential hypertension. Next, we extend our model and review genes underlying three additional systems that may mediate the influence of stress on the development of essential hypertension: the parasympathetic nervous system, the serotonergic system, and the hypothamamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. The elucidation of our gene-environment interaction model of stress-induced essential hypertension will improve the understanding of the contribution of stress to the development of essential hypertension. This knowledge may lead to more effective primary and secondary prevention programs involving lifestyle interventions in which the role of stress, both acute and chronic, will be taken into account, particularly for individuals at increased genetic risk of essential hypertension.
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Lopatina NG, Poole JC, Saldanha SN, Hansen NJ, Key JS, Pita MA, Andrews LG, Tollefsbol TO. Control mechanisms in the regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase expression in differentiating human teratocarcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 306:650-9. [PMID: 12810068 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is active in about 90% of cancers and contributes to the immortality of cancer cells by maintaining the lengths of the ends of chromosomes. Undifferentiated embryonic human teratocarcinoma (HT) cells were found to express high levels of hTERT, the catalytic subunit of telomerase, and the hTERT promoter was unmethylated in these cells. Retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation led to hTERT gene silencing and increased methylation of the hTERT promoter. Treatment with trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, resulted in hTERT reactivation only in very early differentiating HT cells. After methylation patterns had been established within the hTERT promoter region in late differentiating cells, 5-azacytidine, a common demethylating agent, activated the hTERT gene but trichostatin A had no effect on hTERT transcription. These studies suggest that histone deacetylation is involved in early hTERT gene down-regulation and that DNA methylation may maintain silencing of the hTERT gene in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda G Lopatina
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Lopatina N, Haskell JF, Andrews LG, Poole JC, Saldanha S, Tollefsbol T. Differential maintenance and de novo methylating activity by three DNA methyltransferases in aging and immortalized fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2002; 84:324-34. [PMID: 11787061 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Genomic methylation, which influences many cellular processes such as gene expression and chromatin organization, generally declines with cellular senescence although some genes undergo paradoxical hypermethylation during cellular aging and immortalization. To explore potential mechanisms for this process, we analyzed the methylating activity of three DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) in aging and immortalized WI-38 fibroblasts. Overall maintenance methylating activity by the Dnmts greatly decreased during cellular senescence. In immortalized WI-38 cells, maintenance methylating activity was similar to that of normal young cells. Combined de novo methylation activity of the Dnmts initially decreased but later increased as WI-38 cells aged and was strikingly elevated in immortalized cells. To further elucidate the mechanisms for changes in DNA methylation in aging and immortalized cells, the individual Dnmts were separated and individually assessed for maintenance and de novo methylating activity. We resolved three Dnmt fractions, one of which was the major maintenance methyltransferase, Dnmt1, which declined steadily in activity with cellular senescence and immortalization. However, a more basic Dnmt, which has significant de novo methylating activity, increased markedly in activity in aging and immortalized cells. We have identified this methyltransferase as Dnmt3b which has an important role in neoplastic transformation but its role in cellular senescence and immortalization has not previously been reported. An acidic Dnmt we isolated also had increased de novo methylating activity in senescent and immortalized WI-38 cells. These studies indicate that reduced genome-wide methylation in aging cells may be attributed to attenuated Dnmt1 activity but that regional or gene-localized hypermethylation in aging and immortalized cells may be linked to increased de novo methylation by Dnmts other than the maintenance methyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Lopatina
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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14
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Abstract
Recent interest in the regulation of telomerase, the enzyme that maintains chromosomal termini, has lead to the discovery and characterization of the catalytic subunit of telomerase, hTERT. Many studies have suggested that the transcription of hTERT represents the rate-limiting step in telomerase expression and key roles for hTERT have been implied in cellular aging, immortalization, and transformation. Before the characterization of the promoter of hTERT in 1999, regulatory mechanisms suggested for this gene were limited to speculation. The successful cloning and characterization of the hTERT 5' gene regulatory region has enabled its formal investigation and analysis of potential mechanisms controlling hTERT expression. Although these studies have provided important information about hTERT gene regulation, there has been some confusion regarding the nucleotide boundaries of this region, the location, number, and importance of various transcription factor binding motifs, and the results of promoter activity assays. We feel that this uncertainty, combined with the sheer volume of recent publications on hTERT regulation, calls for consolidation and review. In this analysis we examine recent advances in the regulation of the hTERT gene and attempt to resolve discrepancies resulting from the nearly simultaneous nature of publications in this fast-moving area. Additionally, we aim to summarize the extant knowledge of hTERT gene regulation and its role in important biological processes such as cancer and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Poole
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, USA
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15
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Smith JB, Lamanna MC, Lacovara KJ, Dodson P, Smith JR, Poole JC, Giegengack R, Attia Y. A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt. Science 2001; 292:1704-6. [PMID: 11387472 DOI: 10.1126/science.1060561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We describe a giant titanosaurid sauropod dinosaur discovered in coastal deposits in the Upper Cretaceous Bahariya Formation of Egypt, a unit that has produced three Tyrannosaurus-sized theropods and numerous other vertebrate taxa. Paralititan stromeri is the first tetrapod reported from Bahariya since 1935. Its 1.69-meter-long humerus is longer than that of any known Cretaceous sauropod. The autochthonous scavenged skeleton was preserved in mangrove deposits, raising the possibility that titanosaurids and their predators habitually entered such environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Smith
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316, USA.
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16
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Chang BD, Broude EV, Fang J, Kalinichenko TV, Abdryashitov R, Poole JC, Roninson IB. p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1-induced growth arrest is associated with depletion of mitosis-control proteins and leads to abnormal mitosis and endoreduplication in recovering cells. Oncogene 2000; 19:2165-70. [PMID: 10815808 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1999] [Revised: 01/10/2000] [Accepted: 02/13/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Induction of a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Waf1/ Cip1/Sdi1 is an integral part of cell growth arrest associated with senescence and damage response. p21 overexpression from an inducible promoter resulted in senescence-like growth arrest in a human fibrosarcoma cell line. After release from p21-induced growth arrest, cells re-entered the cell cycle but displayed growth retardation, cell death and decreased clonogenicity. The failure to form colonies was associated with abnormal mitosis and endoreduplication in the recovering cells and was correlated with the induced level of p21 and the duration of p21 induction. p21 induction was found to inhibit the expression of multiple proteins involved in the execution and control of mitosis. p21-induced depletion of the cellular pools of mitosis-control proteins was followed by asynchronous resynthesis of such proteins after release from p21, which explains the observed mitotic abnormalities. Genetic destabilization in cells recovering from p21-induced growth arrest may conceivably play a role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Chang
- Department of Molecular Genetics (M/C 669), University of Illinois at Chicago, 60607-7170, USA
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17
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Chang BD, Watanabe K, Broude EV, Fang J, Poole JC, Kalinichenko TV, Roninson IB. Effects of p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 on cellular gene expression: implications for carcinogenesis, senescence, and age-related diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:4291-6. [PMID: 10760295 PMCID: PMC18232 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.8.4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1) triggers cell growth arrest associated with senescence and damage response. Overexpression of p21 from an inducible promoter in a human cell line induces growth arrest and phenotypic features of senescence. cDNA array hybridization showed that p21 expression selectively inhibits a set of genes involved in mitosis, DNA replication, segregation, and repair. The kinetics of inhibition of these genes on p21 induction parallels the onset of growth arrest, and their reexpression on release from p21 precedes the reentry of cells into cell cycle, indicating that inhibition of cell-cycle progression genes is a mechanism of p21-induced growth arrest. p21 also up-regulates multiple genes that have been associated with senescence or implicated in age-related diseases, including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, amyloidosis, and arthritis. Most of the tested p21-induced genes were not activated in cells that had been growth arrested by serum starvation, but some genes were induced in both forms of growth arrest. Several p21-induced genes encode secreted proteins with paracrine effects on cell growth and apoptosis. In agreement with the overexpression of such proteins, conditioned media from p21-induced cells were found to have antiapoptotic and mitogenic activity. These results suggest that the effects of p21 induction on gene expression in senescent cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Chang
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Periodontics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607-7170, USA
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18
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Sutton LC, Lea SE, Will MJ, Schwartz BA, Hartley CE, Poole JC, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Inescapable shock-induced potentiation of morphine analgesia. Behav Neurosci 1998. [PMID: 9383528 DOI: 10.1037//0735-7044.111.5.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to various stressors potentiates nociceptive and nonnociceptive responses to morphine. These phenomena have received little study despite their seeming generality and importance for understanding analgesia and opiate action. The present experiments characterize inescapable shock (IS)-induced potentiation of morphine analgesia. Rats were exposed to IS, equal escapable shocks (ESs), or restraint (control). Potentiation of analgesia (tail-flick [TF] test and hotplate test) was observed only in rats given IS 24 or 48 hr earlier, in agreement with previously reported learned-helplessness effects. Finally, no change in tail temperature or motor function was found that could be inaccurately interpreted as analgesia. The relevance of these findings to stressor-induced enhancement of morphine analgesia and potential substrates of IS effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Sutton
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0345, USA
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19
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Abstract
Exposure to various stressors potentiates nociceptive and nonnociceptive responses to morphine. These phenomena have received little study despite their seeming generality and importance for understanding analgesia and opiate action. The present experiments characterize inescapable shock (IS)-induced potentiation of morphine analgesia. Rats were exposed to IS, equal escapable shocks (ESs), or restraint (control). Potentiation of analgesia (tail-flick [TF] test and hotplate test) was observed only in rats given IS 24 or 48 hr earlier, in agreement with previously reported learned-helplessness effects. Finally, no change in tail temperature or motor function was found that could be inaccurately interpreted as analgesia. The relevance of these findings to stressor-induced enhancement of morphine analgesia and potential substrates of IS effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Sutton
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0345, USA
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20
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Janusz MJ, Durham SL, Hare CM, Geary JL, Mandagere AK, Poole JC, Thompson TN, Xu D, Anagelastro MR, Burkhart JP. Pharmacological evaluation of selected, orally active, peptidyl inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 275:1233-8. [PMID: 8531086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is a serine proteinase capable of degrading a number of connective tissue macromolecules and has been implicated in the destructive processes associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases. A large series of peptidyl electrophilic ketones have been shown to be potent inhibitors of HNE in vitro and in vivo. We report the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of selected inhibitors from this series. MDL 101, 146, MDL 102, 111, MDL 102,823 and MDL 100,948A are -Val-Pro-Val-pentafluoroethylketones with various amino-terminal protecting groups. Although their Ki values varied considerably, (25-170 nM), these compounds demonstrated similar ED50 values after oral administration in the HNE-induced hemorrhage model in hamsters and rats. The duration of action of MDL 102,111 was shorter than that of the other analogs in the HNE-induced pulmonary hemorrhage model in both species. The duration of action of all of the compounds was longer in the rat than in the hamster. Isolated sections of rat jejunum were used to determine the in situ absorption of these compounds. MDL 102,111 showed the greatest extent of absorption, with MDL 102,823, MDL 100,948A and MDL 101,146 following in descending rank order. The comparative metabolic stability of these analogs was measured over a 2-hr incubation period using rat liver homogenates. MDL 101,146 was the most stable, followed by MDL 102,823, MDL 102,111 and MDL 100,948A. MDL 101,146 was more stable in a liver homogenate from rats compared with a liver homogenate from hamsters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Janusz
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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21
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Kuo BS, Poole JC, Hwang KK, Cheng H. Determination of bioavailability and systemically available fractions of drugs undergoing reversible metabolism: application to 4-amino-5-chloro-2-[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethoxy]-N-[2- (diethylamino)ethyl]benzamide and its sulfide and sulfone metabolites in rats. J Pharm Sci 1994; 83:386-90. [PMID: 8207687 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600830324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Methods are discussed which permit the calculation of the bioavailability (F) and fraction of an oral dose entering the central circulation (f) of a drug and its interconversion metabolite. The interrelationships between the F and f and between the F and systemically available fractions afforded by reversible metabolism are also derived and described. The application of these principles is illustrated by the pharmacokinetic analysis of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethoxy]-N-[2- (diethylamino)ethyl]benzamide (ML-1035, 1) and its sulfide (2) and sulfone (3) metabolites in rats. Like intravenous ML-1035, ML-1035 administered orally underwent metabolic interconversion with 2 but not with 3 in this species. Both ML-1035 and 2 were absorbed rapidly and are pharmacologically active. On average, 8.3 and 13% of an oral dose (152.4 mumol/kg) of ML-1035 were bioavailable as ML-1035 and its sulfide metabolite, respectively, while 23 and 65% of a molar equivalent dose of the sulfide metabolite were bioavailable as either compound, respectively. Thus, the sulfide metabolite is better absorbed than ML-1035 in rats. Following oral administration of either ML-1035 or 2, the systemically available fractions of both compounds were weakly to moderately influenced by the reversible metabolism process in rats. Moreover, the bioavailability of the sulfone metabolite was very poor (2.5-4%) following separate oral administration of ML-1035, 2, and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Kuo
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Marion Merrell Dow Inc., Kansas City, MO 64134
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22
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Kuo BS, Poole JC, Hwang KK, Cheng H. Pharmacokinetics and metabolic interconversion of intravenous 4-amino-5-chloro-2-[(methylsulfinyl)ethoxy]-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] benzamide and its sulfide and sulfone metabolites in rats. J Pharm Sci 1993; 82:694-8. [PMID: 8360842 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600820705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of a new 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT3) receptor antagonist, 4-amino-5-chloro-2-[(methylsulfinyl)ethoxy]-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] benzamide (ML-1035, 1), and its sulfone and sulfide metabolites were examined in 12 rats. Each of these compounds (25.4 mumol/kg) was administered to rats intravenously. Their plasma concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. These plasma data revealed that 1, a sulfoxide, underwent interconversion with its sulfide metabolite. However, no interconversion was observed between 1 and its sulfone metabolite. Examination of mean times and additional properties of the 1/sulfide metabolite system revealed that total exposure times of 1 and the sulfide metabolite were moderately and weakly, respectively, influenced by the metabolic interconversion process. However, the tissue distribution process strongly influenced the total exposure times of both compounds. The disposition of the sulfone metabolite of 1 was also strongly influenced by the tissue distribution process. In addition, < 3% of the intravenous dose of 1 or the sulfide was available to the general circulation as the sulfone metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Kuo
- Drug Metabolism Section, Marion Merrell Dow Inc., Kansas City, MO 64134
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23
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Abstract
ML-1035, 4-amino-5-chloro-2-[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethoxy]-N-[2- (diethyl-amino)ethyl]benzamide, is a sulfoxide compound and a racemic gastroprokinetic agent with a chiral center at the sulfur atom. We have investigated the disposition kinetics of (R)-ML-1035 sulfoxide (R) and (S)-ML-1035 sulfoxide (S) after the single enantiomers and the racemic mixture were administered to rats in separate experiments. There was no noticeable chiral inversion after either enantiomer dose. Both enantiomers were rapidly absorbed. After dosing with enantiomers or with the racemate, the resulting plasma concentration-time curve of R was closely parallel to that of S in both intravenous and oral experiments, suggesting that the two enantiomers have approximately the same disposition kinetics. After intravenous enantiomer doses, only S underwent conversion to sulfide, suggesting that sulfidation in the liver is enantioselective. However, the enantioselective sulfidation after intravenous dosing did not introduce a difference in the global plasma disposition profiles between R and S, since the reduction reaction is a minor metabolic process. Other metabolic reactions such as sulfonation and mono-N-desethylations were not enantioselective. After oral administration, conversion to sulfide was observed for both enationers, implicating the existence of a nonhepatic pathway in sulfidation. Administration of a prochiral sulfide dose was associated with an enantioselective sulfoxidation, in which the R/S concentration ratios increased as a function of time. In addition, enatiomeric interaction causing changes in pharmacokinetic parameters was observed after the oral racemate dose, while the interaction is negligible after an intravenous racemate dose, indicating a route dependency in enantiomeric interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Kuo
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Marion Merrell Dow Inc., Kansas City, Missouri 64134
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24
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Poole JC, Jahr JS. Opiate receptors: a review of analgesic properties and pharmacological side effects. J La State Med Soc 1992; 144:106-8. [PMID: 1324287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pain and suffering are the most common, and distressing, complaints of patients. Opiates remain the drugs of choice for severe pain. A review of the current information known about these drugs is essential not only for any anesthesiologist, but for any physician. The term "opioid" refers to any peptide that binds stereospecifically to opioid receptors, regardless of whether it occurs naturally or is chemically synthesized. There are five basic classes of opioid receptors that have been discovered. Understanding each of the receptor's activities and side-effects is essential for proper use of available opiates. This review will provide current information of the opioid receptors. Not only will understanding result in better patient care but it will encourage greater research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Poole
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans
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25
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Kuo BS, Kusmik WF, Poole JC, Elsea SH, Chang J, Hwang KK. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of two human epidermal growth factors (hEGF51 and hEGF53) in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 1992; 20:23-30. [PMID: 1346992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic profiles of two iodinated human epidermal growth factors (125I-hEGF51 and 125I-hEGF53) in rats receiving a single intravenous dose have been investigated using three independent bioanalytical techniques. Based on a tetrachloroacetic acid precipitation methodology, hEGF51 and hEGF53 were found to have distribution half-lives of 0.80 +/- 0.2 and 0.80 +/- 0.18 min, and elimination half-lives of 79.8 +/- 24.1 and 77.9 +/- 21.1 min, respectively. Evaluated by immunoprecipitation, distribution half-lives were 0.59 +/- 0.09 and 0.63 +/- 0.15 min, and elimination half-lives were 117.8 +/- 22.9 and 118.7 +/- 38.8 min, respectively. Both precipitation techniques produced similar, parallel plasma concentration-time curves, and there were no significant differences in other calculated kinetic parameters, including clearance and volume of distribution evaluated by either technique. Plasma disposition profiles of both peptides were also confirmed by visualization with SDS-PAGE and autoradiography, and were found to be similar to those generated by tetrachloroacetic acid and immunoprecipitation methods. Thus, three independent methods strongly suggest that both peptides have the same disposition profile, which exhibits a very rapid disappearance rate in the distribution phase followed by a much slower elimination process. These results also indicate that the pharmacokinetic behavior of human epidermal growth factor is not altered by deletion of two amino acids from the carboxyl terminus. In addition, the incubation study suggests that about 23% of the exogenous peptides were associated with red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Kuo
- Drug Metabolism Section, Marion Merrell Dow Research, Inc., Kansas City, MO 64134
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26
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Kuo BS, Poole JC, Hwang KK. Validation of a column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determination of ML-1035 and its five metabolites in plasma. Pharm Res 1992; 9:119-25. [PMID: 1589396 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018948314823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated column-switching HPLC procedure has been developed and validated for quantitation of ML-1035 and its five metabolites in plasma employing direct injection. Plasma samples were injected onto a CN extraction column (4 x 4.6 mm, 5 microns) for micellar cleanup with 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in 50 mM phosphate. The proteinaceous components were solubilized and flushed out. The extracted compounds were then eluted by forward flush onto a C8 analytical column (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 microns) for further analysis using fluorescence detection (excitation, 308 nm; emission, 350 nm). After the subsequent washing and reequilibration with a sequence of three solvent mixtures, the extraction column was ready for the next injection. The limit of quantitation for all compounds of interest was about 10 to 15 ng/ml using 100 microliters of plasma. Excellent precision, accuracy, and linearity were obtained for all compounds over a range of 10 to 1500 ng/ml. The practicality of the HPLC method was also validated with plasma samples from dogs receiving ML-1035. Longevity for both extraction and analytical columns is excellent. Micellar cleanup coupled with the column-switching technique is a promising HPLC procedure when using direct injection of biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Kuo
- Drug Metabolism Section, Marion Merrell Dow Research Inc., Kansas City, Missouri 64134
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27
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Kuo BS, Poole JC, Mandagere A, Hwang KK. Column-switching liquid chromatographic determination of ML-1035 sulphoxide and its sulphone and sulphide metabolites in rat urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1991; 9:935-40. [PMID: 1822215 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(91)80026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated column-switching LC assay has been developed for the simultaneous determination of a gastroprokinetic agent, ML-1035 sulphoxide, and its sulphone and sulphide metabolites in rat urine. ML-1035 Sulphoxide is a metoclopramide analogue. The method involved direct injection of a diluted urine sample into a CN extraction column for sample clean-up. Polar urine components, including proteins, were flushed to waste. The retained compounds were then eluted onto a C8 analytical column for further separation and analysis by fluorescence detection. After the subsequent washing and re-equilibration with a sequence of three solvent mixtures, the extraction column was ready for the next injection. The recovery of the compounds from the extraction column was 85-90%. The limit of quantitation for all compounds of interest was 25 ng ml-1 or lower, using a 100 microliters specimen of urine. Good inter-day precision (2.1-10.0%), accuracy (0.3-18.0%), and linearity were obtained for all compounds over a range of 25-1000 ng ml-1. The applicability of the LC method was validated with urine samples from rats that had received ML-1035 sulphoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Kuo
- Drug Metabolism Section, Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Kansas City, MO 64134
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Abstract
Since the publication of our article on Thucydides and the Plague of Athens, Dr Heinrich von Staden of Yale University has kindly drawn our attention to a paper by Eby and Evjen suggesting that the Plague was glanders. We do not think that this diagnosis can possibly be correct, though there are undoubtedly some points in its favour. The authors have argued their case as persuasively as possible, and the proposal has sufficient merit to deserve a serious reply.
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Abstract
Two problems involving Thucydides and medicine have attracted intense treatment by classical scholars and medical men working separately or in combination. They are, first, the nature of the Athenian Plague which Thucydides describes and, second, the possibility of his having been influenced by the doctrines and outlook of Hippocrates and his followers. It is the purpose of the present paper to reconsider both these problems, to indicate some false assumptions made in the methodology of previous attempts to identify the Plague, and to suggest a somewhat radical revaluation of Thucydides' approach to medical matters compared with that of Hippocrates (if, indeed, the surviving evidence about Hippocrates' method has any validity).
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Poole JC. The monoclonal theory of atherosclerosis. Br J Clin Pract 1978; 32:219-23. [PMID: 569492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Poole JC, Cromwell SB, Benditt EP. Behavior of smooth muscle cells and formation of extracellular structures in the reaction of arterial walls to injury. Am J Pathol 1971; 62:391-414. [PMID: 5544580 PMCID: PMC2047418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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34
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Pugatch EM, Foster EA, Macfarlane DE, Poole JC. The extraction and separation of activators and inhibitors of fibrinolysis from bovine endothelium and mesothelium. Br J Haematol 1970; 18:669-81. [PMID: 5428627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1970.tb01592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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38
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Poole JC. Phagocytosis of platelets by monocytes in organizing arterial thrombi. An electron microscopical study. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 1966; 51:54-9. [PMID: 4957394 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.1966.sp001824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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